Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
English phonemic symbols
1. Vowel sounds.1. A. Monothongs (single vowel
sounds). 1.B. Ejemplos de escritura de las vocales inglesas. 1.C. Dipthongs (double vowel sounds). 1.D. Tripthongs (triple vowel sounds). 1.E. Silent Vowels
2. Semi-vowels.
3. Consonant sounds.
4. Frases para practicar los sonidos
5. Palabras diferenciadas en un solo fonema
6. Homophones.
7. Tabla resumen.
English phonemic symbols
GlottalVoiced
Voiceless hVelar
Voiced g ŋ ɭVoiceless k
PalatalVoiced j
Voiceless
Palato-alveola
r
Voiced ʒ ʤVoiceless ʃ ʧ
Post-alveola
r
Voiced rVoiceless
Alveolar
Voiced d z n ɭVoiceless t s
DentalVoiced ð
Voiceless θ
Labio-dental
Voiced vVoiceless f
Bi-labial
Voiced b m wVoiceless p
Plosive Fricative
Affricate
Nasal LateralSemi-vowel
2
1. Vowel sounds.1. A. Monothongs (single vowel sounds):
1 /ί:/ Se parece a nuestra “i” pero es más larga y muy cerrada. Normalmente aparece en palabras que se escriben con “ea”, “ee” o “ie”.Ejemplos: /bί:n /, /hί:l /, / tί:n /, /ί:t /, /nί:d /, /θrί: /, /tί:ʧ /...
2 /I/ Se pronuncia entre la “e” y la “i” españolas. Es un sonido breve. Aparece siempre en los plurales y en la 3ª persona singular de los verbos terminados en “s” en presente. Normalmente se escribe con “e” o “i”.Ejemplos: /bIn /, /hIl /, /tIn /, /It /, /’prItI /, /’kIzIz /, /’bIzI /...
3 /е/ Se pronuncia muy parecido a la “e” española. Es un sonido breve. Nunca aparece al final de una palabra (siempre lleva una consonante detrás). Normalmente corresponde, en la escritura, a “e”, “a” o “ea”.Ejemplos: /send /, /’enI /, /ten /, /ben /, /’redI /, /get /, /frend /...
4 /æ/. Es una vocal nasal, entre la “a” y la “e” españolas.Suena como la “e” catalana en “el tricicle” (como una “a” pronunciada apretando la nariz con los dedos). Es un sonido corto, y muy frecuente en el inglés americano. Normalmente se escribe “a”.Ejemplos: /ænd /, /bæd /, /‘hæpI /, /flæt /, /fæt /, /hænd /, /kæt /...
5 /ʌ / Este sonido es prácticamente igual que la “a” española.Quizá un poco más parecido a una “o” española, generalmente se escribe como una “o” o una “u”. En el habla del norte de Gran Bretaña se le da una pronunciación muy curiosa: es muy cerrado y suena como una “u”, pero sólo en palabras que realmente se escriben con “u” (por ejemplo, /’husbænd/ en vez de /’hʌsbænd/). Ejemplos: /dʌs /, /kʌm /, /bʌs /, / kʌp /, /fʌn /, /ʌp /, / lʌv /, /sʌn /...
©EOICartagena+Oliver1999
3
6 /ɑ:/ Es una “a” española muy, muy larga, casi como 3 “a” juntas. Generalmente se escribe “a” + “r ” o “a” + “l”.Ejemplos: /ɑ: /, /ɑ:sk /, /hɑ:f /, / klɑ:s /, / ɑ:nt /, /pɑ:k /... 7 /ɔ:/ Es un fonema largo, como 3 “o” españolas. Al escribir, puede corresponder a casi cualquier cosa (“o”, doble “o”, “o” + “r ”, “ou”, “aw”... ).Ejemplos: /dɔ:/,/mɔ:/, /ɔ:l /, /spɔ:t /,/ wɔ:m /,/jɔ: /, / wɔ:tə /...
8 /ɒ/ Es como la “o” española pero más abierta (más parecida a una “a”). Es un sonido corto, breve. Al igual que el sonido /e /, no aparece nunca al final de una palabra y necesita una consonante detrás. Generalmente se escribe “o” o “a”.Ejemplos: /wɒz /,/wɒʃ /,/stɒp /, / wɒt /,/nɒt /,/ wɒnt /, / dɒg /...
9 /u:/ Parecido a nuestra “u” pero más largo y más cerrado (tirando a “o”). Se pronuncia poniendo los labios como para decir “o”, pero diciendo “u”. Tampoco puede aparecer al final de una palabra, y se suele escribir “u”, “o”, doble “o”, “ou”...Ejemplos: /ju: /,/ʃu: /, /tu: /, / tru: /,/blu: /,/ du: /, /gru:p /...
10/ʊ/ Este sonido es parecido al anterior, pero más corto. Es como la “u” española, pero más abierto (al pronunciarlo hay que abrir la boca un poco más que al pronunciar una “u” española). Tampoco lo encontraremos al final de ninguna palabra. Normalmente se escribe “o”, “ou”, “u” o algo parecido, así que es difícil saber cuándo hay que pronunciar /u: / y cuándo /ʊ /.Ejemplos: /bʊk /, /’wʊmən /, /kʊk /, / lʊk /, /’ʃʊgə /...
11/ǝ/ La llamada “schwa” es el sonido más típico del inglés.Es la “e” de las palabras francesas acabadas en “eu” (p.ej., Gerard Depardieu). Teóricamente pronunciaremos así una vocal abierta o semiabierta (a, e, o) que no lleve acento. Lo interesante de este sonido es que al hablar deprisa cualquier vocal sencilla, incluso cualquier diptongo o triptongo tiene tendencia a sonar así.Ejemplos: /ǝ /, /ǝf /,/tǝ /,/ðǝ /, /’lǝtǝ /,/’dInǝ /, /’brɒðǝ /...
