PHllOOS (PY 105)

PHI1005 (PY 105)

' .

Uflii ll ltlflND'Jili

--1. &1ifJNa1tJfl

1.1 fl111J1i1J10

1.2 tJn:lll?a,8~&1ifJH"1~

2. 11ifJNai1li'fl1~~UU\J\J I

2.1 11ifJHaM1J8-Ifl17~fl'H1L'HfJNa lfltlfl 1 ~ --, -•"" 2.1.1 L1ifJHa1tJfl un11'l1Jarn.u~tutl1\'t

2.1.2 '"fl"a1ua1u.n,,u«urna1l' 2.1.3 ·&'HfJNaiua1un,,.tJilouYtt1l' --2.2 &'HfJNa1\Jfltyf)""''fl\J?l

2.3 &'HfJHai1li,e~"""u"fuil"J1U

2.4 i1ifJHaiUi118~"""tJ"1Ae&Sen 2.s &1ifJHaiu;,e~""ntJ'flUflun:t

... _~ " 3. &1ifJHa11Jfl'fl1~&utJ1i1

3.1 fi111J'H1J1U

3.2 U\J\J1J8 .. 11ifJHa~u;,,,.,;f8'H1 3.2.1 n1nbuuttl

3.2.2 nn1fuu1aftotJNfl

3.2.3 n111ftnJ1JaJ,uNttft111J'H1J1o

3.2.4 fl1,11UI111J1~Uft'1L11fJNfl

237

238

-- ...... 4. l11~Hlt"UJfiYI1~tfi1YI61

G11~&h#i'cy

4.1 ft111J'tt111CJ

4.2 U\JU11fl~&11~Ha'JtM'Yt1~ifi1YifJ1

4.2.1 nnl1~thu1t 4.2.2-n,ln&ll"fl111tt11 4.2.3 n1tlnftu~hu111n

4.2.4 n1nJuft')111,sif

' 4.2.5 tnt ltll~ .. ,~'""'

1. '"'~"a71lia~unnl1~&11fSHetun,.7e~6uan"',n"1111 . .,

;t,.,.tn .. 1untttJ')..,rntftft111&11ftHa'ti~uuu~ilil'auatiit'll'tJ 2. '"'2f4a~1liut1-.een ,.,,flu 3 UttU'IYI~e

1. &11.Pta11l'aYI1~JtJU\J\J

2. ''"'"aiU'it114&it'ew1 3. t11~Hqi,.tt14tfli'nfJ1

3. &11~Na'hl'itt1.0JUU\JU&fJunnf1~&11~HftUfl'Jt7edl &~a1.fl~~~un,l,~""lfJHft&&Uuiit'll'u lttu&Gft1t uatilinvtUa:&fJ'Uft1111

Hflftft1" 1~"1"ztluuuf-tft'1111taflll"an1ntt1tft'fl\JJUU\JUtt!8 1 "' ""'f,~-u8"n1ti1'4&11~Ha

4. &11~Hai1l'itt1·ud'ew1&fJu~1tl14&11fSHaun'Jt7e•'il ~ '

&nu')fe4n\JlH&11fSHft&l\JU~tJll'u l"u&ttft1:: untft'1unaf'lll"un11'

1&ftt1tw&d'ett111fl4nJpf14&11ftNl',f'U s. &11fJNa~1l'a,.,,.,,.;,.u,ai1utntl14&11fSHatJn,;e .. 6u

&n"t1ne-oft'tlta:neutt14ifl1Yiu1

PHI 1095 {PY 105)

.YRtalln:~r.ttC•e.tn1111a"f wl491nflmnv"i 12 uf"J1l'nifnv1tl 1. ,f,1"1e4lMfJNb~1l'a .. . . 2. Cf1SI1,Cl81U1DUC\CLUJnfi'J1SIUftftft14'11f'J14LWtfNa

~1li,f4 3 UtJtJ fte &1ffJNet~il'a"14JU&ItJtJ L1ftfNet11li'M14&dew1 Uflll1ffJNft~Ui"14ifi~YlU1 .,

3. tnSI1,aven 1li1n1,114&1ffJHtt1l'u "' &ftun11114L1ftfNft ~tra,1e1u

4. tnSI1,aven 1t\'i1n1tl14l1ftfND,fu "' &ftun11114l'-ttNa ~trauvv1tt

s. IY1SinavenfeuacYGttlUe4nnlu&1ffJNfl111'aLLtJtJ fliu ., flunngeg1unni14&MfJNinfu ~ 1ui1tl&ftun,l,ta"tt"" uuu~t11irm1eGniu1t\'

.. IHI1805 (PY lOS)

1. 11tfJND~ .,,n~YtrnJu&tJ!uuaHG&UtTt.nw1aOJ;:lil 2 ~1u ~,"'""f~&i1ut\'1'Uu1nJu

&\1un17nri11iftferhwulw!emoa.tilt~leu.lfill'aafe,1f'llnnl1"'"''2"ailfr,,.,,or &,,,,,ilcre..f .. ,a,t\',umnf,,a~n,,n,ri,,if,.",,l1Attwa1ttilan•lou1un,,t\',~,,'l,.a

' I

1.1 ,.,,..,..... -

nuj~a~,j'a <f•U•~y) ,a,.,nnt\',~~"'"""ilunw;e~6u&iifl•1nft111J Nfl'Wft1fi1Un1~\J1UnnR.fl1~flflHJ '"'asoning process) tf-1uuu~thl'auatih1l'uft ritHet11fnul1~&1tf2HCnf,,,,ft17114'"flHnil111i (fal~ious argument)

1uri1U~&fto1K1J&WfJHft1uad' ilBtilft1,cl't&nfl&Q80Httiftftu n1' - . Ytu·hiint~JHn 111a1 unnl'"'"fJHft 1tt1iu il'u ,aJ, ,,., 11fa,1ft11Jna n1t.l ,A' ·hfe n1t.l w. . : . w

U'uaitt (false) 1'Un,Qfl~nl14&flfJfliftUnYtie4tt!eiU'auu 11'uH1J1tJati1 nnl1t ''"""",f,,~1JJa\1u&HfJHntl-f1,1,Y"1&4e ,l·hfelYJthfuQn -

