83
8/13/2019 Pierre Pean http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 1/83  A +   AdA*e ^3 1 Dossier P%#++# P/(, &# $+(" "/-%&%-#+ Pierre Péan ! Ah, Pierre Péan ! L’inénarrable Péan… Sa carrière commence avec les diamants de Giscard [voir à ce sujet l’article de Bruno Boudiguet] . À ce titre, il aura été, dès ses débuts, rien de moins que le « tombeur » d’un président. On comprend que le pré- sident suivant, François Mitterrand, bénéficiaire de cette splendide opération de désinformation moderne, lui en ait été reconnaissant. Pierre Péan était journaliste, il deviendra écrivain. # D= DD @ T Q @ @=TI , 1983, AD D G@ N DE =E= B> CG== . @ h== @ hI  JT=@ TJT : @ MU F, EI= T= @hA=EI DI= T>Q I EI =U@, M T= TT EI= DI @ D=U =. #h I@ EI DI== @ @JT T -= I D= EIh D = D @ EIh DI D- h=@@I EI TD=J : 1983, @hI@=T, hT= D@I @ MU F, = @ MU $=. #h= D @ I ` @ @ = a, = DI I @ = DI =T @ @=J , I@ @IL @I=, EI @ T= I< = <== DDTI @ T= T-@=@ =IT D GI@@. $= @ J= TT =@ Q @hLD@= EI= == Q TJT@ I @ = D D@==EI =T. #= DI h=IYT Q I>, T @I=-V 1 =@ J= D= @ DT- I=, J DI@=, =D=I Q @hP@MT, Q $=b # @I= J= I=Z : ] D DE@ >S >@ =G D@E ^. # T= = ] D=>E = G@J = =G GE D D@- E = ^. I @ D@== @ @Ib

Pierre Pean

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 1/83

#  A +   AdA*e ^3 1

Dossier

P%#++# P/(, &# $+(""/-%&%-#+

Pierre Péan ! Ah, Pierre Péan ! L’inénarrable Péan… Sa carrièrecommence avec les diamants de Giscard [voir à ce sujet l’article de Bruno Boudiguet] . À ce titre, il aura été, dès ses débuts, rien demoins que le « tombeur » d’un président. On comprend que le pré-sident suivant, François Mitterrand, bénéficiaire de cette splendideopération de désinformation moderne, lui en ait été reconnaissant.Pierre Péan était journaliste, il deviendra écrivain.

# D= DD @ T Q @ @=TI , 1983, ADD G@ N DE =E= B> CG==. @ h== @ hI JT=@ TJT : @ MU F, EI= T= @hA=EI DI= T>QI EI =U@, M T= TT EI= DI @ D=U =. #h I@ EI DI== @ @JT T -= I D=EIh D = D @ EIh DI D- h=@@I EI TD=J : 1983, @hI@=T, hT= D@I @MU F, = @ MU $=.

#h= D @ I ` @ @ = a, = DI I @ = DI =T @ @=J , I@ @IL @I=, EI @T= I< = <== DDTI @ T= T-@=@ =ITD GI@@. $= @ J= TT =@ Q @hLD@= EI= ==Q TJT@ I @ = D D@==EI =T. #= DIh=IYT Q I>, T @I=-V 1 =@ J= D= @ DT-I=, J DI@=, =D=I Q @hP@MT, Q$=b # @I= J= I=Z : ] D DE@ >S >@ =G D@E ^. # T= = ] D=>E = G@J = =G GE D D@- 

E = ^. I @ D@== @ @Ib

Page 2: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 2/83

 AD D I= I= hI I TI, D@I =D@D@, =MD=EI @h@ @hIJ : @ I= M TT I@I ` ==EI a, @@ S EIhII h @@ D J=. >I DI= hD hII I DI IJ= I =I-=, = @ =M DI = I D== @=. <=EI =D-== @I. #h@ @hIJ TI@ I J.

@ h D == D I= EI @ ` a @hIJ = T DI= V Q << <U I=J==, " DE@>> >@J @>>E@ N =EQ == MEE, =@ L=I @=J, E MEE, 1986. # = ==@ <U D=- LD@== : =@ h= = @ = I ` hP a. =J=T

= T I = I DT=@=T.*I @T J= I @DT @=J IL I> =@ I-

< I, DI I DI, Q ` hP a. AI= ` a EIh=@ = DIV, EI F TT=== hI N @ =TT I = DI=@h= B B, 1964, = D hT= EIT -@ Q T I I@@=. T @I= I @=J :"@>> =@>, 1990. @=J TJ = @h =U @h=D- @ =I F @ I@= I I@@=. M DDT= <, = EI= I >I ? BIID D M -

T Q @ TT@= I= F, IDDT hI @=T<=EI, TEI @--=@. D II EI T@II-= J= = @ D@I D@== Qb F @I=-V.

= EIhI-@Q ==, DD EI V @=J. dh I @h=J=T F D @ I,< h= @@ =J J @ A@@. $= @Q, hM D D -<. # = EI EI F =TT hLV-=, D= >IEIhQ @h @ I =-

= TI= hLV-= EI= U Q @ I@T hA D = @= J MD<= =@ @ I. AI=, @ +ID J= J=@@T Q D =I@T T @T=, DI= @ I@@=. e =D< @= I @I=DT<=@ I EI= =T@=EI @ : , = = EI@ T= @ I@@=, d GI@@ @I=-V, IJ= I D @I =D== Q @hLV-=. C = T.

"@>> =@> DD= II == I @ I IB=, I DI I I@@= Q @ @ K

2 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ d**e : & iee & MA , "e gAd dM*ABi"iA*e+

Page 3: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 3/83

I TT@ d GI@@. AJI EI @=J T, AD - D "@>> =@>, EI= D= I@J @ D=U =-= I T = I=. I D >IL I@ @ JT=T @ T==, =@ I h=DT hI = @ :I JT=T = V =. Ch @ = D=U @ = ` T=-= a : Z@ @ JT=T < =I=. e J=@@ ID Q @ T.

*= DIJ= IJ IL @=J T hT@T- I @h<=@ I I B=, h II @ ID J @T= F2, DI= J I@ @hP@MT EI @h -S= Q DIJ= hI= T @ I@@=.C@I=-= D EI I <D= @ FS=EI,

FS=-J= <J, J = @h> hI I= T@TJ=-I@ =IT I=, I @ <X H==, @ 31 T 2003, D@I = JI. AI TI@, @ = == @I= ICI I>I Q V =I=.

F T DT D X EI =-D<= I= TT = @ =TD. Ch IIL. =-D@ EI BIT [ T= T #IN< [ I=F IL I =M, T@ T@=T =bdIL = LV D<. @ = D@, I =,

EI T = = @h@ IJ DI @ D F = EIh=@ @I T= ==D@ = V @= DI T==-@= @ =I T =J=I ==EI. = = @hI== TEI @ >I@=, @hI @ D@ J=b#h<MD<U EIh=@ = TJ=T I I @ D= T<-=EI T== =D@ ==. , @ =EIh=@ = DI @ DT DI V =TT I === U=T I @h=D @= = =D EIh=@ =@@@ =b

$= @ D@I =D =D<= I@, ` I-=T a, I = I TT@ d GI@@, h EIh@@ TT== @I I IL=U ` D@MI a = T, FS= $=.] e @E@ 1990, P@D = EE >@E =I RD = P >@=G_ ^ $= I= DDT=T F J= TT J=. ] i=@=E >QGE = >E DE G >@.^3

ChT= @ TI hI =@ @@=. $= J=-=@ TT =-@ Q @h ` M @ D= a, = IJ D T "@>>

d**e : & iee & MA , "e gAd dM*ABi"iA*e+ \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 3

Page 4: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 4/83

=@> ? T TI= IL DTI@=, =, DI=EIh D-@= =D<=, =@ @ EI @ T= =@= = T=T @h J T @ D= @ D@I ===@ @ =. $= J=I = DI S : J= hT@ @h= @hT@.

* IJ=-, DU J= D@I , EI= I I I` = a Q @hT T 90 ? ADD== @ @ = EI @ ^1 -=@ T=EI = D@I EIhI D= DDU @ =-U I = S=. * I, eIU *<I@@, J= TT D@IEI @ ==, @ JT=@ D @hLV-= =J= T. C= hI= TT EIhI =T D h<==, = @h hJ=TIJ EIh = T 80 @ D @ =@=@ T== @hT@, I = EI CUN, J= TT @ -= heIU

d@@, Q @ V @ CI@ J-I, DI= I $* D @C@@=. c =, T Q Q @ #=T= ` =DI aDI= @b e I S hI= TT IMIL EI DI @ TDI= @ J = I=U, h=@ hDD== I=Z EI @h<D@==EI @ D@I D< =DT N=@@ T= I =FS= $=, =-J DT= @ TDI@=EI.

e 1990, @EI $= DD@@ T I I, @ -@ T= @= hV X=T. Ch EI@EI = D@I EI @ >I

G= = I DEI=== I =U I ^1 T=EI. @ I- >I= 1991, @ DDI EI CUN, DI EI@ DV hD=. $= 1990, @ D= T= Q =.

# D= ? I @h<== I = S= = = TJ=@T. e, ID, @ Z@ T= FS= $= <== =. @ M J= = -IL. A@@= JT== @hEI= JI EI @ =@@I M hDV< @ JT=T = TR,h h <. JT== I= @@= EI= JI EIhQ ==@ ==D@ = EI @ DD= DD@@ ` @ D I I a.

Ch Q D==D EIhT== @ =D<= F. @I EI` @h< @h a, @ DT= I< =I @hLV-= -= J= = ` TI= a =D<=.

C hT= D I = =. #h<== @ CI@. C J I>TT=== hI =@=D<= DI D@I = D@=.T M I D= @=J, " >JDEQI @E #E, 1993.I=, @ IL + DD PD, 1994. I@EI T D@I ,D E >@ED #@=, 1998, = I = @ D@I T-I @ CI@. T = @ ` @ a J @=J I=J, " - @= C=, 1999.

4 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ d**e : & iee & MA , "e gAd dM*ABi"iA*e+

Page 5: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 5/83

e-D, T= DI 1996 "IEQ>DE, FP@D g@, HE= NC=@D. dT J U@ ==, T == = EIh=@h== hI IJ , T@=T =J J ` I> a. c @h= DI=, II J= = Q I =<=D<=EI I= @ @ ==@@ heI@ =4,FED E @>ED.   T= TJEIT == <@=EI = U @@ Q @@ $=. * >I hLV-=. IEIhQ@ I hA@T=, [ =@ = DT Q @hLV-I<b = D=,U @ IL=U @= = DT= D<U EI h ] @D- D@= D>E ^ EI T = @ I@ I =D<=.d >I TI=, ] = D DE =@D EE>E N @E ^, = =.Ch Q = EIh=@ =, 1956, @h=J= J=T=EI

H= ] E D E==Q = @= ^. ] *@E@D, RD, G = A=Q, = D= N . ^ DD, =T D = DJhI ` == a, DT= EI T I= TT ] @GE D> >=EE D >> @ -@, >=EE @ D DDD @>>DED =Q- D ^. d @ IT I=J F= I, = DD @T= T Q =< =D<=EI : ] DD @EE DDIE E QD E = SE @DQ ^, @ >I@= = I= Q DT=EI TDI T= ] G@= N =A=Q PD ^. I I @=JT Q GI, @ DT=I Q @ IDDT J= T

I I<=, = DD@= EI ] ED ^ J= DI T @ ]@>=D ^_

F, $=, GI, = =I @hLV-=DU-I. # = I, GI, T= @ I@ @= ===@ @ @T= = @=T= H=@ G@b$= @ =@=, F @ I@@= T= hI IDU : IL EI=, @ J I, hT= DT=D=T @T= DI TJ= @ =IIL @ #=T=. #hL <=@ DT @===IL == JI I DT=@=T II. AJ , F Q GI, EIh=@ I EI @=J @` ==EI ab DI =IL I @ T @I ` I> a.

