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exoticindiaart.com
by Neeraj Tandon and Parul Sharma
24-31 minutes
Volume I
ISBN: 9770976605004
Foreword
India is well known for its biodiversity. However, the full potential of
medicinal plants has not been significantly exploited for drug
development. As per reports only about 70 per cent of the flora has
been investigated. Moreover, there is a global awareness of the
role of plant based I derived drugs in therapeutics.
Recommendations for an integrative system of medicine are
pouring in. The main impediment in the popularity of herbal drugs is
the inadequacy and non availability of authentic methods of their
standardization and this has been emphasized at various national
and international levels. To address this issue ICMR has initiated a
programme of development of 'Quality Standards of lndian
Medicinal Plants' in 2001 and is continuing till date. Though a
standard TLCIHPTC/HPLC/finger print can serve the purpose, the
method of standardization becomes more authentic when a
Phytochemical Reference Standard (PRS) is used along with.
Ideally, a PRS should be therapeutically active compound but in
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majority of the plant based drugs, therapeutic activity is attributed to
a number of phytoconstituents present in the plant. Under such
circumstances where single therapeutically active compound has
not been identified, any compound unique to the plant or major
phytochemical constituent which can be helpful in developing assay
method can be used as PRS. International agencies like World
Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Industrial Development
Organization (UNIDO), International Centre for Science and High
Technology (ICS) and Asia Pacific Centre for Transfer of
Technology (APCTT) have also emphasized the need of herbal
drug standardization using a PRS. Availability of the PRS is,
therefore, essential for standardization of any plant extract. A need
for PRS has been realized not only by plant based traditional
medicine practitioners but also by Indian Pharmacopoeial
Commission, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial Committee and the
National Medicinal Plant Board. With this background, a
programme has been initiated to prepare a repository of PRS
(markers), which can be made available to the users on commercial
or non commercial basis. To meet this goal a laboratory with
expertise in isolation techniques of natural products was a
prerequisite. To start with Agharkar Research Institute, Pune has
been selected for the purpose and information on first thirty PRS is
presented in this volume. These PRS are isolated from the plants,
correctly identified by the taxonomists. The isolated PRS are being
chemically characterized with the help of modem analytical
techniques (lR, NMR, MS). A herbarium sheet of each of these
plants is also maintained along with the repository.
I appreciate the efforts of Chairman and the members of the
committee viz., Scientific Advisory Group, the Task Force and the
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Technical Review Committee in strengthening this process. The
role played by the researchers at Agharkar Research Institute,
Pune in executing this programme is commendable.
Preface
It is well known that majority of the world population (nearly four
billion) relies on the plant based drugs for health care. The efficacy
and safety of these drugs depend largely on their authenticity and
quality. Thus effective methods of standardization and quality
control of the plant drugs as well as of these extracts are
necessary.
To address this issue, Indian Council of Medical Research initiated
a programme for laying down Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal
Plants. Special emphasis was laid on chromatographic finger
printing of the extracts and assay using phytochemical reference
standard as one of the parameters of identity, purity and quality
under this programme. Eight volumes of 'Quality Standards of
Indian Medicinal Plants' have come out so far from this work
covering a total of 274 plants. The publications are well received by
Indian Pharmacopoeial Commission, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial
Committee, researchers,pharmaceutical industries in India and
United States Pharmacopoeial convention, USA.
Since the process of chromatographic fingerprinting and assay
method depend on the phytochemical reference standard (PRS)
compounds, it was thought worthwhile to have a repository of these
PRS. Accordingly, a project on 'Generation of Phytochemical
Reference Standards (PRS) and the Development of Repository for
PRS of Indian Medicinal Plants' was initiated by ICMR at Agharkar
Research Institute, Pune in 2007 with specific focus on the
development of methods to isolate the PRS in sufficient quantities
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in pure form and fully characterize them by generating all the
necessary physico-chemical and spectral data. UV- VIS, IR, IH MR
and i3C MR spectra of each PRS have been incorporated for the
convenience of those who intend to isolate PRS on their own and
want to confirm the authenticity of the isolated PRS by comparison
with the given spectral data. Mass spectral data are also presented
in some cases.