12 /ɜ:/ La schwa larga es típica de palabras que se escriben con “i” + “r” , “u” + “r” o, a veces, “e” + “r ”.Ejemplos: /’θɜ:sdeI /,/’nɜ:vəz /,/nɜ:z /,/ʧɜ:ʧ /,/wɜ:d /,/wɜ:k/... ©EOICartagena+Oliver1999
1.B.Ejemplos de escritura de las vocales inglesas:
/ί:/ cheesse, free, key, mean, meet, peace, please, team,
4
esteem, steel, steal
/I / big, give, him, ill, milk, ship, thick, thin, thing, think, this, kiss, lip, flip, it
/е/ bed, bread, end, friend, head, leg, neck, pen, hen, spend, bend, lend, send
/æ/ fat, ham, hand, hat, land, map, that, exam, crack, thank, bank, blank
/ʌ/ but, club, cup, cut, fun, husband, gun, luck, pub, sun
/ɑ: / arm, bar, car, far, glass, grass, half, part, star, start
/ ɔ: /course, fall, for, hall, horse, law, sport, store, talk,four, door
/ɒ/ cost, dog, fog, hot, lost, pot, rot, wash, wrong, stop, spot
/u:/ blue, choose, cool, group, lose, moon, shoe, truth, tool
/ʊ/ book, cook, foot, full, wool, look, pull, put, room, soot
/ǝ/ finger, letter, member, mentor, tutor, doctor, theatre, weather, woman
/ɜ:/ bird, earn, first, girl, hurt, learn, nurse, word, work, world, urban, urgent
1.C. Dipthongs (double vowel sounds):*Como regla general, la primera vocal de los diptongos ingleses es bastante más larga que la segunda.1 /ɑI / Imagina decir la palabra española “hay”, pero alargando mucho la “a”.Estás diciendo “I” (yo), o su homófono: “eye” (ojo).Ejemplos: /ɑI /, /hɑI /, /wɑIn /, /nɑIz /, /bɑI /, /qwɑIt /...
2 /eI / Sin comentarios, excepto recordar que la “e” es bastante larga.Ejemplos: /re In /, / eIt /, / deI /, / peI /, / leIk /, / treIn /...
3 /ɔI / Muy parecido a la pronunciación de la palabra española “hoy”.
5
Aunque hay que recordar que la /ɔ /es muy parecida a la “a” española, y muy larga.Ejemplos: /bɔI /, /tɔI /, /nɔIz /, /vɔIz /, /en’ʤɔI /, /ɔIl /...
4 /eǝ/ Sin comentarios.Ejemplos: /eǝ /, /’eǝrɒpleIn /, /keǝ /, /weǝ /, /heǝ /, /ðeǝ /...
5 /Iǝ/ Hay que recordar que la “i” es abierta, casi una “e” española.Ejemplos: /Iǝ /, /hIǝ /, /ɑI’dIǝ /, /’θIǝtrə /, /bIǝ /, /wIǝ /...
6 /ʊǝ/ Este es un diptongo muy poco frecuente.Muchos lo simplifican hasta hacer que suene simplemente /ɔ: / o /u: /Ejemplos: /pʊǝ /, /tʊǝ /, / ’tʊǝrIst /, /ʃjʊǝ /, /ʤʊǝl /...
7 /ɑʊ / Sin comentarios.Ejemplos: /nɑʊ /, /mɑʊθ /, /ə’bɑʊ t /, /hɑʊz /, /dɑʊn /, /brɑʊn /...
8 /ǝʊ/ Ojo con este diptongo: los españoles solemos pronunciarlo mal (“ou”).Ejemplos: /sǝʊ /, /nǝʊ /, /kǝʊld /, /gǝʊ /, /dǝʊnt /, /rǝʊd /...
1.D. Tripthongs (triple vowel sounds):*Como regla general, la segunda vocal de los triptongos ingleses es bastante más corta que las otras 2 que la rodean. Según algunos autores, los triptongos son simplemente diptongos a los que se añade una “schwa”
1 /ɑIǝ/ Sin comentarios. Ejemplos: /fɑIǝ /, /’vɑIǝlIn /, /lɑIǝ /, /’ɑIǝlænd /, /’ɑIǝrəz /, /qwɑIǝt /...
2 /eIǝ/ Se trata de un extraño triptongo derivado. Frecuentemente es resultado de añadir una terminación “er” a un diptongo típico.Ejemplos: /ðeIǝ /, /pleIǝ /...
3 /ɔIǝ/ Atención a este triptongo. Es poco frecuente y no siempre reconocido por los expertos.Ejemplos: /rɔIǝl /, /dIs‘trɔIǝ /, /Im‘plɔIǝ /...
4 /ɑʊǝ/ Bastante frecuente y difícil de pronunciar. Los españoles tenemos tendencia a introducir una “g” delante del sonido “u”. Así, para decir “tower”, pronunciamos /’tɑguǝ / en vez de /’tɑuǝ /.Ejemplos: /ɑʊǝ /, /flɑʊǝ /, /ʃɑʊǝ /, /pɑʊǝ /...
5 /ǝʊǝ/ Algunos estudiosos no lo reconocen.Sin embargo, este triptongo derivado existe en la práctica, en palabras con la típica terminación “er”:Ejemplos: /lǝʊǝ /, /slǝʊǝ /...
6
7
1.E. Silent vowels: © THINK in English No 14
*Identifying silent vowels can enormously improve how your English sounds, and the good news is that most silent words follow quite strict rules. The vast majority of silent vowels are found in the penultimate syllable of polysyllabic words.
AThe “a” can be silent in all words of 3 or more syllables ending “-ary” (although it can also be pronounced /ǝ/) . If the “a” is silent, the “t” in the “-tary” words is often pronounced /ʧ/ and the “d” in the “-dary” words is often pronounced /ʤ /: arbitrary, boundary, contemporary, dictionary, discretionary, evolutionary,
expeditionary, extraordinary, hereditary, imaginary, insurrectionary, legendary, legionary, library, mercenary, missionary, necessary, ordinary, precautionary, preliminary, reactionary, revolutionary, sanctuary, secondary, secretary, solitary, stationary, unitary, visionary, etc.
The “a” can always be silent in adverbs ending “-ically”: analytically, athletically, automatically, basically, characteristically, comically,
critically, cynically, democratically, dramatically, drastically, enthusiastically, fantastically, frantically, heroically, historically, horrifically, hygienically, hysterically, pathetically, rhythmically, scientifically, specifically, statistically, stoically, symmetrically, terrifically, tragically, etc.
