PIANC-InCom-WG27 Considerations to Reduce Environmental Impacts to Vessels WG27 Report No. 99, 2008 Sandra Knight US Commissioner PIANC July 15, 2009

PIANC-InCom-WG27

“Considerations to Reduce Environmental Impacts to Vessels”

WG27Report No. 99, 2008

Sandra Knight

US Commissioner PIANC

July 15, 2009

PIANC-InCom-WG27

PIANC WG27 Membership

2 naval engineers, 3 civil engineers, 3 ecologists, 2 representatives (INCOM ENVICOM), 6 Meetings from Feb. 2003 / Brussels - Feb. 2006 / London

2 editorial meetings, published 2008

Bernhard Söhngen (Chairman) German Waterways Eng. and Res. Center Jochen Koop (Vice Chairman) Federal Institute of Hydrology, GermanySandra Knight (InCom-Representative National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationJorma Rythönen (EnviCom- Represent.) VTT Industrial Systems, FinlandPaul Beckwith British Waterways, Head of EnvironmentNicola Ferravi Servici Technici, ItalyJose Iribarren SIPORT XXI, SpainThomas Keevin U.S. Army Corps of Engineering, St. LouisChristian Wolter Institute for freshwater ecology and fisheriesStephen Maynord (corresponding) USACE ERDC Vicksburg

PIANC-InCom-WG27

WG27 - structure of the report1 Introduction 2 Technical Fact Files (impact cascade, ship types, propulsion systems, primary wave field, secondary waves, propeller jet and scouring, order of magnitude of relevant impacts)

3 Ecological Fact Files (systems - lakes, rivers, pools, canals; species - plants, invertebrates, fish, mammals, birds, amphibians)

4 Relevant Impacts (impact ranking according to systems & taxa, thresholds)

5 Decision Making (incl. ecological relevance check, recommended mitigations)

6 Mitigation Measures (adapted vessel design, adapted fairway design, rules to navigation, modified revetments, alternative bank protections, island creation)

7 Conclusions 8 Glossary 9 Cited LiteratureAppendix I: Case Studies (tolerable wave height for Lower Havel River, Upper Mississippi navigation studies, Montgomery Canal)

Appendix II: Waterway Management Guide

Short portrait of WG 27 – report

Top - down - approach

Bottom - up - approach

Basis: Impact Cascade

PIANC-InCom-WG27

Primary wave field:water level drawdown,

return current

Direct impact: displacement of

fish larvae ...

Direct impact: stranding of fish larvae

Indirect impact of quick drawdown: fluidisation of river bed

Resuspension of bed sediments

Fish Impacts

Example of the Impact Cascade

Correlations are described in more detail in

“fact files”

Correlations are described in more detail in

“fact files”

Mississippi push towunit with 30 barges,about 400 m long.Drawdown time

sailing upstream 5 min.!Large affected area!

PIANC-InCom-WG27


WG27 – structure of the report1 Introduction 2 Technical Fact Files (impact cascade, ship types, propulsion systems, primary wave field, secondary waves, propeller jet and scouring, order of magnitude of relevant impacts)





7 Conclusions 8 Glossary 9 Cited LiteratureAppendix I: Case Studies (tolerable wave height for Lower Havel river, Upper Mississippi navigation studies, Montgomery Canal)


•Size and installed power of vessels are continuously increasing•Changing system behaviour

PIANC-InCom-WG27

WG27 – structure of the report1 Introduction 2 Technical Fact Files (impact cascade, ship types, propulsion systems, primary wave field, secondary waves, propeller jet and scouring, order of magnitude of relevant impacts)







Many vessels drive at 80% of vcrit

Highlights of WG 27 – report

Ship speed reduction is one of the best

measures in case of predominant impacts from primary

wave field!

Ship speed reduction is one of the best

measures in case of predominant impacts from primary

wave field!

PIANC-InCom-WG27

WG27 – structure of the report1 Introduction 2 Technical Fact Files (impact cascade, ship types, propulsion systems,

primary wave field, secondary waves, propeller jet and scouring, order of magnitude of relevant impacts)







0

2

4

6

8

0 1,5 3

Ship speed vS [m/s]

Jet v

elo

city

on

can

al b

ed v

Jet,

B [m

/s]

1 nozzle 1,6 0,6 1,6

2 nozzle 1,6 0,6 1,6 1 nozzle 2,2 0,6 1,6

1 nozzle 1,6 1,2 2,8 1 free 1,6 0,6 1,6

No.Props Prop.Type D kc tS

PD=800kW


Depending upon impact: ship speed

reduction may be wrong measure

Depending upon impact: ship speed

reduction may be wrong measure

Increased ship speed reduces impacts from props!

Example: Distribution of engine power from 1 to 2 props reduces jet induced bed shear stress by 40 %!Chance for innovative ship design!

