Physiological Demands of Racket Sports. - GeoCities · seminar sains sukan zon sarawak_asok_Oct2007 6 The Sport Badminton is a popular game in Asian countries from where most of the

seminar sains sukan zon sarawak_asok_Oct2007 1

Physiological Demands of Racket Sports.

Asok Kumar Ghosh,BSc (Hons), MSc, PhDAssociate Professor, Sports Science Unit,

School of Medical Sciences, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.


The major racket sports to be discussed are:

Badminton, Tennis, Squash


Physiological DemandsThe physiological demand of a

game can be studied eitherthrough notational analysis like time-motion characteristics or from physiological responses like heart rate, blood lactate, VO2, glycogen depletion, hormonal responses and so on.


Why to study “Demand”

The nature of the sport from scientific baseThe profile of the playersWhether the players’ physical/physiological abilities are ready to meet the demandThe nature of training to be administeredScientific monitoring to boost up the performance


BADMINTON


The Sport

Badminton is a popular game in Asian countries from where most of the World Champions emerged. At a competitive level, badminton demands many qualities from the shuttler: speed, strength, agility, stamina, skills, accuracy, mental power and team work to win over the opponent.For such a popular phenomenon very little scientific research has been conducted on the sport when compared with other athletic pursuits.


Body Type(Somatotype)

Singles players tend to look more ectomorphic and less mesomorphic than doubles players. The ideal build for badminton to be an ecto-mesomorphicphysique. Bush (1992) investigated that the Koreans are less endomorphic, more mesomorphic and less ectomorphic than the English group.Further comparisons between Asian and European players would appear appropriate especially at senior level.

mesomorphy

endomorphy ectomorphy


VO2 max

-57.4 ± 7.02IndiaGhosh et al (2002)-55.7IndiaMazumdar et al (1997)60.065.0EuropeOmosegard (1997)

53.363.4ChinaMiao & Wang (1988)

46.4-India(Junior)

Ghosh et al (1993)51.458.0IndiaGhosh et al (1987)

60.0SwedenMikkelsen (1978)

48.4SingaporeGiam (1982)

60.3 ± 3.7ChinaJuxiang (1982)

FemaleMaleCountryReference


VO2 max of latest players (21 point) (Faude et al, 2007)


Physiological Demands of Badminton has been studied on the basis of

heart rate (Coad et al, 1979; Mikkelsen, 1979; Abe et al 1989, Cabello et al 1997; Cabello & Gonzalez, 2005).

heart rate and blood lactate responses (Mikkelsen, 1979; Abe et al, 1990; Ghosh et al, 1990; Cabello et al 1997; Cabello & Gonzalez, 2005).

O2 uptake during simulated matches (Abe et al, 1989, 1990; Faccini & Dal Monte, 1996).

Demand of the game and the training intensity have been studied extensively by Ghosh et al, 1990; Ghosh et al, 1993; Dias and Ghosh, 1995; Mazumdar et al, 1997.


Singles Badminton

180 – 200 b/min (Rec excluded)Heart Rate (Specific Training)(Ghosh et al, 1993; Dias and Ghosh, 1995; Mazumdar et al, 1997).

4.0 – 5.0 mMol/L7.0 mM/L (Cabello et al, 1997)

Blood Lactate (Game)(Mikkelsen, 1979; Abe et al, 1990; Ghosh et al, 1990; Chin et al 1995; Cabello & Gonzalez, 2005).

RangeVariables

6.7 – 10.5 mMol/LBlood Lactate (Specific Training)(Ghosh et al, 1993; Dias and Ghosh, 1995; Mazumdar et al, 1997).

170 – 210 (75% of the time HR was > 185 b/m)

Heart Rate (Game)(Mikkelsen, 1979; Abe et al, 1990; Ghosh et al, 1990; Cabello & Gonzalez, 2005).