The “a” is also silent in the following words: Barbara, separate, separatism, separatist, tetanus.The “a” can also be silent (or pronounced /ǝ/)in the following words:
Niagara, scandalous. The “au” can be silent in:
restaurant
EThe “e” is silent before the suffix “-ful”: careful, disgraceful, distasteful, graceful, hopeful, peaceful, purposeful,
resourceful, shameful, spiteful, tuneful, useful, wasteful, etc. The “e” is always silent before the suffix “-less”: blameless, careless, graceless, hopeless, priceless, purposeless, remorseless,
shameless, shapeless, sleevless, smokeless, spineless, stateless, tuneless, useless, etc.
The “e” is always silent before the suffix “-ly”: accurately, approximately, barely, carefully, completely, definitely, desperately,
entirely, extremely, homely, hopefully, intimately, likely, lively, lonely, loosely, lovely, sparsely, etc.
The “e” is silent before “-ment”: achievement, acknowledgement, advertisement, agreement, amazement,
amendment, amusement, announcement, apartment, appointment, argument, arrangement, astonishment, attachment, commandment, comment, commitment, compartment, complement, compliment, department, detachment, development, disagreement, disappointment, discouragement, element, employment, etc.
The “e” is silent before the suffix “-some”: lonesome, tiresome, wholesome. As you know, the “e” is normally silent at the end of a word after a
consonant (name, tire...).Except: Aborigine, acne, adobe, agape, anemone, Apache, apostrophe, Ariadne,
catastophe, Chile, coyote, epitome, facsimile, finale, hyperbole, karaoke, karate, Penelope, posse, recipe, simile, Zimbabwe. In these words, the final “e” is pronounced “I“.
In the words “be”, ”he”, “me” and “we”, the “e” is pronounced / i: /.The “e” is silent in most names ending “-es”:
8
Charles, Giles, James, Maldives, Philippines, Seychelles, Wales... But not in Greek names like
Achilles, Xerxes, etc. and other names, like
Agnes, Dolores, Frances... The “e” is silent in plurals ending “-es”,
names, friends... except words ending “-dges”, “-ses”, “-sses”, “-ches”, “-shes” in which the ending is pronounced /Iz/.
wedges, houses, kisses, watches, wishes.Also with exceptions:
headachesThe “e” is always silent between a consonant and “-able”: blameable, changeable, giveable, hireable, likeable, manageable, marriageable,
moveable, noticeable, peaceable, pronounceable, saleable, serviceable, sizeable, traceable, unpronounceable, etc.
And also in words ending “-ceable”. The “e” is included to make the “c” soft (/s/):noticeable, peaceable, pronounceable, serviceable, traceable...
The “e” can be silent or pronounced “ǝ“ in the penultimate syllable of long words, like: blackberry, Catherine, cemetery, confectionery, conference, considerable,
cranberry, difference, different, federal, Frederick, general, inference, interest, interesting, javelin, liberal, literate, mackerel, opera, preference, reference, refrigerant, Roderick, several, severance, stationery...
The “e” is silent in the combination “-ge- + vowel”: changeable, manageable, marriageable, pageant, etc. The “e” is silent in the combination “-geo- in these words: bludgeon, dungeon, outrageous, pigeon, sturgeon, surgeon. But not in Geography, Geometry, Geotermics, etc.The “e” is silent in a number of compound words in which the “e” is silent in the first element: bracelet, forecast, homestead, Iceland, mistletoe, ninety, pineapple, rosemary,
scapegoat, sideburn, sidecar, simpleton, somebody, someone, something, somewhat, somewhere, Stonehenge, tableware, tapeworm, timetable, whereabouts, whereas...
The “e” is silent or pronounced /ǝ / in:camera, every, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, literary, literature, preferable, preposterous, remunerative.
The “e” is also silent in: Berkeley, evening, ocean, omelette, sovereign, temperament, vegetable, Wednesday..
The “e” is silent or pronounced /ǝ/ in all regular past tenses and past participles (“-ed”) except those ending “-ded” or “-ted”:
iThe “i” is silent in the combination “-ci-“ followed by a vowel. The
final syllable sounds /ʃ/: artificial, beneficial, commercial, electrician, financial, judicial, magician, musician,
official, racial, social, suspicion, suspicious, technician, etc.The “i” is silent in the combination “-si-“ followed by a vowel. The
final syllable sounds /ʃ/: admission, aggression, Asia, allusion, animadversion, apprehension, commission, compassion, comprehension, compression, compulsion, concession, conclusion, concussion, confession, confusion, convulsion, decision, delusion, depression, dimension, discussion, diversion, division, emission, excursion, expansion, explosion, expression, expulsion, extension, fusion, illusion, immersion, implosion, impression,
9
intermission, inversion, mansion, mission, obsession, omission, oppression, passion, pension, percussion, permission, Persia, persuasion, perversion, possession, pretension, procession, profession, propulsion, recession, repression, repulsion, revision, Russia, session, submersion, succession, suspension, television, tension, transmission, version.
The “i” is silent in the combination “-ti-“ followed by a vowel. The final syllable sounds /ʃ/:
abortion, absorption, acclamation, accommodation, action, activation, addiction, addition, administration, adoption, affection, agitation, alienation, ambition, animation, apparition, aspiration, assassination, assertion, assumption, attention, attraction, carnation, caution, circulation, circumlocution, civilisation, cognition, combination, combustion, communication, compensation, competition, composition, condemnation, congratulation, conjugation, consternation, construction, consumption, conviction, correction, corruption, creation, declaration, declination, defection, deflection, deletion, demolition, demonstration, depletion, derivation, description, destination, determination, detonation, direction, discretion, disembarkation, domination, education, election, emancipation, embarkation, emotion, erection, evolution, exaggeration, examination, exasperation, exclamation, exertion, exhaustion, exhortation, expectation, expedition, explanation, extortion, faction, fascination, formation, foundation, function, generation, graduation, imagination, imperfection, imposition, incarceration, incarnation, inclination, indiscretion, information, inquisition, installation, institution, intention, interpretation, interruption, introduction, intuition, invention, investigation, invitation, invocation, irritation, lamentation, lotion, mention, misinterpretation, motion, multiplication, nation, objection, observation, occupation, opposition, ordination, organisation, perception, perfection, population, position, potion, precognition, prediction, premonition, preparation, preposition, prescription, presumption, prevention, probation, production, prohibition, promotion, pronunciation, proposition, prosecution, provocation, publication, qualification, question, realisation, reception, reclamation, recognition, reconciliation, redemption, reflection, regeneration, registration, reincarnation, rejection, relation, relaxation, repetition, reproduction, reputation, resolution, resurrection, resuscitation, revolution, salvation, satisfaction, selection, sensation, specification, standardisation, starvation, subtraction, suggestion, supposition, termination, tradition, translation, tuition, ventilation, visualisation, vocation.
