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Phonemes
• A phoneme is the smallest phonetic unit in a language that is capable of conveying a distinction in meaning.
• These units are identified within the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
• Australian English uses 47 symbols to describe the consonant, monophthong and diphthong sounds used regularly by its speakers.
Morphemes
• A morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning.
• A morpheme can be an entire word, or its constituent parts.
• The way morphemes operate in language provides the subject matter of morphology.
• Morphology refers to the branch of linguistics concerned with word formation i.e. how words are structured.
• The term morphology comes from the Greek word ‘form’ or ‘shape’
Morphology
Types of Morpheme
• There are two types of morpheme – free or bound.
• Free morphemes can exist on their own within a sentence – school, boy, lady, like.
• Bound morphemes cannot exist on their own. They must attach to a free morpheme as an affix (prefix or suffix): dis-, anti-, -s.
Classes of Bound Morpheme
• There are two classes of bound morpheme – inflectional and derivational.
• Inflectional morphemes modify the grammatical class of words by signaling a change in number, person, gender, tense, and so on, but they do not shift the base form into another part of speech.
• Derivational morphemes constitute the second class of morphemes and they modify a word according to its lexical and grammatical class. They result in more profound changes on base words, which can include a change of word class.
Inflectional Morphemes
• Inflectional morphemes provide grammatical information, but they do not change the meaning of a word or its part of speech.
-s plural (nouns)
-‘s possessive (nouns)
-er comparative (adjectives)
-est superlative (adjectives)
-s 3rd person singular present (verbs)
-ed past tense (verbs)
-ing present participle (verbs)
-en past participle (verbs)
Derivational Morphemes
• Derivational morphemes are affixes that can change the meaning of a word to create a new one.
Vaccine + ate = Vaccinate (Noun to Verb)
Sing + er = Singer (Verb to Noun)
Quiet + ly = Quietly (Adjective to Adverb)
Pink + ish = Pinkish (Adjective to Adjective)