PIA 2501PIA 2501

Development Policy and Management

Week Two: The Nature of the Debate

John Rapley, Caribbean SpecialistJohn Rapley, Caribbean Specialist

John Rapley- Keynesian, Research Associate -International Growth Centre, London School of Economicsand Political Science

Picard and BussPicard and Buss

Terry Buss, Professor of International Development at Carnegie Mellon University, Adelade, Australia

Picard and BussPicard and Buss

The Other Author in Uganda 1966

Not a Wise Move

Discussion:

1. Picard and Buss, Chapters 1 and 2

2. Rapley, Chapters 1 and 2

ReadingReading

Next Week’s Discussion (with Picard)

1. Theroux, “Tarzan is anExpatriate”

2.Orwell, “Shooting the Elephant“

http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2935389?uid=3739864&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21102548503801

Paul Theroux, Tarzan is an ExpatriatePaul Theroux, Tarzan is an Expatriate

http://orwell.ru/library/articles/elephant/english/e_eleph

George Orwell, Shooting an ElephantGeorge Orwell, Shooting an Elephant

Online Linkages

A Request

Please ask questions and contribute to

discussion

New York TimesNew York Times

South Sudan, 4000 Killed 2011

January 2012 Close to 10,000 for the year

January, 2015,Now likely over30,000 people

Over 1000,000Internal and External Refugees

BACK TO SUDAN: THE SITUATION TODAY

Major ThemesMajor Themes

I. The Situation Today

II. The Impact of Colonialism

III. Twentieth Century Authoritarianism

IV. The End of Colonialism

V. Keynesianism and the “Western” Development Model

THE NATURE OF THE DEBATETHE NATURE OF THE DEBATE

I. The Situation Today

The World Today?The World Today?

Development as a Concept: The Development as a Concept: The ProblemProblem

The industrialized countries, which accounted for 40 percent of the world's population after World War II, now account for only 20 percent, though they earn 85 percent of the world's income.

At Issue:At Issue:

In the coming decades, the industrialized world is expected to make up only 12 to 15 percent of the planetary population, as 90 to 95 percent of all births take place in the poorest countries.

“I [see] around the world-poverty, the collapse of cities, porous borders, cultural and racial strife, growing economic disparities, weakening nation-states--We are not in control...” (Robert Kaplan)

Robert D. Kaplan: Is Robert D. Kaplan: Is Governance the Answer?Governance the Answer?

Author of the WeekAuthor of the Week Robert D. Kaplan Robert D. Kaplan

Robert D. Kaplan (born in 1952)) is an American journalist. He is currently an editor for the Atlantic Monthly. His writings have also been featured in the Washington Post, the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal, among other newspapers and publications. He is known for his controversial essays about the nature of U.S. power have spurred debate in academia, the media, and the highest levels of government. A frequent theme in his work is the re-emergence of cultural and historical tensions temporarily suspended during the Cold War. He has traveled to and reported on more than 80 countries.

Development as a Concept: The ImageDevelopment as a Concept: The Image

Robert Kaplan’s view:

Economic and social development is “generally cruel, painful, violent, and uneven…”

The Answer: Good Governance

The Ends of the Earth ArgumentThe Ends of the Earth Argument

Certain countries are separating and being separated from the world economy.◦Much of Africa except (perhaps) Egypt and

Southern Africa

◦Parts of Indian sub-continent- Burma, Nepal, Sri Lanka- Central Asia

◦Parts of the non-Oil Middle East◦Parts of South East Asia-Cambodia and Laos◦ ◦Parts of Central/South America and the

Balkans

Development as a Concept: The Development as a Concept: The ControversyControversy

“some nations, including the United States, may be retreating into a fortress like nationalism…”

Robert Kaplan, “Ends of the Earth”

argument

An Important ReferenceAn Important Reference

Robert Kaplan, The Ends of the Earth: A Journey at the Dawn of the 21st Century (New York: Random House: 1996).

The ArgumentThe Argument

For Those Interested in Poverty

(New York: Oxford University Press, 2007)

One Solution Debated. One Solution Debated.