1.2 ,J,~.,,...,..,..,.., •. LHfJHfti'lli U~f88n ,,,flu 3 Uttlll'n ~8 1. &'Hf2Hn1tl'a"141t.IUU\J (Formal or Logical Fallacy)

2. lflfJHft1U'a"14LiftW1 (lnfonnal or Material Fallacy)

3. lfl'JHft1tl'a"14ifl1"o1 (Psychological Fallacy)

PHI1005 (PY 105)

MM11.1ft11&1wi l

t. •wen1Weft1-'e,tJG•1-mf~t1t _ 1. ll1111~L'Kf!Pm~ik'K.NCI~tlU81niOf8Cf1tJ ~ftut;~1tf _ 2. · ''"'""~8fl11UtM'WCI1fl lum,fifi111L11f!Het _ 3. ad 8'Wu·hill'Kf!Neti1l'l1\ln1'11~L11f!Net1fl L11{1A'i1f8ftltl

ttL~"ftU8 - 4. LD8'WUi1ilL'KIJNCtiulhm,,Hl'K'JHCtlfl n1f1t\'eaH

. , u1.h.teui1 n11fi~''"'J~U'uuu 1utnl'uw,.ufewlt1 ,

_ S. nt'J HetitJI YIHJ tluttu\l'U81t{1A'l~fJn1'9l'1'ft8Ul tJuutt

(fonn) •8~nnl1oOL11tiJNCt

_ 6. ''"'J Neti tTIYIH&d' 811181t{ ,A'lflun,,; &fl,nH' ,d 8111'18~ , . n1111~L11f!Het\l'u

Z. ltt .. o'lllRYtl.aJWIUU L11ttNeti1l'ftYI1~itJUUU (Formal or Lopcal Fallacy) LaUn1111-tL'KttNetUn'W;8~

..1 ..1 .11 .. ~ - ."! 1 .. .. !Ill - , YILnfJ1,8~nUn1,u1~l'K'SNCILlUUU'l'fJ flfJltlft1t LlCttUetn"nUtllJUfi11UMfi'WCt1fl UYIH

Jt.ILLUttf~ft1U11aflitflfJn11fl11tft8t1Jtl1&tltl1118 lft1 ... ftf1~'V8 .. n111HL11f!NCt

&11f!NetUY11~itluuttil11et1tiWfl ft8

2.1 L'K'JPmWMe~n11Mt'K1L11tSNet1flrHn~

2.2 L11tJPmi11M~"ntm

2.3 L11fJNJIM'18"fl"nuY!fuii111J1U 2.4 LMfJNCtWM84f!,,nttYI~Sen 2.S l'KfJHft1tlhMfl,ntmilfltf1t9J

PHI 1005 (PY 105) 241

J.l .,. ... , •• .fftl'llfl1tll1t ... 1 ... ,o~ &'H'JNI't'J~,~~ft,ftfi'H1&'HtJNI 1flttflt408Qwll1UU1J~ ~8

. 2.1.1 I'HfJMI't'J1Ja1'WnU&Uitt'W'SGIIl1Y4 2.1.2 ,,.,,.'S1li1'Wn1ttrfu1tt'll' 2.1.3 &WtJ~tt'S1JI1'Wn11l11itt'Wwt11'

. ! •

J.1.111t~.,.,,,.,,,..,,,.,.,"

&'H'JN~'S11'a1Un11ltliltt'W"tui'I1W (C.lH obvenion) aft'Wn1tft,.'H1 &MtJNttlflattt4tlhwtt1,.,,1~t1nmtlhi'Wngfe 1flfe'Hd4 111n11ltliu,"cun1w ~e

1. a~u-u~cutnwvenln:wt'll'l'Huli"'""'"'fnJtT~fJ•n,,. •ttlta:wtU'ai1J

2. l~n, .. tJ,,,,,,. .. ,;" u;",cu .... ,a" · 3. il1n1ttil&,.ft~Uenlta:wt11'1'Hlilla~\l"',r;tf,m~4fl~n1tt

iltl'ff'Utt4tltcwtU'ai1J ,.,...,,,. '"'SNtt1tTalun11ltliu,-scun,.

. . I

tlta: lttfi&IJJ : nit1f,-,,.,;.,1Jtl'Waftun,,hlit'S""'e~ttf·u\1uq, tltt lutt ,,.,; : nwlf,-,,.,;.,JJtT\1 12Jaft,nu,,l~""'"""f-,a~ouq•

theiV. ''"'""~,,.,,,Gnnlhtl11nQfe 3 [:'

a.J.J '"•"•~tlll""''~ru"'" &'HfSNtt~i.mtdUY4tU' (falae coovenion) &\1\ln17ftfl111111fSNtt

,,.,., .. ;t;;...,.,.,,.,den1nlh'Jh,nafe'•fewd41'Un,trfu"'U'~e • I '

. . 1. trf1\11'11ftU&t~ff1'Utl'lc"tuaii.nfJ'Un1ttU'I¥11'U1'Wtl'ltY4tU' · l1t~ UttttffUY4tU'tltt:I1'U 1 tl&ft'UI'I1ftY&"ffl'Wtltt:"t,n1fli

2. ,,."._.,,..e .. tJ,,.,.,,r., .. ,;, .! '

3. 11111ht,n,. 1~tlttwt,n'H,;Gft~11J1f1J1tmttt1U&IIli'Veua-wt~ ~e~t1n11''UttGft')11J1f1J1Dn'lt:t1D&•1J•e\J&'U"JJ1&&1-,1'U

I

tltc~t\l'ai1J

PHI 1005 (PY 105)

tY1erh• &WIJN'&'I~UI1-un11ft'fuwtt1 tb: letuASI : ,.,;~,,.;,; ~ 1"l41fSifl&ft'Ufi'Ut1sbhtnJ

• tln:lett1w1i: tt'Ufl1w'lftu..f.,.,...,..1tit1t1t

theluw Gn11~11lungfe 3

2.2.3 .,..,. .. ,.,,. .. ,.tJia,,..,f &1tf!Nt'1~1111un111tlie-uwtt1 (faiH iavenioa) aftun11R.-'H1

'"f!Nt'll.-fltlt' tftif.-wa1tude"t1nihhngfe 1t~feffit41un11&tliwwtu ~. 1. 11wt1ftf1:11'U-ueul':"'".,"1i'i1""'t1if.-ul4fuwt1l'

