Physiology 2

By: Colby B, Nicole W, Katie C, Briana K, James W

Digestive System Description

• Basic Outline:1. Movement: propels food through the digestive system.2. Secretion: releases digestive juices in response to a

specific stimulus.3. Digestion: breakdown of food into molecular

components small enough o cross the plasma membrane.

4. Absorption: passage of the molecules into the body’s interior and their passage throughout the body.

5. Elimination: removal of undigested foods and wastes.

Digestive System Functions• Mouth: Begins mechanical digestion of food (swallows food)• Esophagus: Carries food from the mouth to the stomach• Stomach:

- A short-term storage reservoir, where substantial chemical and enzymatic digestion is initiated.

-slowly released into the small intestine• Liver: provides bile salts to the small intestine, which are critical for digestion and

absorptions of fats.• Pancreas: Provides a potent mixture of digestive enzymes which are critical for

digestion of fats, carbohydrates, and protein.• Gallbladder: Stores and concentrated bile• Small intestines:

-where all nutrients are absorbed-Final stage of chemical digestion

• Large intestine: Where water is absorbed, bacterial fermentation occurs, and feces are formed.

• Rectum: Receives stool, lets the person know there is stool to be evacuated, and holds stool until evacuation happens.

• Anus: Last part of the digestive tract

Digestive System Mapteeth

mouth

tongue Salivary glands

esophagus

liverstomach

pancreas

gallbladder

Small intestinesLarge intestine

Rectum

Anus

appendix

Excretory System Description

• Goal: to regulate the volume, molecular and ionic constitution of internal body fluids and eliminates metabolic waste products from the internal environment.

• Kidney parts:-Cortex: filtering layer of the kidney, made of nephrons-Medulla: middle layer known as the collecting layer-Renal Pelvis: where all of the collecting tubules come together and connect to the uteter.

Excretory System Functions

• Kidneys:- Maintain the volume of extracellular fluid- Maintain ionic balance in extracellular fluid- Maintain pH and osmotic concentration of the

extracellular fluid- Excrete toxic metabolic by-products such as

urea, ammonia, and uric acid- Main role is to filter blood and eliminate waste

Excretory System Map

Respiratory SystemThe Basic Function of the respiratory

system is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, the

air, and tissues.

NoseMouth

Larynx

Lung

Right Bronchus

Diaphragm

Pharynx

Trachea

Left Bronchus

Bronchiole

Alveoli

Respiratory System Map

Functions of the Respiratory System

• Nose- Smelling, tasting, breathing, mucus lining and cilia help prevent foreign objects from entering the nose

• Mouth- Breathing can also be through the mouth, starting point of the digestive system, secondary inhaler/ex-haler

• Larynx- 1. Passageway for air 2. Valve to close off respiratory from digestive

3. voice box• Lung- Exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen and vice versa• Bronchus (Right and Left)- Lead to lungs• Diaphragm- Muscular structure, floor to chest cavity, abdominal roof• Pharynx- Shared with digestive system, food goes down esophagus, air passes

though trachea, never both at same time• Trachea- armored tube allows air to pass beyond the larynx to where it divides into

bronchi• Alveoli- tiny air cells/ sacs. Gas exchange happens here

Circulatory SystemThe circulatory system consists of the heart, a series of blood vessels, and the blood that flows through them.

Circulatory System Map

Septum

Pulmonary Veins PulmonaryArteries

Superior

Inferior

Functions of the Circulatory SystemSuperior Vena Cava- Large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper part of the body to the right atriumPulmonary Veins- Bring oxygen-rich blood from each of the lungs to the left atriumInferior Vena Cava- Vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the lower part of the body to the right atriumAorta- Brings oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the bodyPulmonary Arteries- Bring oxygen-poor blood to the right or left lungCapillary- Smallest blood vessel, brings nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorbs carbon dioxide and waste products.Arteries- Large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the tissues of the body.Veins- Blood vessel that returns blood to the heart

Quiz Time

Use the diagram below:1)what is 1?a. stomachb. pancreasc. liverd. gall bladder2) what is 2?a.small intestineb. large intestinec. appendixd. gall bladder

1

2

Use Diagram

3. What is A?a)The kidneyb)The excretory systemc)Nephron4. What is B?a)The kidneyb)The excretory system

3 4

5. What are the functions of the kidney?a) Maintain pH and osmotic concentrationb) Maintain ionic balancec)Maintain the volume d Filter bloode). All of the above

6. 6.What part of the respiratory system

is number 5? a. lungb. alveolic. Bronchiole7. What is the function of number 11, the a alveoli?a. to compress lungsb.to smellc. to change oxygen into carbon dioxide

8.What does the Aorta do?a. Carries blood away from

the heartb. Carries blood to the heart9. What is a capillary?c. Smallest blood vessel,

brings nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorbs carbon dioxide and waste products.

d. Carries blood away from the heart

10. Identify the circled part of the Heart.e. Inferior Vena Cavaf. Pulmonary artery

Key

• 1)a• 2)b• 3)b• 4)a• 5)e• 6)c• 7)c• 8)a• 9)a• 10)a