Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Phoenix Convention Center • Phoenix, Arizona
Combined Heat & Power – The Basics
Integrated Energy Combined Heat & Power(Making a Comeback)
Bob AlbertiniPepco Energy Services
August 11, 2015
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
Combined Heat & Power Overview
• Overview– Basic concept– Typical configuration &
components• Benefits• Characteristics of a
good opportunity• Market drivers• Case studies
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
CHP Overview – Distributed Generation
• Distributed Generation:– An electric generator;– Located at-or-near the end user;– Generates at least a portion of the electric load
• Typical DG Technologies:– Engine Generators– Turbine Generators– Solar Photovoltaic– Wind Turbine– Fuel Cells
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
CHP – Basic Concept
• CHP is:– A specific type of Distributed Generation– The simultaneous production of electricity and heat from a single fuel source– An integrated energy system (not a single technology) that can be modified
depending upon the needs of the energy end user– Highly efficient
• CHP: – 70% to 80%
• Separate Elec. &Thermal– 40% - 50%
‒ Can use variousFuels:
• Natural Gas• Landfill/Biogas• Biomass
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
Thermally Activated Machine
“Prime Mover”
CHP – Typical Configuration
• Use fuel to first Generate Power, then• Capture resulting heat for use as:
– Heating– Cooling– Both
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
• Prime Movers (Converts fuel input to mechanical shaft power)
– Reciprocating Internal Combustion (IC) Engine– Combustion Turbine– Steam Turbine– Microturbine
• Electrical Equipment– Generator (Converts mechanical shaft power to electrical energy)
– Step-up transformer & grid interconnection gear• Heat Recovery Equipment
– Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)• Thermally Activated Machine/Thermal Load
– Energy transfer stations/air handling units– Process Heat– Economizer– Absorption or steam driven chillers
CHP – Typical Components
IC Engine Microturbine
HRSG
Transformer
Absorption Chiller
Combustion Turbine
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade7
Reciprocating IC Engine Gen.
Combustion Turbine Steam Turbine MicroTurbine
Advantages
•Fast Start up•Hi part load efficiency•Island mode capable•Operates on low pressure gas
•High Reliability•Low Emissions•High-grade Heat•No cooling required
•High overall efficiency
•Any fuel type•Long working life•High reliability
•Small # of moving parts
•Compact size & wt.•Low emissions•No cooling required
Disadvantages
•High maintenance costs
•Low temperature thermal output
•Higher emissions•Needs cooling
•Requires gas compression
•Poor efficiency at low loads
•Output varies w/ ambient temp
•Slow start up•Low power to heat ratio
•High costs•Low temp. thermal output
•Lower mech. Efficiency
Typical Sizes < 5MW 500kW – 300MW 500kW – 300MW+ 30kW – 1MWInstalled Costs
$/kW 1,500 – 2,900 1,200 – 3,300 670 – 1,100 2,500 – 4,300
O&M Costs ¢/kWh 0.9 - 2.5 0.9 - 1.3 0.6 – 1.0 0.9 – 1.3
Availability 92% – 97% 90% – 98% Near 100% 90% – 98%Part Load OK Fair - Poor OK OK
CHP – Typical Components – Prime Movers
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
• Electrical Generator‒ Converts mechanical shaft power to electricity‒ Typical output voltage
• IC Engine: 480V – 4,160V• Gas/Steam Turbines: 4,160V – 13,800V• Microturbines: 480V
‒ Typically synchronous • Can produce power during grid blackouts
• Grid interconnection‒ Several Grid Interconnection Standards
• IEEE 1547; FERC Order 2006; State-specific standards‒ Required for safety, grid integrity, equipment protection‒ Parallel Operation is typical/preferred
• Export mode Flexible CHP system sizing• Non-export mode Load following
8
Generator on IC Engine
CHP – Typical Components – Electrical Equipment
Switchgear
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
• Heat is recovered from:‒ Hot water‒ Hot exhaust gas‒ Steam
• Typical uses:‒ Jacket water Boiler economizer, space/process heating‒ Exhaust gas Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)
• Steam • Energy transfer stations• Air handling units• Absorption/steam chillers• Industrial processes
9
Absorption Chiller
Air Handling Units
Economizer
HRSG
CHP – Typical Components – Heat Recovery
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
Why Pursue a CHP Project?