Discussion: Bright Kids Enterprises Discussion: Bright Kids Enterprises micro-lending fund. Sales now have micro-lending fund. Sales now have $1,000.00 in loans circulating in $1,000.00 in loans circulating in UgandaUganda

The Bottom Billion Fund?

VIDEO

PicardPicard’’s Perspective s Perspective (A Very Serious Guy)(A Very Serious Guy)

History is Important

Culture Defines Choices

Start with empirical reality and normative choices follow

Regional Analysis is Important

Governance is a Necessary but not sufficient factor

II. The Impact of ColonialismII. The Impact of Colonialism

Quote of the Quote of the DayDay

Okot p’Bitek—Uganda novelist

“Foreign ‘Experts’ and Peace Corps swarm the Country Like white

Ants.” (Transition Magazine,  No. 32 published in September 1967)

Picard read in Masaka Uganda, when it was first published. He was a Peace Corps volunteer teacher at the time.

How Did We Get to this Point?How Did We Get to this Point?

Historical Structures

◦Overseas colonial structures,

◦land-based colonialism,

◦post-colonial society

Problems of Defining Development and Modernization Theory

Colonial Underdevelopment Argument

The Impact of Colonialism: PeriodsThe Impact of Colonialism: Periods1. Age of Exploration- 1500-1650

2. Early Colonialism- Mercantilism-1650-1970

3. De Jure or Formal Colonialism- 1870-1960

4. Old vs. New Colonialism( New 1929))

5. Land Based Colonial Empires (Turkey, Russia, Austria- Hungary, Germany)

6. De Facto (Neo) Colonialism (Persia, Siam, Abyssinia)

7. Authoritarianism and the End of Empire (1930s-1940s)

8. Decolonization after WWII (1948-1980)

9. Nationalism, Independence and Theories of Development (1960-1983)

Age of ExplorationAge of Exploration

Overseas Colonial Structures, Values, Overseas Colonial Structures, Values, (1500-1960) and Post-Colonial Society(1500-1960) and Post-Colonial Society

1. Age of Expansion: 1500-1700. Extraction and Exploration. Dominated by Spain, Portugal and later Holland

2. Overseas colonialism (Mercantilism Phase-1700-1863- French and British)

The creation of external trade patterns and government expenditures directed toward the development of an export economyWorld War- Seven Years War (French and Indian War, in North America)

3. “De Jure” colonialism: After 1856Legal and internationally recognized formal control of government structures when trade, economic and governmental sectors of a society are formally or legally controlled by another country

MercentilismMercentilism

Triangular TradeTriangular Trade

Cecil Rhodes

Colonial Structures, Values, and Post-Colonial Structures, Values, and Post-Colonial Society (1500-1950)Colonial Society (1500-1950)

4. “Old Colonialism” vs. “New Colonialism” (after 1920)

a. Early colonial development focused on infrastructure to support export and import trade

b. Human resource development was neglected

c. ideology of Free trade that masked a reality which developed markets for mother country goods and provided raw materials for industrial production (Colonial Preference)

d. New Colonialism- Modernization and Westernization (1920-1950)

The ImagesThe Images

Early Colonial Control: The Colonial Early Colonial Control: The Colonial PrefectPrefect- World Wide- World Wide

Named the district officer, magistrate, landrost, district commissioner, the commandant, the collector (Asia, Africa, Middle East, East Europe)

By contrast, administration was Functional in Spanish Latin America, Philippines, and in some Neo-Colonial systems—no prefect

Government expenditure was limited to the military and police prior to 1920s

The Colonial Governor (The Prefect The Colonial Governor (The Prefect Model)Model)

Land Based ColonialismLand Based Colonialism

5. European Empires

Do the terms colonialism and underdevelopment work for Eastern Europe, the CIS, Central Asia and the Caucasus?

Administrative structures were similar to those of overseas colonialism

After 1989, These are often labeled “Transitional States”

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

VIDEOVIDEO

De Facto vs. Neo-ColonialismDe Facto vs. Neo-Colonialism

6. De Facto ColonialismNo formal legal ties but in practice

power relationships between colonial powers and puppet regimes◦Thailand, China, Persia, Nepal, the Arabian

Peninsula, and Afghanistan, much of Latin America after the 1850s

◦Liberia and Ethiopia

◦Parallel between formal colonial systems and informal influence

◦Neo-colonialism after 1960

III. Twentieth Century III. Twentieth Century AuthoritarianismAuthoritarianism

Authoritarianism, the Authoritarianism, the ““NewNew”” Colonialism and the End of Colonialism and the End of EmpiresEmpires

Totalitarianism? Fascism and Communism.

