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Decoding Concepts Phonics 101

¨  Basic Letter Sounds ¨  Phonemic Awareness ¨  More Letter Sounds ¨  Syllabication Concepts ¨  Six Syllable Types ¨  Suffixes and Spelling Rules ¨  Prefixes

Table of Contents

Basic Letter Sounds

/b/ /k/ /d/ /f/ /g/ /h/

/j/ /k/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /p/

/kw/ /r/ /s/ /t/ /v/ /w/

/ks/ /y/ /z/

c

x

qu

j

d f g h

k l m n p

r s t v w

y z

b

Consonant Sound Articulation

¨ Two consonant letters that spell one sound

• sh, ch, th, ph, wh, -ck

• Ex. ship, math, chop, Phil, whim

Digraphs

/sh/ /k/ /ch/ /th/ /th/ /w/

/f/ /j/ /ch/ /ng/

ck ch th th wh

ph dge tch ng

sh

Digraphs/Trigraphs Articulation

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¨ /ă/ apple ¨ /ĕ/ edge ¨ / ĭ / itch ¨ /ŏ/ octopus ¨ /ŭ/ up

Short Vowel Sounds

¨  Phonemes are individual sounds in words.

¨  Graphemes are the letter or letter combinations that spell the phonemes:

•  bug = /b/ /u/ /g/ = b u g

•  keep = /k/ /ee/ /p/ = k ee p

•  cast = /k/ /a/ /s/ /t/ = c a s t

•  night = /n/ /igh/ /t/ = n igh t

Matching Sounds and Letters

Phonemes and Graphemes

chip /ch/ /i/ /p/

ash /a/ /sh/

Understanding Phonemic Awareness

¨  Understanding phonemes

•  Consonant phonemes: /b/ /d/ /k/

•  Vowel phonemes: /a/ /e/ /i/

¨  Segmenting and blending phonemes

¨  Identifying and categorizing vowel phonemes

¨  Phonological awareness

•  Segmenting and blending syllables

Phonemic Awareness Finger Stretching

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¨  Say the word “cat” •  This verifies that the students heard the word correctly

¨  Stretch the phonemes - /c/ /a/ /t/ •  /c/ (extend thumb), /a/ (extend index finger),

/t/ (extend middle finger)

¨  Blend the phonemes together - cat •  Pull your fingers back to a closed fist while blending

the sounds together

Practice Finger Stretching

¨  SAY the word “make” •  This verifies that the students heard the word correctly

¨  Stretch and say the phonemes - /m/ /a/ /k/ •  /m/ (extend thumb), /a/ (extend index finger),

/k/ (extend middle finger)

¨  Blend the phonemes together - make •  Pull your fingers back to a closed fist while blending

the sounds together

•  ASK “What is the vowel phoneme?” “Is it long, short?”

Practice Phonemic Awareness

More Letter Sounds

¨ -ck is used after one short vowel at the end of a one-syllable word

• Ex. back, sick, lock

Spelling With Digraph –ck /k/ sound

¨  qu • The letter (q) is always followed by a (u) • The qu spells the sounds /kw/ • The (u) in qu never acts as a vowel. It is

part of the consonant spelling

qu- Trigraphs-Three letters that spell one sound

¨ -tch /ch/

•  Used after one short vowel at the end of a one syllable word

•  fetch, stitch, match

¨ -dge /j/

•  Used after one short vowel at the end of a one syllable word

•  badge, fudge, hedge

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Blends 2-3 consonants where each letter spells a sound

¨  Initial 2-Sound Blends

•  bl, cl, fl, gl, pl, sl, br, cr, fr, gr, pr, tr, dw, sc, sw, tw

Final 2-Sound Blends

•  -ct, -ft, -ld, -lk, -lm, lp, -mp,-nd, -nt, -pt,-sk, -st

¨  Initial 3-Sound Blends

•  str, scr, spr, spl

¨  Final 3-Sound Blends

•  -mpt

¨  A digraph blend is a blend containing a digraph and a consonant, spelling two sounds

•  shr- (shrimp) •  -nch (ranch) •  thr- (thrash) •  -nth (tenth) •  squ- (squid)

Digraph Blends

Chunks

¨ Letters that always spell the same sounds •  ang (rang), ank (bank), •  ing (wing), ink (think), •  ong (song), onk (honk), •  ung (hung), unk (chunk)

Schwa

¨  The vowel sound in the unstressed syllable of a multisyllabic word

•  The symbol for the schwa is / əә / •  Any of the vowel letters can make the schwa

sound

•  Ex. sandal, helmet, tennis, wagon, campus, along

Sounds of Letter y

¨  The letter y has three sounds as a vowel

•  Long e – happy, family exactly

•  Long i - python, my, multiply

•  Short i - myth, system, symbol

Sounds of c

¨ Soft c ¨  The c is soft when

followed by e, i, or y

¨  The sound is /s/

¨  Ex. cell, city, fancy

¨ Hard c ¨  The c is hard when

followed by any other letter

¨  The sound is /k/

¨  Ex. cash, contact, cub, cliff, cranky

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Sounds of g

¨  The g is soft when followed by e, i, or y

¨  The sound is /j/

¨  Ex. gel, giraffe,gym

¨  The g is hard when followed by any other letter

¨  The sound is /g/

¨  Ex. gash, gosh, gum, glad, grass

Syllabication Concepts

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Blending and Segmenting Syllables

¨  Students need to orally segment words into syllables and blend syllables into words before they are taught to read multi-syllable words

•  Teacher says the word •  Student repeats the word and says each

syllable accurately •  Student puts down a syllable board for

each syllable

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Multi-Syllable Concepts

¨  Every syllable has a vowel sound ¨ When one vowel letter is next to

another vowel letter, the two vowels usually stick together to spell one vowel sound

¨ When there is a silent e, the silent e works with the vowel preceding it to create its long sound

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Blending and Segmenting Syllables

•Show multi-syllable word

•Teach students to look for the vowels

•Students put down boards for each syllable

•Students write one syllable on each board •Adjust or “flex” as needed

¨  Show student the word

¨  Ask: How many vowels do you see?

