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Physical Properties of Solutions
Chapter 12
SolutionStoichiometry
end of Chapter 4
TitrationsIn a titration a solution of accurately ________is added gradually added to another solution of _______concentration until the chemical reaction between the two solutions is complete.
__________________– the point at which the reaction is complete
_________– substance that changes ______ at (or near) the equivalence point
Slowly add _____to unknown ____
UNTIL
the indicatorchanges color
4.7
What volume of a 1.420 M NaOH solution isRequired to titrate 25.00 mL of a 4.50 M H2SO4 solution?
4.7
x1
x1
x =
M
acid
rx
coef.
M
base
Boiling-Point Elevation
0
0
Tb = Kb m
12.6
Freezing-Point Depression
0
0
0
Tf = Kf m
12.6
12.6
What is the freezing point of a solution containing 478 g of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) in 3202 g of water? The molar mass of ethylene glycol is 62.01 g.
m =
12.6
Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
12.7
_______NaCl solution ____ ions in solution
nonelectrolytesNaCl
CaCl2
i should be
____
__
Which would you use for the streets of Bloomington to lower the freezing point of ice and why? Would the temperature make any difference in your decision?
a) sand, SiO2
b) Rock salt, NaCl
c) Ice Melt, CaCl2
Change in Freezing Change in Freezing Point Point
Boiling-Point Elevation Tb = i Kb m
Freezing-Point Depression Tf = i Kf m
Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
12.7
Change in Freezing Change in Freezing Point Point
Common Applications of Common Applications of Freezing Point Freezing Point DepressionDepression
Propylene glycol
Ethylene glycol – deadly to small animals
At what temperature will a 5.4 molal At what temperature will a 5.4 molal solution of NaCl freeze?solution of NaCl freeze?
Freezing Point Freezing Point DepressionDepression
A colloid is a _______of particles of one substance throughout a dispersing medium of another substance.
Colloid versus solution
• collodial particles are much _____than solute molecules
• collodial suspension is not as ________as a solution
12.8
Colloids
• Brownian motion • Tyndall Effect
Suspensions
• These are mixed, but not dissolved in each other
• Will settle over time
• Particles are bigger than 1 micrometer (larger than colloid)
• Examples: dust in air, muddy water