Upload
imala
View
108
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Pidgins and Creoles. Pidgins and Creoles. A pidgin is a contact language that developed in a situation where speakers of different languages need a language to communicate. A pidgin becomes a creole when it is adopted as the native language of a speech community. Creoles in the Caribbean. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Pidgins and Creoles
Pidgins and Creoles
A pidgin is a contact language that developed in a situation where speakers of different languages need a language to communicate.
A pidgin becomes a creole when it is adopted as the native language of a speech community.
Creoles in the Caribbean
Superstrate and substrate languages
Superstrate language
Provides the bulk of the vocabulary and is more prestigeous. (also called the ‘lexifier language’)
Substrate languages
Provide a few words but may have significant influence on the grammatical structure.
Pidgin and creole studies
Pidgin and creole languages have been studied extensively in linguistics:
1.Sociolinguistic aspects2.Grammaticalization3.The innateness hypothesis
Butler English
Butler English is a pidgin language spoken in India. The language emerged when Indian servants had to find a way to communicate with their English masters. It is still spoken in hotels, clubs, and households.
Butler English
1. Omission of grammatical morphemes
(1) Because ball is going nearly 200 yards. (2) Members hitting ball.
2. No inflectional morphology
(1) two spoon coffee (2) Master like it.
Butler English
3. Me vs. I
Me not drinking madam
4. Extensive use of progressive verb forms
and putting masala and
5. No copula
That the garden.
Butler English
6. Negation without auxiliary
then I not worry No water add.
7. ‘No’ (or ‘eh’) is used as a general tag-question
English-speaking sabih is all gone, no? He nice, eh?
PNG - Tok Pisin
Melanesian Pidgin
Tok Pisin Papua New Guinea
Bislama Vanuatu
Pijin Solomon Islands
Papua New Guinea
Independence
1975
Tok Pisin Newspaper
Wantok
Papua New Guinea
Urban centers
Creolisation
In urban centers, the children of mixed couples
learn Tok Pisin as their first language.
Thus, Tok Pisin is changing from an ‘extended
pidgin’ to a creole language.
Tok Pisin - Vocabulary
spak (‘spark’) = drunk
nogut (‘no good’) = bad
baimbai (‘by and by’) = soon
sekan (‘shake hands’) = to make peace
kilim (‘kill him’) = to kill /hit /beat
pisin (‘pigeon’) = bird / pidgin
gras (‘grass’) = gras /hair /fur
Tok Pisin – Word Formation
gras = gras/hair/fur
mausgras = moustache
gras bilong hed = hair‘grass belong head’
gras belong fes = beard‘grass belong face
gras belong pisin = feathers‘grass belong bird’
gras antap long ai = eyebrow ‘grass on top of long eye’
Tok Pisin – Word Formation
man bilong save > saveman ‘expert’‘man belong know’
Tok Pisin - Vocabulary
Tolai
lapun oldkumul bird of paradisepalai lizard
Malay
binatang insectlombo chillisayor vegetable leaf
Tok Pisin - Vocabulary
German
gumi rubberbeten prayraus get outbros chest
Tok Pisin
PNG - Tok Pisin
Melanesian Pidgin
Tok Pisin Papua New Guinea
Bislama Vanuatu
Pijin Solomon Islands
Tok Pisin
Superstrate language:English
Substrate language:Austronesian and Papuan languages
Tok Pisin Vocabulary
The bulk of the vocabulary comes from English (i.e. the superstrate language).
In addition, Tok Pisin includes words from various Austronesian and Papuan languages (e.g. Tolai, Malay).
Finally, Tok Pisin includes some words of German origin (e.g. gumi, beten, raus)
Tok Pisin – Word Formation
mausgras = moustache
gras = gras/hair/fur
gras bilong hed = hair‘grass belong head’
gras belong fes = beard‘grass belong face
gras antap long ai = eyebrow ‘grass on top of long eye’
Plural marker
(2) SG PLyu yu-pela bik haus bik-pela haus
(1) nil nil ‘spines’needle needle
(3) SG PLman ol man
-pela ‘fellow’
ol ‘all’
Pronouns
yu you SG
yutupela you two DUAL
yutripela you three TRIAL
yupela you all PL
em he / she / it SUBJhim / her / it OBJ
Causative/transitive marker
(1) Em i rit ‘He is reading.’
Em i ritim buk ‘He’s reading a book.’
make him > makimboil him > tellim
(2) Wara i boil pinis ‘The water has boiled.’
Meri i boilim wara pinis ‘The woman has boiled
the water.’
(3) Bai mi rait. ‘I’ll write.’
Bai i raitim pas. ‘I’ll write a letter.’
Predicative Marker
(1) a. mi kam ‘I come’
b. yu kam ‘You come’
c. em i kam ‘He/she comes’
d. Tom i wok ‘Tom works’
(2) The man, he talked to the woman.
Qustion Words
Tok Pisin
wanem ‘what name’ = ‘what/which’husat ‘who’s that’ = ‘who’
Guyanese Creole
wisaid ‘which side’ = ‘where’ wa mek ‘what makes’ = ‘why’
Cameroon Creole
wetin ‘what thing’ = ‘what’
Word Order
(1) mi kukim rais.I cook rice‘I cooked the rice.’
Complex Sentences
(1) Mi no save. Ol I wokim dispela haus.
I don’t know (that) they work in this house.
(2) Mi no save olsem ol i wokim dispela haus.
‘I didn’t know that they built this house.’
Relative clauses
(1) Stereo ia mitla putim lo kout ia, em no lukim.
‘The stereo which we put in the coat he didn’t
see.’