Observations from previous studies

Gas analysis during simulated matches (Abe et al, 1989, 1990; Faccini & Dal Monte, 1996), estimate that 60 - 70% of the energy is derived from the aerobic sources while 30% comes from the anaerobic sources.(Blood lactate is low.)Badminton players work at a high percentage of their maximal aerobic power (VO2max), work at or very close to maximum heart rate (especially in singles) but have only a moderate energy yield from the anaerobic lactic system.

The relatively low blood lactate readings, when players are working close to maximum heart rate, have been explained by the role of myoglobin in acting as a store of oxygen to provide energy (Mikkelsen, 1979) and oxidation of muscle lactate in the rest periods between rallies (Faccini & Dal Monte, 1996).


Heart rate and blood lactate concentration of the badmintonplayers during executing various strokes in badminton drills.(Ghosh et al, 2002)

12.4 182 Shadow

9.2 176 Over head Toss

9.8 180 Over head Drop

11.6 183 Over head Smash

Lac(mM/L)

HR (b/min)

Badminton strokes


Time motion analysis of singles’badminton (Cabello and Gonzalez, 2005)

354774109.76510.75Total shots649911.0383.33Total rallies

9.218.72.6812.93Rest time (seconds)

4.578.861.256.40Performance time (seconds)

38769698.62548.75Real time (seconds) (n=12)

13202308312.891689.33Total time (seconds) (n=12)2.45.10.913.79Max lactate (mmol/l)

1621878.86173.43Average heart rate (beats/min)

1862015.50190.57Max heart rate (beats/min)MinMaxSDMeanVariables (n=14)


Time motion analysis of singles’badminton (21 point) (Faude et al, 2007)


Average physiological responses of badminton match play(21 point) (Faude et al, 2007)


Rally duration in all the events

Most of the rallies varied from 6sec – 16 sec.


On court sports specific training responses (Dias &Ghosh, 1995)

Surprisingly the specific training is highly demanding both on the cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables (Dias and Ghosh, 1995; Mazumdar et al, 1997).


(Sports specific training)


On court training effect. (Dias & Ghosh, 1995)

On court sports specific training can also improve physiological capacities.


Conclusions from the previous studies

Badminton is highly demanding on cardiorespiratory variables (heart rate & VO2) rather than on the metabolic variables (blood lactate) (Mikkelsen, 1979; Abe et al, 1990; Ghosh et al, 1990).


Latest Researches

Physiological Demands and Time Motion Analysis of Singles’ Badminton Play Following Implementation of 21 Point Scoring System


Summary (Previous Studies)

All the studies were conducted on the 15 point (men) and 11 point (women) scoring system.

No studies have been carried out in the 7 point scoring system.

The 21 point scoring system have been practiced in all international events in the past 8 months.

No studies have been done in the 21 point scoring system in bothmen and women’s singles.

The most affected is the physiological system is stressed mostlyon the women’s singles players because the scores had changed from 11 to 21 points.

Therefore, It would be beneficial to determine and analyze the physiological demands of it.


SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Due to the latest changes in the scoring format in badminton, nofurther research has been done on the game. It would be beneficial to determine and analyze the physiological demands ofit. Also it would be important to find the differences between the old scoring format and the new scoring format so that a new training program could be designed to fulfill the requirements in the present game and thus enhance performance.

This study will help to identify the areas for development in performance in Malaysian badminton players.

“To improve badminton results, it is necessary to plan training according to the characteristics of the sport – that is, to work on specific endurance and

highly intense competitive actions.”D Cabello Manrique, J J Gonzalez-Badillo


HighlightsThe highlights from all the studies indicate that

Badminton players do require a well-developed aerobic system.Players must possess a very good recovery of heart ratethe explosive jumping movements in badminton gain their energy from the breakdown of high-energy phosphates (ATP and CreatinePhosphate). The exact mix of training required to optimize this is constantly under debate. Badminton provides a good example of a sport requiring "mixed" training (aerobic versus anaerobic; metabolic versus neural) andwould act as a good model for physiologists wanting to investigate this area. Elite level badminton is played in Asia in conditions of high thermal stress. Sports specific training on the court is beneficial for improvement of aerobic capacity and to delay the onset of fatigue.