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Displacement ship

Planing boat

•Nearly 1 in 20 US citizen owns recreation boats•Small boats should sail far below or well above planing speed


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•Predominant bank-impact comes from secondary waves of passenger or recreational boats. •Impact not totally avoidable, but because the water level is almost constant, there is chance for effective mitigation by alternative bank protections. •Effective mitigation measures depend on the system


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>2

1

0.7

0.3

NB Ranges of return currents for each taxa are “typical” and may vary

in upper threshold dependant on site specific conditions

Ret

urn

Cu

rren

t m

/s

Diverse macrophytes Decreasing biodiversity

Rh

eo

litic

in

vert

eb

rate

s

Ma

cro

ph

yte

div

er-

si

ty d

ecr

ea

sin

g

Juvenile fish >100 mm total length in burst swimming mode (max. 20 s)

Sporadic vegetation only

Aq

ua

tic m

oss

an

d

surf

ace

alg

ae

on

ly

Limno- Philic Inverte- brates

Juvenile fish >30 mm (critical swim-ming mode), >20 mm (burst mode)

Juvenile fish >70 mm (critical swimming mode), >40 mm (burst mode)

Juvenile fish >55 mm (burst mode), >100 mm (critical swimming mode)

Juvenile fish >140 mm total length in critical swimming mode (max. 1 h)

Rh

eobi

on

t in

vert

eb

rate

s There is no generally valid threshold! But significant impacts start from return current velocities of about 0.3 m/s!This corresponds to a drawdown of about 0.1 m!


These numbers are not exact, but they help to decide,

if there is a significant impact problem or not!

These numbers are not exact, but they help to decide,

if there is a significant impact problem or not!

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Process recommendations instead of detailed guidelines from case to case!Basis of the recommendations is the „ecological relevance check“!


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Ecological relevance check

Looking on relevant impacts and channel areasin tabular form

present state

importance

vicinity tothresholds

durationfrequency

mitigationpossible?

neighboursarea

affected

WG 27 report is a guide to support decision making processes on a regular basis! It has to be adapted to the special impact problem considered!

WG 27 report is a guide to support decision making processes on a regular basis! It has to be adapted to the special impact problem considered!

PIANC-InCom-WG27

Licensing measures: Overall dimensions of permitted vessels Control of draught and engine power Operational restrictions as permitted bank distance or ship speed

Discussion

Engineering measures:Adapted inland cargo vessels (drive systems, steering, lightweight

construction, overall dimensions) Shelter of ecologically sensitive areas (fairway adaption, wave breakers, erosion control)

Alternative bank protections, especially those using plants

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Fairway adaption

Relative additional width during cornering

Example concerning extremely narrow bends in the German Neckar River for 135 m long motor vessel:Necessary bF 11,4 + 0,26 x 135 47 m

Optimal used bow thruster (cF 2/3):

Necessary bF 11,4 + 0,12 x 135 28 m

Reduction 19 m (is sufficient to use the existing fairway)

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Package of measures for Waterways connected toElbe River

River - adapted vessels, fairway, ship speed

Removal of protections Allowance of erosion

Wave breakersDead wood supply

Sediment supply Bank development

Support shallow water areas

Reeds development Development of shoulders Improved pasture waters

Increases roughness

1) Morph. und biol. Entwicklungspotenziale ... im Elbegebiet gemäß Wasserrahmenrichtlinie, Umweltbüro Essen

New INCOM Working Group

„Alternative bank protections”

New DWA AG WW1.5/2.5“Alternativer Uferschutz”

WG 27 – report Offers design aids for

different lining materials from „grey literature“

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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.250.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

G M S, be laden

G M S, leer

Schleppboot

G M S, be laden

G M S, leer

Schlepper

mhh /

krit

Sv

v/

M essw erte

theore tischer Verlauf

10% reduced vS cuts wave heights in half

Limitation of ship speed

Speed limitation and control is an effective and politico-economical measure to reduce impacts! It concerns about 3% of all vessels. 10 % reduction reduces the average speed only by 0,3 %!

Negligible losses but highly economical benefits, e. g. by reduced maintenance costs and also ecological benefits!

For manymitigation measures:

economical and ecological benefits walk

hand in hand!

PIANC-InCom-WG27

DRIVERS: Climate Change, Energy Demands, Economy

IMPACTS:

• Arctic Shipping

• Changes in migratory patterns of TES

• More severe and frequent storms/droughts

• Changing circulation patterns and new challenges for dredging

• Air emissions

• Infrastructure

• Capacity

• Greening the MTS

• Others?

Are we ready for the Next generation of Environmental Challenges?

PIANC-InCom-WG27

CMTS R&D Integrated Action Team

• Subcommittee of the Committee for Marine Transportation Systems

• Approved by Coordinating Board in April, 2009

• Goal 1: Develop a Research and Development Strategic Plan to support the MTS strategy

• Goal 2: Re-establish bi-annual forum for interagency R&D in the MTS

PIANC-InCom-WG27

CMTS R&D Integrated Action Team

• Subcommittee of the Committee for Marine Transportation Systems

• Approved by Coordinating Board in April, 2009

• Goal 1: Develop a Research and Development Strategic Plan to support the MTS strategy

• Goal 2: Re-establish bi-annual forum for interagency R&D in the MTS

PIANC-InCom-WG27

CMTS R&D Integrated Action TeamCall for Input

• What external trends will shape our long-term future?

• What will be the challenges to the MTS as a result of those trends?

• What will we need to know and do to prepare?

PIANC-InCom-WG27

QUESTIONS?

Contact Information:Sandra Knight, PHD, PE, [email protected]

Documents

PIANC-InCom-WG27 Considerations to Reduce Environmental Impacts to Vessels WG27 Report No. 99, 2008 Sandra Knight US Commissioner PIANC July 15, 2009