PhoneticsChapter 1

Perry C. Hanavan, Au.D.

Branches of Phonetics

• Experimental– Research methods and laboratory techniques

• Articulatory (physiological)– Speech-sound production

• Acoustic– Waveform properties of speech sounds

• Perceptual– Discrimination and intelligibility of speech sounds

• Applied– Practical application of phonetic knowledge

Applied Branches of Phonetics1. Normative phonetics: Setting good speech standards 2. Clinical phonetics: Remediation of speech disorders 3. Linguistic phonetics (phonology): Analysis of the sounds

of languagea. Historical (diachronic) phonetics: The development of the speech sounds of a language over time b. Descriptive (synchronic) phonetics: The study of the speech sounds of a language at one point in time c. Comparative (contrastive) phonetics: Comparison of the speech sound' of two or more languages d. Dialectology (linguistic geography): The study of the language variations causing speech-sound differences e. Pragmatic phonetics: The study of purposeful changes in speech, dependent on the situationf. Transcriptional phonetics: Development and application of phonetic alphabets

Question

What is a “phone”?

A.Sound variant

B.A particular sound

C.Sound produced by the vocal tract

D.Any sound

Sound Terminology

• Phonetics– Study of speech sounds

• Phonetician– Person who studies speech sounds

• Phone– Any sound that can be produced by the vocal tract

• Phoneme– Phone in a language

• Allophone– Phoneme variant

Letter Terminology

• Graph– Letter that could be used in alphabet

• Grapheme– Alphabet letter in a language

• Allograph– Variant grapheme

• Graphemics– Study of letters in writing and spelling

• Orthography– Study of the spelling and writing system of a language

Speech is Dynamic

• Assimilation– Backward assimilation

• Ink• Congress

– Forward assimilation• Cooked/bagged• Cubs/cups

– Reciprocal assimilation• Rental/planter