TENNIS


Physical characteristics & Somatotype(Puerta et al, 2000)

2.1 (1.2)

4.0 (1.1)

3.5 (0.9)

12.9 (2.0)

164.9 (8.8)

60.6( 3.1)12

females>18

2.5 (1.0)

3.5 (0.9)

3.5 (0.9)

13.4 (2.1)

165.9 (7.6)

59.3 ( 5.2)18

females<18

2.9 (0.8)

3.1 (1.3)

3.6 (0.9)

13.2 (2.1)

162.5 (4.5)

53.9( 6.1)20

females<16

3.0 (1.2)

3.1 (0.8)

3.3 (1.1)

12.3 (2.6)

155.3 (9.4)

47.8(10.5)23

females<14

2.3 (0.6)

4.4 (0.5)

2.7 (0.8)

12.1 (1.9)

179 (5.8)

76.4(7.7)22

males>18

3.2 (0.9)

4.0 (0.8)

2.2 (0.6)

11.1 (1.5)

177.9 (5.9)

68.8(6.7)33

males<18

3.5 (0.8)

3.8 (0.7)

2.3 (0.5)

10.7 (1.0)

169.1 (8.6)

57.8(8.8)34

males<16

3.8 (0.8)

3.0 (0.8)

2.2 (0.8)

10.3 (1.6)

160.1(8.7)

47.9(7.3)27

males<14

EctoMesoEndo% FatHt

(cm)Wt(kg)n

Category


Work/rest intervals measured during International Championship

1 : 2.71 : 3.4Overall work/ rest interval1 : 1.51 : 2.3Work/rest interval games

1 hr 41 min4 hr 54 minMatch time151325Total points

100.1 sec24.1 sec

128.2 sec42.3 sec

Rest between gamesWith court changeWithout court change

10.7 sec12.1 secRest on out/ net serves16.2 sec28.3 secRest between point10.8 sec12.2 secAverage pointWomenMen

Summary of point durations: Mens, < 10 sec, 59%; 10-20 sec, 22%; > 20 sec, 19%.Women's. < 10 sec, 62%; 10-20 sec, 25%; >20 sec, 13%.


Mean point duration summary from tennis research. Broken line signifies downward trend of point duration over the past 20 yrs.(Kovacs, 2006)


Heart rate response obtained in a young women tennis player. Broken line is HRmax elicited in lab test.

Therminarias et al (1991)


VO2 max of the players in all research studies. Kovac (2006)


VO2 max

624.62192Whole Court Player

675.09190Attacking Player

664.55200Baseline Player

VO2 max (ml/kg/min)

VO2 max (L/min)HR (bpm)

Bernadi et al (1991).

144.6 ±13.258.5 ± 9.4 20 ± 2.5

Singles tennis (n=10)

Playing HR (bpm)

VO2 max (ml/kg/min)Age ( years)

Bergeron, M.F. et al. (1991)


9.40 + 2.2 ***Post-exercise Blood Lactate (mmol·L¹־)

1.57 + 0.4Pre-exercise Blood Lactate (mmol·L¹־)

164.7 + 5.7Heart Rate at Anaerobic Threshold (AT)(beats·min¹־)

192.2 + 6.4Maximal Heart Rate, HRmax (beats·min¹־)

51.7 + 7.3Maximal Oxygen Consumption, VO2max

(ml·kg¹־·min¹־ )

Mean + S.D.Physiological Variables

*** (P<0.001)

Physiological Profiles of Kelantan State level Tennis Players (N=10)

Syahrul, Chen and Ghosh (2007)


Physiological Responses of the Kelantan State-level Tennis Players During Maximal Graded Exercise as Compared to

Those of Their International CounterpartsSyahrul, Chen and Ghosh (2007)

9.40 + 2.2192.2 + 6.451.7 + 7.3KELANTAN STATE PLAYERS

6.6 + 0.7191 + 4.058.2 + 2.2Fernandez et al. (2005)

