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American Society in the 1920s For the first time in American history, more people lived in urban areas than rural areas. Change centered in the cities, then “ trickled down ” to rural society. New York City Circa 1920. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Photo Credit: http://www.sapiensman.com/old_pictures/New_York4%20(Woolworth).JPG
American Society in the 1920s
For the first time in American history, more
people lived in urban areas than rural areas. Change centered in the
cities, then “trickled down” to rural society.
New York CityCirca 1920
Photo Credit: http://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/doc-content/images/edison-patent-light-bulb-m.jpg and
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~class/am485_98/brady/Edison/miracle.html
Original Edison light bulb.
• Technological advances changed
our behavior and our expectations.
• Electric lights allowed people to
work late and go out for entertainment.
Photo Credit: http://www.pastforward.ca/images/radio.jpg and http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/jb/jazz/jb_jazz_radio_3_m.jpg
• Radio led to the creation of a “mass media” society where everyone
received the same information at the same time. “NBC” and “CBS” were
born at this time.
• Some say this destroyed individuality and turned us into a society of conformists
– a group of people that think and act the same.
Photo Credit: http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Engineering_Graphics/_EG2000/vacuum/History.htm
Air-Way Sanitizer, 1920
Hoover Model 700, 1926
• Household appliances – made it easier to cook and
clean, but also changed our standards for cooking
and cleanliness.
Photo Credits: http://inventors.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.historychannel.com/exhibits/modern/fridge.html
Photo Credits: http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ug00/rekas/attic/wash.htm , http://www.mondakheritagecenter.org/images/history/toast20s.jpg and
http://www.toaster.org/images/toasters/perc-o-toaster.jpeg
Armstrong Electrical Co. Perc-o-Toaster
The aviation industry grew rapidly after the Wright brothers’ successful flight at Kitty
Hawk in 1903.
Photo Credit: http://www.alexisparkinn.com/photogallery/3%20men%20starting%20airmail%20plane.jpg
After WWI the government supported
the development of airplanes and airports
for use in delivering the mail. Air mail plane of
the 1920s
Charles Lindbergh and the Spirit of St. Louis
Photo Credit: http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1929/lindbergh.jpg
The successful trans-Atlantic flight of
Charles Lindbergh led to popular
support for commercial flying.
Photo Credit: http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1929/lindbergh.jpg
Charles Lindbergh’s May 20-21, 1927 transatlantic flight simply seemed to sum up this decade of tremendous societal change.
The adoption of the moving assembly line by carmaker Henry Ford divided the
manufacture of the car into single, simple tasks that any unskilled worker could do.
● The first Model T sold in 1908 for $850. By 1925, one Model T was produced every
10 seconds and the price was reduced to $295.
● The Model T was also called the “Tin Lizzie.”
Photo Credit: http://www.themediadrome.com/content/articles/history_articles/ford.htm
Henry Ford with the Model T.
1908 Model T
Ford’s first factory.
.
Automobiles led to growth of the suburbs as people could live farther from their jobs. This also led to traffic “congestion” in the cities as people traveled to and from work.
The “automobile” created millions of jobs, not just in the automobile factory …
-aluminum production - glass production - car sales - service stations - road
materials - road building - tourist stops - mo-tels … just to name a few!!!
Photo Credit: http://www.themediadrome.com/content/articles/history_articles/ford.htm and http://www.knowitall.org/schistory/Images/HistoryPics/SC-E40key.jpg and
http://www.isennockauction.com/2006/june/17/Mail0002.JPG
Model T assembly line in 1913. (Highland Park,
Michigan)
1920s traffic
Photo Credit: http://www.laheritage.org/AgeOfMechanization/Color/Mech53.jpg and http://www.artistsdomain.com/dev/eere/web/images/timeline/1920/motel.jpg
The mass production and consumption of consumer goods greatly increased societal wealth. Consumer credit (charging things) increased the feeling of prosperity as consumers bought things
and planned to pay for them in the future.
Advertisements played upon the emotions of consumers and manipulated them into purchasing
even more.
