Physiological Requirements of Judo Combat

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Physiological requirements of judo combat International SportMed Journal, Vol. 10 No. 3, 2009, pp.145-151 http://www.ismj.com

145 Official Journal of FIMS (International Federation of Sports Medicine)

ISMJ

International SportMedJournal

Original research article

Physiological requirements of judo combat

1Dr Raquel Hernndez-Garca, PhD, *

2Professor Gema Torres-Luque, PhD,

3Professor Carmen Villaverde-Gutierrez, PhD

1Extremadura Federation of Judo, Spain

2Faculty of Education, University of Jan, Spain

3

Health Science School, University of Granada, Spain

*Corresponding author. Address at the end of text

Abstract

The present study attempts to describe the physiological demands of judo combat with the recentchanges in the rules. A group of 11 subjects (elite judokas) (19.73 3.13 years, 68.69 15.28kg,168.8 10.50cm, and 11.09 3.08 years of experience practicing the sport at the national and/orinternational level) were selected. The study was carried out in a simulated competition. Beforecompetition, percentage body fat, heart rate (HR) (Suunto telemetric monitor) and lactateconcentration were evaluated. Each athlete took part in an average of 2-3 matches with an officialduration of 5 minutes, with a total of 16 matches. All matches were recorded with a digital video

camera, HR was recorded at real time and lactate concentration was evaluated 1 and 3 minutes afterthe each combat. Results show match duration of between 375.06 30.39 seconds, with a bettertotal work time versus total rest time. Average HR during combat was 180 8.4 beatsmin

-1and

reached a maximum of 188.6 6.9 beatsmin-1

. Further, lactate concentrations demonstrate astatistically significant increase from the basal level to the level after the match (p


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Professor Carmen Villaverde-Gutierrez, PhD

Carmen Villaverde-Gutierrez is a Lecture in Medicine. She is a professor of the physiology of exercisein the Health Science School at the University of Granada, Spain. Her research interests focuses onhuman physiology and exercise performance, with a specific interest in racquet and combat sports.Email:[email protected]

Introduction

According to Iglesias et al.1, the analysis of

the specific demands of each athletic modalityconstitutes an important starting point for theestablishment and design of trainingintervention lines. Judo combat is an acyclic,intermittent physical effort with two athletes ina body-to-body confrontation, and where bothare trying to attain the same goal: to take downtheir opponent before the time is up, or tocontrol their opponent once he/she has beenbrought down (through immobilisation, chokeholds, and joint locking) until time of the matchis up

2.

This sport is an athletic mode where thetechnical and biomechanical efforts ofcompetition are very similar to those carriedout in the training, with a high demand ofphysiological parameters in competition

3. This

elevated physiological demand is due to thehigh intensity in which the encounters takeplace

4, since they predominantly require two

metabolic pathways, aerobic and anaerobiclactate (glycolytic), due to the fact that judomatches have an average duration of 7.19 to10.6 1.33 minutes

3, 5. There are rest periods

lasting 9-12.5 seconds preceded by worksequences of between 19.6 and 35 seconds

6,

7at intensities of close to 95-100% of maximal

oxygen consumption (VO2max)5. Therefore the

judokas (person practicing judo) need a highparticipation of anaerobic metabolism initially,but towards the end, aerobic metabolismprevails

8.

To demonstrate this point, there are direct data

from the average heart rate (HR) of thejudokas during combat with the goal ofapproximating the intensity. During combat,male judokas have an average HR of between180 and 182 beatsmin

-1 3, 9, 10, 11, reaching a

maximum HR (HRmax) of 195-200 beatsmin-1

,though these values are slightly lower infemale judokas

12, 13. In relative values, the

average HR during judo combat isapproximately 85-90% of HRmax

1, 14.

Likewise, there are studies that have analysedthe plasma lactate concentration ([Lac]) before

and after combat in male judokas whichindicate that there are statistically significantdifferences between the two measurements.An increase of 7-8mmolL

-1above basal levels

has been found3, 9, 10, 15

, and according toMajean et al.

16, it can reach values between 9

and 24mmolL-1

in national and internationalcompetitions.