10.6 + 2.0193.0 + 9.057.3 + 5.1Smekal et al. (2001)

Not reported189 + 3.053.4 + 1.8Christmass et al. (1998)

10.8 + 0.5190 + 3.047.2 + 2.4Therminarias et al. (1991)

12.5 + 1.8195.6 + 6.358.5 + 9.4Bergeron et al. (1991)

LAmax(mmol·L¹־)

HRmax

(beats·min¹־)VO2max

(ml·kg¹־·min¹־)Study


Heart Rate Responses During Heart Rate Responses During Match Play Match Play (1 Hr)(1 Hr)

Resting 79.7 + 2.6 beats·min¹־Warm-up 132.3 + 7.3 beats·min¹־Match 154.3 + 15.4 beats·min¹־

60708090

100110120130140150160170180190200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 All

Subject

Hea

rt R

ate

(bea

ts·m

in-¹)

Resting Warm-up Match


Fractional Utilisation of VOFractional Utilisation of VO22maxmax

During Tennis Match PlayDuring Tennis Match Play

Mean 69.3 + 9.8% VO2max

01020304050

60708090

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 All

Subject

Frac

tiona

l Util

isat

ion

of V

O (%

)


72.0 + 1.983.4 + 0.9StateChristmass et al. (1998)

69.3 + 9.280.4 + 5.7StateKelantan state level

% VO2max% HRmaxLevelStudy

46.4 + 7.265.9 + 10.2RecreationalFernandez et al. (2005)

-73 - 81EliteDavey et al. (2003)

-73.9 + 9.8CollegeBergeron et al. (1991)

Comparison of match intensities based on %HRmax &%VO2max during tennis play with other studies


Blood Glucose Responses

5.2 ± 0.6 mmol/L4.2 ± 1.04.6 ± 0.8Blood Glucose (mM/L)

After 30 minWarm-upPre-game

Bergeron, M.F., et al. (1991).

Farrauti et al (2003).

Precautions should be taken to prevent a sudden drop in blood glucose concentrations and hypoglycemic symptoms during early stages of a player’s second tennis match in one day.

P< 0.014.3 ± 0.8 mM/L4.1 ± 1.5 mM/LPost-test(second match)

P< 0.015.8 ± 1.4 mM/L5.4 ± 1.1 mM/LPre-test (warm-up period)

SignificantTournament (n=57)Practice (n=20)


Blood Lactate Responses in Tennis Match PlayBlood Lactate Responses in Tennis Match Play

Mean pre-match 1.49 + 0.1 mmol·L¹־Mean post-match 3.21 + 0.2 mmol·L¹־ (*** P<0.001)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 All

Subject

Blo

od L

acta

te (m

mol

•L¹־

)Pre-match Post-match

***


Frequencies of Forehand & Backhand Strokes Frequencies of Forehand & Backhand Strokes During Match Play During Match Play (Video Analysis)(Video Analysis)

25.1 + 15.784.3 + 22.5 ***Mean + S.D.31196164Match 515145366Match 4112498107Match 313328695Match 2642891128Match 1

BABABackhandForehandSimulated

Match(A vs. B)

*** P<0.001from backhand strokes

Players executed more forehand than backhand strokes (P<0.001) Players tried to compensate their weakness on backhand side by hitting more forehand (an inside out forehand)Dominant hand of subjects & opponent’s tactical approach could influence the results


Heart Rate & VOHeart Rate & VO22 During Forehand StrokesDuring Forehand Strokes(24 seconds work and 40 seconds rest)(24 seconds work and 40 seconds rest)

67.1 + 15.234.7 + 7.8165.7 + 12.6Mean + S.D.