U1111U,.fJ4U11ftt1t&ASI 2. 1 I tit, 111 •e ""'="' ,r,a,alu•G .. ,t., 1 tfutiuiu1ta •e ..

tJ,a:,.,,n,..,.;,ftuw.-u1tchu

3. 1, n~ "tfieuwt1f..fur1J.- fJtlltnw-vettf1a:"',n'",;""'lu auil1un111tlfluuwt1fu1tW1U fJIUnw-ueuJsa:wt1f1flsi "'"tluf11Jfl'u•e4&ft1J

4. ,,,.,,.tJien~wt..ttf""u" ,., .. ;;,,.nettbtwt,nwsita:aft, ,.,,fflftmltftunlttGa"mRu utli1'Uft111tlieuwt1fu1tW1'U ,.,,.o,,.nettl'a:"t11'tttt4aRJJ

· tY1e1ht. &1ffJN'&'I~urlun111tliauwtt1 tba:wtuaRII : tla1ltff1Jtnftuft~ti'J, . V1tftt1f1w1i : fflli'ihs11.Va1..ftwa~ttaftuittl1a~1•«•-{,f, ·

thelu1a n1"'11iuuwt1l'lttutf""1J"d'~,hnafe 2

2.2 ,,.,.., ...... ,,ftUtl

1Mf!Nt'111TI•etflt11ft'U"'""",,a,.,.,,,.f!Nttunw1e41uadetu1t1n ,.,;h'llunafe 1t~feflilt•e4n11114&flfJN'&'I&'uuttnnu" ~e

1. A11ft\Jt~ta:le4G 3 ,.,,r ~e wtt1w&Tn ,.,,r"," aaaa:wt'al'na1" 2. wt1fna141tt4ft1tt1aethtll'eu 1 ,.j,. 3. wt1l'ftnn:t1e1ufetf1tlle4n1a:t1fJU1rieu1wlef1t .lttenad' ,

M1J1fJ1'UI'tl'twt1fflc\'nuaa:wtU'1tt4

. PHI 1005 (PY 105)

4. ,,,.,a.fetT, .. .re,\t.uftt4utc"•1l'ufin" ferrtule .. ,ft,uttwtu ' ufinnr:

s. ,,nfelnffJflG«ft1.tt1ttwtutJ14tn1.t feCYtt1ttle•tri1.tuttwt1l' u1ub"

• *' 6. ,,nfeJ,•-«•~,ft,uttwt1l'1Yliu feCYtule•aft1.tilttwt1l'&,g, l1e1h-t '"~Ha11l'l.,e4ftttf'IU'rl . Yl1&n&ft1.t.i1f1.t.Ge• .

,' I'

m~«nliftu"egtTu~11&ft • ·. ~W«tfii1,;,1ifuatle.a -'1elyw '~flHn1'lll&l1t1a:il 4 ,..,,r &t1unn~1~1.1nQfe 1

1· t '

,.,,1v~e"'i~"e ,, ,,;.;t,.,aei .. ,~,.e1•1~i"~"""liegu, .. ,.,,f),,.,,,

I' .

• ', ft1.tt\1~14ft1.1&fJ1.1ft'Ut1U

;hal_.,, '~t~Nn1~1&w~1twt1l'nn1-a,ainttt1a&avfn,.#" AftnQ fe 2

,,

ft\lt1U'Jf'lft1.tJft1.1ft1.t~lf1U,I I . . .

If lu·rb,rtsj&fj,,.,,1u

• •. lfl1.tfl~~&ft1.tft1.t~lf1U,I I,, '

theiV1fl &jtt~ Nft'S1Ja&wt1t't'f tU "c\'nntt t1V1 1.tf81f1U 1 ftU ,si !

nttt1a1J1tle1.t11.tfel1-a Nft~Qfe 3

2.3 ,,.,,..,._ •• ..,.,,,.v,..,.G"I," . . · ... . • .· II '

'"~ Nft 11filll~4.ft t t fttJ'rlf'UGVJ 114. &fJ'U f'l1t ftft,1&WfJ Nn 1J f'l't'f i tt4 ,,,;;,.,,,.,",'.~1Runa,e•flt~nu,.uu~fuGvJ,,. ~e · ·

f'lt til ~&fJ1.tfttt f'IU'rlf'UCVJ 11.tUU1Jft4&iJJ fei1U84tt, lll1t1f'lf'l n •"ll,•l ;-· ' '· '

11.tl1.tftt1.1W1!1-.e~lltt:Wt~f1.t~vJ1~ .<~the antecedent) untfelftt.ltt,lt1n nn81.ti1.tfte1.twf•llle4llttwt~f1.t0VJ11.t '

PHIIOOS (PY 1051

"' tilfl,fJ'U""' ntJ"ruf'UUWJ.1~nuun.J!a,mt1e.f· fel1~7e~e:: 1 K 1J1t1nn1t\Jfi&~1fnl'U11&l'~~fJ~Utt'Jtnl'i~iiwJnl (denying the consequent)

u a:: fe tflU t:: 1 t\' t1nnn tJ QLft11"8'U111l' 111&-nl'::"nl' f'U ;lwJ1'U

1'1erh~ L11fJNCI1Ui11fJUl1,n1J'ntf'UUWJ1'ULLUtlfl~lau

d'1fluq~n,,..;,.a ",~1tJt,,fJut\'e~ni"u""rf

l71 ,,..,,fJut\'e~iii"u'""6 . -.. • . fi'Ulf111l1't'ft""

fhelvw &119JNa1tli&'t'f'J1::8ufu"eu11&l'-t•e~\Jtt't'ftUtf'U'il'WJ1'U ) I

f'18Dl" &119JNa11fa11e .. flttntlttfuii'WJ1'UUU'lJ&Uia'Ua&ua~ «,""lf,"""''"a ",~1ut1aft'Ut\'n~n•""'""rf fi'Uif•",'"'"' 1t.1a • •• l71t1aft'Uin-tiii""'""6 thelu1a &11fJNet1uit't111tUQLrr11"D'UI'U~D~tlt::'t'ftUf'Uii'WI1'U

2.4 '"fJNG1tlR•e4fl11ftu11aAea8en '"fJNa1ui~~Yeutt1nu'u~eafenaflun1tiH&HfJNftun'ftie4tl'uaii" .