Franchini et al.15

describes the lactateconcentrations of judokas from different levelsof competition (international, national, and

regional), indicating that there are nosignificant differences between the groups.Further, Franchini

17has done various studies

to establish differences between high-leveljudokas and those at lower levels, and hasfound that there are no statistically significantdifferences in the physical and morphologicalcharacteristics of the judokas in the two groups17

, or in the plasma lactate concentrations inthe blood after a simulated combat

18.

Sanchis et al.19

identified the existence of apositive, significant relationship between [Lac]

and the duration of judo combat in adult, malejudokas and that, additionally, the HRmaxduringcombat is not significantly correlated to theduration of combat although it is significantlycorrelated to the maximum concentration oflactic acid.

During recent years, various modifications inthe rules of judo competition have been made20

with the objective of strengthening judo'sdynamics (back to more traditional techniques)and to avoid passive or defensive judo by thejudokas; therefore, the new rules may have

changed the demands of judo combat, causingthem to differ from those cited previously bydiverse authors.

Thus the objectives of this study are toevaluate the physiological parameters of actualjudo combat and to establish if there aredifferences in the physiological demands ofcombat under the new rules, in order tooptimise the training of these athletes.
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Methods

Subjects

The sample consisted of 11 judokas (4 malesand 7 females) (19.73 3.13 years, 68.69 15.28 kg, 168.8 10.50 cm, and 11.09 3.08years of experience practicing the sport at

the national and/or international level) fromthe Sports Performance Training Centre who

competed at the national and/or internationallevel. General characteristics of the subjectsare found in Table 1. The study's objectivesand procedures were clearly explained to thesubjects, after which they voluntarily signedthe informed consent form.

Table 1: General characteristics of the judokas

Judokas Age (years) Weight (kg) Height (cm) % Body fatYears ofpractice

n=11 19.73 3.13 68.69 15.28 168.82 10.50 18.68 6.36 11.09 3.08

Procedure

The study was carried out as a simulated

competition. All judokas arrived at the sametime and the initial evaluation took place at thistime. This evaluation consisted of the officialweigh-in and percentage body fatmeasurement using bioelectrical impedance(TANITA InnerScan BC-532). Likewise, a basalmeasurement of the blood lactateconcentration [Lac] was taken. The portableblood lactate analyser, Lactate Pro, was used,which measures the lactate through theprinciple of enzymatic determination byphotometric reflection. It is measured in 60seconds per datum, with a range of

measurement in the blood of 0.8 - 22mmol-L-1.A drop of capillary blood was extracted fromthe earlobe with the intention of evaluating thechanges in [Lac] during the match. All subjectswore a Suunto telemetric heart rate monitor toregister HR at all times. Extracted data wereentered directly into the computer using thesoftware Suunto Training/Team Manager2.1.2, which registered the variability of the HRof all subjects in real time during both combatand rest periods.

After the measurements, the judokas took partin a 30-minute warm-up on the same tatami(mat) as the competition, where there was atemperature of 20 2C.

Each athlete took part in an average of 2-3matches with an official duration of 5 minutes.The stopwatch was stopped during each of thebreaks or rest periods, and they competed until5 minutes were up, regardless of whether ornot one of the judokas achieved an actionevaluated as ippon (the highest score) by theofficial. As in a real competition, all matches

were officiated by an official referee whoapplied the current rules

20. When each match

was over, the judokas went directly to the areareserved for the analysers to take the next[Lac] measurements at 1 and 3-minutes aftercombat using the Lactate Pro.

All matches were recorded with a digital SONYDCR-DVD92E video camera for later analysis,which involved determining the total combattime (TT), the total standing work time (TST),the total ground work time (TGT), the totalnumber of work sequences (NWS), the totalnumber of rest periods (NRP), the total numberof ground sequences (NGS), mean time per

work sequence (TWS), mean time per restperiod (TRP), and mean time per groundsequence (TGS).