76.6 + 15.939.6 + 8.2180.5 + 9.65

72.9 + 17.437.7 + 9.0176.5 + 12.94

71.2 + 17.236.8 + 8.9168.4 + 15.33

69.2 + 16.235.8 + 8.4163.5 + 11.82

45.5 + 9.123.5 + 4.7139.4 + 13.31

% VO2maxVO2

(ml·kg¹־·min¹־ )Heart Rate

(beats·min¹־)

Forehand StrokesRepetition


Heart Rate & VOHeart Rate & VO22 During Backhand StrokesDuring Backhand Strokes(24 seconds work and 40 seconds rest)(24 seconds work and 40 seconds rest)

70.3 + 13.636.4 + 7.0166.1 + 11.5Mean + S.D.81.2 + 14.342.0 + 7.4180.1 + 8.0578.9 + 13.740.8 + 7.1176.3 + 11.6475.8 + 15.939.2 + 8.2171.4 + 14.0368.9 + 15.335.6 + 7.9160.6 + 11.6246.8 + 8.724.2 + 4.5141.9 + 12.31

% VO2maxVO2

(ml·kg¹־·min¹־)Heart Rate

(beats·min¹־)

Backhand StrokesRepetition

70.386.4Backhand67.186.2Forehand

% VO2max% HRmax

Exercise Intensity


Rallies per Game, Rally Duration & Strokes Rallies per Game, Rally Duration & Strokes per Rally in Tennis Match Play per Rally in Tennis Match Play (Video Analysis)(Video Analysis)

2.8 + 0.82.1 + 0.42.2 +0.8

3.0 + 0.73.4 + 1.13.4 + 1.1Strokes per Rally

4.5 + 1.53.8 + 1.13.5 +1.4

5.0 + 1.24.9 + 1.75.1 + 2.0Rally Duration (sec.)

5.7 + 2.45.1 + 1.55.5 +2.7

6.5 + 2.65.5 + 2.36.2 +2.7

Rallies per Game

54321Mean + S.D.

Simulated Match

Range 2.1 + 0.4 and 3.4 + 1.1

0

1

2

3

4

5

1 2 3 4 5 All

Match

Aver

age

Stro

kes

per R

ally


Comparison of mean rally duration & strokes per rally with other studies

Playing style, court surface, sex, tactical approach, level of play, velocity of shot, and motivation can influence the rally duration & strokes per rally during tennis play

(Fernandez et al., 2006; Kovacs, 2006)

Not reported4 – 8(General)Fernandez et al. (2006)< 36.4 + 4.1NationalSmekal et al. (2001)

2.8 + 1.04.5 + 1.6StateMalaysia (Kelantan)

Not reported< 10(General)Roetert & Ellenbecker(1998)

4.6 + 0.110.2 + 0.3StateChristmass et al. (1998)

Mean Strokes per

Rally

Mean Rally Duration

(sec.)

LevelStudy


Sweat Rate

Singles Plays Sweat Rate(liters/hour)

Boys & girls (12-16 yrs) 0.7-1.4Young adults & Women (18-22yrs) 0.7-1.4Young adults men(18-30yrs) 1.2-2.5

Ambient temperature (32˚C), Humidity=60%

Bergeron (1995)


Highlights:

Tennis has changed dramatically in the last 20 years,More research is needed into all aspects of training. The speed of the game, The type of athlete, and The strategy of play have been developed. But not enough information has been obtained during tournamentplay and its effects on performance and recovery. Also, there is still healthy debate over whether tennis players arepredominantly anaerobic or aerobic athletes and whatmethods of training are most beneficial and efficient bothfrom a performance enhancement perspective and forpreventing injury.More physiological studies are needed on different surfaces.


SQUASH


The Sport

Squash is a moderate to high intensity game.Players are active 50-70% of the playing time depending on the level.80% of the time the ball is in play 10 s or less.Squash at any level places a high demand on the aerobic system during play and recovery.The sport also requires bursts of intense anaerobic activity.


Physical & Physiological profile.

Somatotype of club level squash players is 3.2-4.9-2.5 reflecting an endo-mesomorphicphysique. (Avron, 1993)

The Hong Kong elite squash players revealed a FVC of (FVC) 5.13 ± 0.26) L; VO2max of 61.7 ± 3.4 ml/kg/min; anaerobic threshold (AT) at 80.2 ± 3.3% of VO2max; alactic power index of 15.5 ± 1.8 W/kg.


