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Ft. Ware
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Phonetics and phonology
Cross-linguistic variation: Ft. Ware Sekani
Ft. Ware
Mike Abou
Oral vowelsfront central back
high i u
mid e o
low
Oral vowels
mslàh ‘I abandoned it’e mestìh ‘I know him’i ppìs ‘butterfly’o lpot ‘cup’u pùs ‘cat’ ps ‘river bank’
Oral vowels: acoustic plot
Oral vowels: acoustic plot
Nasal vowelsfront central back
high ĩ ũ
mid e õ
low
Oral vs. nasal vowels
tss ‘edible root, carrot’
ss ‘black bear’
Oral vs. nasal vowels
o tco ‘it’s big’
õ cõ ‘rain’
Oral vs. nasal vowels
u t’u ‘rope’
ũ ìtst’ũe ‘I’ll tie it in together’
Oral vs. nasal vowels: e, i
e mlè ‘his/her dog’
e mle ‘its castor’
i ntsì ‘your head’
ĩ ntsĩ ‘it’s bad’
Consonantslabial alveol pal-alv palatal velar lab-vel glottal
stop p t t t’ k k k’ kw kw kw’
affricate ts ts ts’
c c c’
t t t’
fricative s z š ž ç j x xw w h
l
nasal m n
Laryngeal contrasts: j vs. ç
j nèhjõ ‘he grew up’
ç jnèhçõ ‘he raised him’
[ç] = voiceless palatal fricative
Aperture contrasts: h vs.
cote sla ‘they (inanimate) are here’
h slah ‘my sister-, brother-in-law’
silà ‘my hand’
[]= voiceless lateral fricative
[uwe] ‘fish’
[pi] ‘sleep’
Laryngeal contrasts: vs. l
ut ‘scab’
l slutè ‘my scab’
tnìti ‘it’s ripening’
l tnìtìl ‘it’s ripe’
Place contrasts: s,
s tèsõ ‘I wonder’ õ ‘right, correct’
Aperture contrasts: th vs.
th nsthõ ‘lots’
õ ‘right, correct’
[x]
[x] = voiceless velar fricative[xe] ‘pack’[x] ‘club’
Aperture contrasts: kh vs. x
kh nkhe ‘he/she is returning by boat’
x xe ‘pack’
Laryngeal contrasts: x vs.
x nihxe ‘I thawed it’
ne ‘it thawed’
[ ] = voiced velar fricative
Ejective stops
Laryngeal contrasts: t vs. th vs. t'
t xtà ‘our eyes’
th xthà ‘our father’
t’ xt’àh sinthe ‘sleep inside (with) us’
Laryngeal contrasts: ts vs. tsh vs. ts'
ts tsèh ‘gum, pitch’
tsh mtsheh ‘in front of him/her’
ts’ ts’èh ‘sinew’
Laryngeal contrasts: t vs. th vs. t'
t ttoz ‘it’s soft’
th tehthòh ‘it’s fresh’
t’ tt’ò ‘it’s sticky’
Laryngeal contrasts: c vs. ch vs. c'
c cote ‘here’
ch tcho ‘it's big’
c’ c’oh ‘quill’
Laryngeal contrasts: k vs. kh vs. k'
k sku ‘worm’
kh khu 'those'
k' sk’ukhn ‘white person’
Tone
[V] = high tone vowel [V] = low tone vowel [V] = rising tone vowel
Low (`) vs. high tone
` wìh ‘once’wìh ‘stop it’
` mkh ‘by him/her’mkhè ‘his/her rabbit’
Low (`) vs. high tone
` sihkhõh ‘I wounded it’skhõh ‘my house’
` yetèhc’il ‘he/she started to skin it’
yetehc’il ‘he/she is skinning it’
Rising ( ) vs. low ( ) vs. high tone
usà thàtehmn ‘I filled up the pot’
` usà thàtèhmn ‘he/she filled up the pot’
du usà thàtehmn ‘he/she hasn't filled up the pot’
Rising ( ) vs. low ( ) vs. high tone
tszi ‘little beaver’
` sde ‘my older sister’
tlzi ‘puppy’
High vs. low vs. rising tone
80100120140160180200
p1 p2 p3 p4 p5
high
low
risingHz
Vowel allophones
[tùn] ‘his/her own gun’[tsts’i] ‘dry twig’[tc’oe] ‘porcupine’[tp] ‘it’s grey’[tpt] ‘he/she is hungry’[tte] ‘marmot’
Vowel allophones
[] []
___ ... [i], [u] ___ ... [e], [o], [], [___ C #
Vowel allophones
// [] / ___ ... high vowel
In Ft. Ware Sekani, // is pronounced [] when the following syllable contains a high vowel.
Testing the rule/...i/ /...e/
[ttsì] ‘his/her own hearing’
[tlè] ‘his/her own dog’
[ttshì] ‘his/her own head’ [ts’tshèl] ‘we’re chopping it’
[k’utthic] ‘it’s burning around fast’
[nte] ‘they reside’
[szĩh] ‘my spirit’ [zteske] ‘I killed it for myself’
Testing the rule: results
[] and [] differ significantly in height (F1) and backness (F2)