I Q $=, T DT hV =TT Q =D<= ==-, I TI << I @ I $=. C EIh=@ I = D, D , h EI= @hJ= T Q h=T Q =.# = I $= T= I =I I@ @hLV =. * D=-=D@ D=I@=T hJ= TT @ D@I = ` I@ a L-= ` D@ a IL == @ U TDI@=EI, @ 13 =

1958.

d**e : & iee & MA , "e gAd dM*ABi"iA*e+ \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 5

Page 6: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 6/83

FI-=@ I@= EI @ <== = DI =TT Q @ CI@,EI <=L T DI @ = I=IL : eIU d@@, @ @-M D I C == EI hDD@= == =hLV-= @h-IL I h I>I D I=T =-D<= @ V EIh DI @T== @ =T @h=- JI I = . d@@, D D@I EI @ U =IT 2 @h==, F=@@=@, T =I h= @ -= @I , =DI S DI D@I MT=I DU-I. D@I EI CUN, I @ D= G *I@U JI A@@=DI IL=U J= h=T@I.

IEI= h=T I I $=, D @@=EI,D@I TDIT DI M<= EI DI = <==EI ? T

@hLD@=EI D. , @=J ` =@ a I $=,d=U J@T, = , =U I, =@ ` LD@=EI aDIEI= =@ = =TT Q $= : ] " == @E >GE@EQ D@ R = GE >Q N =DD DD , =@D =EEEEQE DE> 1937 @E = DR E@E PD, FP@D #EE, D- E==Q D = G@E D @>=@ED, GE = @> D DD @I. ^ d + DD PD, T == EI @I= J= TT T ] G >@=E QE=D =$= E EQ, DE> 1937, G FP@D #QEQ,  @=, N =EEEE @E = DR E@E PD, &D@ ^.

I : ] = >== d@E #E >GE @EQ = > = W=QEE D@DQ G@ @Q FP@D #EE D D EEEED. ^

 =@Q EI= DIJ= @ =@. EI EIVI= T DI @I= IL ` T=@ a EI @I= I= @=JT @ =@@ IIL ̀ I a. CIL-= hI= TT TJEIT EI DI @IU =J=@@. C I=- ==T @ J=IL T= >I = ? #hT=T I = DT= I J= I==T.e I , T @I=-V, TD= 600 D @=J, hI D

=TT I=@ h J= D@I Q I>, I =TT I=- @I S DTD= : ] DD @G = FP@D $= ==>E ED@EQ =D @>D = &D@,D =D = E E = C@=. ^

# fJ==g hI EIVI I== Q T@= I = I, =IL,@h<X IL = ? , = \. Ch DIEI= T >I=@ I fDIJg : ` D = >@E @E>>E E IEE = =DE C@N = =EE c# ^. *I= @ =N= @ I @=, I ID-DT = @ CI@, D @D<T=EI,

6 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ d**e : & iee & MA , "e gAd dM*ABi"iA*e+

Page 7: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 7/83

D= @EI@ @ @I DI JT== D @I=-V EIh $=>J=@@, D=, $<<=@, = 6, =@ hM D $=.

dZ@ DIJ, @EIh =, EI T DI D =, EI @@= C II I DI I. DT= EI @=, J EI@EI = , DI= @ @=T @ CI@, DI=EI @ V EIV EI= = Q >I @ =` @= C a D= hT@= EI == @= =hJ-I D= D =@@=.

] AD = >@E @E>>E E IEE = =DE ^ : T = =] @E>>E ^. *I- EIh=@ M I= hI fDIJg I ==DI fJ==g. [ -=@ ?

C EI= DDX I T== J=I@ T= = I

D@=M T ` >I S= a @EI@@ TDIJ= DEI X, @I= EI= \ I= D @hLV-=Q @ I< DI = I =I=.

= I = == EI @=J = h=-=, T= I DTD =IIL EI= JI EI ` @ =@@I T=-I = hV @ =@@I =I a. * @ =D<= F, hI= = I @ I I B= @ ` a J=TT >IEI-@Q = T. * @@ GIb =EI= T-X D =@ I = DI D @ I

hA@T=. e @ I $=, hI= DI-V >= = I @ >I = I II DT= =@=.

d V, @ D E >@ED #@= I= = I@ D=@=T I = $=, GI=@= BTIJ=@@, @h= C@I=. *h=@ J= EIh=@ hM II TJT@= @Q, =@ = D EI " @= C=, @ D =@ #M= B= = = D@I =@ DT =DSI. # @@ #M=EI= J= I TI= HM, @ D @ T=-, DI @ D

@ GD. EI= == @ I= = J BTIJ=@@ EIhJ A@@= @ D I $*, @ fCI@ @T@g D-@Q @h=   $I@=, =@ =@=T D HM. T = D I,= @= J= IID. @ = I@=D@ T@T IDINN@, =@ I=@=@ EI X T>Q @h<== @h<==EIh=@ D = = D J= .

 A== @hIJ T Q @ = <I, = I=@. # D@I I- J, h @hL= I == EIh M DD <.C @h@ D= T==, @@ =

d**e : & iee & MA , "e gAd dM*ABi"iA*e+ \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 7

Page 8: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 8/83

IID, =- EI D @I =J I@. = I=D @I ` @ a. Ch == EIh DI @= dRD G@=@EQD,D @>ED, RD D@D, = $= : ] @- D O N G@E =G @ = =D >@ QD@ N =AE@ PD EN = C@=. ^

+I =.

 ADU @@ TI=, = T h <T Q T @ T= FS= $= DI D @ D@I ==EI@ : D=-@=T @h== I T= +I= 1994. eD= ===@.# = D@I @I, D@I IT, EI @I= @ @== D-==D= hI >I < Q @ C@@=. I D@- >= EI= D= @ ` D= II a $= Q =<M.

d @ II @hP@MT, @I= EI= T= DJI I @ @= Q @ == T T= =@ D@I JM. =@@= @= D@I EI EI@EI =T@= ===JEI DI= J= = @ D@ I ̀ J= I= @ #T= a.

@h JI h h= Q I -FS= B=N, DI I =@EIh=@ -== J @I=-=  AE=. @ M JS= T>Q EI= <UDI= @ EI= T= T>Q @ <U I D== B=@ *D<

*=<, =Z @@ I >I BII=U , @= I @hTJI@=T EI@h = DI V = D @ F DI h=I Q @I=-= @D=@=T I T=. @ J= I @ I> EI@EI D D@I, " G @=  , J DU C<=D< =, DI@=J, L@I=J=T ` TJT@= a I @hEIV T D BII=U.ChT= 2000. *=< @=J I V L= 2004, =@ I IL D@I DI J= = = I J=@ @hT=>I, I @h =-I=EIT T=EIT U DI@== D G "D@ EI $@ @ ^1 " E

D. DI @ EI IIL M@@= D=I =. e @h =@ hT= D U< EI @ T= ` T= a Q < J= = @hJ= "D@ $@I @I =@ T==@=T.

# V <U @= T= @h@ @ @=TI T-==, C<@ Q = <=@D, D D @ ` T= a@, AI@ IN==N IEI@ =, DI= EI@EI =, hVTT U LD@==, = T== == @EI@@ BII=U J= I=@@= ` T= a.

8 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ d**e : & iee & MA , "e gAd dM*ABi"iA*e+

Page 9: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 9/83

Ch 2005 EI = T DI= I JI, @D D, =D >ED, D@I 500 D T I I> G@ =E= F= @>E. #=J EI= =@ DII=J= DI ==-= Q @ <= =@ D *-= J @ 17U < -=@@ = G@ = QE @ #JD= BQ, @LTD +=I@ G@ = @>>E EE D F=.C J, hT= ===T EI @ D [ @hII DT` LD@=EI a @ T= D ] = =E >D@ ^ EI= = DT==EIIL +I=, TD<T X @ I==.

$= @ = D I L@I=J=T I=. A==, IL EI== EIh=@ M I I D= T== TT== @h= @

F I @ DT= FS= $= = ] =D >- ED ^ I =IL h= J== @h=@@I= I@=JT@ I DM $=@@ @@=.

T V D DI EI ] =D >ED ^, ] D GDEDE @=DED @ED--=@>>DED ^ EI= I= ] DE==Q D =@@= =IDE QED cD@D = >@E ^.

T, @I=, J= @= : @h, TT == T @hIJ IF, I TT I=J= hI ] @DG QQ= Q=Q =D D =D

E ^. e @@-= DJEI, ] @>> >Q = QG@JE ^, ] D >DDD ^.C@I=-= ] =Q =EEEE, @ =Q DD D @DQ E : = Q@-  D *ED EQ QD==D ^. Ch =D@. ] ARD =EEEE, = Q>>Q = =DDQ G@=@E>E =D >=D ED cEE@J = JD. ^CT.

@ I hT, I DM EI= DI h= Q IT=, EI @ <T=EI DI= I= .

e S =I : ] &=D @J= @, "T E @ =D HED= E >DD @> QEE D *EDD_ ^ $=IL :"T ] E Q D @D Q>E@D @ DUE =D GD ^.

#Q [ FI= I T = =DX < Q N, T DT- = DDX I T=b = I = Q @ D-T T== I JI : hI = S, @@ = I.

$= : h I EI= hJ = D=. EIh=@ @== @=@== <II L= @ +I= ] EE@J = JD ^, @ @ T , @ EIh=@ = @ HII ] @> ^, I== I T= DI = =DX @I J, ] >S> E>D

d**e : & iee & MA , "e gAd dM*ABi"iA*e+ \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 9

Page 10: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 10/83

= DE = =D >D E@ = ^, I@ "T == EI@==T DJ ] =MEE ^, I-Q-@h<I I=@@ T= T-D<T ] Q> >Q ^ , J ] DD DEERD ^, ] D D@E Q=@JQD D E @E = >@ : =@>E@ ^. I.

 ADU J= TI= @hL== +I= HII J V D @ DIJ= , T=I hEI= == Q I I=@ : I. C ] = @SE >Q DDE = DQE@ - >ED E >=EED ^.

Ch =, = =IN-JI EI I = ] E@E @>> D DE=DDEQD Q=D >@>E = =E@ @E @EG ^b ] DEQDD=I =@D = BR Q>@E = >Q =EEEE 6 G= 1994 ^b

I D J= = Q =. C EI= D, h EI ] =GQEQ ^ I ] Q ^, ] EQD ^ EI I ] N @ =cFP ^. T, @I=, = EI= =@ D@ : @ = ] cFP ^ I ] @E DD QDDQ = DE @>>E E=DQ @ DE = QE@=E Q@@=@= = F ^. == <b

e h == EI = ] =DD@E@ G ^ ] =E N D DDD- ED Q=D >@=E @E-GQEQD D = F, DD E@EQD, D@ >Q EFP@D #EE ^.