,,nn,, 1u-..,R1Sin;~e~"""u'ufte,ten4 .. nea 2 uuu lie 1. ntiifliii'1&fenft1siuant1ntlu&."111" 1fuuu modus tollendo

ponens ~e 1tf,]1tl'~&feni'1 1fli'111if,. 1ufel1411&l'nsnn.Jiuu 1tfa\1'Uufi&crt uc\'.,1f&fJu fel14,e4ua:1l1tl''1&fen3ntl''1wd .. u,aftufeattlltta1uatJiu,mtla-t

2. ntiifliii'1&Senuant1ntl~ lttu&afl~1" 1futJu modus · ponendo

ponens lfe11f1l1tl'·nfeni'11tti'1wil~1'Ufel1411an~J11fafJ'Ufel1ue4 uat1l1i'1&Sen I ntl''1'Hif ~u1tl QL ~11 uc\'1 1 faft'U feattl

PHI 1005 (PY 1 05)

l1eeho~ · ;r &MftHn~\l'l-.e4flttn1JMIAea8enfttt1afen ,u,t\'uunt1ntl" I , , .. ,.. ......

,,,,e,,crrd',.teil•'"""',"'n"d' ,..,,.a,,r,.d' , . ·. ..,~,.,,,,.,.;r thelu1a\ ·· &1ftiJHft~11a&7ts1tfe11-ne4aft,1,g, ufii1alen ,si,t\'

I • uan•,n«r 1-.aa .... , .. . . I

2.1 ltt ... ~t1fMt1Jnt¥t (Fal&o. Dilemma)

'"'~""~11l•e4ttttn1JMiltttltieaftvn11114&1ftiJHft1Jnft;e,.,d, .. ,,n t~~itn1JMiJtttlttfJ141hn~•len~.t1nni1~acri&ean. 1fftnn•alen1ttwHalen1fd4114 lf84M14&8enJv,a1,tfa .. t&ft\tid,ahhtlt1tOV1. f..sMth1fttttt11J'rl,f14,U81t &1 an ,fi1aft,flttt11JMiJtt~tlt

11erho~ . 'r'~"n'Jft•e•"''"1J"iJ'-tl''' l'lfJ1J1aftitnG ·,.,,..,Jfttttl4thud &&fttl1fJ1J1ftftttlnii critYin1t

. i ftt,.ftvA•••••enltt . ,,;,f,,.W,-tfwfeMeiM1tteeho~1ff-t ' i

• ·. """~'''i.h&l.htfecr1•1n1ttlt114114~ttle•entl'tt thelvw ~ttttftn~.JI '"',,,.,,.,,,mftu1tT1Jn,a,f,o,,y,.,,nni1

4w.'lhfenttft'tl ielth~lfti.,..,.,1Ge1ttctt4&1N",I 11U1111,f, fecr1t1 ft·h .. '"'"l"•••iti1aa~1ffetfi~Jn,,tlt,aftvAt•le•en<ft " J,A,alt,,ft,.. ..• , ... ,.. \. ,,

! I .

PHI ~005 (Pf 1~

hm111n11111Ni\ 2

t. •wen1ln111nm.,.He,~~•Gt~1tl nt11:ntfJM

1. tk:lNII tJn ltmtM,j

2. U1t ltmLi~ tJ1: lm~l11Jj ·

3. tJ1: ltmii~ 1.11: lmt111Jj

4. tl'Jt lfmlill tJ1: lm~ 1M,j

s. tln~ Uml~~~

tJ1: ltm 1 11,j

. 6. tl'J: ltm&i~ U1:, ltm 1M,j

ftUU1-tft\ll~ft\l;in,fl~n11fi ftUUJ~"" 1uLUuftuM~~m,J 11ih1rmfl11ft\l 1flLDUYl111'J .,,mm,u1<Qftu,\1uf;I1UtnM,, , ""~n~qpHM~"'ftvftu1uu,"u

. ftu~l,ju1ftU~11UfllfJuftu~flfl'qfU laiiMuiimaiftu1flLi'h~~~MJ'J'JII ftU l,jfieftaU~ftU l,jl~ ... <QI'J'JII 1Wfi'l,jilft1111fflu1flLfJuun1Ymu 1,j il f ~ l,j 1• \l' ni '11nl'Jflu 1flLfJ uf il ft1'Wf , t,.;M,1mMIIN~fijft,,~u,,,,a

ftuil 1,j 1ti f u; Ml'J'l nflu ,11 LfJ """~ il ft1'Wms.t1'Ja

, . <Q1uaut~:i~,..ft'Wii1ua~ililfl••h ·~~u:~u1~~a,~,\1u.nuhtlt

, ' . ·. ·~~u:~mMft'lafJua<Qilflm•h ,

s. .,'lW.arm~M~~"'""..,,~,,uu , Y11D'U&lri'~1111fllftww111~;u , • ·• ._,1m,tflt\'.IMIIflLft'U•,,~,,A"U

PHI1005 (PY 105) 247.

tl. ~ _., til ,. ",/

9. ')\Jlo4Y'Ufll1J\Jl1911&fttJ" ., •iJ1m.tu"'~*"{

I II !fl ~,/ • 1· .q\l''llthti'nt11fl&tJUifl"l&fttJ"

I

10. ~,~_..,,,11\_. U'lt-mut:&~eflfou

ft~,,. I •

. 't tln-nw,li.eufou . tt. ,,,..,.,_"" .,,,utln~tJfl1111ch!t ·

,.,!nJn«tJfl1rwth&1t I

:, "10""" . . 12• l'f•1&~f1Jfll W1ta:l84&flu"1H14,0"1JYI~DU

I

&.,&ft\)tf18fbft&.fUYI#DU

···1. ~1&\1u,.ztla . 13. f·~ 1.ht1f1Jft1Unf1&! tt:l D·ni1 uflu&ri "";eng:~ u

~&~UftUWU +tf·~. ~U1tm.Jft1111Ch&1tJu&flufiU11W . ·.I «llh-'b.i&ftultu&M

14. ••11.&~u"H \tlattJ"\"sj lfluY11uauufi' H!t>u g:J u~ fiH

10 '" . ' .