The “i” is also silent in the following words: admirable, aspirin, business, fruit, (but not guilty), medicine (but not medicinal), Parliament, participle, suit...
OThe “o” is silent in the following words: jeopardise, jeopardy, Leonard, leopard.In the combination “-tory”, the “o” can be silent. The syllable sounds
/tʃrI/:conservatory, history, laboratory, predatory, refectory, story, territory, etc.
The “o” can be silent in the following words: agoraphobia, agoraphobic, allegory, category, chocolate, comfortable, contemporary, corporal, decorative.
UThe “u” is often silent in the combinations “gua-“ , “gue-“ , “gui-“ and ”cui-“. The function of the “u” is to keep the “g” hard (/k/): guarantee, guard, guardian, guess, guest, Portuguese, disguise, guide, guitar,
biscuit, circuit...And also in:
build, building, buoy (homophone of “boy”), buoyant, vocabulary.
10
2. Semi-vowels.1 /j/ 50 % vocal, 50% consonante. En el alfabeto fonético inglés, la letra jota representa un sonido como el que hay al principio de la palabra española “hierro”. A menudo lleva detrás una “u” larga (ju:). No aparece nunca al final de una palabra o de una sílaba. Al escribir, suele corresponder a una "y”, una “i” o una “u” entre consonantes. En el inglés de América, el grupo /ju:/ se pronuncia de un modo peculiar: /u:/. Así, /nju:/ (new) se convierte en /nu:/; /’stju:dǝnt/ (student), en /’stu:dǝnt /, etc.Ejemplos: /jIǝ /, /jes /, /‘jǝlǝʊ /, /jet /, /nju: /, /’mjuzIk /, /’bju:tI /...
2 /w/ Es una “u” cerrada.Este símbolo representa el sonido que tenemos, por ejemplo, al principio de la palabra española “hueso”, que suena como si tuviera una “b” suave delante. Nunca encontraremos este sonido al final de una palabra. Cuando encontramos un fonema /w/, casi siempre habrá una “w” al escribir esa palabra.Ejemplos: /wɒnt /, /swIm /, /wɒt /, /wʌn /, /wIʧ /, /wǝl /...
3. Consonant sounds.1 / l / En términos generales, es un fonema igual que la “ l ” española. Junto con la “r”, suele alargar la vocal que le precede. Muy a menudo, no se pronuncia cuando está al final de una sílaba, sobre todo si tiene detrás una “k”. La doble “l” se pronuncia como si fuera una sola “l”, nunca como la “elle” castellana. Ejemplos: /lɑIf /, /ɔ:l /, / ‘teIbl /, /lʊk /, /mIlk/,/ tɔ:k/,/ʧɔ:k/...
2 /r/ Es mucho más suave que la “r ” española. Este fonema no se pronuncia cuando aparece al final de una sílaba, y tampoco cuando aparece al final de una palabra, a menos que la palabra siguiente comience con un sonido vocálico. Al igual que el fonema anterior, la /r / normalmente alarga la vocal que tiene delante.Ejemplos: /rIʧ /, /rɒŋ /, /rɑIt /, /ru:m /, /rʌn /, /ɑ: /, /wɔ:/, /kɑ: /...
3 /m/ Este fonema es idéntico a la “ m “ española. Ejemplos: /mæn /, /mɔ: /, /mIst /, /men /...
4 /n/ Igual que la “ n “ española.Ejemplos: /’nɔ:tI /, /nί:z /, /’θInə /, /kæn /...
5 /ŋ/ Es una “ n “ nasal y más larga de lo normal. Al escribir, corresponde a “n“ + “g“ o “n“ + “k“.
11
Ejemplos: /’sIŋgə /, / ‘lɒŋgə /, /θIŋ /, /sIŋ /...
6 /h/ Es una jota suave, típica del español de Andalucía. No hay tanta fricción en la garganta como en la jota normal. Algunos hablantes la suavizan bastante (por ejemplo, si aparece detrás de consonante oclusiva) o no la usan en absoluto (por ejemplo, los londinenses). Para terminar de complicarlo, a veces la “h“ es muda. Ejemplos: /həl‘ǝʊ /, /‘hʌndrəd /, /ɑʊǝ /, /‘ɒnIst /, /hu: /... 7 /s/ Corresponde exactamente a una “ s “ española. Se la llama “ese suave“ o “ese silbante” para distinguirla del siguiente fonema. Teóricamente, encontraremos este sonido al principio de todas las palabras que empiezan con “s“, y de muchas que empiezan con “c“. También en teoría, la “s” final precedida de /p/, /t/, /k/, /θ/, /f/ (“ petaca, zafa”) ha de pronunciarse así, aunque en la práctica encontraremos muchas excepciones. Ejemplos: /si: /, /sɔ: /, /jes /, /pi:s /, / ‘sIrkl /... 8 /z/ Este símbolo representa al fonema “s“ fuerte.También llamado “ese sonora” (al pronunciarla, las cuerdas vocales vibran), este sonido no existe, en teoría, en el español de España, pero es muy frecuente en el español de Hispanoamérica. Suelen pronunciarse así todas las letras “z” que escribimos en palabras inglesas; también las letras “s” finales precedidas de vocal o consonante sonora, aunque en la práctica encontraremos también innumerables excepciones. Ejemplos: /wɒz /, / ‘bIzI /, /zu: /, /‘lIzenz/, /dΛz /...