] G=>E ^ I I= ] @ @ =D =@ ^ @EIhDT ] E QED cQ@D ^. I @@ << ] IEQ>@D @ =D @>UE DE ^, ] = = QEE@,= EG= @ = GD ^. $@<IIL fT==g ! @ N DE =E=A= gE E = @E, @>> Q, D =D @DED - D F. $= T J= = EI @ D ] @EDE=D ^ EI I = @ ] N = ED DD QER^. ] @D =a= G==E D DEERD =e> @ =D=D ==DD>E

= F A DE @E @E. ^# =.

@ @= == EI I M I I= EI@EI D@=J @ ] @D>@@=ED> =@-DI@ ^ IT @ ==  A= TU, B "I<. C h @ TJT T, @ = LD@= I ` T=@=I a, " >@ D=@ . @ =E= F= @>E, I TI=, = =IL EII @ DTT =J, Q =@@ @ T== F.

10 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ d**e : & iee & MA , "e gAd dM*ABi"iA*e+

Page 11: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 11/83

 AI @=I I EI, J= = D@IZ h @. I=N DU, h I = D=U TI@. # T h I= TD@T, IB "I<, EI= = J EI ] =>Q PD D=D @DQ = >DD == EQ E>E Q@ ^, I= T, DI DDT= =-I @ =.

 c DM ==@, = ==@@.

$CHe# *+B

 N

1. d dRD G@=@EQD, D @>ED RD D@D, DI <N @ 2002.2. F@E =, = J <=@=DD G=@@, DI@=T IL T== I A=EI.3. dRD G@=@EQD, D @>ED RD D@D, @ E.4. HT== hH= C, eI@ = DI V =TT @h<=J= @hLV-=. d=D == = I D@==EI IDT D@ <=J @ D@=, ILEI@@ ==T D= @I= @= I @ U , = I I = IJ DT=I Q = = \ J DTI=. * ` ==-= =D<=EI a < D@==EI, D=I@=, I =, ==D@ QI =J TD<= T=I.

Page 12: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 12/83

#  A +   AdA*e ^3 13

Bruno BouDiguet

L# "%'(- "# g%!+"

La meilleure façon de comprendre Pierre Péan, c’est d’examiner sonœuvre. Remontant aux origines de sa carrière de « déstabilisateur »,

on rencontre la très fameuse affaire des diamants de Giscardd’Estaing, une « affaire » qui a indiscutablement coûté sa réélectionà ce dernier. Bruno Boudiguet a exploré cette passionnante paged’histoire. Loin du Rwanda ? Non moins éclairant pour comprendrecomment un « journaliste » peut remplir une fonction complexe – audelà de la désinformation.

 @TM G= he= DDI@T D d GI@@ == F= Q 36 1962. $= =@ h= N J= I D===EI I@@= (` @, >D a) DD@@ Q J I TTI 1969, Q @ I= IEI@ d GI@@ EI= @ DIJ=. ` >D =D ==DED = >R @>> F@E = GE @Q EE cED@, E EEED RD1 . a ADU EI@EI <T==, G= == I V D@@= G D=I J= == F= >IEIhQ @hT@-= DT==@@ J==I 1974, [, II D @ T-I@@=C<=, =@ TJ= D==D@ =J@ EI C<-d@. G= Q EI F2 , =J=@ < @h I I@@=, = J@=. EI C<= = == >IEIh 19763.C<= D U @ IJ@ <T== I I@@=4 , I= @hdF5 EI ̀ E =QE a J= DI G= @ D==D@ IQ =. dJ @ DIT T@@ @ I< 1978, @ =D@ : = @TM G= he= D @T I @hT@= DT=-=@@ 1981, @ * I < DI @@ 1988, D@ I I DIJ= I@@= IL @ EI. I = Q G=, @ I@@= J h@@= I-= IL =@=.C<= hDD@@ D ID Q J DI G= I IL=U I

@hT@= DT==@@.

Page 13: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 13/83

14 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd

EI=N= hT D@I Z, @h= B B, I I T@UDD = @JT D@= = @ D h >= TTIJT, = I@ IID h. e@@ DI-V =IT Q EId GI@@ = = @@ @ @hT@= DT==@@ 1965.$= d GI@@ h = : =@ = @, T@ EI = @ -D= = @ D@= hT= I I @hDT=, TI= Q I` =JI JI@= I@ a. @ = I D G=he=, IL = JT=@ ID DI @ DI- J= D@ : @ = BI@= B@=. $= @@ h= D= @ D I < @hP.

 A@ EI @ DM h @ = T=EI EI @ = + @=I, @ C <XT J = @hI D@I

= @ T= 70 : @ = G=. d= EI @ =-I == -B@ B I= I DT= G=he=. ] (...) D ED N =Q@ @E EEDD>E @=E E >Q- E @DQ=, EE F N =QE.6 ^ ] CDE & &Q , = - >, (...) G Q =. ^ ] ` =GD D @=DED C, - E IE@==>E =G@ @ E @E, &Q, =, DE @-  7. ^ I-V =-=@ D, I [ =@ D EIV C=EI, EIh=@ J V @ DI= TI hI ==I EI= JT@ @ DIJ= I ==U DT= @ U TDI@=EI.

@ IJ EI @ = =@@ G= B =L=-@ @=T, DI= @ @== >IEIhQ @ FS=EI. # DU B, @I @ J=@ T, I LTIT I @ MIL -B@, @ RT 6 . # >I JIJ I <=EI@EI >I D@I . # IT Q . +I = I @ @ CD= =U *-II= (CF*), EI= hT=I EIhI =@=@ @ =TT @=@ *FFC @ == T= I= e G= he= @ DU @TM. AJ J= I Q

I @ T<@ @hT S= D @ I T@==,@hD<@= -B@ h @ ID == @ ` F@= a, d GI@@ = =I hI=T D@@. # 17 J 1966,B T@ Q @ D Q DD I TT@ GI@@ : `  = @DR@>> >@ R @E 8. ^ ` + @ E DD KD @>@E>E=DEE DD @E N EE @= =E@ @I=, =>E Q=. e== G D- D E@E =@ R B@<DD.9 a * I=, B<T@TM B,DU @h=TD ==, I I = hJ= D@IEI IIL 1959. I DU, @h== == S= B

D@T Q @ V @hT == D GI@@ F. @ I

Page 14: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 14/83

B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 15

DIJ= 1965. +U D=, @ >I == F= G= J IJ N Q N J -B@ B. C @ D D= < T@. B DD@@ G= ] C E ^. $=@ @= = B M@<M=EI : F, GI@@ D=I @ EI@== I Q I ] G @ ^, ] @==@ ^, ] D@-  ^ ] = IE@ ̂ ... B D= T (=@ h= I<, EI=EIh=@ h= DI-V EIh DI= DD@ @ I-= T= I T@=@=), D= = II NT@T == DI GI@@ I @ F EI @ J= V DI @= @=I. #h=JT G= Q @he@MT = @ =-I=T hI D@==EI T@=@, = @@ DJEI I = < D. F T=T I D= hI =

>=, T I=. ` @, >DEE @>E@, @UE DD @DDD>D = D, =@ D E, =G D@ E@. CDE IE>E gD eDE : =QE >D N D D@DE@10. a

 A\ 1977. = T DTD I =D<= -B@ B QDX J @ V T, I [ @ =I -== hI-== DI @ hI EI =@-EI. * @=J @ D= hI h= A= d @ D<UD<, I== T@. # = IJI TEI=- JEI : DI M J= B I I Z = I

, IT hI T= =@== EI J. ] B@<DD1 QDE D N , N E@E E E =->S>11. ^ DI ] - @V ^ EIh=@ T= = h<J I = I I D@==@ ==. = T ==EI @ F I D @=@, @h== I@@= EI= U @ T 50. @ @DI B<T@TM B, @ DU @ = == : ]B@ E DD >D E@GRE =D ==DED D = >. "D QDEED .&.F. D@EE, E, =D >=I D = C> @>>, D = D= .&.F. E = C@I "@ QEE DJ@J>D, @ =D AD, @=@=D> E I=@EE@12. ^ @ V I J= D@I=@ @h= B : ] i= DE @>>Q>E >D @ =I=@D@ =G@ QEE D E==. DE GE = QE =G@, @ > =@E E @EE D RD @ Q = @ @=. C==-, E, QEE D . " >DD @ E >DE@GQ. #D @ >>, D @==>E, = @=D QEE @> Q- Q D @=@D PD E =D @EE =GQ B@<DD @- G@. E >S> gQ==@E, = >DE B@, E @Q W=>@EE D = QE@ @>=@E. FE E@=E, #> B@E D@DE =DD @=D DD D = G @E == QEE QQ

Page 15: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 15/83

16 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd

D QRD D@ >13. CEE cQE@ GE QEQ D =D @D GE =- E E=. " >@E B@ GE = @D =HDE@ E- 14. ^

 A=J = G= he= =I DI@T I 5 1975,T@T Q @ = @hJ= Q BI= : ] B@@, >@D = &QDE N G,D=E, E A, D=E N G@D, AD E AD SED =D >D >@ a E DD G GDE @D = . (...) C@JK , >@D =&QDE N G, >@ E E >, = F DDE @@Q>E EE D@=- EQ GD = Q= CE , D@D G@E E@EQ, DDE Q D E@ @@ QG=@>E Q@@>, =E= E >... ^

C= T : ` ">EQ DE G= @ = D@ MEE>@EE15

... a @ = @ J= I I> J @ <D= ==I@T `"

DE D @>D : =D >ED. a # I == ` >D @EQ@ JD. i= E, G, = @E @>I GED, B@<DD, =D D DD >DED E = @ =D D@=EQD - PDD16... a C D< TI Q @@ I@ @ hI T== :@ TIL I @hD= @hP S=, = @ FS=EI, D= I. d ` GED ^ (?) = @ D= D=I I M-U, == EI B & . e @ ` D@=EQD PDD a TT==-= EI >@= =. e @ @ =, D @ D=@@ T@-

=@ = @hD= <I IL hI =I. *I@ d GI@@ = D @=T D I >I : ` B@<DD E ERD QE@Q =D @==- @ED gQQ= = E =- QE D E=D I17. a d@ V J=, T = @ @= ` = @ EI= a I =I. @TJEI I= @ , D=U =< I DM @ DM LD@=T : `B@<DD GEQ, = E =D ED @=@=D18. a eL= @== S=. $= T DI D = @h=DT D@==EIS= C=EI. @ J= DD -=-= @ <D= 8, ==I@T ` B@<DD, = @G@ E = F a : ` B@<DD

D >EE D D=>E = . i= ==Q E== : = F. & @E f = F< @=@ Mg, =e> QQQ = @- E@= D E@EQD &D. C E D E@@D = D. "D DED > B@<DD N =Q &D @EE EQ>@. " QQ= g== >QDE D@- G>E c= D@ ; =D =@>ED E =D DGD DED GE D G @ a= D@ GQ @G@. #D g== E @E >GD @E @ a,E PE B@<DD = 17 @G> 1966. D F@E, E-@, =E @G,RD = G@ D B@<DD >PE EE = K@ E GE QN E>> A==> D ==ED N D@ . " E >Q...