Metabolic responses

Work:Rest pause is 1:1.Blood lactate varies between 2-4 mM/L during squash game lasting 25 – 90 min.(Garden et al, 1986; Mercier et al, 1987)

Rise in blood glucose, GH, FFA and a fall in blood insulin level (Garden et al, 1986; Noakes, 1982) and an increase in cortisol and catecholamine level. (Schnabel et al, 1981; Garden et al, 1986)

These hormonal changes are a good indication of the aerobic nature of squash. A good portion of the fat combusted during submaximal exercise, comes from adipose tissues. Fat is thus mobilised(hydrolysed) to fatty acids, circulated via blood to active muscles, to be oxidised. These processes depends on an enzyme, hormone sensitive lipase (HPL) which needs catecholamines, GH and cortisol to activate it. Insulin inhibits HSL, so its fall during aerobic exercise is readily understandable.


Thermal Responses

Rectal temperature exceeding 390C at the end of the match.2.1 L of sweat loss in 90 min (1.9 L/hr).Wt loss of 20 g/kg/hr.The thermal response depend on the duration and intensity of play and the state of training of the players.


Heart Rate Responses in Squash game.

87 ±6

170 ±12

7UK level Not men.

Sherman et al (2004)

8474153 ±9

5Highly skilled

Mercier et al (1987)

8680 ±8.6

167 ±11

10Young recreational

Montgomery et al (1980)

85167 ±6.8

12CMontpetit et al (1977)

831629ABlanksby et al (1980)

8216025ABlanksby et al (1973)

%HRmax

%HRRHRNLevel of players

Reference


Distribution of duration of rallies and rest pauses in B, C and D level squash players. (Montpetit, 1990)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2 s 4 s 6 s 8 s 10 s 12 s 14 s 16 s 18 s 20 s 22 s 24 s 26 s 28 s 30 s 40 s 50 s 60 s

Duration of rallies (sec)

Freq

uenc

y Rally Frequency B,C,D

Rally Frequency A (Professionals)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2 s 3 s 4 s 5 s 6 s 7 s 8 s 9 s 10 s

Duration of rest pauses (sec)

Freq

uenc

y


Time-motion analysis of squash during competition.(Montpetit, 1990)

M = Males; F = Females

21.223.123.323.32221.820.3Shots/min active

time

73768284111198148No. of shots/Game77.17.26.98.389Mean Rest time (sec)

7.27.26.989.916.613.6Mean Rally time

(sec)

2.62.83.134.164.8Shots/Rally29282627273030.5Rallies/Game6.86.56.278.112.311.6Game Duration (min)50.850.549.153.754.767.560.1Active time (%)186469211254226200270

No. of rallies observed

D (F)D (M)C (F)C (M)B (M) A (M)(M)

Amateurs [Grade(Sex)]

ProfessionalsVariables


Highlights

Squash is a high intensity intermittent activity.Low blood lactate during game denotes that training methods should be of high intensity, very short interval type (10 – 20 secs) with W:R ratio of 1:1.It is not a suitable activity for unfit people.


NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS


Energy Requirements

4000 - 5000 kcal per 24 hours for top level male players during training and competition periods

3000 - 4000 kcal per 24 hours for female players

2500 - 3000 kcal per 24 hours for child players


Nutrition advice for periods of Training

Divide up the day’s energy over break fast, lunch, dinner, supper and few snacks.↑ the intake of energy cereals of high glycemic index – like white bread, potatoes, oats and so onIngestion of CHO during prolonged, strenuous exercise

raises the blood glucose levels ↑ CHO utilization during the game (Coggan and Coyle,1987; Coyle et al;1986)


A Day’s Diet(Modified from Saltin,2000)

The diet provides ~ 5000kcal and contains 750g CHO

Break fast100g oats 200ml of skimmed milk, jam or fruitCheese (30g) and pepper2 slice of white bread with little butter2 eggs200ml orange juice (should be taken 30 min later)