(2) ia: here > the > REL
(3) [[tree] here] [that has leaves] here]]
Verb Phrase in Krio
a bin rait ‘I wrote’
a de rait ‘I am writing’
a bin de rait ‘I was writing’
a don rait ‘I have written’
a bin don rait ‘I had written’
a bin don de rait ‘I had been writing’
Verb Phrase in Krio
bin = PASTde = PROGRESSIVEdon = PERFECT
Future
(1) em bai kamHe/she will come
‘He/she will come’
bai ‘by and by’
Past
(1) Em bin tokHe/she PAST say‘He/she said …
Bin ‛been’
Immediate Future
(1) em i laik go long gaden(S)he P is about to go to the garden‘He/she is about to go to the garden.’
laik ‛like’
Perfect
(1) mi kukim pinisI cook COMPLETE‘I have cooked it.’
pinis ‛finish’
Habitual marker
(1) Miplea sa harim ol gan i pairap.We HAB hear PL gun P fire‘We heard the guns firing.’
sa ‛save’ > ‛know’ > Habitual
Continuous marker
(1) ol i wokabout i stap.They P walk CONT‘They were walking.’
i stap ???
How does a pidgin language develop grammatical expressions?
What drives the process of creolisation?
The Bioprogram Hypothesis
The human species comes equipped… with the capacity to reconstitute language itself - should the normal generation-to-generation transmission of input data be inserted or distorted by extralinguistic forces.
(Muysken & Bickerton 1988)
Grammaticalization
Source Target: AUX
go (motion) gonna
will (intention) will
have (possession) have
Grammaticalization
Source Target: P
during (verb) during
in front of (PP) in front of
a-gone (PRE-verb) ago
Grammaticalization
Source Target: CONJ
by cause (PP) because
DEM while SUB while
given given
Grammaticalization
Source Target: PRO/ART
some body (NP) somebody
one (numeral) the one
one (numeral) a
Grammaticalization
Source Target: Bound
NOUN -ly
NOUN -hood
did -ed
Grammaticalization
Grammaticalization is cross-linguistically
so pervasive that some linguists
suggested that all grammatical
expressions are eventually derived from a
lexical source.
Grammaticalization
Grammaticalization is of central signifiance for
the theory of language:
1.Challenges rigid division between lexicon
and grammar.
1.Challenges the assumption that grammatical
categories have clear-cut boundaries.
1.Suggests that grammar is dynamic and
emergent.
African American English
African American English
The origin of AAE
1. Pidgin/creole
2. Second language of a particular variety of English spoken in the South.
The African Substratum Hypothesis
Since the first slaves spoke a variety of
African languages and since they had only
little contact with their white masters, they
used a simplified version of English with
elements of their native language as a lingua
france. AAE developed from this early
pidgin/creole language.
The English Origin Hypothesis
When the first African slaves where brought to America, they gave up their African languages and learned the English variety that was spoken at that time in the south. According to this hypothesis, AAE shows many linguistic features of this substandard variety of southern American English, which explains why AAE and the southern variety of white American English are relatively similar.
African American English
Until the beginning
of the 20th century,
90% of all African
American lived in
the South, mainly in
rural areas.
African American English
Today, more than 60% of all African Americans live in the non-South, mainly in urban centers.
LSA resolution
The variety known as "Ebonics," "African American Vernacular English" (AAVE), and "Vernacular Black English" and by other names is systematic and rule-governed like all natural speech varieties. In fact, all human linguistic systems--spoken, signed, and written -- are fundamentally regular. … Characterizations of Ebonics as "slang," "mutant," "lazy," "defective," "ungrammatical," or "broken English" are incorrect and demeaning.
LSA resolution
As affirmed in the LSA Statement of Language Rights (June l996), there are individual and group benefits to maintaining vernacular speech varieties and there are scientific and human advantages to linguistic diversity. For those living in the United States there are also benefits in acquiring Standard English and resources should be made available to all who aspire the mastery of Standard English. The Oakland School Board's commitment to helping students master Standard English is commendable.
Phonology - AAE
(1) [wes said] ‘west side’[kol k@ts] ‘cold cuts’
(2) [brn maI h{n] ‘burned my hand’[mEs öp] ‘messed up’
(3) [het@d] ‘hated’[SaUt@d] ‘shouted’
Phonology - AAE
(3) [de] ‘they’[d@] ‘the’[d{t] ‘that’
(4) [nöfn] ‘nothing’[Of@r]
‘author’[rUf] ‘Ruth’[saUf] ‘south’
Phonology - AAE
(5) [hEp] ‘help’
[ro] ‘roll’
[skuw] ‘school’
[fUbOw] ‘football’
(6) [{ks] ‘ask’[gr{ps] ‘grasp’
Agreement - AAE
(1) He need to get a book from the shelf.She want us to pass the papers to the front.
Genitive - AAE
(1) The dog tail was wagging.The man hat was old.
Copula deletion - AAE
(1) That my Ø bike.The coffee Ø cold.He Ø all right.
Habitual ‚be‘ - AAE
(1) Do they be playing all day?Yeah, the boys do be messin’ around a lot.I see her when I be on my way to school.The coffee be cold.
(2) a. The coffee cold.b. The coffee be cold.
(3) *The coffee be cold right now.
Perfective ‚done‘ - AAE
(1) She done did it.They done used all the good ones.They done go.
Negative inversion - AAE
(1) Can’t nobody beat’em.(2) Don’t nobody say nothin’ to dem peoples!(3) Wasn’t nobody in there but em an’ him.(4) Ain’t no white cop gonna put his hands on
me.
Double negation - AAE
(2) I ain’t go yesterday.I didn’t have no lunch.He don’t never go nowhere.
This is the end.