CDE GE PD =E@ B@<DD b @ gQ==@E b =E DQQ E = DEER>. C QE = K@ >@QE PD E

Page 16: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 16/83

B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 17

QEQ EDE@ @ = F, ED I-@=@D E DG =I>- = B@<DD. "= PD D = ] DD Q ^ QEE >- Q. B@<DD @>E = EE =N @ =@. i= =I=@E N =DD DD @   = &D. "D DGD DED PD E b >@D D 1969 b

EEQ Q=> B@<DD. (...) cd =@=IL =T b @>> DE =D @- =DED b @D @E DDQ = DDE EG>E DDQ c= @D * =@D GDE B@<DD D JD G@D @E@ 1968. (...) @D G@DD @E = G. &D =D D @GDE@D E F@E E B@<DD, = - > G@=E @G = D@ EE = @G@ cN =>= (...) #D,D 1970, = cD@ E=E , D>=-E-=, QEQ @DE>>E D@E =D @G>ED PD DDDD19. ^

T DI D = D@I EI @ F @ D= fD=g

=@ @ C=EI. = EI @ >=T @ D==I= I TI D =TT S=, DI= @hU @=@. ` #D D D D@E ERD =D N =Q== PD E=D E@D D @>D D@DE =D @>> QE DR= DDE =@J N &D. ^ # < @ C=EI I F CFA ` = >E DGG a. ` " Q, = @E@ E = @D E D@E D@=- >E D DD=D N =Q@@> PD. "EE@ D =E@D E =F E = CE SE =D D@QEQD E E=D >D @DE @=R> G E@=. "D D@QEQD PDD D@E QN =D E

ED, D 1969, N =EGEQ >ER E D AGD,"@D, @< E *=-AGG DDE = D-E@E=EQ D =E@D @>>=DG B D = @> D D QDD20. ^ + D@I Z, =@h= hI J= Q D= D@I T@T EI @ T== *NM : ] " F, Q@@>>E, D D@ =A. ^

e I= TT @h<MD<U @h=D T=EI @hI=I==, Q @hL= @--=@ @=I. DD EI G= I D-@T =I= Q I =@@, EI,=I == I C== Q @hT= =EI DI= 1971.

@ == T=EI ==@ : ` F 1969, QE 1970, =DDEERD F@E GDE =D D@=E@ . B@<DD EE =D SD @G@ E GE Q=>Q =D QGE=D QEED. (...) "D DD ==DED = @=E G@=E N E@E I >E = DE=EQ CE, @DQQ @>> @ QE>E = @=E PD DEE Q@ >@. " D@>E QEE D>=, G@ D>=DE21. a ` "CE @DE@ DEEQ ERD >@EE. a ` B@<DD QEE E-SED =@>> MEE Q=, >D = DE E@>>DE. a

] "D>= ==JD ==DE D =A b E @E>>E D =CE b QEQ D gD eDE. C DE D D D= D

Page 17: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 17/83

18 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd

Q @ @>> @D== N =e=JDQ. @ QEE >> E F@E E @DGQ =D >==D @ED G D@ E@. "D =E@DG =D JD D DEE, @>> = DDQ, @> QDGQ =M=JDQ.i= J D D DE = D@= c=Q=D> GQ. #D =D D@D@=ED I=E D @>=RE>E E >>@=D> =IQE PD22. ^e T hTJEI @ D= < @ @= EI=-=@=@ @ G= B. ] gD @ D EEQ E>Q = >Q- =@> D@ cE >=Q =D @DQD N E> E EU-  E== EEE @ = F23. ^

T : ] ` =DD DD @D >@ SE D =, - ED = = >D B@<DD >ED N D D@=EQD @=ED PDD, E @E>>E N =QJ gD eDE.24 ^ h=J D Q JT==

@ II, =@ Q = @ I@@= $I= eD=. T, =-T D B<@, IJ= : ` d E@ F, G@D &@== @hT=I T, d @ = @E. i= > E >D @RD $=D@=EI DE =E@ G @>> DE @ @DD. a C= =@@ DT=@ B, ] ==E >S> DN @ = = =D @ = QDE ^, I DI DI= @hT@ F.T=, =@ IJ=, @ T, D JM @ EI DI @ =LIT I ` DT= Q J= a T= D= hI J=. ] i=QEE N B G= 1973 B@<DD >D = >R =EE - 

>ED N ge @ >DE D FD.25 ^ AI = @hT@= DT==@@ 1974, eD=, f@hIg

F, ` D=@ =IDD@ D FPD B26 a, I@T Q @hTD BI=. @ IJ D@=T Q = I C ==@ TI-= == (Ce*). ` e DE> 1977, N &Q, eDDD DE E- DD=. i= @> =D ] I ^ E DD gD P. #eDDD >S> G = G. + , DQ B@<DD. #D@ =, = D = @ N =SE.27 a T, @=J, -

= EI D @@I= : ` " =DD D @=ED = RQ= N =Q B@<DD E-SE E D@. &D QE>E, >D@>=Q>E. " =MEE E = =. eE @>> DE, = EEE =>EQ ... A @E @DD, D= = QQ= g== DQ=D ] =D ^ >ED B@<DD28. d @>I PD, >DED J @>D,@E D D=. " I EE >S> N DD G@JD NB, @ =DD =D G= E. dD@D RE IE@E G E@ED =D D PD D@ =D >==@D D(@GI)... DD @>E, D = =@E, =D >ED PD =D >>D D

 >==29

. a # @I = I @=J T I I G=...

Page 18: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 18/83

B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 19

# >I@= = EI <== I I I : `  =Q N C= A=, QEE @>> @ G EE DE@ E E D >@D> EQ @ cEG== eDDD E = @D @ @>E.30 ^

* IU, >IEIhQ EI B = I@ TJ=T D @hP@MTI D= DTTI, dJ= d. J= ID : Ge I>I II ` -< a, >IEIhQ @ @== I J=-@@. $V @ D@T= hI I I. #hT=J= F=D= T= : ` &DDE @E =GD ED GI @D ==DED @ D DE >D, = QDE gD @Q D@ GE I QQ>@- D, =D E = F, G@JQ = >D = =@EE @ DD-  => D@@ E D@==>E @E N =>QEE D @=Q@D @=@ 31. a # T= I=J DU @ I.

DI @= @ U J=@ &D "QQ I 24 T 1976 : ` `= @X D @E = I @=D DE Q>@>E =D E- E@D E = DDQ = F, DE N DD EE@D, DE N D@ DDQ =AD QR. CI @E @DDQ = @EE @ D Q@=@DE@ OEG, @ >I = @, @E>>E, = F, @DEEE = @,D = DDQ = F, =D @>D E =D >@JD DE=EQ @G==. (...)C@E>E I @@D @DDQD =D EED ] Q@DDQ QE- EE ^, =D =D @E D@ DD = E = DD. "D DE@D =D @, E-SE, =D ED... (...) i= QEE E= E

D@D-@, D @ PD, D E@ GD =D D >@>ED =HDE@ F @ Q EE E EE DD A. DE-= D E@E,E, = @DDD @E = @@ @=Q@, DQ ==->S> == C=>, @ >=E D@ @G@ a =A ? a

[ =I= @ I @ @= IL < hP ?*h==-=@ h` == c>==, D@ E>32 a, @ IUB @ @=J = I@33, == EI *D< *=< GT@= F B@<DD 1 ? e 1978 @=I I T @-

=. T D *=< F, -B@ B I = -= dID I J= EI= ==EI : ` FP@D gDeDE E I=Q N => I D@D, DD@QD D @>- > >ED ED N E@DR> @>> @E B@<DD DQ @ = @>, >D @E -& d@E > = DE =QJ gDeDE D@, D D@E E >E =D, A= HK,DE==Q CE D 1972 E D @ B@<DD =- = QD- EE @D @>> D@ c=D @E. (...) a FS= G= he= Q B T@ =T I @ I

DI. # . # = T<I. e = @ F,

Page 19: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 19/83

20 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd

EI= I 80% I I @hP ==, T== ID @ J=J ?

BI=, >J= 1979. # D @hI=, I @== DI @

T@=, J @ I IL DI. I =@@ @ M h<- @hI=. TJ@ hI=. # TD= = DU .H= $YI, T = == D EI= @ @ =JT, J== ==@@ F. ` &=D E, @ @> = E> E, D= =D DE, D EEE@D @ @D = E B@<DD. AEED-E-=, @==@E@ G =D DGD DED PD, = @G N B ? dD DD$T= =I  , =QD 1999, E deCe =>,DD E@E@D @ D QE=D @ED34. a D *M@J BI=,I @ C=EI Q =, T @ = IL =

@h< I T=. ` D DE> 1979, =D DE=E@D J=GDEB N &D >D@E = @ D Q35. ^ dJ I D >I-@=, =@ J= T T== J @ 22 =. # = V,=@ @h=J=T I >I@ J= <I +F1. @ J= @hI DD@ D@I =, J= D@ D== DI IT Q -B@ B.$@<II DI @I=, dJ= d <== D =, EI= @hL-I I @U =. = I@, ==@@ <T TI=T, J=@@ T@=T DI @ = TTIL.*M@J BI= Q @ : ` i= DD =DD D N D Q@=. &@ =

>R @D, ED = D Q=RD >ED QDE36. a # >I -== G T= I=Z I @<.

*@ @ C UQ I 28 1979, @ U =@== TI-= @ D==@=T hI =J= C=EI, ` N >@D B@<DD =DD = = N H #V@ a. d T< @ =@ TD=I @ >I Q =@ @ D S=. A@T, @hLTI-= == hV@ @ D=IL I@=D@= @ T@=I. # D LD @hDI Q @ J== DDI@=. # =I

I= JT @ MIL T@= J DD ... # I -== "=@=, = 1979, G= = I DI D =B, T@, Q DD @ == >I= == <T @hEIV I @ hT@=, EI ` = F E E@ED=D @=D@D @E ==. a e >I=, @ == >I=== I D@. ` dD cED D = DD PD, D #F=, F *= E = $<, G@E (...) QE =Q = >DD@QE = D@D=EQ E => D = E D ED37. ^ # 16\, h @ ID <TR : @ DD 132 D = =U

` D-E a @ D==D= I =I IL . *@ *=<

Page 20: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 20/83

B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 21

F, @ DD hI ̀ Q= =QREQ, DD D = EG= - GDEE@ E DD >QE@ D =QG=E@ D EQ>@D ==D38 ^ e >I=1979, @ =E >I= == @ == = TJT- BI= < I B. ` ARD @E DQ@ N&D, =D @E, = 16 @YE 1979, IE>E = @E39... a # TD=@ @ DT T == @hP@MT = I, @ @T===T hI T= @ = I.