Lunch100g chicken500 g boiled rice (100g raw )I bowl pulse serving like lentils, pea or Soya beans250 ml vegetable soupSalad any low calorie with out dressings

Evening (after training)200 ml of orange juice or I glass of lemon water

Dinner4 chapati / 2 roti channai / 3 parathas300g meat / 2 servings of meat + 2 serving of pulsesSalad made of different vegetablesFruit with ice cream or salad

Supper200ml of low fat cultured milk or skimmed milk


During the Match

Use the drinks which already tested during the training periodsWater is enough if only odd matches are being played During closely packed tournaments small, frequent palatable, low GI CHO meal between rounds are advisable


Between Matches

20 min between matches :

Choose food items preferably in liquid or mashed formsDrink plenty of water or any suitable sports drink


One hour between matches

Choose easily digestible food stuffs with plain white bread Drink plenty of water or any suitable sports drinkExample of foods

Corn flakesPotatoes BananaSports drinks


2 hours between matches

Choose low GI food stuffs

Boiled corn ( ~ 100g)Whole fruit, apple, orangeMilk, cultured milk, yoghurt, Soya milkOrange juice, apple juice


3 hours between matchesHigh GIAvoid strongly spiced foodsAvoid fried food stuffs like French fries and other fried fast foodsExamples

Rice with fish / egg / easily digestible vegetables like boiled potatoPasta products , muffins, cakes , pretzelsPlenty of water or sports drinks


After the game

Replenishment takes 48 hrsSpeed up replenishment by taking sports drinks and eating easily digestible foods straight after the matchEat one meal with in one hour of finishing the training sessionCHO protein mixture is preferred. It replace the glycogen at a faster rate


Type of Fluid

Type of fluid consumed before exercise is importantFluids with CHO and small amounts of salts improve beneficial effectsAddition of glycerol to pre-exercise hydration beverage is usually ineffective –can result in nausea and head achesTender coconut water are beneficial than plain water


REFERENCES

1. Abe K, Haga S, Nakatani T, et al. The work intensity of a badminton match in Japanese top male players. Bulletin of Institute of Health and Sports Sciences – University of Tsukuba, 1990; 13:73

2. Bartunkova, S., Sufarik , V., Melicharova, E., Bartunek E., Seliger, V., Uk, F., and Bures, J. (1979). Energeticky vydaj u badminton. Teor Praxe del Vych, 27, 369-372.

3. Cabello D, Cruz JC, Padial P. Estudio de la frecuencia cardiaca y acido latico en badminton. In: VIII Congreso Europeo de Medicina del Deporte, Granada, October, 1995.

4. Cabello D, Tobar H, Puga E, et al. Determinacion del metabolismo energetica en badminton. Archivos de Medicina del Deporte 1997, 62: 469-75.

5. Carlson J, Tyrell J, Naughton G, et al. Physiological responses during badminton games by elite Australian players. Badminton Sitelines 1985;13: 17-20.

6. Claxton, D. (1999). Tennis. Boston: WCB/McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3.7. Coad, D., Rasmussen, B. And Mikkelsen, F. (1979) Physical demands of recreational badminton,

in Science in Racquet Sports (ed. J. Terauds). Academic Publishers, Del Mar, CA, pp. 45–54.8. D Cabello Manrique, J J Gonzalez-Badillo. Analysis of the characteristics of competitive

badminton. Br. J. Sports Med. 2003;37;62-66.9. Docherty, D. (1982) A comparison of heart rate responses in racquet games. British Journal of

Sports Medicine, 16, 96–100.10. Elliot, B., Dawson, B. and Pyke, F. (1985). The energetics of singles tennis. J Hum Mov Stud. 11,

11-20.


REFERENCES

11. Ghosh AK, Goswami A, Ahuja A. Evaluation of a sports specific training programme in badminton players. Indian J Med Res 1003;98:232.

12. Ghosh AK, Mazumdar P, Goswami A, et al. Heart rate and blood lactate response in competitive badminton. Annals of Sports Medicine 1990;5:85.

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