• Reduced Energy Costs– Efficient Fuel Utilization– Waste Heat captured for useful work– No transmission and distribution losses
• Improved Electric Reliability – Reduced susceptibility to grid failures
• Improved Energy Security– Generation is “on-site”– Particularly applicable to Military Bases
• Improved Power Quality– Reduced line losses/steady voltage
Energy Distributions for a Typical Reciprocating Engine
Shaft Power to Drive Load
(30%)
Jacket Coolant (30%)
150oF – 250oF
Exhaust (20%)850oF
ExhaustNot Recovered (15%)
Radiation (5%)
Fuel
Inpu
t Ene
rgy
(100
%)
Reco
vera
ble
Ener
gy (8
0%)
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
What Makes a Good CHP Opportunity?
Combination of Technical, Financial, Regulatory Factors• Technical
– Long operating hours (>5000 hrs/yr)– High, coincident, electrical & thermal loads (>4000 hrs/yr)– Existing and aging central plant– Power quality/reliability issues
• Economic/Financial– Wide spark spread – Low or no standby charges/penalties– Access to Funding/Financing
• ESPC’s/UESC’s• Utility Rebates and Incentives
• Regulatory/Utility– Favorable permitting environment– Simple, clear, fair interconnection requirements
Technical
Regulatory/ Utility
Economic/ Financial
Strike Zone
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade
CHP Market Driver – Stable, Low Gas Prices
Henry Hub Gas Prices expected to Remain between $3.00 and $6.00 thru 2030
ICForecast: Natural Gas – Strategic Forecast, Q3 (July) 2015 Base Case
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade13
Spark Spread Improving for CHP
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
2025
2027
2029
Year
Avg. Commercial Natural Gas Price Avg. Commercial Retail Electricity Price
$/M
MBT
U
Cen
ts/k
wh
Historical Forecast
ForecastSpark Spread
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade14
• UESC Financed Project• PES designed, permitted and built • SGT-600 23MW combustion turbine
– Inlet air cooling– 1200 HP gas compressor
• Dual fuel capability• 100,000 lbs/hour steam unfired• 180,000 lbs/hour steam fired• Interfaces to existing systems• Interconnect with PEPCO/PJM• 15 year O & M contract • Provision for Temporary boilers• 2011 CHP Energy Star Award
CHP Case Study – National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade15
• Solar Taurus 60 5.7MW Combustion Turbine – Dual fuel Capability– Inlet air cooling
• Turbine heat recovery provides base load steam demands– 27,000 lbs/hour steam unfired– 65,000 Lbs/hour steam fired
• 350 HP gas compressor• Power export
– Interconnect ACE/ PJM• PES designed, permitted, built• Reduces overall site emissions• 2015 CHP Energy Star Award
CHP Case Study – PES Owned Midtown Thermal Plant
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade16
• 15 MW Combined Heat and Power (CHP) facility– Three 4.6 MW Solar Mercury 50 low-nitrogen oxide gas
turbines– Digester gas cleaning and compression– Heat recovery steam generators, duct burners– Backup boiler
• Uses biogas from DC Water’s water treatment process to produce steam and electricity– Steam returned and used in DC Water’s treatment
process• Contract value
– Construction: $82 million– O&M: $90 million
• Schedule– Contract signed February 2012– Construction begins Summer 2012– Construction completion August 2015
• 15-year O&M Phase begins
CHP Case Study – DC Water
Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade17
Questions & Contact Information
Bob AlbertiniPepco Energy Services