Isolation of thirty PRS compounds from some frequently used
medicinal plants has been completed so far. Monographs of these
PRS are presented in this volume. It is hoped that the effort of
ICMR will be useful to all stakeholders involved in developing
pharmacopoeial standards, industrial houses within the country and
abroad in providing quality plant raw material, ASU drug industry
and state drug laboratories engaged in quality control of ASU
drugs, practitioners of indigenous systems of medicine,
academicians, researchers and health professionals as well as for
the regulatory authorities and Indian Pharmacopoeial Commission.
Hopefully, the programme of generation of markers will continue
and we will have a state of the art repository of PRS.
Introduction
Plant based drugs are being increasingly used in recent times all
over the world. However, their standardization has become a matter
of great concern in getting a wider acceptance for them. Further,
non-availability of genuine Phytochemical Reference Standards
(PRS) puts a serious limitation in the process of standardization.
For this purpose the concerned stakeholders would be in need of
the detailed procedure of isolation of PRS with all spectral data
needed for their correct identification and characterization.
To address this, Medicinal Plants Unit of the Indian Council of
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Medical Research has initiated a programme for generation of PRS
for some frequently used Indian medicinal plants. Under this
programme, simple procedure for isolation of the PRS has been
adopted making appropriate modifications in the method reported in
the literature. The quantification of PRS in the plant part used was
also meticulously carried out. Special emphasis has been laid on
complete characterization of the PRS by recording the physico-
chemical and spectral data. Extensive use of spectral methods like
UV- VIS, IR, IH NMR and i3C NMR spectroscopy have been made
for this purpose. Incorporation of the original spectra and their
interpretation was also thought to be useful for the stakeholders.
Besides this, a comprehensive literature search was carried out
and all other chemical constituents are listed to give a clear idea
about the complexity of the extract. Illustrations of chromatographic
fingerprinting of the plant extract with the isolated PRS using TLC
and HPLC have been given. The profiling by gas chromatography
was also carried out for the volatile PRS.
Information on the other plant sources yielding the same PRS can
also be of interest in certain situations. Such information was also
generated and included under each monograph. Based on all these
data, monographs of 30 PRS compounds are presented in this
volume. The monographs are compiled and presented in the
standard format as follows:
Generic name and the IUPAC name of the PRS.
Structure of the PRS.
Plant species, along with its family, and its part used for the
isolation.
Photographs of the plant and plant part used.
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Occurrence of the PRS in other plants as reported in the literature.
Detailed procedure for the isolation of the PRS.
Characterization of the PRS
Physical data: Nature of the PRS, mp/bp, optical rotation and
solubility in different solvents.
Data on molecular formula, molecular weight and elemental
composition.
UV- VIS, IR, IH NMR and i3C NMR spectral data along with original
spectrum and detailed interpretation. Mass spectral data are also
presented in some cases.
Chromatographic finger printing of the plant material with reference
to the PRS
Reported major and other chemical constituents are listed.
Structure of important chemical constituents are presented.
Details of TLC studies with reference to PRS are given along with
representative chromatograms.
Details of HPLC assay of total plant extract with reference to the
PRS are given along with representative chromatograms.
GC profile, wherever applicable, is also given with representative
chromatograms.
List of all the relevant references is provided.
Relevant appendices giving materials and methods (Appendix I),
extraction methods (Appendix II), separation techniques used
(Appendix III) and indices on chemical constituents (Index I) and
botanical names of plants (Index II) are given at the end.