Statistical treatment

The data obtained were treated with thestatistical analysis software SPSS 15.0. All theresults were expressed in mean and standarddeviations. A comparison of the lactateconcentration taken at three distinct moments(before the match, 1 minute after the match,and 3 minutes after the match) was madeusing the one factor ANOVA with repeatedmeasures. To determine the correlationbetween the variables of HR and [Lac], thePearson correlation coefficient was used, andfor the comparison of the means betweenmales and females and between the two levelsof competition, a t-test for independentsamples was used. Statistical significance wasset at p


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Results

Temporal structure of combat

In Table 2, the extracted values from thetemporal analysis of judo combat can beobserved. The mean total combat time of thematches was 375.06 30.39 seconds. During

this time, there is an average of 12 work

sequences lasting a mean time of 24.06 7.07seconds, each one alternated with 11 restperiods lasting between 5.73 1.21seconds.Throughout the match the judokas hadbetween 3 and 4 floor sequences lasting 9.81 3.70 seconds.

Table 2: Temporal structure of judo combat

Variable Judokas

Seconds SD

Total work time (TT) 375.06 30.39

Total standing work time (TST) 253.47 21.73

Total ground work time (TGT) 36.78 22.20

Total rest time (TRT) 67.25 21.70

Time per work sequence (TWS) 24.06 7.07

Time per rest period (TRP) 5.73 1.21

Time per ground sequence (TGS) 9.81 3.70

Number of work sequences (NWS) 12.81 2.90

Number of rest periods (NRP) 11.81 2.90

Number of ground sequences (NGS) 3.56 2.16

Heart rate in combat

The HR recorded during combat development

indicates that the judokas reached a HRmaxof188.6 6.9 beatsmin

-1and a mean HR

(HRmean) of 180.4 8.4 beatsmin-1

. During therest periods the judokas recorded a minimumHR (HRmin) of 163 12.6 beatsmin

-1.

Lactate concentration in judo combat

The obtained data of the basal [Lac] show amean of 1.3 0.5mmolL

-1. A statistically

significant increase was found in the lactateconcentration after the match, both one minutelater and three minutes later (p0.05).

Discussion

There are not many international referencesabout the temporal structure in judo. Thematch recordings indicate that judo combathas duration of 375.06 30.39 seconds incompetition, which is very similar to the 430seconds of total combat duration at theregional level that was cited by Gorostiaga

5

and the 455.7 seconds cited by Iglesias et al.1.

Further, Arruza21

, who analysed the 1987World Championship, found that 80% of men'smatches lasted 7 minutes, and women'smatches lasted 6 minutes. Nevertheless, thereare studies where the total combat duration in

an official competition is much less, between 4and 5 minutes

6, 7, 22. Therefore greater than 7

minutes of total time (including rest periods)could be considered adequate for organisingjudo training systems.

On the other hand, the results indicate thatthere are 11 rest periods during judo combat,and they last 5.73 1.21 seconds. This is notin accordance with the studies in judo, forexample a 7 sequences of rest periods lasting12 seconds each cited by Castarlenas and
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Planas6among male judokas competing at the

national level, nor is it in agreement with the16.5 rest periods lasting 13 seconds eachduring a simulated competition with malejudokas competing at the national level citedby Bonitch

23. These discrepancies between

the different authors could be due primarily to

the differences in the rules20

between previousstudies and the present study. It is observedthat upon shortening the intermediate pauses,the rhythm of combat was more dynamic.However, it seems logical to have in mind thatin one match there are 7-16 rest periods of anaverage 5-13 seconds each.

The mean work time registered in each worksequence was 24.06 7.07 seconds,coinciding with the work sequences between20 and 30 seconds cited by Monteiro

24but

higher than others cited in the bibliography

between 10 and 18 seconds6, 22, 23

. Thisaspect again corroborates the influence of therule modification

20on the temporal structure of

combat, since the officials, while trying to makecombat more dynamic and fluid, are slower tocall "mate" (intermediate pause) to penalisethe judokas. Therefore these data demonstratehow the work time during actual judo combat isgreater than rest time, which offers a usefuland adequate orientation when planningtraining methods specific to the judoka.

This may be the most determinant temporal

aspect when it directly affects the specificresistance of the judoka (anaerobic lactate), asjudokas in pauses (mates) within combat donot have sufficient time to recover from thedemanding physical effort made during theprevious period of effort, coinciding withvarious authors

9, 11.

