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Phonetics:Dimensions of Articulation
October 13, 2010
A Quick and Dirty Review• Last time we learned about….
• phonemes, phones, and allophones
• phonetic transcription
• the primary phonemes of the English language
• the principle of contrast
• This time we’ll learn:
• how we actually produce the sounds of English
The Last Quick Write
The Last Quick Write
The Last Quick Write
http://icanhascheezburger.com/
English PhonemesUnfamiliar IPA symbols, for vowels:
30. ‘bid’ “cap-I”
31. ‘bed’ “epsilon”
32. ‘bad’ “ash”
33. ‘bud’ “wedge”
34. ‘foot’ “upsilon”
More Diphthongs35. [aj] ‘bide’
36. [aw] ‘bowed’
37. [oj] ‘Boyd’
• And one more:
38. ‘about’ “schwa”
• only appears in unstressed syllables.
• Also--the following alphabetic symbols do not represent any English sound:
c q x y
• However, they are used for sounds in other languages.
Stress• Stress makes a syllable sound more prominent.
• (due to increased articulatory effort)
• Stress may be denoted by an accent over the vowel in the stressed syllable.
• Examples of stress contrasts:
• “contrast”
• (N)
• (V)
• “insult”
• (N)
• (V)
Tools of the Trade
vocal tract
diaphragm
A Basic Distinction• Vowels and Consonants
• Vowels: unconstricted flow of air through vocal tract (above the glottis)
• Consonants: completely or severely constricted flow of air through vocal tract
• Also: sound is often created at the consonant constriction
• Let’s look at the production of consonants first…
• (it’s easier to sense what we’re doing with our articulators)
Consonants• Consonants are produced with more obstruction of the
airflow through the vocal tract than vowels
• They are characterized by the following set of attributes:
1. Voicing
• vocal fold position and movement
2. Place of Articulation
• location of constriction in the vocal tract
3. Manner of Articulation
• type of constriction made in the vocal tract
Voicing• On the way out of the lungs
• Air passes through the trachea
• Reaches the larynx
• The larynx consists of two “vocal folds” which may be opened and closed. If the vocal folds are:
1. open: air passes cleanly through
= voiceless sound
2. lightly brought together: vocal folds vibrate in passing air
= voiced sound
Vocal Fold Schematics
Voiceless (folds open) Voiced (folds together)
Some Voicing Distinctions• Among English consonants:
Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced
[f] [v] [p] [b]
[t] [d]
[s] [z] [k] [g]
Laryngoscopy
Source: http://homepage.mac.com/changcy/endo.htm
Stefan’s Bogus video
Place of Articulation
• bilabial =
constriction made by both lips
• bilabial consonants in English include:
[p] [b]
[m]
Place of Articulation
• labio-dental =
constriction made by lower lip and upper teeth
• labio-dental consonants in English include:
[f] [v]
Place of Articulation
• interdental =
constriction made by pushing tip of tongue between the teeth
• interdental consonants in English include:
Place of Articulation
• alveolar =
constriction made by tip of tongue against alveolar ridge
• alveolar consonants in English include:
[t] [d]
[s] [z]
[n] [l]
Place of Articulation
• post-alveolar =
constriction made by blade of tongue behind alveolar ridge
• post-alveolar consonants in English include:
[r]
Place of Articulation
• palatal =
constriction made by body of tongue near top of the palate
• the only palatal consonant in English is:
[j]
Place of Articulation
• velar =
constriction made by back of tongue against soft palate
• velar consonants in English include:
[k] [g]
Place of Articulation
• glottal =
constriction made at the glottis
• glottal consonants in English include:
[h]
Stefan’s Bogus Video, again
Manner of Articulation1. Stop = complete closure in vocal tract
• English stops:
[p] [t] [k]
[b] [d] [g]
2. Fricative - narrow constriction that causes disruption of airflow
• think “friction”
• English fricatives:
[f] [s] [h]
[v] [z]
Manner of Articulation3. Affricate
• = brief closure with a fricated release
• English affricates:
4. Nasal
• = velum is lowered and allows air to flow through the nose
• English nasals:
[m] [n]
The X-Ray video
Manner of Articulation5. Liquid = minimal constriction in vocal tract
• lateral = tongue is constricted in center of mouth; air passes out through the sides of mouth
English lateral liquid: [l]
• retroflex = tongue is either:
a. curled back
b. bunched up
English retroflex: [r]
6. Glide = least amount of constriction without being a vowel
• English glides: [w] [j]
What about vowels?• Vowel articulations can be characterized along four
dimensions:
1. Height (of tongue body)
• high, mid, low
2. Frontness (of tongue body)
• front, central, back
3. Roundness (of lips)
• rounded, unrounded
4. Tenseness
• tense, lax
Corner Vowels
[i] to [a] movie
The “Vowel Space”
The dimensions height and front/backness define the vowel space.
Other Vowel Features• Rounding:
• [u], [o], are pronounced with rounded lips
• the other English vowels are not
• “Tenseness”:
• A “tense” vowel is closer to the edge of the vowel space
• a “lax” vowel is closer to the center
• Ex: [i] is tense, is not.
• Note: tense/lax distinctions are very hard for non-native speakers of English to hear