Contents
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Foreword V
Preface VII
Acknowledgements VIII
Introduction IX
Monographs:
1 Alizarin 1
2 Aloin 10
3 Bergapten 19
4 Betulin 32
5 Carvone 48
6 Cedrol 59
7 Colchicine 75
8 Curcumin 84
9 Diosgenin 93
10 Ellagic acid 105
11 Emodin 119
12 Eugenol 129
13 Gardenin A 143
14 Gentianine 152
15 Imperatorin (Marmelosin) 161
16 Jasmone 172
17 Karanjin 184
18 Nimbin 192
19 Palasonin 202
20 Proscillaridin A 211
21 Protopine 218
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22 Pseudopelletierine 230
23 Purpurin 240
24 Rutin 249
25 a-Santonin 266
26 Scopoletin 275
27 Swertiamarin 293
28 Taraxerol 305
29 N,N,N',N'-Tetramethylholarrhimine 319
30 Trigonelline Hydrochloride 329
Appendices
I Materials and methods 341
II Extraction methods 343
III Separation techniques used 344
Indices
I Chemical constituents 347
I Botanical names 357
Volume II
ISBN: 9770976605004
Foreword
Phytochemical Reference Standards (PRS) have a special status in
standardization of herbal drugs. Ideally the PRS should be a
therapeutically active compound. However in majority of the plant
based drugs, the therapeutically active compounds have not been
identified. Under such circumstances any compound unique to the
plant or major phytochemical constituent which can be helpful in
developing assay method can be used as a PRS. International
agencies like World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations
Phytochemical Reference Standards of Selected Indian Medicinal Plants about:reader?url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/phytoche...
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Industrial Development Organization (UNIOO), International Centre
for Science and High Technology (ICS) and Asia Pacific Centre for
Transfer of Technology (APCTT) have also emphasized the need
for herbal drug standardization to develop safe and efficacious
drugs. TLC and HPLC fingerprint profiles of the plant extracts can
be worked out with the help of the suitable PRS. Availability of the
PRS is, therefore, an important requirement of the herbal drugs
standardization. A need for PRS has been realized not only by
herbal drug industries but also by Indian Pharmacopoeial
Commission, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial Committee and the
National Medicinal Plant Board. With this background, a
programme was initiated to isolate the PRS from the selected
medicinal plants, optimize the procedure of isolation and
characterize them completely. Information on first thirty marker
compounds was presented in the first volume on 'Phytochemical
Reference Standards of Selected Indian Medicinal Plants' brought
out in 2010. It was greatly appreciated and well received in India
and abroad by all those actively involved in the field.
Encouraged by the response, efforts to characterize the PRS were
continued with much more vigor which resulted into the preparation
of next thirty monographs presented in this volume which is second
in the series. The role played by the researchers at Agharkar
Research Institute, Pune and Natural Remedies Private Limited,
Bangalore is praiseworthy in bringing out this volume. I appreciate
the efforts of the Chairman and the members of the various
Committees viz., Scientific Advisory Group, the Task Force and the
Technical Review Committee.
I hope that this volume will be well-received by the active
researchers and the personnel involved in pharmacopoeial
Phytochemical Reference Standards of Selected Indian Medicinal Plants about:reader?url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/phytoche...
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standards and industrial houses within the country and abroad.
Preface
Emphasis of the world has shifted to the plant based drugs in the
last few decades. These drugs are manufactured by different
industrial houses all over the world. In fact, many industries located
in different parts of the world are involved in the manufacture of the
same drugs. Authentication, standardization and quality control of
these drugs attain a paramount importance in such situations.
To address this issue, Indian Council of Medical Research initiated
a programme for laying down Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal
Plants. Nine volumes of Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal
Plants have come out so far from this work covering a total of 309
plants. The publications have been appreciated not only by the
academic institutions but also by industrial houses and
Pharmacopoeial Commissions.
The methods standardized involved the chromatographic
fingerprinting of the plant extracts with reference to a suitable
marker compound usually designated as 'Phytochemical Reference
Standard (PRS)’. Availability of PRS, thus, becomes a key factor in
carrying out the standardization. Realizing this, a new programme
on generation of PRS was initiated by ICMR five years ago with
specific focus on the development of methods to isolate the PRS in
sufficient quantities in pure form and fully characterize them by
generating all the necessary physio-chemical and spectral data.