The registered data of HR show a HRmeanofabout 180.4 8.4 beatsmin

-1during judo

combat, coinciding with values cited by otherauthors

1, 9, 10, 11, demonstrating that the official

rule modifications20

do not directly affect this

parameter. Further, in accordance with thestudy by Arruza

21on HR in different methods

of judo training, where it is corroborated thatthe HRmeanwith the method of randori-competition (free-style sparring) reaches avalue of 180 beatsmin

-1, it can be induced that

the use of this method is very appropriate forthe specific training of judo competitioncombat. This is indicated by the positiverelationship between HRmeanduring judocombat in the present study (180.4 8.4beatsmin

-1) and the HRmeanreached in the

randori-competition method (180 beatsmin-1

).

However, the HRmaxrecorded during judocombat has been situated around 195-200beatsmin

-115, 16

, which is higher than thevalues found in the present study, where it wasfound to be 188.6 6.9 beatsmin

-1. This

difference may have its origin in that the datafrom the cited study correspond to studiesdone in the context of an official competition,where the athletes are subjected to higherpsychological and physiological demands tothose suffered in the context of practice

19. On

the other hand, the current study was doneduring a simulated competition in which thejudokas competed against their ownteammates.

In the bibliography, the HRminin judo combathas been cited at 130-155 beatsmin

-1 1, 11, 19

but in this study it was found to be as high as163 12.6 beatsmin

-1. This may occur

because the rule changes20

strengthen thedynamism of combat, directly affecting thenumber of pauses and the duration of thesepauses in combat by decreasing them (11 restperiods lasting 5-6 seconds each), is lowerthan what has been found in other studies

6, 23.

It can be observed that the rest periods areshorter and the judoka has a lower ratio ofwork time/rest time, which may indicate ahigher cardiac demand. This may suggest thatas the rhythm of training and competition in the

international judokas is higher, thephenomenon of specific adaptation is slightlymore pronounced in the international leveljudokas.

The basal [Lac] measured in the judokasincreases significantly after combat (p


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explanation may be as indicated by Thomas etal.

14that during judo combat, the HR plateaus,

with values at 85-90% of HRmax, while [Lac]keeps increasing as the effort continue.Keeping in mind that the obtained values werevery elevated, we can deduce that the kind ofmetabolic pathway that predominates is the

anaerobic pathway. Further, it is observed thatthe practice of judo along the time mayindicate the possibility of a pronouncedadaptation of the training and competitionprocess in the international level judokas.

Therefore after demonstrating the temporalanalysis of judo combat, characterised bybeing an intervallic effort where the workingtime is three times higher than the rest timeand relating it to the elevated data obtainedfrom the recordings of HR and [Lac] duringjudo combat development, it can be

corroborated that judo combat requires a highdemand of the studied physiologicalparameters. Maybe this principle could beconnected to the recent study by Franchini etal.

17who described the physical and

anthropometric profile of two groups of judokasat different levels of competition, concludingthat there are no significant differencesbetween them. Therefore, if the judokas fromdifferent levels have similar physical andmorphological aspects, it seems reasonablethat the physiological demands of judo combatbetween judokas of two competitive levels do

not show great discrepancies.

This is why it would be interesting to carry outfuture studies in this line of research, to figureout more exhaustively the behaviour of thephysiological parameters in practice andcompetition in athletes of different competitivelevels. That way, better approximations forimproving specific training in this sport can beobtained and, along with that, greater athleticsuccess.

Conclusions

Since the changes the rules affect thetemporal structure of combat, decreasing thenumber of pauses and the duration of thesepauses, as well as increasing the duration ofthe work sequences.

This study demonstrates the high physiologicaldemand in judo combat, with HR values of 180to 190 beatsmin

-1and [Lac] values about

8mmolL-1

. These data are very important inthe specific training of judo.

Acknowledgements

This study was carried out thanks to theunconditional support of the Sports MedicineCenter (Navarra, Spain). Thanks also for theinterest and commitment shown by thecoaches at the Sports Performance TrainingCenter, Ms Yolanda Soler and Mr Jose TomasToro, as well as the involvement of the groupof judokas that they coach.

Address for correspondence:

Professor Gema Torres-Luque, Faculty ofEducation, University of Jan, Campus de LasLagunillas, Edificio D2, 23071 Jaen, SpainTel.: 0034 953 213397Email:[email protected]

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Physiological Requirements of Judo Combat