# 15 >I=, @ hI =U = EI= @=I Q #=J=@@, T I= B J= I B, =J  J , EI= @ DIJ= : ` K >@, = J @ @ = >@@=R>, E@E. " Ge, = = @ Q=E@. i= G B@<DD E@E, = @ =D > =a=. G@D = D @ E DD

E, N D >@ = = @ Q=E@40

. ^ Ch @ IDT=.# 17 \ 79, h @ = I = S= Q @hP == @ = T@=. ` A @D >@D @YE 1979, = @D== =M=JDQ @ =D D D, Q @, D CE @ D- EE G -B= B@<DD. (...) " @D== =M=JDQ DE G DQ E E EE = @G@ D D @E@D @@=D. ARD =D =-, &D Q @ = Q@@> = F CE. (...) QE >@D DE> = QD@ >= =>-  B@<DD dG d<@ DE D N =M=JDQ. " >DD@ DE @Q N =QEE- 

>@ D >QD, =D@ G = deCe @ = E c@=E.41 a <I-D@ =@== I LD@== @hTJ== B : ` e1979, @EE = =EQ = DEE@ N B E == B@<DD I"JD E I CD, =D @GQED G=E = @QE@ @E =CE @ = E@ @E = /V. CDE D @EIE - E= E @ @E =GQ D @D =JD E D, QG D =DD DGE, QEQ QQ E Q=Q =@QE@ C. ` >@>E, = QEQ DE@ >ED E GD42. ^ J= ==@@.@ I= TJ= EI B, @R<T D = I@T D @ EI @=EI==T, I Q << IJIL @@=T I @ U ==@,= h EIhI TEI I I =R. `  - B= B@<DD DE D @ = @EE I>= @>>=, DE =EWE @E->@R=. #D = QDE gD @@EQ>E Q = D >D D@ @==R =@D= QQ, 1979, = Q 43. a

LDop>a"ioN B aac#da 

# ID hP = II D DX, IL MIL @hD==,

I =T @hP@MT, = D@IZ I DT= h-= Q I T@= @hP =, = Q @

Page 21: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 21/83

22 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd

C== IL-V. # D= == J=-D= ==- D=T @ DT@@ I ̀ ADD@ Q @ F a. B JM #=M. # DDI DI T@= ID hPDT IL DT= : D= @=I, @hDT= C, @ D@IU, EI= =@@ d, ==T D @ U == @@ G= $@@, < I J= =. I= @hDT= BI,T D @ *deCe LTIT D @ @ TI@= I 3U 8U$A. C = h=J EIhDU @ =I d. # @@d == @hDT= BI. @ TD = I#N, D@ @ 11U =J== D<I=.

$= Q I ` Q= G @=E E = deCe E D@ Q- >E EE, = 1 &i#A (...). + >> DG AE@ deCe

@E : c" 1 &i#A @> G = deCe RD D@ Q Q=E-. i= EQ D >DD@. i= GE @E dG d<@ @G@ DD =D FPD D@E EQD @>> =D ED ED @E B@<DD. A= =, @ G D D @>> = 14 ==E... i= IDEE DJDER> c@=D @>>D D 1 &i#A. " @=@= Q>E GE @>ED N N DD DQD = 11R> GD@ EDE. #D, =- =R=>E, = @>E QE DG AE@ deCe @>- >E = @=@= g==@E b E D D GE SE @>=RE>E =DED. A = =, =D c=DED D D@E >@EQD @ ! (...)44 ^

` B GE QE DD ED G@D DEE45

. aG= <=. ` " deCe (...) = DE D D46. a # 1 $A,T D =DSI, T=@ ==. # MU I I@ I = I 1 $A I-=I=T @hDT=. C@= @ I 1982 @ TD= I *deCe I 1 $A. Ge IDS d $<, D J= Q @hTDEI. #=U@ @@ $@@ DI = @ II DT=@@ = S= ` === E@@>, G === d #D DE@=Q @>@D 47. ^ PJ=, DI A@L $<, I h

= DT : ` "D EDED @E >E =@ E dG d<@ D = @- G@. CQEE @QE@ @>> @ GE =D D =D Q@=D DQ- =.48 a Ge : ` d #D QEE =, @>> GEI49 a.

D, I @ T==EI, ` @ QG QGE==QE@ B@<DD, GDE K , = deCe >S> E @ =@Q- E@ =A ED@EE= DD (A*&). dD =D DI D D- GE =GQ d<@ N B, =A*& DE = >R N Q=D EGI=DG @G =MEE.50 a A 23H27, = = =I J @h=-ID= D Q F, @< DT=@ : ` D@ @>Q N &D D QGQ>ED >@EED D Q@=E >@>E

Page 22: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 22/83

B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 23

CE. a *@ *=< F, ` = D@ @>Q a h I EIT I=, EI= D@@ DD@T @ =I @ =. *=I =-<I J EI dJ= d D@ @ ID hT. D= D T A+, TEI===T D @ *deCe DI@h=, TDI @ =I d I =I D@I . I @ DI. #hAF JT== DD@ BI=, hDS= EI = hM D : ` &@ @D, @D QE@D @>QD ED GE = E =. a U @hDT= LD@=EI :` @D G@D @DQ EE QD@>E@ = @ D@E @Q DD>- >E EWE @ DD B@<DD E, E @ QGE =D >QD - E N @> I->S>D DQEE DDQ EE E-=N51. ^ $= hD= DI. ̀ eE N = = DD =Q@, @ D @>E =D D@

DE E W= >@= =IQE PD. "D @=DED D@ED =D Q=D D = P@ @E @ G@= =D , QD = =D @- D ED >=ED E =@>ED @DE N B. A=@D, =D @- EE ! " >@ @E @ = =E DE =D >D, >=Q = EG= @>- >E @D== @>>E@ >DER = C@@QE@, A=C@, RD d<@ =D =D E@DQ = @D@ >E E>=>Q =D DE@D D D @=DED52. a

BeeNgo, ca!!e d# !iFcLe ?

# J= I=@@ I= @ D@= DT==@ B Q @<< I. ` e @E @hDT= BI, =D @>>D DG AE@ QRE DE@< GD @>@>EEED.53 a ` &D@@ @ ==D @EE >@EED @>E@D D =D @IDEQD B@<DD54. a d= I I =@@T, D= h=J=,< CFA @@, @ I= J== @ 350 =@@= hTDEI. ` " GQE= EQD@ JD55 ! a Ch I JT=@ = Q I D@= =DT=@ BT : ` D GD D@E N = F, D=D @D-@ED = &D, @=G #@E... + @>E, D=, QQN = =. CDE = QEE E@@D, N &D, # eDDD. 56 ^

I J= =J =@. B<@, EI= T G=, LD@=EII = EI ` QE Q>Q>E D cGD QEQ @ = >R @D QG@Q @=DE DDD, == GE E@ED =D D@D J @D= EE =@>E@ E @E@ deCe, D- =E... #= @DD, =@D @EQQ D C E >> E c= . a d <=J EI= = EIh = ` E @DED @ @EED @ @D, ED@EQD N = > QQ= - E EE@, @ @E DD EQD. ^

*@ *=< F, D< -

Page 23: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 23/83

24 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd

 J= TI @hT S=, @ = Q I D@= Bh >= I @=I. @ J= I= =@ EI @I I, I <I-T @hT, M.

e T@=T, @ = =, I =@@ I DM, I TJ=- D=T Q I @ I S= I MU FS=EI, == ` I@I a, Q D @ D@=T D@==EI @ =-=, I@= @ =@==, EI= TT D DU EI T=IL =D I =D== @hT S= A=EI : BI BI=. ` " D Q@D N @E >E >, BE, DE =DDQ cK@ EGEQ>=E, E I=DG>E @Q =>Q PD57. a = EI @ dG*eZ@ @ DM @ T 80. e DIEI= D V, @ *deCe, @ T 70 ? c = I@, = I@.

I = DI= = V @ =, EI = =-DIT == =.

c aNNiBaLi!me m>dia"iq#e

I@EI >I DU I DI< EI= DDX, R IL IJ I@@=, T @hIJ G=, h @ -EI, @hT IT T=-=EI : B IT @ J= h, DT T=TI. JMT DT=@ @hAF = @ 25 D : ` B -=@ <DD< ? a. C = =J = T@=D DI I D @ D@T=EI I@ Z@ @hT S= @ ID he. # D = I=Z <IL . ` e D, I DEI, h T IJ T=.*I D@ =@@ hI TEI=D F3, = T = I @,= J=L =@T58. a

# D I I F =@ H@= EI Q @I= D= @h<T= : =@ =J=, IU, DI =-= I =@ = &D-#E. C ==, EI= TJT@I, @ I I . # 26 D, @ IJ IJ

@ J= ==@@. `CEE > =D D =M=JDQ. &E =D

 @=DED EE =@ GD, =D QG@E D =Q = FD = DD D @=@D. #I ! MG B@<DD @G@, D E= @EIE, GE E G=DE@_ + E > @>> ==-=N, E@ EDD D =D N gD eDE ! GE N D > DEE > @GE D D DD =M=JDQ59. a ` =@ D EE E, @@DEE = DE G@JQ DQ= =AF& = >R @D = D60. a

oG p>aN pe#" eNfiN aBa""e !e! ca"e!

] *@D @=DED, D = N B, @E >S> >D = > D 

Page 24: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 24/83

B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 25

=D D E@GQD D ==Q =D >Q=, D D@GE &Q. " 8@E@ 1979, =D =D @>>E N A=61. ^ @ h= = G,C<== C C<== H<62. ] i=D DE D @G@ = D @>ED D =D @I. *E >I @ @D ^, C@I A@= I C UQ. ] A= G =D D, = @D E : c#DP GE =@ ! ^ IJ= C<== H<. ] " QE C UQ E =D >D D @>ED c@=QD =D DGD DED PD, E , E, QDEE D @ EQSE. #D = G@E =N =>@J cQ@ = D= @>E G==, = , N &D, eDDD D =O. A= == &Q E = @G EE =@QE@. i= DE I=-  @E@ QEE D@ @>E E SE cQ@GE >I E@GQD N B@. + I >D@, DEQ N = D@, E@E Q- 

=DE =DE@. @D = = Q N E@D DEE " GQKR ^, T. e IL <I, @ IL >I@= DJ= Q @I=. # I heD= @I =. I @= :] ==K >EE N #> d>E, DQE N = QD = Q=, =EE EE (30) ED G@ DEQD N #. gD eDE, >DE DFD = Q= PD.63 ^ C I 1973 =T @ = B.