&~1~t~fl1" ,YYI'l..,am.tfi'

:. 1

1

",'W\lau"1"l"UY~,-ua ,'" -15. ,.1~1a";i"·'h ll&tt~ID"ft"YI:&Uf1Ut1uu EN ~01 lu&YJD11 1

I '

H!e&YJD11 2 11&1"at>n&1uu EN 201 1u&llt>ll 1 &l&~t:&1uuH1l'nun: I

d11J1n111n &lfill&l.uaon&1ttu BN 201 1~&'rlt>11 2 &lo~nd11J1n111n

6m.1.u\'ul1&16ftf>tJ~sjN11l1U&YI611tTu lft11tfi11J 8 iJftDI fT.nfu 1sj·h ,.lt:&a&n&1uu B 201 1u&YI611 1 H!D&flf>11 2 ,ju~&fluilOJH1HUn

I

PHI 1005 (PY ·105)

3~ 1MfJH01Uflttl~ld8tt1 3.1 fi'Jla.'tt~lfJ

~- ,l . !II -l'H9Jfll'I1'Ufl'Wl1~1,_.ti'H1 (Informal or~al Fallacy) nJ'Wft11~flfi'WCI1fl

1-unn~\u'Hf!Netll'U'Uflthl'o;\•=~ou'W'U,nflonu11t'l'J1t,;',;fe,..,,e~m,t\'1~11f!Hft 3.2 aaw.e41'tttJHa1iJmn.-de,, , .

- ... ,1. : tl I, .J .I I .. 111f!NCI1'Ufl'Wl1~1Uti111'W'Wr~1n llfl 'UYI'U!Qtflft11a~Ul'W")t\J1~ll'U\J

3.2.1 ninb-uul'u

3.2.2 n·h1fuou11Ylr.tUHfl

3.2.3 m11fu~~"J1'WHflft11~11~1o

3.2.4 tl17t\'1~fl11~Lfluu11119JHfl

3.2.1 n11R'J\&Cf1U

mnbouuttl (Hasty Generalization) Lfi'Wft11l1Hflftet1fl1un1'Jftfi'H1 ... - , . ·'1 , 1.... I .J .J .. .1! .I: • l'H9JHCIIIJf-tlflfi!V'Utl1flfl11Ulu flr.t llllfl1fH.I1~"1J1fl'Wti'Wl'tft'U\Jft1.f'W"U8ftlu'W'U WJtl

&,,f1-un1'JL~tJua~ ,j-u~•::,fl-um"~tJuai~'\l'eoLnou ,11 tl''Jeau

cre~laeuneouftou~1-uua1d'-v l~o,e~ft'W 1-ua::u1n111u , ~ , ~ ~ Jt..• "" .l .. "" ua:: 'UIII1~ nn '1 n'U vnty~ft'U11'U~\}fliQ tlflft'U'H'U~

I '"' .J \}fl\J'JtfJWf1r.t"1~Ll1ff ~'W1flft'U~1'U'UU'HCit"ttfti\Jtl8

tl1ttfqf1fl'J'JU

1un1'Jftfi'H1l'H9JNCIU\J\Jfl1hl'oLfe•a:11f1i(eul11~\lflle~Ju t1Li1uf\",'::le~thL'\lufl1~flQ 2 fed ~e ,

.·PHI .1005 (PY 105)

1. iinnil ..,; ei1tlV1~;i~,n'WeL i4 o~ 1 u n,,;t,~,hnu cr rum.JtJ

~11n'a: lwfl

249

I II

I . ~ . . -n ,, ~ 11Ju nQf o , .. fe 'K1.1 ~ •~" 1 11f nntYH&'KfJHrt'll'1.1Hfl'Wrt1fl

.,II '

l.-unnHiHUnQfflu1n1l'~&flu&'KffHrt11Ta.-,nn_,~•bucr111 ,thunnih'llunQfe 2

flflnncr1tlt1ni1fld1-.ft,li~t\'&i'Jufi'1Wnuila.-e.enqlltl,t-nn,1l'u~"111fHrtii,A't1nnn cr1tl"'fl'Uflqu (generatizatitn> JuAR'Wft1fl&wnu

· · 11.1n ', tY14&lfftPm lflfJfl1flfluu1&fitJ'U (Analogy) B.eahti'Uilt::t\'e.e 3.2.2 fll'l,;l,')&lauh . . .

.. .. !If.& . ' ~11.1~a~&ft',..flf11'18 ': , · ·

1. n1 Ufi11SJfta'1uftS4'tf!eilc\'nvcut;1uilthft''U11.1tr11.1~1faiiu'U 2. m ,s.iiift11l1Ufln•h~'K!einvaa::•h•~d1ft''111uthu~1fafifi'U 111n n11H111unQfe1flffl'Kil4 nni14&'K'fH&nfu~t~Hfi'Wft1fl

!II ... -&u1.1&'Kf!Hrt1'Ufl ·1

m,1fuu1&fimJHfl ·(False A.Dalogy) aflufl11SJHfl'Wft'lfl 1um,~fi'K1 l11fJHfti1tJtl11&mtJ'U&fitJ'U,eJ.. 2 B-1 'Kf8Cfll11nnoi' 2 tf'll11fl1,Gf f4'V1flfl11SJ&'Ki1flU 11 !tl « nvcu~;.,uit thft'qtlt~ 1_ftnl''UCY'fWG'etr1\Jfi 11 t1nnutY141 11fJ Hft,f 1.1 11! e 1u ~,,.,.i .. ~&fluHrtll191nn,,fl~nvllti1utht\''Vil1fl~n1ntl1u'U&fifi'U,fu,liafuttuln'U a .. ilcr1t1 1 ·

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;:~(:;::!:~;~::3~~:::::~: ,liu'W~&wtlu

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· wt 'bl eti'N ,, ·

PHI 1005 (PY lOS)

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• 0 ..1 I .. t Y. . ., a1 I ·.:{~~~ ., tfa~