Photo Credit: http://bss.sfsu.edu/tygiel/Hist427/427ads/listerine.jpg and http://homepage.ntlworld.com/munwai/lhtoaster%201931.jpg
Photo Credit: http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Arrow-Shirts-Advertising-c-1920-Posters_i844819_.htm and http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/adaccess/BH/BH06/BH0645-72dpi.jpeg and
http://istil.univ-lyon1.fr/images/productique/lizzie.jpg
Even workers in the factories prospered as their wages grew during the decade and they began to
buy stock and receive benefits at work.
As Americans began to work less hours, yet earn more pay, they had time to
pursue entertainment (each with its own particular hero) .
Photo Credit: http://www.turtletrader.com/images/babe-ruth-swing.jpg and http://www.espace-martial.com/album/data/media/19/jack_dempsey.jpg
Jack Dempsey
Babe Ruth
Photo Credit: http://www.prcc.edu/history/sports/1923football_2.jpg and http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/whq/35.4/images/rader_fig01b.jpg
1920s Football
The writers of the 1920s were often critical of the modern world and modern man, which they viewed
with disillusion as empty, hollow, tragic, conforming or “lost.” Some of these writers left America to live in
Europe and are called “The Lost Generation.”
Writers to know are
Author Ernest HemingwayAuthor F. Scott Fitzgerald
Author Gertrude SteinPoet T. S. Eliot
Playwright Eugene O’Neill
Photo Credit: http://catalog.knox.edu/archives/rare_books/hemingway.jpg and http://www.thirdfactory.net/images/stein.jpg
Gertrude Stein
Ernest Hemingway
Movies … were new …
Photo Credit: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/ThedaBara-Cleopatra.jpg/290px-ThedaBara-Cleopatra.jpg
… and there was little
censorship, so they were very
risque.
Silent film “megastar” Theda Bara as Cleopatra in “dubious costume.”
Photo Credit: http://www.assumption.edu/ahc/1920s/Eugenics/Klan.html
Movie scenes such as these from Rudolph Valentino’s “Sheik” and “The Son of the Sheik” were very
“racy.”
Photo Credit: http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/media/Jp7QWpHA2GZ.jpg and http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/thc/5a43000/5a43600/5a43609r.jpg
Telephone OperatorCirca 1920
Secretary typing documents.Circa 1920
Some women went to work – most jobs were “lower” level white collar, clerical jobs.
Some women went to college.
“In 1921 there 4 women in the Physics department <at MIT>, Evelyn (Clift) McKnight, Elzura Chandler,
Louise Eyre, and Dorothy Weeks …”
See http://www.mit-amita.org/esr/prewar.html
The 19th Amendment
gave women the right to vote.
Photo Credit: http://www2.una.edu/womensstudies/images/suffragettes.jpg
Suffragettes celebrating the 19th Amendment,
August 31, 1920
Photo Credit: http://digilander.libero.it/twenties/Immagini/JPG/jazzbaby.jpg
Women had more disposable income, thus more freedom.
“Flappers” represented the new, modern young woman who earned her own money
and had fun.
Traditionalists viewed the flappers as morally “loose”
and the fundamentalist movement used the flapper
movement as one of the potential danger of “social
progress”
Photo Credit: http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v653/iseriouslyhateyou/flappers.jpg
However, the modern girl’s ultimate goal was still …
to find a husband.
African Americans
• continued the Great Migration North after WWI, mainly to Chicago, St. Louis, New
York City, Philadelphia, Indianapolis, Washington DC, Cleveland, Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Boston, doubling the
African American population of these cities by 1920.
• African Americans who remained in the South continued to farm as farm owners,
tenants or share croppers.
African Americans
• Some African Americans attended college, held higher paying jobs and were elected to public office. Most held undesirable low paying jobs and lived in substandard housing.
• Race riots increased as African Americans moved Northward.
• For protection, African Americans formed “cities within cities” (such as Harlem).