9 /ʃ/ Fonema sordo (sin vibración de las cuerdas vocales) de la familia de la “s“. Generalmente lo encontramos con la grafía “sh“ o “sch” (en palabras de origen alemán). Ejemplos: /ʃi: /, /wɒʃ /, /fIʃ /, /ʃu: /, /ʃɔ: /...
10 /ʧ/Es un sonido sordo que equivale, poco más o menos, a nuestra “ch“. Para pronunciarlo correctamente, conviene recordar que se trata de dos sonidos consonánticos juntos: el fonema /t / (que en inglés es más fuerte que en español) y el fonema /ʃ/ (“sh“), por lo que tendremos que pronunciar una “ch“ española, pero más lentamente, como “a cámara lenta” , tratando de separar esos 2 sonidos. Ejemplos: /ʧɜ:ʧ /, /lΛnʧ /, /wIʧ /, /ʧi:z /, /ʧeə /...
11 /ʒ/ Otro fonema de la familia de la “s“.Es muy parecido al anterior, pero sonoro (al pronunciarlo se produce una vibración de las cuerdas vocales). Podríamos definirlo como una mezcla de “d“ y “ll”. Es prácticamente el mismo sonido de la jota de la palabra francesa “je“.Ejemplos: /’juʒjuəl /, /’televIʒən /, /’treʒə /, /’pleʒə /, /’beIʒ /...
12 /ʤ/ Partamos del fonema anterior.
12
Si le ponemos delante una “d“ inglesa (más fuerte que la española) tendremos un sonido parecido al de la “y“ en la palabra castellana “yo“. Otra forma de practicarlo es decir la palabra francesa “déjà“ (=“ya“), pero sin pronunciar las vocales.Ejemplos: / ʤɒb /, / ʤΛmp /, / brIʤ /, / ‘ɒrInʤ /, / eIʤ /...
13 /θ/ Este sonido es el de la “z“ española. Se suele escribir “ th”.Ejemplos: / bæθ /, / θIŋ /, / mɑʊθ /, / θri: /, / bəʊθ /...
14/ð/ Este sonido es una mezcla de “d“ y “z“.Es una consonante sonora. Lo más parecido que tenemos en español es una “d“ intervocálica como, por ejemplo, en la palabra “ además”.Ejemplos: / ðIz /, / ðeə /, / ðeI /, /wIð /, /‘bri:ðIŋ /...
15 /f/ El sonido /f/ es idéntico al de la efe española. Generalmente se escribe con “f”, aunque a veces el grupo “gh” se pronuncia /f/. Ejemplos: / fɑIn /, /’kΛfI /, / fɑ: /, / fæt /, / fɔ: /...
16/v/ En español, “b“ y “v “ se deben pronunciar igual. La distinción que existía en nuestra lengua entre estos dos sonidos desapareció hace ya mucho tiempo. Sin embargo, la uve inglesa se parece aún bastante a una “f“. Ten en cuenta que el inglés es una lengua germánica, y que en alemán “v“ y “w“ suenan “f“ (Volkswagen, Wagner, etc.). Si escuchas hablar a los escoceses, notarás que sus “uves” son en realidad “efes”. Al escribir, suele corresponder a una “v”.Ejemplos: / verI /, / hæv /, / twelv /, /əʊvə /, / Λv /...
17 /b/ Básicamente es la misma consonante española.Pero en inglés la “b” se parece mucho a la “p”: ten esto muy en cuenta cuando escuches a hablantes nativos. Al pronunciarla delante de una vocal se ha de expulsar el aire rápidamente, haciendo una ligera “explosión”. Ejemplos: / bi: /, / bɑI /, / bæg /, / rəʊb /, / bɔI /...
18 /p/ La “p” inglesa es un poco más fuerte que la española. Al escribir, encontramos normalmente una “p”.Ejemplos: /pɔ: / , /pʊʃ/, /peI /, /pæt /, /ʃɒp /...
©EOICartagena+Oliver199919 /t/ La “t” inglesa es también más fuerte que la española. A veces, suena casi /ʧ/. Un truco para pronunciar este sonido correctamente es pegar la lengua al paladar, en vez de a la parte trasera de los dientes, como hacemos en español. Desde punto de vista de la ortografía no presenta problemas especiales, puesto que al escribir una “t” casi siempre pronunciaremos /t/. Ejemplos: /wɒt / , / tel /, / teIk /, / pæt /, / lʊkt /...
13
20 /d/ Las mismas observaciones que hicimos sobre el fonema /t/. Al escribir encontraremos normalmente una “d”.Ejemplos: /’dInǝ /, / deI /, /nί:d /, /dIs‘trɔI /, /‘hʌndrəd /...
21 /g/ Es el sonido de la letra “g” en la palabra castellana “gato”. Es mucho más fuerte que la “g” española, hasta el punto de sonar casi como una “k”. Atención a las palabras que se escriben con “g”, puesto que a veces la pronunciaremos /g / y a veces /ʤ /.Ejemplos: / gæb / , /bIg /, / gɔd /, /gǝʊ /...
22 /k/ Básicamente este sonido coincide con el fonema /k/ español. El problema es que puede corresponder a grafías muy distintas: “k”, “c”, “ch”, “q”,...Ejemplos: /‘sIrkl /, /’kΛfI /, / teIk /, / lʊkt /...
©EOICartagena+Oliver1999
SON LOCK COT
SUN
LUCK
CUT
14
TIN DISC PIN
TEN
DESK
PEN
PUT COOK PUSH
POT
COCK
POSH
CHAR CHAIN CHEAP
JAR
JANE
JEEP
©EOICartagena+Oliver1999
4. Frases para practicar los sonidos
/ί: /These three sheep./ I / This ship is big./е /Ben sells eggs./æ /Sam ran back./ɑ: /Charles can’t dance./ɒ /John got lost./ ɔ: /Paul saw four forks./ ʊ /Could you cook?./u: /Choose two tools./ʌ /One young son./ɜ: /First learn Bert’s words./ǝ /Seven policemen.