UV- VIS, IR, IHNMR and i3C NMR spectra of each PRS have been
incorporated for the convenience of those who intend to isolate
PRS on their own and want to confirm the authenticity of the
isolated PRS by comparison with the given spectral data. Mass
spectral data are also presented in some cases. Further a
Phytochemical Reference Standards of Selected Indian Medicinal Plants about:reader?url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/phytoche...
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repository of the isolated compounds is also being developed for
these reference standards. Monographs of the first thirty PRS were
published in 2010 in the first volume of 'Phytochemical Reference
Standards of Selected Indian Medicinal Plants'. This book was also
well received in India and abroad. This enhanced confidence of
regulatory authorities in this programme and ICMR tried to
strengthen this programme further. The result of these efforts is the
present second volume of 'Phytochemical Reference Standards of
Selected Indian Medicinal Plants' covering another thirty
monographs.
It is hoped that this volume will be found useful by the stakeholders
involved in developing pharmacopoeial standards, industrial houses
within the country and abroad in providing quality plant raw
material.
Preparation of the third volume in the series is in progress.
Contents
Foreword V
Preface VII
Acknowledgements VIII
Introduction IX
Contents of Volume I (Phytochemical Reference Standards
Covered)XI
Monographs:
1 Amarogentin 1
2 Arjunetin 13
3 Arjungenin 23
4 Asclepin 34
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5 Asiatic acid 43
6 Bacopaside X 55
7 Bacoside A 68
8 Bacosine 81
9 Bassic acid 93
10 Betaine 103
11 Capsaicin 113
12 Echinocystic acid 123
13 Galangin 133
14 Genistein 145
15 -Gingero 157
16 Hayatin 167
17 Hecogenin 177
18 Hederagenin 188
19 Hesperidin 199
20 Indican 212
21 Malkanguniol 221
22 Naringin 231
23 Neriifolin 243
24 Parkinsonin A 253
25 -Shogaol 262
26 Tecoside 272
27 Valerenic acid 280
28 Voacangine 290
29 Withanolide A 302
30 Withanoside IV 313
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Appendices
I Materials and methods 327
II Extraction method 329
III Separation techniques used 329
IVPhytochemical reference standards (PRS) alloacted to
participating institutions333
Indices
I Chemical constituents 335
II Botanical names 349
Volume III
ISBN: 97709766050024
Foreword
Phytochemical Reference Standards (PRS) have a special status in
standardization of herbal drugs. Ideally the PRS should be a
therapeutically active compound. However in majority of the plant
based drugs, the therapeutically active compounds have not been
identified. Under such circumstances any compound unique to the
plant or major phytochemical constituent which can be helpful in
developing assay method can be used as a PRS. International
agencies like World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations
Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), International Centre
for Science and High Technology (lCS) and Asia Pacific Centre for
Transfer of Technology (APCTT) have also emphasized the need
for herbal drug standardization. TLC and / or HPLC fingerprint
profile of the plant extracts can be worked out with the help of the
suitable PRS. Availability of the PRS is, therefore, an important
requirement of the herbal drugs standardization. A need for PRS
has been realized not only by herbal drug industries but also by
Phytochemical Reference Standards of Selected Indian Medicinal Plants about:reader?url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/phytoche...
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Indian Pharmacopoeial Commission, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial
Committee and the National Medicinal Plant Board. With this
background, a programme was initiated to isolate the PRS from the
selected medicinal plants, optimize the procedure of isolation and
characterize them completely. Information on sixty PRS was
presented in the earlier published two volumes on 'Phytochemical
Reference Standards of Selected Indian Medicinal Plants'. It was
greatly appreciated and well received in India and abroad by all
those actively involved in the field.
Encouraged by the response, efforts to characterize the PRS were
continued with much more vigor which resulted into the preparation
of next thirty monographs. These monographs are presented in the
present third volume. These phytochemical reference standards
isolated from the plants were correctly identified by the
taxonomists. A voucher specimen of each of these plants is also
maintained.