African Americans
Text Credit: http://www.africanamericans.com/HarlemRenaissance.htm
"From 1920 until about 1930 an unprecedented outburst of creative activity among African Americans occurred in
all fields of art. Beginning as a series of literary discussions in the lower Manhattan (Greenwich Village) and upper
Manhattan (Harlem) sections of New York City, this African American cultural movement became known as "The New Negro Movement" and later as the Harlem
Renaissance. More than a literary movement and more than a social revolt against racism, the Harlem
Renaissance exalted the unique culture of African Americans and redefined African American expression.”
Photo Credit: http://images.amazon.com/images/G/covers/0/81/098/128/0810981289.l.gif http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/arts/motley.html
“Blues” (1929) Archibald Motley
Photo Credit: http://www.queenslibrary.org/branches/Langston_Hughes/Images/6.jpg http://drlarryross.bizland.com/Josephine_Baker.jpg
http://www.yellow-springs.k12.oh.us/ys-mls/_borders/armstrong.jpg
Poet Langston HughesEntertainer Josephine BakerMusician Louis Armstrong
Text Credit: http://www.empire.k12.ca.us/capistrano/Mike/capmusic/modern/american%20composers/ellington/elld006.jpg and
http://image.com.com/mp3/images/cover/200/drg700/g729/g72939zh2ls.jpg and http://nfo.net/usa/cotton.jpg
WWI showed African Americans that blacks had rights in other countries.
“African Americans were encouraged to celebrate their heritage and to become
the “New Negro” – someone who exhibited cultural pride and determination to be assertive in work, politics, the military,
arts and letters.
Text Credit: http://www.ashp.cuny.edu/video/images/up10-11_demo.jpg
Spurred into action, the NAACP lobbied for Congress to pass an anti-lynching law.
Though Congress failed to pass the law, the continued efforts of the NAACP did raise
public awareness of the issue and reduce the number of lynchings that took place.
Photo Credit: http://www.ladedios.com.ar/images/MARCUS-GARVEY_0.jpg
Intellectual Marcus Garvey founded the Universal Negro
Improvement Association (UNIA) which promoted black
pride and unity. Garvey advocated education and separation from whites.
Photo Credit: http://www.ladedios.com.ar/images/MARCUS-GARVEY_0.jpg
Believing that justice would always be denied to blacks in America, Garvey proposed to lead his followers to Liberia,
Africa.
Though Garvey’s proposals were not widely accepted, he did
inspire African Americans with a sense of pride which played a
vital role in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and
1960s.
As during the Progressive Era, advancements for African Americans were motivated and
achieved by African Americans within African American communities. The U.S. government
did not officially play a role in protecting or assisting African Americans.
Mexican Americans
• Some Mexican Americans attended college, held higher paying jobs and were elected to public office. In Texas, about 15% of Tejanos were considered “middle class.” Most, however, held undesirable low paying jobs, lived in poor housing and had little ability to move.
• A small group of Mexican American bourgeoisie (professionals) encouraged the celebration of Mexican heritage and culture. (This did not grow like the Harlem Renaissance.)
Mexican Americans
Photo Credit: http://www.lib.msu.edu/coll/main/chavez/mlmv.htm http://www.ilstu.edu/~keciani/Assignments/History%20262%20Assignments.htm
Mexican American women working in a cannery.
Industrial Workers
• did not initially prosper but did so as the decade progressed.
• The production of consumer goods could not keep up with demand in the early 1920s. Prices rose but wages did not keep up with prices. Workers went on strike for higher wages.
• Mainstream America blamed the strikes on the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia leading to a widespread fear of communist revolution in America (the Red Scare).
European Americans
• The Red Scare made European Americans targets of racism and discrimination.
• Laws (such as the Johnson Reed Immigration Act of 1924) were passed to limit their immigration and suppress their cultures.
• European immigrants determined to fight discrimination earned citizenship in great numbers and began voting.
Photo Credit: http://www.darienps.org/teachers/jburt/apus/approject2/1920a/bad_files/image004.jpg
Farmers
• Though prosperous early in the decade, farmers became less so as the decade progressed.
• Farm production remained high (due to mechanization) though the demand for food from Europe decreased.
• Too much supply = low prices. No profit for the farmer.