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PHYSICS
FOLIO
RADIOISOTOPES AND
ITS USES IN MEDICINE
PREPARED BY : MUHAMMAD HAIKAL BIN HUSNEY
5 AL-RAZI
SEKOLAH MENENGAH AGAMA
PERSEKUTUAN LABU
CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE
1 APPRECIATION 2
2 INTRODUCTION 3
3 DEFINITION 4
4 USES OF RADIOISOTOPES 5
5 CONCLUSION 14
6 REFERENCES 15
APPRECIATIONAssalamualikum. Firstly, I want to show my appreciation to Puan Fuziah binti
Ahmad,my physics teacher as she helps me to do this folio by giving guidelines to do it.It is
such a big contribution to me because without guide,I can’t do this folio.Thank you so much
to her
Then,I want to say thank you to my parents, Mr.Husney Bin Hamzah and Mrs. Maimun
Bt Bahari to give support in form of money,efforts and motivations to do this folio.Without
them,I can’t do this folio briliantly.I need their support to do tis and they willing to sacrifice as
I can do this folio.
Latly,I want to show my gratitude to my friends to help make this folio. Without them,
I would not know my mistakes in making this folio and it is really helping to do this
folio.Millions of thank you from me to people who have help me directly and indirectly in
making this folio.
INTRODUCTION
Since the discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896, further research have
been done to make this harmful radioactive ray to be useful by humans.Today, radioactive
substances such as uranium-235 is used to generate low-cost electricity that have been used
in developed nations such as Japan and United States.The use of the radioactive substances
are not only in generating electricity but in other fields such as agriculture, archaeology and
especially in medicine field.
In this folio, I will explain the use of radioisotopes and its contribution to medical
sciences.This method of treatment was developed by scientists in the western countries as an
alternative way to cure cancer and many other diseases as a substitues of using chemicals
that sometimes giving serious side effects to the patients.
DEFINITION
Radioisotopes is an element that have same number of proton but have different
number of neutron.For the example, a sodium atom have a relative atomic mass of 23.So, it is
called sodium-23.It also have proton number of 11.But in sodium-22,it have neutron number
of 11 but have same proton number as sodium-23.So the relative atomic mass of sodium-22 is
22.
Radioisotopes emits 3 different types of rays which is alpha ray,beta ray and gamma
ray.Different types of rays have different function even from a same element.It is very
important in cancer treatment especially and the x-ray scan.Radioisotopes usually origins
from lanthanides and actinides group of element or some from the transitional element
group.
RADIOISOTOPES AND ITS USES In medicine,
Gadolinium-153
The Gd-153 isotope is used in X-ray fluorescence and osteoporosis screening. It is a
gamma-emitter with an 8-month half-life, making it easier to use for medical
purposes. In nuclear medicine, it serves to calibrate the equipment needed like single-
photon emission computed tomography systems (SPECT) to make x-rays. It ensures
that the machines work correctly to produce images of radioisotope distribution
inside the patient. This isotope is produced in a nuclear reactor from europium or
enriched gadolinium.It can also detect the loss of calcium in the hip and back bones,
allowing the ability to diagnose osteoporosis.
Iodine-131
Iodine-131 is commonly used to treat thyroid cancer, probably the most successful
kind of cancer treatment. It is also used to treat non-malignant thyroid disorders.
Caesium-137
Used to treat cancerous tumors by exposing the cancerous part of the cell for a short
time.It also used to measure correct patient dosages of radioactive pharmaceutical so
the patient not consume dosages exceeding as the doctor prescribed.
Cobalt-60
Used in sterilising medical equipment, radiation source for
medical radiotherapy,radiation source for industrial radiography,radioactive source
for leveling devices and thickness gauges,as a radioactive source for food
irradiation and blood irradiation, and as a radioactive source for laboratory use.
Phosphorus-32
Particular use in the identification of malignant tumours because cancerous cells have
a tendency to accumulate more phosphate than normal cells. The location of the
phosphorus-32 can be traced from outside the body to identify the location of
potential malignant tumors.
The radiation emitted by phosphorus-32 can be used for therapeutic as well as
diagnostic purposes. The use of 32P-chromic phosphate has been explored as a
possible chemotherapy agent to treat disseminated ovarian cancer. In this situation it
is the long-term toxic effects of beta radiation from phosphorus-32 accumulating in
the cancerous cells which has the therapeutic effect.
In Archaeology:
Carbon-14
Carbon-14 is detected by paleontologists by burn a small sample of a fossil to react the
carbon in it with oxygen, to form CO2. The CO2 that contains carbon-14 will be
radioactive, and the amount can be easily measured using a radiation counter.
Burning is done to facilitate measuring the level of carbon-14.
Carbon-14 has a half life of about 5730 years. This means that in a given sample of a
carbon-containing substance, without the carbon-14 being replenished, the ratio of
carbon-14 to carbon-12 will decrease by half every 5730 years. Suppose for example,
some archaeologists uncovered ancient manuscripts and found that the ratio of
carbon-14 to carbon-12 in the paper was half of that found in living trees. This would
mean that the manuscripts would be about 5730 years old.
In Agriculture:
Phosphate-32
A solution of phosphate, containing radioactive phosphorus-32, is injected into the
root system of a plant. Since phosphorus-32 behaves indentically to that of
phosphorus-31, the more common and non-radioactive form of the element, it is used
by the plant in the same way. A Geiger counter is then used to detect the movement
of the radioactive phosphorus-32 throughout the plant. This information helps
scientists understand the detailed mechanism of how plants utilized phosphorus to
grow and reproduce.
Nitrogen-15
Fertilisers 'labelled' with a particular isotope, such as nitrogen-15 and phosphorus-32
provide a means of finding out how much is taken up by the plant and how much is
lost, allowing better management of fertiliser application. Using N-15 also enables
assessment of how much nitrogen is fixed from the air by soil and by root bacteria in
legumes.
In Industry
Gold-198
Used to trace factory waste causing ocean pollution, and to trace sand movement in river beds and ocean floors
Chlorine-36:
Used to measure sources of chloride and the age of water (up to 2 million years).
ICONCLUSIONIn medicine, uses of radioisotopes is become more important nowadays.
Scientists will do more research in search of new radionuclides that can be used in
various fields and discovered some radionuclides like strontium-89 is used to relieve
pain caused by cancer. We must adapt their non-stop effort habit in our life so we can
discover new knowledges that will be useful in our lives.
Then, their efforts in developing methods of using radioisotopes in various
fields must be followed as it will open our mind to explore new things.Their curiosity
will lead in developing specific field.So,the curiosity can be adapt in our life to explore
new things around us and who knows you can do a remarkable discovery to the world.
Lastly, we have to work tiredlessly as the scientist do this as it will contribute
to development of many fields.We can adapt it In our life so we have to struggle to get
achievements in our life.
REFERENCES
Websites
http://www.ptable.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Uses_of_radioisotopes
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf55.html
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/radioactive-isotopes-in-medicine.html