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ufi«1ftfl\l~t;1,.,Ju,~ijf\1~1Jft1J~Ui'nu ,j'u~&f!Un1$11·U11flNtl;i,~fi (weak argument) . w '

t1nfl''l&V1~f,~A'u ..r~U'1U'Vfl~'l"'ua:'tingw ijft'n\lw:;11Jnu titl

n1nflu'l11'u t11ti n11Lflu111\Uftl~4u n1,LfJu 111u fttU11 n1nrlu U'1u'itt>gt UGJftlO I "' a1 I I ~, 1,~ !fl W I ~ o W a1 I · I .ld

UfHU&n1nanowwt1,11.t\'tf1'11'1..1 ,., 1'1Luuanowtut111Jflft1flty uatanowtut111JL111'11\.!fl

, 1..:!/. a1 t/a~ Y. tl • ... , I ., I ~.,! W ..1.. W ,.,

1J·n1Jff'l..l1fl1J'Utlftl fltl fl111J·'S1f\1 UUYf~ (tlfl'WQlt111Jfln1fltlJflfr1J'Vt'l..l1fl1J'S1f\1

tUtl~U',ult~~&rtu d1u'tf!tl,1&atU6~U'1u, tU'I..I1tlltUtl ~~~u, tU'I..I1tlltUtl~U' 1u, &&1J'l.ltt~tl~U'1u, icr~~1fcrf,~,J,u &flul,.) n111141'tffJAaift~&flu&'t1'JNa1,jf\1un111fuu1&no'l.INfl "' W I ""'t-'! !fl ... : , 1... ..1 W P. a.,~

L'l..l tl·n1fltlfl\10lt 111Jfl "JJL1J'I..IU'I..I1lflfJ1J'I..I '1..1 1Jtllfftlfl \lt ft'l..l'l.l ft\i'l..l 'UtlftllJ 1'1

3.2.3 fl111fcrl.ll.lflfl'UHRft'lUI'HI.IlU

m'S1ftrJJJJ~J1'1..1Ntllfi111J'tf1J10 (Misuse of Hypothesis) &fJum'S w

ifn'tin111tlafl&f)1'llft1J1JflJ1'1..1 (hypothesis) uu&fJu,;~

u~.;~uuufiJ1uua:a~;t,t{,,ncr1Ju9\!1uJu,fJu&f4v~n,, fl1tllfltl'l..l 1Ufl111J&fJu ,; ~u«1"1 ,~ft11J1'Saou6u'tf!tl&&U1t1 ,t{-h a~;t,,,,~~'tfttl

,~: Jf • I - !fl ~ ..1 ... .l I I • ~ fl1fl '1'1..1'1..1tlt\}fl"tl~ fll'SOtlltl111ft1J1JfiJ1'1..1L 1J'I..I n ~fl tltlflfll\f'l..l f) OHU'I..I '1..1 flU'tf 'S tlL1J '1..1

- ~ 1 ..1 W W ~ ~ ....~, I I • W , I !If! ... : !If! ~ 1

\11-tUn1 flfJfi1JUtl~l1JUl1 ~fl 1J&LUUtlU'tfHHJ~ 1Jl1J'I..I \lHUUl1JUfl1'Sn.'UftU'St1111~ ' '

" fl11fl1flflt&U " (speculation) flU "fl'11Uu'llueu " (certainty)

meeh~ w

tUWtil tJtlfltt~1tJftu«1'll1t&llflfl1111'Sl cr;," na~, \J1.11n

«,1J;1!T,tt 1fuJ 1~\loniru/11 1,fu,m,t1n'l.l;i1f

"' ~..1 Jf , I I ~ a! I L1Jf) 3-4 uf1Ua1 fJf)ftl\f1tltlt 1Jf\fll4VU'I..Itlo1~U'I..IUflU

3.% .4 fl11114ft111.1&fi'U1rl&'HfJNR

l'tf'JNt11t1'9\t11flfl1'SI1~fl111J&fJUft1l'tf'JHfl (Assuming the Cause ~ ~ !f. - ..1 I tf ... A I .. tf ...

'tfl'tl Post hoc Fallacy) l1JUfl~'J'Ptlltl1f\111J.,~f111l'tffJfl1'JOl'tfU~lflflfltl'l..lf>fll11'Jfl1'JOl'tf'l..l~

: • !Ill - """' 1!! • , , w .. , .. 'I..IU11l1JUfl1'JTtqtuflfftlL"tJ~tUe~n17tr11h1&'tffJft11'W 2 L'tf'Jfl11'W \l'u 1Jf\111JlT1J~'I..I1 nu

1u&i~tr1&11'J (causal relationship) 1flOfl1'JOtlltl1&11fJfl1'Jai';i&nflrltlui1Lflucr1111'l

PHI1005 (PY 105) 251

,fl~&M'Jn,,af~'""l ,.,,.,11~1 -i ~ ., ~ fl'l111&~ rn le~~nu1u«n"oa=,f)~fl'l1u&f!uft'1&M'J ~u ,J.ijjflgt; ~ ufl1l'u&i'Jua~~~~iifiMffliUfiU1nn&fl1'h&fttuw~u ti1erh~ ·1 - .

i~u;t . -otlt\ul1· 'ln"f"~ilflu11tl&lflm1flih~rn - . . . , ,

11.11111 1~'"' ~tJ,ina~,t\'unta'l'Jnflf~ ,,,,t1ltU'u ~~f), , 1Jn,,,,.,,,n,t\'J.uMcn8n1ut1u1flfl iJYJu1 'f)", · d,..a,;,e~'lenflfl 1tJ

,,, I HIM 'J Nnd', fft'llli"J1U~ ~h' nn 1fhiefl,, fl! .~ tl'l~111f mn" 11111 'n' « ~"fft'l lflt~&MfJNn11l'~d' &n,4 u ,,n~nt1e&fl1oJ1&11~ n11ai'~ ,;;,.;f uri flu«eni,,~,iff,fl,a,~ e11

,~"'',1~;;,,r,.,,ftuft'1JM'2,~··" ... &11fl~11~tt1U1J11Jlflm7&nt,itt\'u&Ma'l· ~~ ., ~ .. liu&~u ''" e~"m"n"fl111nUll1,flnr "'"'l n11a. f .o1u afftHwflit n3ua'ufl1111d'uiu11 1 ,.,,,~ ft'~M~~ , . , .