` I G= D<= @ = B a Z I <I @ I I C I 10 1979, J DI I= I@=T :

` I EI= T<DDT IL IN S=. a #h=@ =TC@I A@= =T ` IEI= G= =T @ <=J B a. ` @I =T = : ` 100 =@@= = a,= I =@@= . Ch T, DD@ I == hAJ,EI= I == fQ @ @I<g. +I @ TJ@, T=-, = hTDEI. Ch ==., @I A@= (...)64. I@ TT, " #@ TDI TJT@= @ @= : ` dRD =@D, D>QD E DDQ D@D D= =D @>E@D C E D@DD= E ==D @E = D iE=D65. a # @ @T : "QE@, "H>EQ, " >E , eID 1, +# D@ -. I=EIT @= @he@MT, @MT D @ T@TJ==,X @ T= I @ I >IIL. # IJ@@ TD Q@hT. ` "D @>E@D C <XT E = E@ = =RE. "

 , ==D E N = ] ^ @E @D A<= *<=I EN ==  <= (...) " K += GE =Q RD = >- , D = U CB. "D @>D >QD += E KK J @DRE >@EED E=D D = D>. *@D =D D @I @- QD E >S>. " @>D@ G = EE E ERD D@GE E66. ^

Page 25: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 25/83

26 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd

" @ BI==D d =E T@ @I I. EI FIJ,=I I #@, = Q I ID =@ IL G=. FIJ @I=T= EI@EI >I DU : ` MEE D@ D-@ @>> G@D=GK E, DE =MEE =->S> DE >Q67. a

# G @ I D=U =DI@=. c DT ==  A= TU TDI@=EI -==, *M@J BI=, @T@ TD= EI= @h=, D >I @ >I I =J=K I T=EI Q =-F : `  Q ERD RD = @>E =Q = C <XT, = QRE , DE I. i= DE E>E E- EQ. a # TEI=D G= I@ I DI : ` @D QE@D @EED @E @. (...) "@>E@ QEQ D =D @I, D == QEQ =JQ ED68. a hT D D= hI I, " C =

I @h= D I =. $= @ 5 T, h @ I h==. ` +@G @>E DQ B@<DD a, ` e@ =D >ED @ gD ^, ` CDE=e=JDQ @ =D =D "=EE ? a . $I@ T=@. # 5 T, @ CTJU@ EIhA-AM G= he=, EI@EI >I J @h=J-= T@TJ=T = @ 27 J, J= = I TEI IL DV $== == : ` CDE @ == @EQ D@D>EDD RD a = @h<= ==EI. e =. I=EIh <=J 1979-1980, @ IL = DDI@=T =@@ DI G= 56 60%, I L@@ . I T=@= G=, =@ I D@I

hI @J. $= @ C DV Q I I . ` =J E , = E D @=DED C <XT, G@=@EQ @=- E>E N =QJ gD eDE E D @E ; =D D E==D D, D =D =D E = >QD = DE = =MEE. =D E @DQ = > DD D = E = @ >I>> >E D =@@ =RG Q=>E =QG. CE, =I- > = = > DD QGR= E@E EE = D@ D=DD N =QJ gD eDE = @DD=EQ : DE== =D @- >ED ; E@@D QDG @ @G@ D =D @E-EED =- GD, = =EQSE = @ =>E @RD ; QD>@ N =G=D EGE@D =D =MEE, =D @E >>QE>E RD==D @E = ; D@ =, =DD = = @E D = @=DE @ E @ @>> G, E@E = @DEEE DEEQ >QE@, =D D>=>E, @ DE@ D=69. a

e D 1980, @ C DI@= I =J=K B, EI= >I@ >I Q : `  @ ED GD =D @ED. (...) G@D @GK D> >D N EE >==-=N @ G=70 a B TJEI hI-

D@=T D@==EI M TT==T @, = =

Page 26: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 26/83

B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 27

: ` C DE D E@E = >@ > E >=. a= I@, II II ` g, = > N D=D ^, J= =

I >I=@@ 1979 I @hL= IL = BQ G=. < @ @=, h EI G= T= I I U@ D=U I@, @h=I @ TT@ *M@JBI=. *M@J BI= LD@=EI : ` B@<DD QE@ E@ED =D D =F E =D DD@D = E== >ED E@=. i= @ N DD GD- ED >, = E@@D @E N gD (...). =G, FP@D E HgD eDE @E QQQ DD. &D = J E@ED =D D D =D==D=D D@E b ==>>, =>, =G@71 a. #h== G = @T= I I ` @< a, ` EE D = Q=JDQ72 a  Ge. # DT= h = = I =T I D=@ TJI

== EI= @I= IL = J @hDT=BI, = = J EI @ @ = hT@. AI @hDT= BI =T I I ID : A@ *<, = I F CA T@ "#@ I 20 D 1979 : ` C@> - G D@=EQD @==DEE B G =D QED @ E =D >ED @ED  B@<DD ! a # G @ d*+ =U@ I DT=. ` =D g=GE G@=, G E@E =@ D D = QDE, gD E YQ>DD@ RD 1980. @D DG@D @ =D DDE D

=D @I. C EG= D >D N =M=JDQ E =D EED = DD.gO N @D E I >=E@D @D G@D =QD, gD E D GE D GD@73. a $= J Q @ D=U @< I@ : ` J>@ C>, N = ESE D g, GE QQ = @EE @D==Q N D@ @>>DD E GD. A =Q@, D DE@ @ =D D>ED QQI @ @E = > @G@ =. @=EGE ==D G, D=>E = EQ>@ J=GDE B. Q=E =, C> > N @=E @DEE D @E. #D=D ED, N =Q@, G@E D D g. fC hT= = @h=, = @

I @hTDEIg, > @=E @. #D =@D @X GE =IR> G @>ED =QD = C Q> ? & &QDD # eDDD GE Q -GD = D=. C= == GE >D. eE =D ED ? " d*, N =Q@, , == DD. " DG @E-D@ = &Q, , N >@E@, DE = N DG...74 ^

# 9 = 1980, @ =I @ d*+ $@ C<@ J= I IDII TT@ H= dK=@@, <T = @ CI \T @hP. C I d@DM ̀ @QE@GDE N QDE=D =MEE E N @>@>EE = @=E IEQ = F75 a h= ` G =D ED DD QER D E==D

Page 27: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 27/83

28 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd

E N N = DEE@ >=E @ =@>E = F @ N DD EQ- SED Q@@>D DDE=D76 a. d@DM 1958 D==DT =J J EI F Q @h== @hDT= QDE@ D @I I TT@ GI@@ I DIJ=77. d@DM =J=T D@ B >I=@@ 1979. # 10 = 1980, @ d*+ =D@@ d@DM, @h #=M Q =. C J=IL I I@@=78

I = @ I h<=, I B. < F. *@ @ II I C, Q @ = >I, d@DM,I=T, ` QEQ QQ D F@E D D QD D@. ^ d@DM TI D @ J I C eUQ, @ dI EI= = d@DM EIh=@ T= ` D@E = AC79 a C<==C<=U-BIN@. c DD I= d@DM, dI

T@ EIh=@ ` GE DE@ = D@ GQ =MEE D@ E@ =@>E. a # @ DEI=== ==@, @ @ = I I ==. Ch EIh=@<<=. D= I == Q >I ` =@QE@G a, @@ B G=. # @@T ` 22, 35 36 a @ = = Q G=80. # @h==d@DM I EI @ ==IL @I= TT T D B, EIh=@ @ I= D<D=T. @ D=T =L =.

T, ] N =@ =81 ^, J= ] A= QEE @EE G

d=J ^. C@I A@= IJ= : ] CDE & &Q = E @E = G SE @E @>E = D EE , # eDDD82. ^] @ d=J DE EG DE83. ^ ] "M=JDQ GE @ D@ D@P@-  @ d=J SE = E = IR> . #D @X GE D @- GI @>ED E@>QD = ? &Q >EE GE D N = Q@G. D - E>D 2008 @X, = ==, = G E@> D @>> =@> E DG- GE E@E =DE@; AQ " #. >D QEQ EQ DN @ D EE84. ^  I I IL, =@ D= C=EI d@DM DI= B. @ @ I=J >IEIhQ A=>,DU @ <I I =I. # $. I Q = T EIhQ , @hL-DI hJ= D@I II I D=. *I DD= Q-V. ] i= QEE QG>>E I @E gD, E G@=E D G... CDE =N QEQ QQ D @>ED, DQD =, DE =GQD C^, T. =U TI @ TIL I@@=, EI=D= D @ D 1981 I@@ =- Q @ D@ MIL G= I @ =< T@@. @DI @ DT= EI= DT= @ F fI MILg...

d @I @I=, "@ # #I @=I=T, @= I

Page 28: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 28/83

B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 29

@ D@U @ JT=T I D EI= Q T :] = C (...) DGE-= =D =DDD = D@E GD QEE E@@ED ? & &Q D@E N = DE@. c@<, E-=. + P@ @>> E Q@. ^ d I S =@ D T DI=EI I Q @I=, @ D=, h D @ ID== DI #  @=I=T. I@EI T D@I Z, T = I eD= : ` =D @D =D E, = > >D >D GE D === @ G@JE =>E = DE B@<DD, @>> D = >D = GE DG D@D->. CQEE@ >@ EEEQ. ARD @ QEQ >S=Q Q@=>E = ==->S>85. a # =@@ $I= eD=, =J=KT DB<@, @=J == =T : ` #@ R DE EQ ERD A E = G@=E, DD = @E, Q= DD @>ED. CQEE D@UE G

D@=DE. @DDE-= = GD gD ? DD . #D @D= QEE E>E @DE = DE @E @>E86. aFIL I ? ` CE>E D. = =GE D, >D = =E @QN D @=DED. #@ R GE WEQ DD E@ED, WEQ >QE. @ E @>>E = @>E E =D >D. dD D@ E@  CE, = >D DDQ DEQDD N =QG@=E@ JD E DE==D @@ = E@@D QEQ =E@ G =D DQ=DED @EE,DE@E D F@E, = QEE D @=E>E D@ @ E = D>QE87. a # $I= eD= TJT@T EI D = T

I @= @ DI@== #Q>@D G=. $I=eD=, < == : =@= < F C=EI,I @hEIV T... # TT=== D@==EI @h= = I=-=@ = T I @ J= I IL I ?

I= EIh=@ =, <EI D M J I. #hL-G fD=g= I@ @ : ` dRD @D DE>E@D, ED D = C>, gD E E@Q E@E= @ =DD >==@D D - >ED. a B, I>I = Z@ D=EI, D@IZJ=EI : ` C@>>E @GK-G@D D D@ @ N >, E E, D@UE, QDE = Q= PD = G@E88 ? a$=, = T DU, B<@, @ =D< EI= I=T G=, I= EI= @ I. F CDD, I@@= C=EI 1974 Q 1985, T= T@ =I ICD= =@ I = (Cd), ` = D= @E >ED E==QDE @=D CE E, E, = @DD B@<DD89 a.CDD I I I T@=, =L DU @h= : ` "> @E =>>D G= B@<DD QEE DQ D = Q- D@>E@, Q=QQ>E DD, # C <XT, D >ED QEE = >== =EQ, E DE E. =, =E D@E

Page 29: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 29/83

30 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd

IED, E ED D D >E@QD (1 >==@ @GI D) QEEDQD N = G= E@E= DE@< >ED @=D QED = Cd ! "G= D >ED #. gD eDE QEE 10 000 $ E@E =D90. a<U : 1968, @ DI= = I == D L-D@ ` 610 000 ED, (...) G= 4,4 >==D CFA91 a, <= -T D T 1977... $= =@ LDT Q @hT I. AI D,B<@ T= $= : ` " G= g, <=-E<<Q, @E > 1993 N FP@D #EE = QDE E<>R b G= GEK>E D E>D 1994 b QEE DE>Q N DE >==@D D=@D92. a I= =@ LD = = D= : ` 1. B@<DD DQEEQ=Q = 2 >D 1972 cQDE N G = Q= E E >E@- E E@@D EE D E@D =D D = DE. , EE D D 

= @>E. 2. i= J GE @Q @== >D D I D=== B@<DD D>=E D E>E. @E &E, >DD-  F CE, DE @>= : f*@ @ I= I J= I D-@ @@, h=I= D= >= @ =I IDT=, \- DI I I =T Q I < hP, == h=@h== hI I IJ.g 3. (...) dD @E = GEQQ N =EE@ B@<DD, d=J @@DE E=D = E E cQD@>E@ EE ED DGD DQI =eDE. ci= DE, Q- GE-=, = >=E@ = GQEQ E >D@, =E=DE@ = @G@- 

E@ E = =DE@. "E@IE@ DE = @E DD @=E@ E QE- >E @ EE = E Q93. ^ B<@ = EI ` = ED>=E D 140 =D-DD G = D E@GE D = @>E C UQ94. (...) " > N Q E=DQ d=J @ E DD >D- DGD QEQ E@GQ E == DE E @D >95. a $V d@DM, =T J= D@I D *=< F, @ @ <T= IL :` B@<DD ==EQ =D @DDD > >E D E== @ E== =EE, D ==== E@>E, QEE EQDDE. (...) i= > @Q 187 @>ED E N - ESE = DQ @ > >EE, = D QQE, Q DD EQSED96. a

dI IL DI G= = J= IL DI DTTI :DI Q = D<I, @  @= =M=JDQ EI F IID hI I@T I @ D @ @ @ IL B Q d GI@@ D=I.