Nationalism and Development- Nationalism and Development- ““Five Five Minute” HistoryMinute” History

1. Neo-Nationalism- Royalist Conservatism in Europe and Asia

2. Corporatism Fascism3. Socialism/Communism4. Keynesianism5. New Orthodoxy- Structural

Adjustment(Next Week)

Central European Corporatism:Central European Corporatism:Socialism and Fascism WWIISocialism and Fascism WWII

1. Dominant Nationalism

2. Absence of Renaissance: Central Europe

3. Multi-ethnicity and land based expansion

4. Revolutionary Transformation and Collapse in the 20th Century

5. Primacy of the Party under “National Socialism”

6. Prefectoral Model of local state: Party Authority

7. Promoted a Mobilizing and social engineering model of state transformation

Break TimeBreak Time

TEN MINUTE BREAK

Japan: Nationalism and the Japan: Nationalism and the End of EmpireEnd of Empire

Asians Looked to Model of Japan prior to World War II (Toland Book)

Nationalism developed in the 1930s and 1940s throughout much of the colonial world including much of central and Eastern Europe. It had four variations.

Japan and the History of Development Japan and the History of Development (Toland, The Rising Sun): Two Questions(Toland, The Rising Sun): Two Questions

What was the Pre-War Japanese Government view of Colonialism in Asia?

Why is Japan Important in the development of nationalism in Africa and Asia?

◦For Further Reading: Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (New York: Harper Collins, 2000).

““Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity SphereSphere”” (model for LDC Nationalism) (model for LDC Nationalism)

Neo-Nationalism in Europe and Latin America Neo-Nationalism in Europe and Latin America (1930s) (1930s)

António de Oliveira Salazar (1932)- Portuguese Overseas Territories

Franco and the Spanish Civil WarPeronism (Juan Peron: Argentina 1944)Impact of the functions of government

◦Territorial Governors appointed by the President (Prefects)

◦The importance of Military control in regions -Spanish Military Governors called Presidencies

António de Oliveira Salazar, “ Supreme Leader” of Portugal, 1932-1970

““The LeadersThe Leaders”” Argentina and Spain Argentina and Spain

Juan and Eva Peron and Francisco Franco

Neo-Nationalism in Latin America Neo-Nationalism in Latin America (1940s)(1940s)

Patronage (The Universal Problem)

◦Legalistic basis of governance in principle◦ ◦Clientalist, class or mass based appeal, charisma

◦Community level political culture: “localismo” inward looking villages and communities

Further Reading on Latin AmericaFurther Reading on Latin America

Kenneth J. Andrien, The Kingdom of Quito: The State and Regional Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

 Peter S. Cleaves, Bureaucratic Politics and

Administration in Chile (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974).

 Keith Griffin, Underdevelopment in Spanish America:

An Interpretation (London: Geoge Allen, 1969) Jack Hopkins, (ed.) Latin America: Perspectives on a

Region (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1987).  Howard J. Wiarda, Politics and social change in Latin

America : still a distinct tradition? (Boulder : Westview Press, 1992).

Socialism and Fascism: Legacy WWIISocialism and Fascism: Legacy WWII

Some have used the term “Totalitarianism”

Provided models for Corporatist “Development”

Legacy of Imperial and Socialist Land Based Empires (Germany, Russia, Austria and Turkey)

Corporatist and Commandist Variations

From Middle Class Nationalism to From Middle Class Nationalism to Mass MovementsMass Movements

World War II led to the collapse of over seas empiresBegins Japanese imperialism and Asian nationalismThe Atlantic Treaty and self-determinismTwo patterns:

◦ Gandhi and non-violence and ◦ Sukarno, Ho Chi Minh and violent resistance or revolution

The Beginning ofthe Development Era

IV. The End of Colonialism- Decolonization after World War Two