252

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,lfl1M1iitJ,,1u &ftu;T,I Mli&Mi1eunu &W11t1lt~u &#e,fl~111a1~~fl~1ti m.nt.J

I

2. &fflu~ H1ufe~"V1\Jfln~1 v1 "lwue lfla··. ~,,,,,,

M1t~Mifl ,,..,=~unvM "',"~"'"r~,if &1Jeffna4uu1n uftt&n~&ffl·h &flu&Yudu 1 .. ,u4.,.,,,., 14

3. ql 1fnt als.t<tHiin·g19(1ut1"iJ~i1iJqrM1&flf fl4f11t'J n cbuq11uu1f1a1eeli ,l 6 ••euii!Jcv111&flffl4&;"1Jifu · utttq1Ju~1f 1a l~etl'ft'11&nulkmcy111&ft' e4feu · &ff11tu:nfuft'1tJ1i&Mi111lQ lni,J.ia

PHI roos (PY lOS)

. 4. ri uu~ u;i·mYtJUI1J 1tht::UflGt1ftlddhnh::111~U;i" u;i"dn,.un~1u so fluua::n.,,,, 10 &,·u n1tt1uilfi::l1a1 3 tJ t1u1u

•tHYtun~1uua::n,,,,,~u&rlu 2 ,,., 'l•qtittU'~e~d'.luf~,,..,, un lt~W'11fnuu;imnnud,~u\Juuu

.d I ., ./"' ·.d' S. fi6U'rl 1at1ufl•fJ~~ uij81fl11Ltti1 fJU1afltuh8UU ~ UlU\'HIU

lf1LU1fl 1tt,jutl1~tt1tJ \'fu&fe&tt«e&nui11afltu~ilqtt1&~rJ1tiu

6. ril ~'"'"'fl u&ile~~ il ua1il•h11nhnni 11il6~6 u '1

",~, 'rltJ na::e1YOJ1n11u~&n ,.t u 1un1 ~'"'"u1nni ,;t 6 u ,,.,,::~::,fu . d'lie~m1 •= ,,j1~e1YOJ1n11u ,,~~e~,u1~umil~111t 1unl~'""'"tJ

1. ttu ~aeiiui,"ntJiud' a~-.h11• e~u nt; tJu u n~n'W1lfa1tJ ft,1Jfl'IJttU &1 fJ'IJ hJ,j 1f{ uua::f 8~1~ fJ1tiUfJ1ltf'ft; fl L. fl, 'ntltl 1UUlt 1LLfi , , , , au111'~ aueu1"" i1mTuti~uu

s. f 01U1tJfl11flu1 ,,j ilefli tiu~ 11tV ~ ,;; eLf 1 i'u~1u11u ~ '"""~~~~tl!now1 fj-ltJ ua::&a-.t1~fl11 &i1uf,nt~i~111Jfl

9. ,,j 'IJ1Utt6 U1fl~ fl111tf1tJf Ufl ~ltd 11Q1flt1flfl; tiWA 6 ,u , ed tiuf ,.,OJ~"'"'"u· ,.,~,at~t1" &Ytn::ta::U'u ~,,u erJ1nfl1rJL!l "W'ln J',.. ..~.. ., ~ .. ~ , I I "" , •• • ;.\-•• l'...,... II I rp1tl 'n1Jfl16\Jfl11ll'n1fl"8~ 1J't1fJ1ftW1 1J8¥''~"0J~fiU ,,.,,_,

10. d'fl1uHU1tJ~u{ &flu~ ie~nn1nnni1UHU1t1iu{ ua:: .d J! .'!!! l.d,. ... !Ill .d~ l fl ~ ,. .'1 .'!!! I nu'n t::U1 Hff1tln'IJ1l 'n ,.. ~l1JU'n "e~n11u un ca::"8~1Jfl111J11 ~n'U1J ua::

... .d .! ,J!rll "' • .'!!! I , .! ,. ~. . 'nH'H'IJ ~'n t::YI1 "" fltlfl11flfUa6flff1fJnU1J Un1U8~Lfltl1nU L1181tt:: J! ., I l.d• !Ill .d~ ,JI't "' • ., I

tf11~tf1fJ'WU1Jili8~1J'\j'WfJ'nfiUa::LU'IJYI"8~n11 " lflfJfl11flfiLafJflff1fJ'WU1J

PHI1005 (PY 105) -253

I I

4. n11JNa"Sii'Jt'rn-'ift~YirJ1 I

4.1 ft1UIM UJ

l'tffJNft'5 R'r1ntft1nen a1h.mni14&'HfJHft~n,.;e .. ~&nft4ut1nnn1f e4fl'tlnneun14tft1'rtu1 · 1-hu1ifiuu,11fufe«1t1flane

u21-l1e4·~tJn:netJ'rtH;,.:s,.rnit\lun1faflufetTH&'HrhJuentt a~rnfe4'H!etie 11fanftNft: U'rl14tft'5YJt11 aw "111fni1 ft'4ft'ua..1u1• ut'1.~rt11JJfifn 11feu1n&flu,wfe ,s.ieu1t"1; 1hni1'1411if4,84f'ltjJJ .,,.., fltt"11t\'ueJJftJfeuttJflauue

· u-'uu~1s.i11ai1uidla~ ft~4"'1Jfetr1tl1ua9•"''n1'rlu1. ferr1t1~1it1tmnftft'H1 II~ ~ I l : _Ill ,. Jl~ I ... l'HfJNft lUaf'I"CUt"4f'lft1 .. UU1J14ftUfJ1ttttl'HJJfJU11ft12JJJ1t1t"''UtlUHUfttU1tltl2J7\J

u-'1v~1Ul77n'5J~t11&n\'1 ·. ei1aih.tn1tf14&'HflNttflunw;e,. ,den1f'lferr1tJ,fu 1s.i11 a~u.,fe•wfe.t1JJll1t1 'fel14 <f•il·euf'lln~ ne1JJ~14ifti'r1t11) Ju·&ttu1 u rhufl. a~u.,fe4n\Jn17ftfttf1&HfJ tt · f'lrt11~e ".,,,.,,,.,,..,.,.;',a:MiHferr1tJnufeiHJuaflu ., ,tJI1ueuJJai' (emotion I), ,1i1iaflu1tli1fi&'Hfl!Hft i41l'u lf1Hf\J&HfJNtt:Sua,.,.. tfl1'rlt11&l'a'1 &71ttle4 . t170a1Utlf'lft111JUftf'I .. 1UtH-lHn17f5'14l'tffJNftfliJwfnJ1'U ituoKt14nunui14&Hfl!Hft. 11-t8171Jt1'ft111Jf!n (emotional appeal) itutrft4tl8f'IJJ11u

'Hft1t1Jth&1Juiifl, .. 'l ,;, I I

4.2 aauu••••~fJNa'lf11,.1-e;,.')"rn &HfJNniu,,.,,.,";"u,;ltlnna 1unniH('HfJNnJuilJJ1nJJ1tl 1ufld'

ttnrt1134atu41J1~thuutt \J141UU1JtJa-ri14u ~e

254

4.2.2 nn .14&llflf111""' 4.2.3 n,, , .. ,uJ1i.1J1n

4.~!4 f'I1J. .14ft112J 1\if 4.2.S n17. 11114'"'"

!

