Physical, chemical and cellular basis of life.

Contain carbonMolecules of living thingsMake up all living things

Examples: Humans, Trees, Bees, Fungi, Bacteria

Building Blocksmonomer

Macromoleculepolymer

Monosaccharide or Simple Sugar Carbohydrates

Fatty acids Fats and Lipids

Amino Acids Proteins

Nucleotides Nucleic Acids

Most abundant organic compound Contains oxygen, hydrogen & carbon

1:2:1 ratio Some functions

Energy source Both quick and storage

Support & structure Plants- cellulose Insects-chitin- exoskeleton

MonosaccharidesSimple sugars

5 or 6 carbons Examples- glucose & fructose

DisaccharidesTwo sugars joined together

Fructose + glucose= sucrose (table sugar) Polysaccharides

Many simple sugars joined together Starch- energy storage plants Glycogen- energy storage animals Cellulose- structural support plants

Proteins – long chains of amino acids

Joined by peptide bonds

Forms a polypeptide (Examples are

enzymes, insulin and hemoglobin)

Subunits are fatty acids and glycerol

Fats, Oils, and Waxes

Phospholipids, Triglycerides, Cholesterol

Cell membranes, sex hormones

Subunits are nucleotides

DNA and RNA are the two examples Carries genetic

information

Carbohydrate energyProteins structure, growth, repairLipids long term energy storage,

cushioning, insulationNucleic Acids instructions on how to

make proteins

Benedict’s solution tests for

monosaccharides. blue and turns red

when heated if simple sugars are present

Iodine tests for starch.

Turns from amber to black in the presence of starch

Lipids turn brown paper translucent.

Tests for proteins Turns purple in the

presence of proteins

Specific fit with substrate so each enzyme has special job.Fit like a lock and key

Necessary for all biochemical reactions. Substrate meets at enzymes active site. Enzyme can be re-used Catalyst = fancy name for enzyme.

Temperature changes can destroy enzymes

It changes their shape so they can not work

pH level can also destroy enzymes

Enzymes have an optimal temperature and pH level where they work the best

ATPAdenosine Tri-phosphate

Made from ribose, adenine, and three phosphate molecules

Energy storage molecule. Energy is stored when phosphate bond is

formed, and released when the bond is broken (makes ADP)

Important cycle in respiration and photosynthesis

When high energy phosphate bond is broken then energy released and ADP made.

Important:

All living

organisms carry

out respiration

Without Oxygen (“an”= without, “aerobic” = oxygen)

2 Types 1) alcoholic

fermentation produces alcohol (yeast)

2) lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid (muscle cells and bacteria)

With oxygenMore efficientOccurs 24/7

C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP

What might effect the rate of respiration?

Anaerobic Respiration

Without oxygen

Where? CytoplasmLittle ATPYeast, bacteria24/7

Aerobic Respiration

With oxygenWhere?

MitochondriaLOTS of ATPMulticellular

organisms24/7

Who? Plants, algae, blue-green bacteria

Where? Only occurs during the day in CHLOROPLAST

How? plants take energy from sun and make glucose