Picturing Pacific Prehistory

The rock-art of Vanuatu in a western Pacific context

Volume II Figures, Appendices, Plates

Meredith Wilson

A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University

February 2002

List of figures List of appendices List of plates Figures Appendices Plates

Table of Contents

List of figures

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Phenetic relationships

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Oceania, showing the conventional cultural regions of Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia.

Figure 2.2 Pleistocene and Early Holocene sites of the Bismarck Archipelago and northern Solomons

Chapter 3

Figure 3. 1 Frequency distribution of rock-art techniques Figure 3.2 Geological context of painted sites Figure 3.3 Geological context of engraved sites Figure 3.4 Number of painted sites on the coast/inland Figure 3.5 Percentage of painted sites in each topographic context Figure 3.6 Percentage of painted rock-art sites found in Austronesian and non-Austronesian-

speaking areas Figure 3.7 The locations of rock-art sites in Eastern Indonesia and East Timor Figure 3.8 The locations of rock-art sites in Papua New Guinea Figure 3.9 The locations of rock-art sites in the Solomon Islands Figure 3.10 The locations of rock-art sites in Fiji, Tonga and Samoa Figure 3.11 Pacific Islands showing the locations of Pohnpei (159) and New Caledonia (160)

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 Figure 4.3 Figure 4.4 Figure 4.5 Figure 4.6 Figure 4.7 Figure 4.8 Figure 4.9

Western Pacific rock-art sites included in the statistical analyses Motif categories Structural categories The total number of engraved, painted and engraved/painted sites The total number of rock-art sites in each region The total number of engraved (E) and painted (P) sites in each region The distribution of pigment colours at painted sites The total number of engraved (E) and painted (P) sites in each topographic context The total number of engraved (E) and painted (P) sites in different locational contexts

Figure 4.10 The proximity of engravings (E) and paintings (P) to the current coastline Figure 4.11 The total number and percentage frequency of engraved (E) and painted (P) sites in

Austronesian (AN) and non-Austronesian (NAN) language areas Figure 4.12 The maximum height of rock-pictures at painted and engraved sites Figure 4.13 The frequency of red and black painted art by topography Figure 4.14 The total number of red and black paintings at different height ranges above the

ground Figure 4.15 The 103 sites included in the multivariate analyses Figure 4.16 Measures of similarity between pairs of sites using the MDS binary measure Figure 4.17 CA result: 110 circles, 13 regions

Figure 4.18 CA result: 614 motifs, 105 sites Figure 4.19 PCA result: 614 motifs, 105 sites Figure 4.20 MDS binary metric result: Groups 1, 2 and 3 Figure 4.21 Sammon binary metric result: Groups 1, 2 and 3 Figure 4.22 Sammon binary metric result (paintings and engravings): Groups 1, 2 and 3 Figure 4.23 Sammon binary metric result: Group 1 (106 non-figurative motif classes, 93 sites) Figure 4.24 Sammon binary metric result: Group 1 (paintings and engravings) Figure 4.25 CA result (total counts): 614 motifs, 10 regions Figure 4.26 CA result (total counts): 614 motifs, 9 regions Figure 4.27 CA result (presence/absence): 614 motifs, 8 regions Figure 4.28 An illustration of two ways in which motifs may be classified Figure 4.29 CA result for structural elements: 25 variables, 72 sites Figure 4.30 MDS binary metric result: Group 1 (engravings) Figure 4.31 MDS binary metric result: Group 1 (paintings) Figure 4.32 Similarities and differences between the rock-art of the western Pacific Figure 4.33 Results of Analysis 1 showing the division between Near and Remote Oceania Figure 4.34 A schematic version of the MDS results

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Map of Vanuatu Figure 5.2 The ceramic sequence of Erromango Figure 5.3 The ceramic sequence ofEfate Figure 5.4 The ceramic sequence of Malakula Figure 5.5 The ceramic sequences of Vanuatu

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 The distribution of rock-art sites in Vanuatu Figure 6.2 The location of rock-art sites on Maewo Figure 6.3 The location of rock-art sites on Malakula Figure 6.4 The location of rock-art sites on Lelepa Figure 6.5 The location of rock-art sites on Erromango Figure 6.6 The location of rock-art sites on Aneityum Figure 6.7 A description of rock-art sites in Vanuatu Figure 6.8 Rock-art sites of Vanuatu: styles, types and locations Figure 6.9 The total number of engraved (E) and painted (P) sites in each geological context Figure 6.10 The total number of engraved (E) and painted (P) sites in each topographic context Figure 6.11 Sites included in the comparative analyses of motifs Figure 6.12 Total number of rock-pictures used in the analyses Figure 6.13 Total number of engravings found at each site in Vanuatu Figure 6.14 Total number of paintings found at each site in Vanuatu Figure 6.15 Total number of figurative engravings found at each site Figure 6.16 Total number of figurative paintings found at each site Figure 6.17 Total number of pictures in each figurative engraving category Figure 6.18 (a) Total number of pictures in each figurative painting category, and (b) total

number of pictures in each figurative painting category excluding band/foot' Figure 6.19 Total number of non-figurative engravings (including duplicates) Figure 6.20 Total number of non-figurative paintings (including duplicates) Figure 6.21 Total number of pictures in each non-figurative engraving category (including

duplicates)

Figure 6.22 Total number of pictures in each non-figurative painting category (including duplicates)

Figure 6.23 Total number of non-figurative engravings (excluding duplicates) Figure 6.24 Total number of non-figurative paintings (excluding duplicates) Figure 6.25 Total numbers of engraved and painted figurative and non-figurative pictures

