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7/26/2019 Phylogeny and Classification Notes
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Phylogeny and classifcation
Monday, November 9, 2015
2:59 PM
Product o evolution diversity o lie e see on earth
!ery beginning o time " name the orgniamss they see around them
#etermine hats good to eat hats im$ortant to stay aay rom
%inneaus in 1&00s classifcation o all s$ecies
Naming and sorting them into di'erent grou$s
Naming system " similar to hat e have today
(inomial naming system
)ur name " frst name and last name
%ast name " hat amily and frst name " more s$ecifc sort o name
%inneaus " basically li*e that " genus, s$ecies
+ere are three bear s$ecies
rsus martimus " $olar bear
rsus " arctos " bron bear
rsus " americanus " blac* bear
rusus " bear
Putting things together " identiy $articular s$ecies
-ent arther than that
+ierarchical grou$ing o s$ecies and get more inormation about them
.nd grou$s they are similar to
/ingdom " highest level o classifcation
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Phylum
lass
)rder
amily
enus
3$ecies
om$lete classifcation humans " homo sa$iens
/ingdom " animalia
Phylum " chordata " cordates
lass " mammalia
)rder " $rimates
amily " hominidae
enus " homo
3$ecies h4 sa$iens
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irst organism " bacterial s$ecias " same bacteria genus that inhabits gut
Plants " estern uni$er " conier
#iversity o $lants " clearer
.nd so on
Phylogeny " loo* similar6cat li*e
all them cats o one sort or another
.ll ell and good but ould li*e to be able to do " classication scheme re7ectevolutionary relationshi$ beteen animals
at li*e " common ancesteor " evolutionary scheme
Phylogeny " evolutionary tree to sho ho closely related
%i*e classication scheme to re7ect $hylogeny
(ased on things ust by hat they loo* li*e e can run into $roblems
Put classifcation and $hylogeny together get ta8ation called systematics
iant $anda in middle
ight bear
3omething on let called red $anda
3imilarities beteen red and giant $anda " e ant to do " is determineevolutionary tree leads to all di'erent s$ecies and see ho closely related they are
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+o do e go about this
;a*e grou$ o s$ecies alive today
-hich to closely related
-hich other one closely related to them
3ome *ind o tree that trac*s evolutionary history
)ne ay " base on ossils
)rganisms out in ront o us
ossils trace bac* in time
ossils $retty rare hard to come by e linages have com$lete ossil record
.nother ay is to loo* careully o mor$hology and i mor$hologically very similarthey loo* similar " common ancestor
%oo*ing similar can be deceiving
ase here " red $anda and giant $anda
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Pic*ing u$ molecules in blood
ecess mone*y
rog mouse
%am$ray
+uman
+emoglobin
om$osed o amino acids
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More di'erences 25
om$are human to chic*en di'erences get greater and so on
.mino acid di'erences to $hylogeny
More similar the molecules are
Protein or dna
More closely related s$ecies are to each other
)ne other useul thing molecules can do or us
onstructing $hylogonies
-ho is related to hom
/no evolutionary history
%i*e to *no i 2 s$ecies closely related ho long ago did they diverge rom eachother and become di'erent
)ne o things " can do or us
Molecules
an address =uestion
%inage over time
%oo* at dna
hanges o dna over time
Natural selection
3ome occur another $rocess genetic drit
t ha$$en otenr
.re thing but does ha$$en
ind oten times some dna changes occur ust by chance
;hose chance changes *inda occur at airly constant rate
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ertain relatively constant changes occur every million years
onse=uently ta*e loo* at linages and di'erences in dna
.nd tell us ho long ago they have common ancerstor
Molecular cloc*
ertain $oint in time 5 million years ago
ommon acnester
3$ecies s$lit
.s they go in time
.ccumulating dna
#na in $resent " dna di'erent
ount number o di'erences
;ell us ho long ago they diverged
+ave another linage diverged 10 million years ago
;ice as many di'erences
seul or constructing di'erences or ossil inormation
alibrate this cloc*
/no rom ossil record here divergence occurred
;his number means 1 million years
Molecular cloc*s " used to date to $oint in time common ancestor humans and chi$se8isted
3$lit occurred 5"& million years ago
Molecular " statistical cloc*
3ome margin o error associated ith it
(est at moment
-hen estimates come out
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Peo$le ho or* ith ossils
an>t be true
+umans and chim$ diverged much longer
Molecular cloc*
ossils ound 5"& million years ago
ladistics "
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#etermine evolutionary relationshi$s
%oo* at shared derived eatures
%i*e heart
.ll A have heart
+ave common ancester that had heart
#oesn>t hel$
%ungs se$arating characteristics
3har*s don>t have lungs
rocodiles, lions, chic*ens have lungs
%ion " only mammals have ur
rocodiles and birds " share characteristic " giBard " hel$ them digest materials
.lso see uni=ue characteristic only in birds " eathers
ladistic a$$roach " $rovided insight on $hylogonies
lassifcation most basic level
Million o s$ecies in the orld " 10s o millions
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undamental di'erences
)riginally classifed into 5 *ingdoms
(acteria, $rotists, ungi, $lants, animals
More recently " $eo$le reliBed thigns e call bacteria constists o 2 ty$es oorganisms
2 changes ere made
C *ingdoms
3ome $eo$le said e need higher classifcation above *ingdom level
(acteria and archaea
!ery di'erent rom all other organisms
.ll other organisms eu*arya " $rotists $lants ungi animals
3ome reccomendation called domain than *ingdom level
C *ingdoms
!ery general characteristics
1 *ingdom " bacteria " unicellular $ro*aryotes " don>t have nucleus
.rchaea " unicellular $ro*aryotes
%i*e bacteria but also li*e eu*aryotes
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.rchae and aeu*aryotes
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