RESPIRATION is the

process by which

gaseous exchange

occurs between an

organism and its

environment.

External respiration

Internal respiration

Gas exchange that occurs between

the environment and the animal’s

respiratory organs

Commonly known as BREATHING

Provides oxygen and expels carbon

dioxide

Exchange of gas between the alveoli and blood

Process by which cells absorb oxygen

and release carbon dioxide

Occurs between the blood and the

cells in the different tissues of the

body

Also called CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Exchange of gas between the blood and the cells

Process by which vertebrates

ventilate their lungs

Moving air into and out of the lungs

Controlled by the diaphragm and the

rib muscles

Inhalation and exhalation

Explain the mechanics of breathing

Determine the breathing rate of a person during

states of activity, and relate this to the amount of

carbon dioxide exhaled

Determine factors affecting breathing rate

Set up an improvised spirometer

Determine vital capacity of an individual by

measuring the tidal volume, inspiratory reserve

volume, and the expiratory reserve volume using

the improvised spirometer

Compute the amount of oxygen in the air we

breathe

When the plastic

wrap is pulled, the

balloon inflates. When

the plastic wrap is

pushed, the balloon

deflates

Straw outside the bottle → TRACHEA

Straw inside → BRONCHI

Balloon → LUNGS

Plastic → DIAPHRAGM

The process of breathing: a series of inhalation and exhalation

Breathing is controlled by the medulla

oblongata and the pons.

It is not possible to hold your breath

forever. It is possible to stop respiration

voluntarily but this leads to the drop of

oxygen level in the body. When this

happens, the person loses

consciousness and automatic control of

breathing resumes.

Activity Breathing

Rate

Minimum Time

for Lime Solution

to Change

No strenuous

activity

After jumping

jacks

After holding

one’s breath

The clear solution of calcium

hydroxide turned cloudy white

because of the increase of

concentration of carbon dioxide which

increases the production of calcium

carbonate.

Ca(OH)2+ CO2 CaCO3 + H2O

The procedure measured the amount

of carbon dioxide expelled.

Breathing rate is directly proportional

to the intensity of activity performed.

The rate of color change in the

solution is directly proportional to the

intensity of activity performed.

When an animal performs any activity,

ATP is used up, a process that utilizes

oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

The increase of amount of carbon

dioxide in the body increases the pH

level of the blood.

Acidic blood stimulates the medulla to

increase breathing rate.

Activity Volume of

air

measured

Term for the

value

Normal

Value

Normal

breathing

Tidal volume 500mL

Forced

inhalation

Inspiratory

reserve

volume

3100mL

Forced

exhalation

Expiratory

reserve

volume

1250mL

TOTAL 4600mL

TIDAL VOLUME is the volume of air

inspired or expired during a normal

inspiration or expiration.

INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME is

the volume of air that can be inspired

forcefully after inspiration of the

normal tidal volume.

EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME is

the volume of air that can be expired

forcefully after normal expiration.

VITAL CAPACITY is the greatest

volume of air that can be expelled

from the lungs after taking the

deepest possible breath.

A VC that is below normal range may

imply respiratory disease or a large

amount of body fat. Restrictive

disease are characterized by reduced

lung volumes and an increase in

overall stiffness of lungs (pulmonary

fibrosis). Obstructive disorders such

as asthma are characterized by air-

flow limitation; increased lung volume.

Mass of O2 in atmosphere = 1.2x1018

kg

Mass of O2 = 32g

# of mols in atmosphere = 3.75x1019

mol

1 mol gas = 22.4 L (@STP)

Volume of O2 = 3.75x1019 mol x 22.4

L/mol = 8.4x1020 L

When the diaphragm contracts (moves

down), INHALATION occurs. When it

relaxes (moves up), EXHALATION

occurs.

An increase in the amount of carbon

dioxide in the body increases the pH

level in the blood, increasing the

breathing rate of a person.

It is important to monitor the vital

capacity of a person for this is an

indicator of several health problems.