15
/ eI /Jane came late./ǝʊ /Don’t go home, Joan./ɑI /I’m quite right./ɑʊ /How’s Brown’s cow?/ ɔI /Roy’s joy is a toy./Iǝ /I fear he can hear./eǝ /Where is their chair?/ʊǝ /I’m sure the Moor is poor./ p /I picked up a piece of paper./ b /He bought a big book./ t /Tom, eat that meat./ d /Dad didn’t add it./ k /Kate cut the cake./ g /Peggy got a good egg./ f /I found eleven figs./ v /This verb has five vowels./ θ /I think Arthur is the best author./ ð /They bathed there./s /Sue said she was sad./z /It isn’t easy to please Susan./ʃ /She showed the fish./ʒ /It’s a pleasure to watch television./ʧ /A cheap chop./ ʤ /John has just changed it./m /Tom must meet Tim./n /I don’t know his name./ŋ /She sang a long song./ l /He’ll tell a lie./r /Richard hat./w /Where was Wilson’s wife?/j /Yes, you yawned yesterday.
5. palabras diferenciadas en un solo fonema
/ ί: / v . / I / /е / v. /æ /eat it ate atheat hit bed badseat sit head hadfeet fit said sadseen sin lend landleave live men mansheep ship bet batreach rich pen pan
/æ / v. / ɑ: / / ɒ / v. / ɔ: /
at art cot courthat heart pot portcat cart spot sporthad hard cockcorkant aunt fox forks
16
back bark shot shortpat partmatch march
/ ʊ / v. / u: / /ʌ / v. /æ /full fool but batpull pool cup caplook Luke cut cat
hut hatrun ranrung rangmuch matchsunk sank
/ʌ / /ɑ: / /ɜ: / /е /luck lark bird bedcut cat dirt debtdone darn heard headbun barn turn tenhut heart learnt lentcuff calf burst bestbuck bark worst west
weren’t went
/ v / v. / b / / θ / v. / ð /very bury breath breathevote boat bath bathevigour bigger worth worthy
covered cupboard North Northern
/ d / v. / ʤ / /s / v. /z /dare there niece kneesday they ice eyesden then place plays
price prizeloose losebus buzzonce ones
/ʃ / v. /s / /ʃ / v. /ʧ /she see sheep cheapship sip shop chopshow so ship chipshame same sheet cheatshake sake wish whichsheet seat wash watchshell sellshave saveshore saw
/n / v. /ŋ / /j / v. / ʤ /thin thing use Jews
17
sin sing you Jewton tongue your jawrun rung use juicesun sung yet jet
yes Jess
/æ/ /ʌ/ /ɑ:/ham hum harmban bun barnback buck barklack luck larkmatch much marchcat cut carthat hut heart
/ɒ/ /ɔ:/ /ǝʊ/rod roared roadfox forks folkscot court coat
/n/ /ŋ/ /ŋk/thin thing thinksin sing sinksun sung sunkran rang rank
/m/ /n/ /ŋ/sum sun sungrum run rungbeam been beingseem seen seeing
/s/ /ʃ/ /z/sip ship zipsue shoe zoo
/z/ /ʃ/ /ʧ/was wash watchzip ship chip
6. Homophones:A cast, caste air, ere, heir ceiling, sealing
18
aisle, isle, i’ll cellar, sellerallowed, aloud censer, censorarc, ark cereal, serialalms, arms cawed, cord, cored, chordaren’t, aunt coarse, courseascent, assent coal, cole
complement, complimentB caw, core, corpsbad, bade council, counselbald, bawled councillor, counsellorball, bawl cruise, crewsbare, bear currant, currentbarren, baronbase, bass CHB, be, bee check, chequebeach, beech choose, chewsbean, beenbeat, beet Dbeer, bier Dane, deign berth, birth days, dazebight, bite dew, dueboar, bore dear, deerboard, bored desert, dessertbolder, boulder die, dyebeau, bowbough, bow Eboy, buoy earn, urneblew, blue eight, atebrake, break ewe, youbread, bred ewes, useBritain, britonberry, bury Fbut, butt fane, fain, feignbuy, by, b ye fair, fare
farther, fatherC faun, fawncannon, canon feat, feetcandid, candied fin, Finncaught, court find, finedfir, fur Lflair, flare laid, ladeflea, flee lain, laneflour, flower laud, lordfor, fore, four law, lorefort, fought lead, ledforth, fourth leant, lentfoul, fowl lessen, lesson
loan, loneGgrease, Greece M
19
grate, great maid, madegroan, grown mail, malegilt, guilt main, maneguessed, guest mantel, mantle
mare, mayorH marshal, martialhair, hare meat, meetheal, heel medal, meddleheard, herd metal, mettlehear, here mean, mienhigh, hi miner, minorhigher, hire missed, misthim, hymn moat, motehoarse, horse muscle, musselhole, wholehour, our Nhew, hue, hugh nay, neigh
new, knewI night, knightI, ay, aye, eye none, nunidle, idol no, knowI’ll, isle, aisle nor, gnawin, inn not, knotindict, inditeits, it’s O
O, oh, oweK ode, owedkey, quay one, wonknew, newknight, night Pknot, not pail, paleknows, nose pain, panepair, pear sight, sitepause, paws sighs, sizeP, pea slay, sleighpeace, piece sew, so, sowpeer, pier sawed, swordper, purr sole, soulplain, plane soled, soledplum, plumb some, sumpaw, pore, pour son, sunpractice, practise stair, starepray, prey stationary, stationerypraise, prays, preys stake, steakprincipal, principle steal, steel
storey, storyQ straight, straitQ, queue succour, suckerquire, choir serf, surf
suite, sweet
20
Rraise, rays, race Trap, wrap tail, talerapped, rapt, wrapped tare, tearread, reed taught, tautrain, reign, rein T, tea, teering, wring their, thereright, rite, Wright, write threw, throughroad, rode, rowed throe, throwroot, route throne, thrownrose, rows tide, tiedrung, wrung tier, tear
time, thymeS tire, tier, tyresail, sale too, twosea, see told, tolledsealing, ceiling ton, tunseam, seem toe, towseas, sees, seize, c’sscene, seen Vsell, cell vale, veilseller, cellar vain, vane, veinscent, centserial, cerealshear, sheerWwail, whalewaist, wastewait, weightwear, where, wereway, weighwe, weeweak, weekweave, we’veweather, whetherwe’ll, wheelwhat, wattwhy, ywheeled, wieldwhine, winewhich, witchwon, onewood, wouldwar, worewhirled, worldwarn, worn