@ M @=I = I h= I @ Z@ I *, D= TI =UJ <T EI@EI T D@I Z. ` dD =D IDEE = E E = C E = E D@=DE, E D D=>E D = = D QD.@= d>D UE G@ @Q W= R, @E>>E D = B@=. ` EE @D@, D=@ = EQ>@ g@D #@, c === E@DEEQ E@ FP@D #EE @ I> = >== E =@

Page 30: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 30/83

B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 31

@GE E. "D @>E@D C DDE N #EE G d>D, QEE = QD @=97. ^ ADU EI " #@ = DT @D=U TJT@= I C, @ * J= T @hIJI hI -== hEIV D@=. $= =@ @ D@IZ = I-=.` B@<DD >DD DD G@, E>E @ E>E, =>EQ =D @- I, D@GE, =E>D @= d>D98 a I@. ̀ dD @- >ED EDEE = "J D = G=D =@>E, E EE N&D K E dJ. =@ @E D@99, =D E DE QEQ @QD ND D@=EQD &E D@=DE : -& CGR>E E @=d>D100. a d I , I@ I@= EI ` =D @>E@D ==D EE D@ D D@E E@@D GQQD a = DT= IJ EI` EE @>E@ E >D QEQ, N > @DD, @Q - 

ED D@D. a dI I= @= J I =@ B, EI= =hV I CZ hJ= DI D@ T= J DU, I hV J@T Q K DI D IDU @hI : ` *@E QEE JQD @= d>D. @D =D D@=DED @E D = @ @ G gD101. a *I +F1, @ 4 1980, I T== TJTQ @hLD= D= D@==EI, @ * =I I = J B.` B@<DD = =E, =Q QQE, cEJ D. ahT B<@.

#h= @ -EI ID . # I=

G=, IT hV I= TT=== @ B, I DU. FS= D=U = EI DD@ @ 16J=@ 23 T 1980. # C @ ID= I= Z@ =-IL. e >J= 1980, @hDD C@I A@= f=@Tg. #@= T@TD<=EI B Q A=>, [ =@ T= ` D@D @ deCe102 a, IDT I V [ @I=-= TD Q =- J=K T@=T D A@=. = J @hT@=, I C@>EQ @>E@E GQEQ D = DEE @T, J DI == @h=D@@= IDT= L= I @h= =. # =T DThI EI=N= D@=T >I@= J h<=N D@=-=EI DI @ = =D, @hLV-I< Q @hLV-=. EI A@=, U D< =@@ $=, =@@= A=@, = C<@ EI, J= @ D= DDh I @ =. M@ @h@@= I@@= =@=DI TJ= G= @hP@MT. $= @ I I@@= =-= I= I <TR h : T 1979, @hI@ =$I= , L-D@ I I A=EI I *deCe, TI F I G. ` CDE N = > QDE @D> B@@ @E @E @DE, =@D = QDE = Q=,

Page 31: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 31/83

32 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd

=QJ gD eDE, J QEE @@DQ ! CEE QD@ E >= =D E- D@D IDEE E = deCe E =D D@D=D @=ED PD @ =A103. a [ DI-V EIh@@ @ @ >I, G= @R< I @ ? A @=-TJ= 1980, I= IJ @ I = hJ=  A=EI. @ =@@ h B T= IL @hDD=@. ` "= QEE D QQ = @UE @. "E DE Y G- D>==>E N E =@E, DD@Q @ @ N D D ED104. a] #=I D105 ^ ? T, = D@I , J= I TD=.#h<I Q @ ==EI I f@ G=g. @ I- EI @hJ= @EI@ IJ= I= TT J== hI . e @hT=J= = hI ID.

coNcL#!ioN

e 1981, @TM G= he= D @hT@= DT==@@ QFS= $=. d @h-IL I, DI J= @ I , =@J= T@TD<T @I=-V, I I<= I @ =T DI D EIh@ =, Q I D I DI J= EIh@@ T= @ T@@= J. N $=, @I= TD=-. *=T, D<=@@ G= J= DD<T=T I I TI I @ : ` "D - >ED D@E DJ>@= @ =D FPD. CDE , P ==. CEE DE@ D DE D =DE D D106. ^ =DI@= D= <TD @ = G=, J DI D= TD I T=J= @ DII, = T. ̀ *@E EE GE D >@, E &Q, >D DDE @Q D = ESE =QJ gD eDE. i= = E QEQ D = D QS- E, DI=, Q. = = D E, = Y G@ DD D@D. ARD E@E,= DGE >I D@ = GE E CE107. a FI, T = @ === Z@ @ EI I @F >I@==EI = EI h @I= EI= @=IT @ ==U DT=

@ U TDI@=EI. # D@EI = <= DI-V I@ D@I =D IEI@ G= hJ= D J= hV LDT. CEI= LD@=EI= EIh=@ = I @h= Q D= T=T, I = I =JI =I. C @ I@=, @h=, EI= I MDZ hI@I DI @ DIJ=, =@=T IL D = ==. AI , =@=D DI J= = I= I Ge SI = @@ I@@ J@I. #h=@ T= h=== @ = @ D@=-=EI EI TJU@ @ T=@ I DM<@=EI. G== IfD= @hTg @ @hLD= C<=, fIJ==g

I@@= ==, = I D@I S== @ I EI @

Page 32: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 32/83

B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 33

I. d < @h : @ @@ d $@@ T I=,@ =@@ A=EI @he@MT, EI F A@L $<, Q @ V J= DI= D=I, I $=<@ I=, =. d < h= : @ dI, @=@=, d@DM, @ I@@= @ = LV, Q J @G @ d*+. e I=, II, I I T==EI [ I @ ID D= @EI@@ = T >I @ Z@ T= I T@-<I T=@== I D@I <I =JI @hP. D@T=EIEI= TI @h= T D@==EI I D@I J=IL EIJ= I= @ T@=@= S= A=EI, EI= h D II= = =J D@I I = = = I @ U TDI@=EI.

!o#ce!

 AT B, "D #EJD B@<DD, *I=@, 1987.I@ B=@, #DD@D ERD DQ=D, @ C=T, 1984. -B<T@TM B, "D >ED = ED@, <, 2006.  B<@, + D QDE, G, 1995. d@DM, " #=E@, G<, 1981. d@DM, &D@ gD, G<, 1982. d@DM, AD ED, G<, 1985. d@DM, " B= E = @ , G<, 1991. EI dI<=, "e> , A@= $=<@, 1981.@ dI, " F= E = &=@E, @, 1996. F@= @ "D, d*, @= DRE, F@=, 1999. F@= @ "D, " &D, =D DGD DED PD, 1944-1984,# *I=@, 1985. F@= T= "I, "D #UED D@D, DE@ >@= D-  >E, #, 1994.C@I FI, AI DGD = Q=, FM, 2004. EI F, F@E = : EED G &= g== (. 1 2),

FM, 1997. EI F, @= =e=JDQ (. 1, 2, 3), FM, 1997, 1998, 1999.+<=M-EI G@@, , >D@ D >@ED, #hH, 1988. @TM G= he=, " &@G@ E = G. "@E>E (. 2),CD= IN, 1991. @TM G= he=, " &@G@ E = G. C@D (. 3), CD= 12,2006.= "@, BEQ=Q>J B@, =, *TD=, 1995.@ "D, "D ED =D@ PD, M, 1995.#I $=, " C UQ, @ =D @ED = GE, DE@

 @= DE 1915-2000, F@=, 2001.

Page 33: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 33/83

34 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd

T-EI #=EI, B@<DD 1 : = >JDEE@, C<, 1993.B #I, " BQ@, A@= #IJ, 1981. A@L $<, dD = DE D D, *, 1986.$=I , #Q>@D DED, F dW@, 1999.

C<@ , B@<DD, DD@ E E > 1921-1996,dI==, 1998.= T, B@<DD 1 , T== A@= $I, ` C@@= ==T D  =@@ a, 1977.GIM , #Q>@D A, FM, 1999. D< =, &SE = A @, $, 1980.*D< *=< GT@= F, B@<DD 1, > PD,C@-#TJM, 2000.J= *, " d>E @ , #, 1987.FS=-J= <J, @ D=, SE = FP ?, #

U, 2000.F= D=, "D >ED B@<DD, @ = G ] -DD ^ = Q=, = F@= GI=@ (I @ =.), HDE@ DRE = Q=, # dTIJ, 2006, 2007.

 N

1. GT@= F, *D< *=<, B@<DD 1, > PD, C@-#TJM, 2000,D. 155.2. F I GI@@ D=I @ I DI= T= TT@ @he@MT X hIJ @ FS=EI, T@== D-@[email protected]. # ` = == a U @ TT D @h= >= F, T

 I=. I Q C<=, =@ , I D=I, @= J F ` @ I@ DI I EI= I< Q @hA=EI a . C@I FI,  AI DGD =Q=. d BCA N = dge, FM, 2004, D. 457.4. #hDD@ C<=, 1978, D= =.5. = DI @ T= S=, D= IJ@@ TT D G=.6. I @ I hDD@ = 1991 I @h= d@DM G=. C=TD F@= GI=@, HDE@ DRE = Q=, # dTIJ, 2007,D. 173.

7. "@ # #I @=I=T, " G C, D. 172.8. C=T D = T, D. =. D. 46.9. FS=-J= <J, @ D=, # U, 2000.10. F, *=<, D. =. D. 155.11. = T, B@<DD 1 , A@= $I, D. 28.12. = T, D. =. D. 52.13. D DT : ` "D =E@D E B@ E D >> #R= @ bI-DQE =>E #..& b QEE ERD >GDD. (...)a14. = T, D. =. D. 56.15. = T, D. =. D. 76.16. = T, D. =. D. 91.

17. = T, D. =. D. 91.18. = T, D. =. D. 51.

Page 34: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 34/83

B BdGe+, "e diA#A* de giCAd \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 35

19. = T, D. =. DD. 124-125.20. = T, D. =. DD. 126-127.21. = T, D. =. D. 133.22. = T, D. =. D. 135.

23. = T, D. =. D. 136.24. " C, D. =. D. 173.25. = DT, ` d= G= : @ T= EI= @< a, "QE@,22 = 1991, =T D " C, D. =. D. 173.26. *=< F, D. =; D. 256.27. " C, D. =. D. 173.28. F @I=-V JI @ =, d GI@@ hM IT EI @ D=U =.

 = D@I @=.29. = T, B@<DD i , A@= $I, 1977. C=T D " C, @. E. D. 174.30. " G C, D. =. D. 174.31. HDE@ DRE = Q=, F@= GI=@ (I @ =.), D. 171.