(including duplicates) Figure 6.26 Total numbers of engraved and painted figurative and non-figurative pictures

(excluding duplicates) Figure 6.27 Vanuatu-wide motifs: figurative engravings Figure 6.28 Vanuatu-wide motifs: non-figurative engravings Figure 6.29 Vanuatu-wide motifs: figurative paintings Figure 6.30 Vanuatu-wide motifs: non-figurative paintings Figure 6.31 Vanuatu-wide motifs: figurative engravings and paintings Figure 6.32 Vanuatu-wide motifs: non-figurative engravings and paintings Figure 6.33 Regional motifs: figurative engravings Figure 6.34 Regional motifs: non-figurative engravings Figure 6.35 Regional motifs: figurative paintings Figure 6.36 Regional motifs: non-figurative paintings Figure 6.37 Regional motifs: figurative engravings and paintings Figure 6.38 Regional motifs: non-figurative engravings and paintings Figure 6.39 Island-specific motifs: figurative engravings Figure 6.40 Island-specific motifs: non-figurative engravings Figure 6.41 Island-specific motifs: figurative paintings Figure 6.42 Island-specific motifs: non-figurative paintings Figure 6.43 Island-specific motifs: figurative engravings and paintings Figure 6.44 Island-specific motifs: non-figurative engravings and paintings Figure 6.45 MDS binary metric result: 431 motifs, 51 sites Figure 6.46 MDS binary metric result showing the relationship between sites containing

paintings, engravings, and paintings/engravings

Chapter7

Figure 7.1 Figure 7.2 Figure 7.3 Figure 7.4 Figure 7.5 Figure 7.6 Figure 7.7

Figure 7.8 Figure 7.9

List of samples from Hopnarop submitted for dating AMS results AMS radiocarbon dates on Vanuatu rock-art Total number of cases of superimposition for each island Technical classes' for paintings Cases of superimposition on Maewo Flow diagram showing the relative chronological relationship between technical classes in the rock-art of Maewo Cases of motif superimposition on Malakula Flow diagram showing the relative chronological relationship between technical classes in the rock-art of Malakula

Figure 7.10 Cases of motif superimposition on Lelepa Figure 7.11 Flow diagram showing the relative chronological relationship between technical

classes in the rock-art of Lelepa Figure 7.12 Cases of superimposition on Erromango Figure 7.13 Flow diagram showing the relative chronological relationship between technical

classes in the rock-art of Erromango Figure 7.14 Composite picture of superimposition in Vanuatu

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 The distribution of red painted rock-art motifs in Vanuatu Figure 8.2 MDS binary metric result (Group1): 834 motifs, 16 regions Figure 8.3 MDS binary metric result (Group 1): separating Vanuatu sites into 5 regions (MW,

MK, LP, ER, AN) Figure 8.4 MDS binary metric result (Group1): 834 motifs, 156 sites

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Subsets of the AES Figure 9.2 The distribution of Austronesian and non-Austronesian languages in Oceania Figure 9.3 Subsets of the APT Figure 9.4 A summary of the model of rock-art transformation for the western Pacific

List of appendices

Appendix 4.1 A description of the multivariate procedures used in the statistical software package 'S-Plus'

Appendix 4.2 Motif categories and motif types used in the multivariate analysis in Chapter 4 Appendix 4.3 Table showing the distribution of 'outlier' motifs generated by the CA algorithm

used in Analysis 1 (Chapter 4) Appendix 6.1 A description ofthe rock-art sites of Vanuatu Appendix 6.2 Bringing the art inside: a preliminary analysis of black linear rock-art from

limestone caves in Erromango, Vanuatu (Wilson 1999) Appendix 6.3 Potnarvin data Appendix 6.4 Motif categories and motif types found in Vanuatu Appendix 6.5 Frequency results Appendix 7.1 Dating the rock-art of Vanuatu: AMS radiocarbon determinations from

abandoned mud-wasp nests and charcoal pigment found in superimposition (Wilson et al. 2001)

List of plates

Plate 1 An example of Tabulinetin style rock-art from the MacCluer Gulf Plate 2 Yagondo figures, Simbu Province, PNG Plate 3 Examples of scroll-like motifs Plate 4 Collection of motifs (red) from Berbere, Lake Kutubu, Southern Highlands Province Plate 5 Buang Valley rock-paintings, Morobe Province, PNG Plate 6 An engraved stone from Goodenough Bay, Milne Bay Province Plate 7 Engravings from FAAS, Garua Island, West New Britain Plate 8 Inaccessible paintings. Small Sivisa, Fedarb Group, Manus Province Plate 9 Inaccessible paintings. Malapin Island, Fedarb Group, Manus Province PlatelO Rock-engravings from Vatumare, Hoilava, Northwest Guadalcanal Plate 11 Cupule-based rock-art, Yalo cave (MK3), Northwest Malakula Plate 12 Examples of engraved 'eye-nose' faces, Apialo (MK15), Northwest Malakula Plate 13 Examples of inaccessible Red1/Red2 rock-art, Raoviu cave (ER18), Erromango Plate 14 Inaccessible Black1 rock-art, Velemendi (ER2), Erromango Plate 15 Black4 rock-art, Navapule A2, Northwest Malakula Plate 16 Early Erueti-style pottery from Arapus Plate 17 Similar motifs: A. Naamboi pottery, B. rock-art Plate 18 Similar motifs: A. Oundjo pottery, B. rock-art Plate 19 Similar motifs, different media