PHI 1005 (PY 1 OS)

4.1.1 ft,,,,,.,,.,. ( Appeal to Force )

n11 t\'1.:atS1u 1tlfj'U l1f9JHft1fU~" l4tfl 1" U1tl'Ulflflt1flfl11;\ 61'1.:aLtt92Na 1ftS1u1nh 11\'fiule.:autJ11fu(eutt.f~V~4•ui1un11tU111i,11-i1t= ltto","'" 4 ttftJ,.1.:ttftJ11i1111fl,J.iUtJ11fU(tJtrttJA'.:anci11Uil''lt11ifJ4,t\'futl'ouf'I11Uttf8NCUiiUtt1U1lii1 •=utH1.:an~utt1e tf'llt~f'l111 -i.:a '1 fin11tU11,;Ju,1.i,t\'&fluft.:aih~u'l(euf11,;'wi' nu(ecrtt11u&i4f'l11n1"u1

«'lethe N11fi1Yf1fl'JII ,sln1oui1Uft1Jfl11 11f'JII tflulu&fiu fi• n11 ;t,u~""""" 1ttli u.te U14,' liiUN11~Lfei1 Yf1flflllt=Lt1Suu1t ,,,,=~1tt1ni1f211lfi'U,t.i,A' ~lu~nl4if l1181tt=itJ.:ailn11ffln111u&!tJ.:t~fla1n1 W , I ' I ... J! ..f ~· .I W nu tt11 ua= tUJ14U '""'="e.:a.,,1nfi81Jrtfl'WU1l41'U ... ... . fiH1f'U4fJfJflt1fl41U

4.1.1 ft1,1141"flfi1S,," ( Appeal to Pity )

ltt9JNa1ua.,nn,,tf, .. ,11,.,.,1,,11,flun,,fi61,,.,tt9JNa,.11lf f~ule.:a ue 11i'tJ(e trltJi\.-u&cru eLde.:at1nLflflfl1111tr4tr1n-tfu lt tf.:afl1u" 1111 ,;1,,;,.u&1 n11114Ltt9JNaJu,1.iutttl'nJ1u1• ., flu1ltJu,.uftJutt.f ,.,,u,.1111 tf.:atta1u1l'n1f11n11 if11,11fQnfl11111U8UIU,..uNtl\ttfe.,t\'ftJn11tJ111"1l'Y1'W

tY'lethe t'f1a;\,,.,,,. t1nfeL~tti .:aflucrfl.:a u21·:h,1&aut= ,,,.,;;,. ti.:af'l1u;\nfi11l1~ ufin11n'=,.,•e.:at1&amflu,~l•u ,s:i, '"""' 1ua= f,,j,, t.iif~ n1'Std' 41&a u&f1~,,1,y,, 17111t~1fithu,t.ieen ,;;u,,t.i,i u1ntu niu1aitonfl

.. ~ ..11! .r .. ua=11uman '1 ""e.:a&au.:aua=fluaa.- 4 ""' un=un flUttd.:t~lfJU&.flif-An11'Y11.:&ft1184 .V1Uft'Ul8.:&1t.i,i , tt1nf1&aut\'e.:a ,if'il ,,..., ,.n '1 Lttch1l'ut¥ilt1tted ,iedH,' n1=Nu1.:a•enntJ1.:&18'UIU8fi1111&Uftft1 ~Ve 1tfun.,ed1&-au·

4.1.3 ftl,ll.eft,.&hutnn ( Appeal to the People )

lttf!Nft1U~t1flfl11114fi'Utr1U111flli1Ufl11fifiHL1f;f!Nft"11tf f;ut\'e.:aUtJ11ftJ(tJUttf-utJ4f'IUff1tJ fl1111.:tfl'UthU111fl 1J.i·ht= lfiUftHtt1tJ lt~ttltJ11~fl111

PHI 1005 (PY iOS) 255

1 , JI! ... ... W .I al""' .J! al I , ~,~... W t'tfl 'JJNft"1~tft1"fi18Ut~& fttUUt1ttft.171J{)Uf'l,.flft't1J a•u n, 1J "'n.Jn,flfJ1J11J, tll711i111]nffted1utnl1J;! tfiU1nJ1J1flt&fJu,.ua, ftU0feaau~. fluililnruoSJit 11!efluwarrw f.~~lf1J1, tf4tt1t~flufluYh1iilflufn 1l'u6e unde~ 11ff2anh 11fft111Jd1fl'qr uat11fnnv 1JftJ1J1&fJua~;l-..,l"f1uioule~ueSJf1uufiefeft'tt1Ju

lhed" fJ"'~", afluilnf,d~il•::1f~s.urwcrf "&uft'Ti'" ~1fl&1f il so% ..,e~f"ui1lamSen\f "&tJft'li'"

tl''3•tl ' ' . u•ui ', 1e~e/" aflu,if~1u§il'ft'ilvSJaarri\an~n1f

· .... ;;,114 • : 1l111e1.1 .. ;;,.,,;-..... 1h1te1J1h11fu·f53,ft'uaSJ I ,,,'2 '

4.2.4 . ft1'1114ft1 rblf ( Appeal to Ignorance )

& 11 'J Nft, U~ t1tlfi111J 1J.ifaflu tt1tfH&'tf'J Nft~lflfl 4u 1 U nHU ilfef1~Juo·uflua~ii,J.ien

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