¨  Ask: Are the vowels together or apart?

¨  Ask: Do you see silent e ?

Syllabication Questions

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Syllaboards

Teacher says a multi-syllable word •Student repeats the word and listens

for the vowels •Students put down boards for each

syllable •Students write one syllable on each

board •Check their spelling and correct any

mistakes •Student reads the word

Spelling With Syllaboards

Syllable Types

¨  Closed ¨  R-Controlled ¨  Consonant -le ¨  Open ¨  Vowel Consonant e ¨  Vowel Team

SIX SYLLABLE TYPES

¨  A closed syllable has one vowel letter followed by one or more consonant letters

•  The vowel sound in a closed syllable is usually short

•  Ex. and, tell, itch, spot, rush

CLOSED SYLLABLE

When a vowel is followed by an r in the same syllable, the vowel and the letter r combine together to make one phoneme

•  ar (yarn), or (fork •  er (her), ir (bird) ur (turn)

R-Controlled Syllable

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The single consonant before the letters “le” forms a three letter syllable ¨  -ble,-cle, dle,-fle,-gle,-kle,-ple, -tle, -zle ¨  -le makes the sound /el/ (schwa) ¨  Consonant –le syllables are only found in multi-syllable

words

Consonant –le Syllable Open Syllables

¨  A syllable that ends in a single vowel letter with a long vowel or a schwa sound

¨  ta-ble, e-ven, o-ver, mu-sic, ex-tra, a-long, pres-i-dent

¨  When a single vowel is followed by one consonant letter and the letter (e) the vowel is usually long.

•  Ex. make, eve, fine, note cube •  Ex. mistake, athlete, excitement, envelope, distribute

•  y-e spells the long i sound Ex. type, enzyme

Vowel Consonant – e Syllable

¨  Two or more letters that form a single vowel sound •  Ex. ai, ay, ee, ea, ey, ie, oa, ow, ue, ui

• au, aw, oo, ou, ow, oi, oy, ew • eigh, ough

Vowel Team Syllable

¨ o, oa, ow, oe, o-e, ough ¨ a, ai, ay, a-e, eigh, ea ¨  i, ie, y, i-e, igh, y-e ¨ e, ee, ea, ie, y, ey, e-e ¨ u, u-e, ue, ew

Spellings of Long Vowel Sounds

¨ au, aw ¨ oi, oy ¨ ou, ow ¨ oo (ooze)

¨ oo (book)

Spelling of Other Vowel Sounds

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¨  b o a, c l i e n t ¨  h e r o i c, p o e t r y, ¨  c h a o s, c a m e o ¨  m a n u a l, p r e v i o u s

Two Vowels Can Spell Two Sounds

Suffixes and Spelling Rules

Suffix (-ed)

¨  The suffix –ed makes 3 sounds /ed/, /d/, /t/ ¨  -ed adds a syllable to a base word that that ends with (t)

or (d) •  Ex. acted, vented, tended

• ed makes the sound /d/ Ex. bugged, robbed, hummed

¨  -ed makes the sound /t/

Ex. packed, jumped, hissed

Vowel Suffixes and 1-1-1 Doubling

¨  VOWEL SUFFIXES

•  Suffixes that have a vowel as their first letter

•  -es, -ed, -ing, -able, -er, -est, -ous, -ive, -ible, -y

¨  1-1-1 Doubling ¨  When a 1 syllable word

has 1 vowel followed by 1 consonant, double the final consonant when adding a vowel suffix •  Ex. run-running

•  Exception: Do not double the letter (x) when adding a vowel suffix

Suffix (-s)

¨  -s is added to a noun to make it plural (maps)

¨  -s is added to a verb to change the tense (looks)

¨  -s is pronounced /s/ (hits) or /z/ (bugs)

¨  -es is used when the words ends in –sh, -ch, -s, -z, and -x

¨  When a base word ends in the letter (e), the (e) is dropped before adding a vowel suffix

•  Ex. placing, safer, lived, inflatable

Drop the e Rule

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¨ -tion (fiction, nation, direction, condition)

¨ -sion (mansion, permission, discussion)

¨ -ture (future, mixture, adventure)

¨ -cious (precious, delicious, spacious

Odd Syllables

Prefixes

¨ re- again (rearrange)

¨ dis- not, opposite of (disappear)

¨  in- not (invisible)

¨ un- not, opposite of (unhappy)

¨ de- reverse, make opposite (defrost)

¨ mis- wrongly (misspell)

¨ pre- before (preheat)

Common Prefixes

These concepts lay the necessary foundation but your students will continue to need instruction in morphology: ¨  History of our language ¨  Anglo-Saxon Words ¨  Latin Prefixes, Roots, and Suffixes ¨  Greek Combining Forms

Congratulations, Phonics 101 Graduate!

¨  Really Great Reading Company ¨  info@reallygreatreadingcompany.com ¨  866.401.READ

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