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Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce high energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches. ATP. Universal Energy Molecule Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Consist of a sugar called ribose N containing Adenine - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce high energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches.
ATPATP• Universal
Energy Molecule
• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
• Consist of – a sugar called
ribose– N containing
Adenine– Three
phosphate groups
DRAW A SKETCH!
ATP ADP• ADP-Adenosine Diphosphate• The Phosphate groups in ATP are VERY HIGH
ENERGY.• When a phosphate group is removed-energy is
released.• So, energy is STORED in the bonds of ATP.• This energy can be used to do cellular activities.
• To obtain energy to do cellular work, the cell hydrolyzes the ATP, releasing the stored energy and forming ADP and phosphate once again.
• The energy can then be used to drive reactions.
• Cell can make ATP from ADP by using the energy from carbohydrates.
• This means that the energy in carbohydrates is then stored in ATP until needed by cells
• This process is known as phosphorylation.
Section 23-4
Epidermis
Stomata
Guardcells
The Internal Structure of a LeafCO2 enters through the stomata
Chloroplasts
• Chloroplasts are only found in photosynthetic, eukaryotic cells. Chloroplasts are capable of harnessing energy from the sun's rays of light.
• Using this energy from the sunlight, chloroplasts are able to form ATP as well as synthesizing sugars from water and carbon dioxide.
ChloroplastChloroplast• OrganelleOrganelle where photosynthesisphotosynthesis takes place.
GranumThylakoid
Stroma
Outer Membrane
Inner Membrane
Things to know about Chloroplasts
• have a double membrane the inner membrane the outer membrane
• have their own DNA this carries the information to make the enzymes
• have their own ribosomes more like the ribosomes of prokaryotes than eukaryotes these are used to synthesize proteins (the enzymes) from amino-acids
• make their own enzymes required for photosynthesis require carbon dioxide and water produce glucose
• contain chlorophyll this green chemical "traps" sunlight energy
• The chloroplast is made up of 3 types of membrane: 1.A smooth outer membrane which is freely
permeable to molecules.
2.A smooth inner membrane which contains many transporters
3.A system of thylakoid membranes
• Plants absorb certain wavelengths of light
• ______ and _______.
• ______ are molecules that absorb light.
• The main pigment is ___________.
• Two types: ____ ______.
• When they absorb light, they are absorbing _________.
b
a
Photosynthesis Products and Reactants• Products and reactants
of photosynthesis are:• Reactants: _______
_______ ________• Products: ________
________
CO2 + H2O ChloroplastSugars + O2
Light Energy
The Process of Photosynthesis does NOT Happen all at The Process of Photosynthesis does NOT Happen all at Once; rather it occurs in Once; rather it occurs in TWO STAGESTWO STAGES: :
STAGE 1: LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS. – Energy is Capture from Sunlight. Water is Split into
Hydrogen Ions, Electrons, and Oxygen (O2). The O2 Diffuses out of the Chloroplasts (Byproduct).
– The Light Energy is Converted to Chemical Energy, which is Temporarily Stored in ATP and NADPH.
STAGE 2: DARK REACTION (CALVIN CYCLE). – The Chemical Energy Stored in ATP and NADPH
powers the formation of Organic Compounds (Sugars), Using Carbon Dioxide, CO2.
– This is a light Independent reaction. It can happen during the daylight, it just does NOT need to light be completed.
Chloroplast
Light
O2
Sugars
CO2
Light-Dependent Reactions
CalvinCycle
NADPH
ATP
ADP + PNADP+Chloroplast
Section 8-3
Photosynthesis: An Overview
Go to Section:
LIGHT REACTION DARK REACTION
Thylakoid Membrane Stroma
Photosynthesis Overview: Photosynthesis Overview: Concept MapConcept MapPhotosynthesis
Occurs in two Occurs in two StepsSteps
Light Reactio
n
Dark Reactio
n
Oxygen ATP
NADPH
Thylakoid Membran
e
Glucose Stroma
Produces
Produces
Occurs (location)
Occurs (location)
Photosynthesis
includes
of
take place intakes place in uses
to produce to produce
use
Light-dependentreactions
Dark Reaction
Thylakoidmembranes Stroma NADPHATPEnergy from
sunlight
ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts Glucose
Go to Section:
Photosynthesis Concept MapPhotosynthesis Concept Map
Cellular Respiration
• We get our energy from the _____ we eat.• The unit for energy is the ______.• _______ are producers and make ______ by the
process of photosynthesis.• Heterotrophs breakdown glucose for energy.• There are two important ways a cell can harvest
energy from food: fermentation and cellular respiration.
Glycolysis
• Means “_________________”Means “_________________”• Both pathways start with Both pathways start with
Glycolysis.Glycolysis.• Glycolysis starts with ________.Glycolysis starts with ________.• Glucose is broken down into 2 Glucose is broken down into 2
molecules called Pyruvate.molecules called Pyruvate.
Cellular Respiration
• (Aerobic) In the presence of oxygen: Glycolysis and Electron Transport.
• (Anaerobic) In the absence of oxygen: Glycolysis
• Glycolysis literally means "splitting sugars." Glucose, a six carbon sugar, is split into two molecules of a three carbon sugar called _______.
• In the process, two molecules of ATP and two "high energy" electron carrying molecules are produced called NADH.
• Glycolysis can occur ______ or _________oxygen.
• Summary of Glycolysis
• 1. One glucose (6C) converted into 2 pyruvates (3C).
• 2. Net yield of 2 ATP for use by cell.
• 3. Two NAD+ are converted into 2 NADH & 2H+. (Are used later)
REVIEW
• Glycolysis is the first step of reactions that break glucose apart to liberate the energy it holds in its C-H bonds.
• Glycolysis occurs in the_______________.• As a set of reactions, Glycolysis does not need
___________________.• Glycolysis occurs in both aerobic (_________)
and anaerobic (____________) respiration!
• Glycolysis does not need oxygen as part of any of its chemical reactions.
• It serves as a first step in a variety of both aerobic (______)and anaerobic (_______) energy-harvesting reactions.
• Glycolysis happens in the _______of cells, not in some specialized organelle.
Cellular Respiration: the process which occurs within mitochondria in which cells use oxygen to burn sugar for fuel
Glucose
Glycolysis Krebs cycle
Electrontransport
Fermentation (without oxygen)
Alcohol or lactic acid
RespirationSection 9-1
Go to Section:
With oxygen
With out oxygen
• In the presence of oxygen: Pyruvate is converted into carbon dioxide and water in the Krebs cycle.
• After the Krebs cycle, 36 ATP are created in the electron transport chain.
FlowchartSection 9-2
Glucose(C6H1206)
+Oxygen
(02)
GlycolysisKrebsCycle
ElectronTransport
Chain
Carbon Dioxide
(CO2)+
Water(H2O)
Go to Section:
Cellular Respiration
• Without oxygen: Pyruvate is converted into Lactic Acid or Alcohol during Fermentation.
• Lactic Acid-Muscle cells
• Alcohol- Yeast
FlowchartSection 9-2
Glucose(C6H1206)
Glycolysis Fermentation Lactic AcidOr
Alcohol
Go to Section:
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration