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5/12/2018 Phytoremediation in Waste Management - slidepdf.com
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Presented by-
Robin Shah
BE Biotechnology, Roll no. 39
Dept. of Biotechnology, SCOE
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Outline of the seminar
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What is Pollution?
Pollution is an undesirable change in the
physical, chemical or biological characteristics
of our air, land, and water that may or will
harmfully affect human life or that of
desirable species, our industrial processes,
living conditions, and cultural assets (Odum,
1971).
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Health Hazards of Pollution
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Soil and GroundWater Contaminants
Petroleum
hydrocarbons
Chlorinated
solventsPesticides
Metals Radionuclides Explosives
Excess
Nutrients
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Phytoremediation
Phytoremediation is an emerging technology which uses
plants and their associated rhizospheric microorganisms to
remove, degrade, or contain chemical contaminants located in
the soil, sediments, groundwater, surface water, and even theatmosphere.
Plant species are selected for phytoremediation based on their
potential to evapotranspirate groundwater , the degradativeenzymes they produce, their growth rates and yield, the depth
of their root zone, and their ability to bioaccumulate
contaminants.
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Mechanism of Phytoremediation
Phytoextraction
Phytovolatization
Phytodegradation
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Phytoextraction
Phytoextraction is the uptake and storage of
pollutants in the plants stem or leaves.
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Phytovolatization
Phytovolatization is the uptake and vaporization
of pollutants by a plant.
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Phytodegradation
Phytodegradation is plants metabolizing
pollutants.
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Strategies
Phytoremediation is more than just planting and letting the foliage grow; the sitemust be engineered to prevent erosion and flooding and maximize pollutantuptake.
There are 3 main planting techniques for phytoremediation:
Growing plants on the land, like crops. This technique is most useful when thecontaminant is within the plant root zone, typically 3 - 6 feet (EcologicalEngineering, 1997), or the tree root zone, typically 10-15 feet (T. Crossman, personal communication, November 18, 1997).
Growing plants in water (aquaculture).Water from deeper aquifers can be pumped out of the ground and circulated through a "reactor" of plants and then
used in an application where it is returned to the earth (e.g. irrigation).
Growing trees on the land and constructing wells through which tree roots cangrow. This method can remediate deeper aquifers in-situ. The wells provide anartery for tree roots to grow toward the water and form a root system in thecapillary fringe (M.Wagner, personal communications, September, 1997).
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Partial listing of plants and chemicals they can
remediate
Plant ChemicalsArabidopsis Mercury
Bladder campion Zinc, Copper
Brassica family (Indian Mustard & Broccoli)
Selenium, Sulfur, Lead, Cadmium, Chromium, Nickel, Zinc,
Copper, Cesium, Strontium
Buxaceae (boxwood) Nickel
Compositae family Cesium, Strontium
Euphorbiaceae Nickel
Tomato plant Lead, Zinc, Copper
Trees in the Populusgenus (Poplar, Cottonwood)
Pesticides, Atrazine, Trichloroethylene (TCE), Carbon tetrachloride,
Nitrogen compounds, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-
trinitro-1,3,5 triazine (RDX)
Pennycress Zinc, Cadmium
Sunflower Cesium, Strontium, Uranium
genus Lemna(Duckweed) Explosives wastes
Parrot feather Explosives wastes
Pondweed, arrowroot, coontail TNT, RDX
Perennial rye grass Polychlorinatedphenyls (PCP's), polyaromatichydrocarbons (PAH's)
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Case StudiesAt the Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth, phytoremediation is being used
to clean up trichloroethylene (TCE) from a shallow, thin aerobic aquifer. Cottonwoodsare being used, and after 1 year, the trees are beginning to show signs of taking the TCE
out of the aquifer. (Betts, 1997)
At the Iowa Army Ammunitions Plant, phytoremediation is being used as a polishing
treatment for exposive-contaminated soil and groundwater. The demonstration, which
ended in March, used native aquatic plant and hybrid poplars to remediate the site where
an estimated 1-5% of the original pollutants still remain. A full scale project is estimated
to reduce the contamination by an order of magnitude (Betts, 1997).
After using phytoremediation on a site contaminated with hydrocarbons, a site was
granted closure by the Alabama Department of Environmental Management. The site
involved about 1500 cubic yards of soil, and began with approximately 70% of the
baseline samples containing over 100 ppm of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH). After 1
year of vegetative cover, approximately 83% of the samples contained less than 10 ppm
TPH (T. Crossman, personal communication, November 18, 1997). This site was
managed by Geraghty and Miller.
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Advantages1. Aesthetically pleasing.
2. Solar driven.
3. Works with metals and slightly hydrophobic compounds, including many
organics.
4. Can stimulate bioremediation in the soil closely associated with the plant root.
Plants can stimulate microorganisms through the release of nutrients and thetransport of oxygen to their roots.
5. Relatively inexpensive - phytoremediation can cost as little as $10 - $100 per
cubic yard whereas metal washing can cost $30 - $300 per cubic yard
(Wantanbe, 1997).
6. Even if the plants are contaminated and unusable, the resulting ash is
approximately 20-30 tons per 5000 tons soil (Black, 1997).
7. Having ground cover on property reduces exposure risk to the community (i.e.
lead).
8. Planting vegetation on a site also reduces erosion by wind and water.
9. Can leave usable topsoil intact.
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Disadvantages1. Can take many growing seasons to clean up a site.
2. Plants have short roots. They can clean up soil or groundwater near the surface
in-situ, typically 3 - 6 feet (Ecological Engineering, 1997), but cannot remediate
deep aquifers without further design work .
3. Trees have longer roots and can clean up slightly deeper contamination than
plants, typically 10-15 feet (T. Crossman, personal communication, November 18, 1997), but cannot remediate deep aquifers without further design work.
4. Trees roots grow in the capillary fringe, but do not extend deep in to the aquifer.
5. Plants that absorb toxic materials may contaminant the food chain.
6. Volatization of compounds can transform a groundwater pollution problem to an
air pollution problem.
7. Returning the water to the earth after aquaculture must be permitted.
8. Less efficient for hydrophobic contaminants, which bind tightly to soil.
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Conclusion
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ReferencesWright, A. G. and Roe, A (1997). Focus on Environment.http:/www.enr.com/NEW/waste.htm. September 9, 1997.
Phytoremediation by Kelly E. Belz.
Phytoremediation: Plant-Based Systems for Contaminant Removal from SoilDr. E. Kudjo Dzantor, University of Maryland and Dr. Robert Beauchamp,
University of Maryland University College
Phytoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Amanda Van Epps (August 2006)
www.wikipedia .com
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