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PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
HH22OO COCO22
OO22 CC66HH1212OO66
Light Light ReactionReaction
Dark ReactionDark Reaction
Light is AdsorbedLight is AdsorbedBy By
ChlorophyllChlorophyll
Which splitsWhich splitswaterwater
ChloroplastChloroplast
ATP andATP andNADPHNADPH22
ADPADPNADPNADP
Calvin CycleCalvin Cycle
EnergyEnergy
Used Energy and is Used Energy and is recycled.recycled.
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Plants and Photosynthesis Plants are ‘autotrophs’, ie. they can make their
own food. Plants are ‘producers of the Biosphere’, ie. They
produce food to sustain other living organisms as well.
Photo = light; Synthesis = put together. Plant cells have chloroplasts which can capture
light energy and convert it into chemical energy – stored in glucose.
The Flow Of Biological Energy
Photosynthesis cellular respiration
carbohydrates/
energy rich O2
chloroplast mitochondria
CO2 + H2O ATP for:
(energy poor)movement/cell activity
Chloroplast
The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts are concentrated in the mesophyll tissue found in the leaf. Mesophyll tissue is present right under the epidermis of the leaf and consists of Palisade tissue + spongy tissue.
Gases: Where Does the O2 Come From?
CO2 is taken into the leaf through stomata for photosynthesis.
O2 is released out of the leaf through stomata as a product of photosynthesis.
In order to determine whether the O2 gas product came from the reactant CO2 or from H2O, scientists used tracer (radio-isotopic) Oxygen, first in CO2 and then in H2O as follows:
Fate of Atoms in Photosynthesis
It was proved from the above experiment that the O2 product came from splitting of the reactant H2O molecule.
Consequently, the fate of all the atoms in the chemical reaction of photosynthesis were determined:
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Both Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
are Redox reactions, but they are reverse of each other.
Whereas Photosynthesis is an endergonic reaction, Cellular Respiration is an exergonic reaction.
Two Stages of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in two stages, viz. Light
reactions (during day-time only, in the thylakoid membrane) and Calvin Cycle (both day and night, in the stroma), which are linked together by NADPH and ATP.
Light Reaction Light reaction – is dependent on light and
occurs only during the day in nature. It takes place in the thylakoid membrane of
the chloroplast. Light reactions involve a) Splitting of water to produce oxygen, b) Energy production (ATP)
and c) Reduction of NADP+ to NADPH.
Calvin Cycle Calvin Cycle – is independent of light
and occurs during the day and the night. It takes place in the stroma of the
chloroplast. Calvin Cycle involves the production of
‘food’ as glucose, with the utilization of CO2, energy and NADPH.
Light Used in Photosynthesis During Photosynthesis, the chlorophyll pigments
can absorb only some wavelengths of the visible light from the electromagnetic spectrum.
Visible light consists of the following colors or wavelengths in order of increasing wavelengths / decreasing energy:
Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red.
The grana of the chloroplasts absorb mainly blue-violet and red-orange lights.
Green light is reflected and transmitted by green plants – hence, they appear green.
Light
Photon = a discrete packet of light energy. The shorter the wavelength, the greater the
energy….and vice-versa.
Pigments of the Chloroplast Chlorophyll a directly participates in
Light reactions. Chlorophyll b and carotenoids do not
directly participate in light reactions.
Basic steps of a Light Reaction Light reaction involves the following basic steps: 1) Absorption of light 2) Excitation of Chlorophyll a and emission of
electron 3) Formation of ATP and NADPH via the
electron transport chain
Components of Light Reaction Light / Solar Energy / Photon Reaction Center = Chlorophyll a and primary electron
acceptor Antenna = Reaction center and other pigment molecules
that gather light. Photosystem = Antenna + Reaction center.
Photosystem I There are two types of Photosystems, (viz.
Photosystem I and Photosystem II) occuring within the thylakoid membrane.
Its excited state emits electrons which are accepted by the primary electron acceptor and passed down an electron transport chain, eventually reducing NADP+ to NADPH.
Photosystem II In Photosystem II, chlorophyll a molecule is the reaction
center. This molecule absorbs orange-red light which has a higher energy level.
Its excited state (due to light absorption) emits electrons that are accepted by a primary electron acceptor and passed down an electron transport chain, eventually replenishing the lost electrons from Photosystem I.
H20 is split into H+ (protons), electrons and Oxygen gas. These electrons replenish the lost electrons from PhotosystemII.
Calvin Cycle
The Calvin Cycle can take place during the day and the night in the stroma of the chloroplast.
It is powered by ATP and NADPH, synthesized during the light reactions – therefore, Calvin cycle depends upon the products of Light reaction.