Yyoke, yolkyaw, youryew, you, ewe
21
7. Tabla resumen.7.A. Sonidos vocálicos.
phoneme
possible spellings examples
/ί:/ ea, ee, e, ei, eo, ie sea, free, key, ceiling, people, piece
/I / i, y, e, u, ui, o ink, city, added, busy, biscuit, women
/е/ u, e, a, ie, ea, ue bury, bed, any, friend, head, guest
/æ/ a, ai cat, plait
/ʌ / ou, oo, oe, o, u young, blood, does, love, cut
/ɑ:/ ar, er, au, ea, ua dark, clerk, laugh, hart, guard
/ɔ:/ or, ou, au, a, aw, oo, oa horse, thought,caught, all, dawn, door, board
/ɒ / o, a, ou body, wash, cough
/u:/ u, ue, ui, oo, ou, o, ew June, blue, juice, roof, group, two, Jew
/ʊ/ u, oo, ou push, book, would22
/ǝ/ many varieties colour, abroad, has, of, dinner, alive
/ɜ:/ ear, ir, ur, or, er early, bird, nurse, worm, nervous
©Dani1999
7.B. Diptongos.phonem
epossible spellings examples
/ɑI / i, igh, ie, y, e I, high, die, cry, eye/eI / ai, ay, a, ea, ei, ey rain, lay, ate, break,
eight, they/ɔI/ oi, oy choice, boy/eǝ/ ar, air care, chair
/Iǝ/ eer, ear, ere, ier, ia, ea beer, near, here, pier, pianist, ear
/ʊǝ/ oor, our, ure, ur, ewe, ua poor, tour, sure, cure, sewer, valuable
/ɑʊ/ ou, ow about, now/ǝʊ/ oe, ow, oa, o toe, own, road, go
7.C. Triptongos. phonem
epossible spellings examples
/ɑIǝ/ yre, ire, er, ie, ia tyre, fire, higher, quiet, liar
/eIǝ/ ayer, eyer player, greyer/ɔIǝ/ oyer, oya, oyou employer, annoyance,
joyous/ɑʊǝ/ ower, owar, our tower, coward, hour/ǝʊǝ/ ower slower
7.D. Semiconsonantes. phonem possible spellings examples
23
e/j / eu, ew,u, y, eau, i queue, new, use,
young, beauty, onion/w / w, u, o win, queen, one
©Dani1999
7.E. Consonantes.
phoneme
possible spellings examples
/l/ l look/r/ r rice/m/ m make/n/ n now/ŋ/ ng, nk song, think/h/ h, wh here, where/s/ s, c, sc sun, central, science/z/ z, s zoo, nose/ʃ/ sh, ss, ci, ti, si, sch shine, passion,
magician, nation, pension, schwa
/ʧ/ ch, c, cz change, cello, Czek/ʒ/ s measure/ʤ/ dg, g, j, di judge, strange, just,
soldier/θ/ th mouth/ð/ th the/f/ f, gh, ph off, rough, elephant/v/ v, ph, f save, Stephen, of/b/ b but/p/ p pub/t/ t teach/d/ d do/g/ g agree/k/ c, ch, k, q(u) cottage, Christmas,
keep, quiet, Iraq
24
©Dani1999
8.Exercises.1. Put these words into one of the boxes according to the main
vowel sound.
Can Lack Thing Each Says Gap Need Real Dark Claim Any Can’t Quite Heart Guide Young Them Might Love Much Plain Give Say Which Fat Week Past State Eat It Hide Let Are Man But
/ eɪ / / i: / / ɪ / / aɪ / / e / / ɑ: / / æ / / ʌ /
2. Put these words into their box according to the consonant sound.
Fourth Fifth Length Seventh Eighth Warmth Teeth Bath Thick Through Three Mouth
25
Faith Twelfth Cloth The This That There Then Though These Those They Rather Mother Further Them Clothes Weather Their With Father Brother Another Breathe Either Together Leather Than Think Thief Death Width Thin Both Thanks Thousand Thirty Thirteen Thursday Truth Health Birthday Worth Theatre Fourth Method Wealthy Month
/ Ɵ / / ð /
3. Put these words into a box according to the main vowel sound.
Pen Yes Desk Help When Tell It In His Six Film Milk She Be He Read Please Speak Or For Sport Four Your You’re One Bus But Cup Club Some A Pizza Again Banana Camera The Her Verb Girl First Third Word Ask Bar Park Star Start Large On Hot Not Job From Rock
26
Do Who Too Fool School You Put Full Book Cook Good Football Am At Bag Man Bank Have