The role played by the researchers at Agharkar Research Institute,
Pune and Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore is praiseworthy in
bringing out this volume. I appreciate the efforts of the Chairman
and the members of the various Committees viz., Scientific
Advisory Group, the Task Force and the Technical Review
Committee.
I hope that this volume will be well-received by the active
researchers and the personnel involved in pharmacopoeial
standards and industrial houses within the country and abroad.
Preface
Emphasis of the world has shifted to the plant based drugs in the
last few decades. These drugs are manufactured by different
Phytochemical Reference Standards of Selected Indian Medicinal Plants about:reader?url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/phytoche...
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industrial houses all over the world. In fact, many industries located
in different comers of the world are involved in the manufacture of
the same drugs. Authentication, standardization and quality control
of these drugs attain a paramount importance in such situations.
Indian Council of Medical Research realized this requirement and
initiated a programme on development of quality standards for
Indian medicinal plants. These efforts resulted into the publication
of twelve volumes of 'Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants'.
More than 400 medicinal plants are covered in these volumes.
These volumes have been appreciated not only by the academic
institutions but also by industrial houses and Pharmacopoeial
commissions.
The methods standardized involved the chromatographic
fingerprinting of the plant extracts with reference to a suitable
marker compound usually designated as 'Phytochemical Reference
Standard (PRS),. Availability of PRS, thus, becomes a key factor in
carrying out the standardization. Realizing this new programme on
generation of marker compounds was initiated by ICMR seven
years ago. PRS from selected Indian Medicinal Plants were
isolated and completely characterized under this programme.
Further a repository of the isolated compounds is also being
developed for reference. Monographs of the 60 PRS were
published in the earlier two volumes of 'Phytochemical Reference
Standards of Selected Indian Medicinal Plants'. These volumes
were well received both in India and abroad. United States
Pharmacopoeia appreciated the two volumes in their annual
meeting held in Hyderabad. This enhanced confidence of
regulatory authorities in this programme and ICMR tried to
strengthen this programme further. The result of these efforts is the
Phytochemical Reference Standards of Selected Indian Medicinal Plants about:reader?url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/phytoche...
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present third volume of 'Phytochemical Reference Standards of
Selected Indian Medicinal Plants' covering another thirty
monographs.
It is hoped that this volume will be found useful by the stakeholders
involved in developing pharmacopoeial standards, industrial houses
within the country and abroad in providing quality plant raw
material.
Preparation of fourth volume in the series is in progress.
Contents
Foreword V
Preface VII
Acknow ledgements VIII
Introduction IX
Contents of Volume I (Phytochemical Reference Standards
Covered)XI
Contents of Volume II (Phytochemical Reference Standards
Covered)XII
Monographs:
1 Adifoline 1
2 Agnuside 10
3 a-Asarone 22
4 Bacopaside I 32
5 Boeravinone B 46
6 a-Boswellic acid 56
7 b-Boswellic acid 66
8 Cajanol 77
9 Chebulinic acid 86
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10 Cirsilineol 97
11 Corilagin 109
12 Corosolic acid 121
13 2',3'-Dehydrosalannol 136
14 Demethoxycurcumin 147
15 (- )-Epigallocatechin-3-o-gallate 158
16 d-Fenchone 171
17 Ferulic acid 187
18 Gymnemagenin 199
19 Harmaline 210
20 Hexahydrocurcumin 220
21 Hypophyllanthin 231
22 Mahanimbine 241
23 Maslinic acid 252
24 Neoandrographolide 265
25 Norepinephrine 275
26 Picroside II 284
27 Pulegone 296
28 Randialic acid B 313
29 Rebaudioside A 323
30 Xanthinin 336
Appendices
I Materials and methods 347
II Extraction methods 349
III Separation techniques used 350
IV Phytochemical reference standards (PRS) allocated to 353
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participating institutions
Indices
I Chemical constituents 355
II Botanical names 373
Sample Pages
Volume I
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Volume II
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Volume III
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