Phylogeny and Classification Notes

7/26/2019 Phylogeny and Classification Notes

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Phylogeny and classifcation

Monday, November 9, 2015

2:59 PM

Product o evolution diversity o lie e see on earth

!ery beginning o time " name the orgniamss they see around them

#etermine hats good to eat hats im$ortant to stay aay rom

%inneaus in 1&00s classifcation o all s$ecies

Naming and sorting them into di'erent grou$s

Naming system " similar to hat e have today

(inomial naming system

)ur name " frst name and last name

%ast name " hat amily and frst name " more s$ecifc sort o name

%inneaus " basically li*e that " genus, s$ecies

+ere are three bear s$ecies

rsus martimus " $olar bear

rsus " arctos " bron bear

rsus " americanus " blac* bear

rusus " bear

Putting things together " identiy $articular s$ecies

-ent arther than that

+ierarchical grou$ing o s$ecies and get more inormation about them

.nd grou$s they are similar to

/ingdom " highest level o classifcation


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Phylum

lass

)rder

amily

enus

3$ecies

om$lete classifcation humans " homo sa$iens

/ingdom " animalia

Phylum " chordata " cordates

lass " mammalia

)rder " $rimates

amily " hominidae

enus " homo

3$ecies h4 sa$iens


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irst organism " bacterial s$ecias " same bacteria genus that inhabits gut

Plants " estern uni$er " conier

#iversity o $lants " clearer

.nd so on

Phylogeny " loo* similar6cat li*e

all them cats o one sort or another

.ll ell and good but ould li*e to be able to do " classication scheme re7ectevolutionary relationshi$ beteen animals

at li*e " common ancesteor " evolutionary scheme

Phylogeny " evolutionary tree to sho ho closely related

%i*e classication scheme to re7ect $hylogeny

(ased on things ust by hat they loo* li*e e can run into $roblems

Put classifcation and $hylogeny together get ta8ation called systematics

iant $anda in middle

ight bear

3omething on let called red $anda

3imilarities beteen red and giant $anda " e ant to do " is determineevolutionary tree leads to all di'erent s$ecies and see ho closely related they are


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+o do e go about this

;a*e grou$ o s$ecies alive today

-hich to closely related

-hich other one closely related to them

3ome *ind o tree that trac*s evolutionary history

)ne ay " base on ossils

)rganisms out in ront o us

ossils trace bac* in time

ossils $retty rare hard to come by e linages have com$lete ossil record

.nother ay is to loo* careully o mor$hology and i mor$hologically very similarthey loo* similar " common ancestor

%oo*ing similar can be deceiving

ase here " red $anda and giant $anda


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Pic*ing u$ molecules in blood

ecess mone*y

rog mouse

%am$ray

+uman

+emoglobin

om$osed o amino acids


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More di'erences 25

om$are human to chic*en di'erences get greater and so on

.mino acid di'erences to $hylogeny

More similar the molecules are

Protein or dna

More closely related s$ecies are to each other

)ne other useul thing molecules can do or us

onstructing $hylogonies

-ho is related to hom

/no evolutionary history

%i*e to *no i 2 s$ecies closely related ho long ago did they diverge rom eachother and become di'erent

)ne o things " can do or us

Molecules

an address =uestion

%inage over time

%oo* at dna

hanges o dna over time

Natural selection

3ome occur another $rocess genetic drit

t ha$$en otenr

.re thing but does ha$$en

ind oten times some dna changes occur ust by chance

;hose chance changes *inda occur at airly constant rate


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ertain relatively constant changes occur every million years

onse=uently ta*e loo* at linages and di'erences in dna

.nd tell us ho long ago they have common ancerstor

Molecular cloc*

ertain $oint in time 5 million years ago

ommon acnester

3$ecies s$lit

.s they go in time

.ccumulating dna

#na in $resent " dna di'erent

ount number o di'erences

;ell us ho long ago they diverged

+ave another linage diverged 10 million years ago

;ice as many di'erences

seul or constructing di'erences or ossil inormation

alibrate this cloc*

/no rom ossil record here divergence occurred

;his number means 1 million years

Molecular cloc*s " used to date to $oint in time common ancestor humans and chi$se8isted

3$lit occurred 5"& million years ago

Molecular " statistical cloc*

3ome margin o error associated ith it

(est at moment

-hen estimates come out


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Peo$le ho or* ith ossils

an>t be true

+umans and chim$ diverged much longer

Molecular cloc*

ossils ound 5"& million years ago

ladistics "


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#etermine evolutionary relationshi$s

%oo* at shared derived eatures

%i*e heart

.ll A have heart

+ave common ancester that had heart

#oesn>t hel$

%ungs se$arating characteristics

3har*s don>t have lungs

rocodiles, lions, chic*ens have lungs

%ion " only mammals have ur

rocodiles and birds " share characteristic " giBard " hel$ them digest materials

.lso see uni=ue characteristic only in birds " eathers

ladistic a$$roach " $rovided insight on $hylogonies

lassifcation most basic level

Million o s$ecies in the orld " 10s o millions


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undamental di'erences

)riginally classifed into 5 *ingdoms

(acteria, $rotists, ungi, $lants, animals

More recently " $eo$le reliBed thigns e call bacteria constists o 2 ty$es oorganisms

2 changes ere made

C *ingdoms

3ome $eo$le said e need higher classifcation above *ingdom level

(acteria and archaea

!ery di'erent rom all other organisms

.ll other organisms eu*arya " $rotists $lants ungi animals

3ome reccomendation called domain than *ingdom level

C *ingdoms

!ery general characteristics

1 *ingdom " bacteria " unicellular $ro*aryotes " don>t have nucleus

.rchaea " unicellular $ro*aryotes

%i*e bacteria but also li*e eu*aryotes


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.rchae and aeu*aryotes


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Phylogeny and Classification Notes