/ ʊ /
/ ɒ /
/ æ /
/ ɑ: /
/ u: /
/ e /
/ ǝ /
/ i: /
/ ɔ: /
/ ɜ: /
/ ɪ /
/ ʌ /
4. Put these words into a box according to the main vowel sound.
Spell This Just Work Wrong Look Stress With Much World Want Room Twelve Sing Lunch Learn What Could French Think Come Search Got Would Get Is Love Birthday Long Push Greece Board Sister Dance Use That Key Door Cassette Are New Black Ski Small Today Car Two Stand Peace Talk Actor Glass Blue Thanks Free Call Mister Cigar Juice Cat Stop Cross Dog Uniform Shoot Nurse German Miss And Sister Circle Pill
/ ʊ /
/ ɒ /27
/ æ /
/ ɑ: /
/ u: /
/ e /
/ ǝ /
/ i: /
/ ɔ: /
/ ɜ: /
/ ɪ /
/ ʌ /
5. Put these words in a box according to the main vowel sound:
Could First Groom Floor Don’t Sure Sound Church Lock Off Ought Block Group Should Move Found Own Phone Thought Cook Heard House Choose Bought Only Door Would Work Now Girl Good Got Room How More
/ ǝ: / / ʊ / / ɒ / / u: / / aʊ / / ɔ: / / ǝʊ /
28
6 .Put these words in a box according to the main dipthong sound:
Hi Pair Fire Like Name Cry Hair Fine Where Plural Wear Their Change Point Noise Voice Royal Toy Dear Hear Near Real Here PoorHow Now Town Brown Our Hour Date Nice Take Page Oil Plane Go Cold Close Smoke Low Home Tour Tourist There Pure Europe Beer
/ ʊǝ / / ɔɪ / / eɪ / / aɪ / / ǝʊ / / aʊ / / ɪǝ / / eǝ /
29
7. Put these words into a box according to the main dipthong sound:Night Write My Why Bye They’re Noise Unemploye
dWe’re Noun Count Pound
Sound Row Eight They Day Say Explained Make Great Pay Became Raining Maid Don’t Phone Road Know Show Frozen So Sure Like Bike Train
/ ʊǝ / / ɔɪ / / eɪ / / aɪ / / ǝʊ / / aʊ / / ɪǝ / / eǝ /
30
8. Put these words in a box according to the consonant sound:Watch Which March Teach French Chess John Job Jump Jacket Bridge Badge Church Cheap Cheese Chips Children Teacher Just Village Jeans January Germany Manage
r Much Picture Lunch Which Catch Change Imagine Age Orange Huge Bridge Joke Such Butcher Much Touch Coach Jam Garage Jail Juice Judge Question Strange
/ ʧ / / ʤ /
9. Put these words in a box according to the consonantal sound:Is His Tins Bins These Zoo Fish Flash Shoes Machine Sharp Patient Say Yes Stops Stars Sister Six Television Pleasure Unusual Treasure Casualty Leisure Music Essay Days Eyes Pens Use
31
She Shop Short Shout Dish Sugar Asks Lesson City Police Gets Makes Revision Garage Strange Vision Division Usually Ship Crash Sure Tissue Finish Station Polish Push Sheep Does Zebra Dozen
/ z / / s / / ʃ / / ʒ /
10. Put these words in a box according to the consonant sound:Knives Voice Wives Over View Very From Wife First Friday After Before Five Active Eleven Seventeen Shave Vowel Office Half Fat Coffee Photo Fine Seven Have Love Of Move Have Finger Knife Far Enough Fill If Twelve Visit Off Traffic Fog Elephan
t
32
/ f / / v /
11. Put these words in a box according to the consonantal sound:Yellow Young Your Year Yesterday Use He She Hat Hello Behind Who Wrong Helping Think Anger Wing Doing Cat Comic Coffee Drink Lock Caught What Way Which Where Wheel Well University Beautiful Yes Dirty Few Queen Hungry Hotel High How Hundred Help Living Building Waving Flying Shooting Languag
e Park Car Clock Capital Constructi
on Quiet
Why Water Wrong Window Worry Question Chocolate Look Uncle Young Yield Queue
/ k / / w / / h / / ŋ / / j /
33
ðI ǝ’pIǝrǝns ǝv ðI ’ ɑIlǝnd wen ɑI ’keIm ɒn ’dek nekst ’mɔ:nIŋ wǝz
’ɒltǝgeðǝ ’ʧeInʤd . ɒl’ðǝʊ ðǝ ’bri:z hǝd ’nɑʊ ’ʌtǝlI ’feIld , wI
ǝd meId ǝ ’greIt dIl ǝv ’weI djʊǝrIŋ ðǝ ’nɑIt , ǝnd wǝ ’nɑʊ
’lɑIIŋ bI’kɑ:md ǝbɑʊt ’hɑ:f ǝ ’mɑIl tǝ ðǝ ’sɑʊθ ’Ist ǝv ðǝ
’lǝʊ ’Istǝn ’kǝʊst . ’greI kʌlǝd ’wu:dz ’kʌvǝd ǝ lɑ:ʤ ’pɑ:t ǝv
ðǝ ’sɜ:fIs . ’ðIs ’i:vn ’tInt ’wɔ:z Indi:d ’brǝʊkn ’ʌp bɑI ’strIks
ǝv ’jelǝʊ ’sændbreIk In ðǝ ’lɒwǝ lɑ:ndz , ǝnd bɑI ’menI ’tɔ:l
34
’tri:z ǝv ðǝ ’pɑIn ’fæmI lI ’ɑʊtɒpIŋ ðI ’ʌðǝz -’sʌm ’sIŋglI ,
’sʌm In ’k lʌmps ; bǝt ðǝ ’ʤenrǝl ’kʌlǝrIŋ wǝz ’jʊnIŋfɔ:m ǝnd
’sɑ:d . ðǝ ’hI lz ’rʌn ’ʌp ’klIǝ ǝbʌv ðǝ ve’ʤIteIʃn In ’spɑIǝz
ǝv ’neIkId ’rɔ:k . ɔ:l wǝ ’streInʤlI ’ʃeIpt , ǝnd ðǝ ’spɑI - glɑ:s ,
wItʃ wǝz bɑI θri: ɒ ’fɔ: hʌndrǝd ’fIt ðǝ ’tɔ:lIst ɒn ðǝ
’ɑI lǝnd , wǝz ’ lɑIkwɑIse ðǝ ’streInʤIst In kǝnfIgju’reIʃn ,
’rʌnIŋ ’ʌp ’ʃIǝ frǝm ɒlmǝʊst ’evrI ’sɑId, ǝnd ’ðǝn ’sʌdnlI
’kʌt ’ɒf ǝt ðǝ ’tɒp lɑIK ǝ ’pedIstl tǝ pʊt ǝ ’stætjʊ ɔ:n .
frɒm ’treʒǝ ’ɑIlǝnd bɑI ’rɒbǝt ’lu:Is ’sti:vǝnsǝn.
Now write the words represented:
1. dI‘lɑItfʊl2. ‘grævl3. mеǝ4. pɔ:5. ‘pеItrIɑ:kI6. ‘rʌbǝ7. ‘trʌblsǝm8. rIʤ9. træns’mIʃǝn10. ‘zIǝrǝʊ11. ‘mǝʒǝ
35