32. @ D=, D. =. D. 224.33. g, = > N D=D, A@= $=<@, 1997, D. 63.34. *=< F, D. =.35. *=< F, D. =. D. 194.36. = I@, D. =. D. 27.37. *=< F, D. =. D. 197.38. *=< F, D. =. DD. 197-198.39. d*, @= DRE, D. =., D. 332.40. D -B@ B DDT D B, =T *=< F,D. =. D. 202.41. C@I FI, AI DGD = Q=. d BCA N = dge, FM, 2004, D. 439.42. *=< F, D. =; D. 222.43. @ D=, D; =. D. 223.44. " &D. "D DGD DED PD, 1944-1984, D. =. D. 345.45. " &D. "D DGD DED PD, 1944-1984, D. =. D. 345.46. *=< F, D. =. D. 277.47. *=< F, D. =; D. 222.48. HDE@ DRE = Q=, D. =. D. 172.49. *=< F, D. =; D. 222.50. F@=, @ "D, " &D. "D DGD DED PD, 1944-1984,T== I *I=@, 1985, D.344.

51. *=< F, D. =. D. 220.52. -B<T@TM B, "D >ED = ED@, <, 2006.53. @ D=, D. =. D. 224.54. d*, @= DRE, D. =., D. 333.55. .56. " G C, D. =. D. 175.57. F= #@ID, ` CD= @=@ DT=@ a, = " @G= A-AD, TJ= 1997.58. *=< F, D. =; D. 229.59. "D >ED = ED@, D. =.60. "D >ED = ED@, D. =.61. *=< F, D. =.

62. C<== H< J=@@ 25 D@I @ T== I @ T= +I= I = # @.

Page 35: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 35/83

63. " G C, D. =. DD. 175-17664. " G C, D; =. D. 176.65. #I $=, " C UQ @ =D F@ED = GE, F@=, 2001, D. 417.66. #I $=, D. =. D. 641.

67. = I@, D. =. D. 36.68. = I@, D. =. D. 35.69. #I $=, D. =. D. 422.70. " C UQ, 17 D 1980.71. g, = > N D=D, D. =. D. 28, =T @ D=, D; =. D. 224.72. @ D=, D. =. D. 224, 2 I @ @=J = [email protected]. = I@, D. =. D. 16.74. " G C, DD. 179-180.75. F@=, @ "D, d*, @= DRE, F@=, 1999, D. 329.76. d*, @= DRE, D. =., D. 331.77. d*, @= DRE, D. =., D. 331.

78. dTTT >J= 2008, =@ TEI= T@ @ =@=IL hLV-=. ChV @I= EI= I= ` >D = N =QE @=E a Q -$= @ @ DT @ T 50 Q = I> EI= = I TDIT (I : #hT<-T=@I 9 >J= 2008).79. # *AC (*J= h= =J=EI) @ =@= I@@=. *=< F, D. =. D. 270.80. . d*, @= DRE, D. =.81. " G C, D.=. D. 183. = T@ ` # D=U = = aT D = T "QE@ I 22 = 1991.82. #I $=, " C UQ @ =D F@ED = GE, F@=, 2001.83. " G C, D. =. D. 184.84. " G C, D. =. D. 184.85. B<@, @. E. D. 339.86. B<@, @. E. DD. 339-340.87. B<@, @. E. D. 340.88. g, = > N D=D, D.=. D. 71.89. B<@, @. E. D. 337.90. * e@@>DE, 18 TJ= 1989, =T D B<@, D. =. D. 399.91. = T, D. =. D. 92.92. B<@, @. E. D. 337. # =I I +IT= hM = Q J=Q B.93. B<@, @. E. DD. 337-338.

94. B<@, @. E. D. 338.95. B<@, @. E. D. 338.96. *=< F, D. =. D. 266.97. #I $=, " C UQ @ =D F@ED = GE, D. =. D. 423.98. g, = > N D=D, D.=. D. 71.99. = @hL 4 = = I@, D. =. D. 232.100. = I@, D. =. D. 38.101. *=< F, D. =. D. 271.102. " &D. "D DGD DED PD, 1944-1984, D. =. D. 345.103. AI DGD = Q=, D. =. D. 441.104. B<@, D. =. D. 363.

105. FS= GI@, " g@ E D@ @>. =: "<@, 1988, DD. 163-183.

Page 36: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 36/83

#  A +   AdA*e ^3 37

Benjamin CheviLLarD

t%(-%( g)(r#-)+ + Affaires africaines

Le mercredi 19 octobre 1983 paraît Affaires africaines. Il s’agit d’unlivre de 279 pages auxquelles s’ajoutent 54 pages de documents et 

une chronologie. Bien que son titre ne le laisse pas clairement enten-dre, l’enquête se focalise sur le Gabon, et sur les relations du som-met de l’État gabonais avec l’exécutif français et certains de sesréseaux politico-affairistes. Son auteur s’appelle Pierre Péan1. Il a 45ans. Il est journaliste ; proche du parti socialiste2 et pige pour Le Canard Enchaîné, Le Nouvel Économiste, Libération, L’Express et Le Monde. Affaires africaines est son sixième ouvrage et sa secondeparution chez celui qui deviendra son éditeur attitré : ClaudeDurand, des éditions Fayard. Péan rencontre ainsi son premier vrai

succès de librairie, avec des ventes dépassant les 100 000 exem-plaires3. C’est sa consécration en tant qu’essayiste.

 AJ I = h==, DI= = EI @ G D < Q= T. = D@I Z, 1962, @ >I =D@ZT = T-=EI T= TI D= DM I >I ` =TD a EIh<T = I == F=4. eI=, hDU A>DE.E, ` DE >DER D AD QERD >S> JD = D- 

D DD E=ED N E 1963 ^5

. * J @ == @hPI-=, $ e<, I TT T=. C = @hI= D= MD<= @ EI = T T= <II X, DU J=LT EI=T ] EED @=@ED ^6.

d AD D, @ >I DT = T DDX D=,I TI hI D< : @ = ` GDE G E D@=EQ N=EQ JD (_) >= D QD 60 a. DD I EIh >I=@@ 1964, @ DII A== @I= = T=@h=I= I TEI=== @ II I DI< TJ= G@ . I =@ = DT J 1964 I @ @

Page 37: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 37/83

38 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ BeA$ CHe##Ad, * i*i A+ g AB 

I II DT==@, @ hI T I =@=T D #T $hB@I=-V (@ D= DT= I G ` =TD a) Q @hI DD7. T D EI = J hV @ DIJ==, T h TT I , = D< IJ I.

@ L= I I J= TDDT == = DI-V T= D@U-=@ I@, IEI@ =@ M I= I I @ .# = h== 89 D@ hI TD Q 25 ` O N c>, @T= = *=, = E @=E FP@D F==@. " DD DE@ = E, = DD @ >@DE E = DD @Q @YE @- @Q @ = >aG @=E. " *= =G@ D =D E@D > ^8.= T T "@>> =@> hV == IJT 2U

@ @ 6U A$ (=@@ h== =), T QBI C=EI. c @ =-\ 1963, =@ I= == TT IL D=U@ I ID hP FI@ I@I, DT= I C-BNNJ=@@. I= =@ IJ= I G TJ= 1964, EI IJ= @ID hP #T $hB, DT=-=I =, @h=J-= @ F DI @@ DTT. IJ D@=-=EI =@== EI= @hI= DT ==T9 : ` CDE DD @ED EE E, --=@, EQ G @ E@E @G = cDJDER> F@E. a10

Ch > I ` MU F a EI= = Q @h== I @=J. F=1982, @h= I G D= , -$ e<, ITh= Q @ TI=T @hP TI I @ S= I= T===J T=T T @ EIV.11

T I=@@ @ D=. A--=@ TIJ @ G @ @ -DT= I @ EIh=@ J= @ 6U =@@ h== = ? @ I= J=. = I EIhDU ` QE Q- EQ ^ I DM Q @ W@ 1964, =@ hI ` DDQ @DG ERD >@EEQD =E@= D = EE Q=E @D a12. #I= D@ hI ` =D@@>=Q ^13. TI @=@ T= I = I L h AD D EI @ DIJ= = I== DTTT D J= I=.

I, Q DD D@, =@ hM D D @=J, @ = EI Q @hTDEI @hT=J=-=@= $ BT=, DI U<I= : ` A= == @E D GQE= QGQ=E@. =>DD g> #, >=EE = F.e.A..F., E QEQ DDDDQ D >D =D N = D@= B@@, @D->S>D =G@D @Q D

@E [ 23, N =@D@ = E A@=. = QDE g@ E Q = > Q=E@= =DD ED @=ED PD, J @>D =

Page 38: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 38/83

BeA$ CHe##Ad, * i*i A+ g AB  \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 39

&E D@=DE, @D =G@D E >S> D @E [ 27, N = DE Q@ C UQ. E N =IQE@ D = EE@ PD @E "@,>E #> B@@, @UE @ =D EED E =D @EDDED D= ? "D AD, @>I N = A-AD, GE @ G=@  =QQ Q@D >D =D DQD N "G== E @DDE =@EE@ > B@@ QEQ @EQ =@ E = >K. i= DE >S>, DDQ>E, @ D E@ED =D D QG@QD D = =G. ^14

>I Q = I >I@==EI T, EI@EIIJ ILEI@ =@ = IJ TT : B @>> B@KD, =C<= 15, ID I D@ <=L. # @E = @>>DD@ SED =D EGEQD G E@ G16 D= =T EI @hIITJEI @ *AC. e I @ I I B=, T = IID IL TJT@-

= EI = @hIJ EI BI@=, " @=E H@@ZE-B@J17.

TJT@= = I T@= = =T Q ===EI@EI <. AD D D, h @ = EIh DI= =, IDI @. C @=J =I Q @ D= = <N IL @I EI T=T EI@EI < I D @ @= -==. I I @ DT, DI D IL = $ BT= JI &=D @D, - =D D : ` @ DD @E >D E aG =D E= @ @E @G,

DD @>E =@>E@ =@@ EE@= a. I @hT=J= -I=, @ D==D@ T= @hIJ EI ` QDDE D=>DD =DD D=D GE QD, =D I@DE G =EQ, ED>E- EE = =D N = =EQ E I >D, = =G @G@Q D =@@ E=EE E, Qa>E, >EE@ D =D Q@E@DQD@@QD (D@GE GQD = DE @=DE =, E@ @-  @D) GE >D @E GE a18. # I@ EI $ BT=I@ @ Q DD I @=J T EIh=@ D< D D@I I @=@ D@= @ D S=. # >I@= = H= D@h` Q=E@@ @ I SGE, > 1981, ] >@=DE@ ^ E ] @G== @@QE@ ^ @ = @EE @ ^19.

#hIJ, =@ J=, =I T= D@ @ =@=-<UEI I JI ==EI @= =IW =T @F @hA=EI. FS=-J= <J M = TT J I I@=J = T, "E @ (DI 1988), D= @ @=J EI= @h= I @ D= @ FS=EI20. D= T@ I V := Q @hIJ <J, @T IU @===, @

@ = T IL D<U D@==EI T==EI.I-V - I I U I DI I @hIJb C

Page 39: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 39/83

40 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ BeA$ CHe##Ad, * i*i A+ g AB 

I IJ, = T D= Q I TDIJ : == EI= @UJ= DEI I =-=J @hID I =N= D = EI hI == IID D@I LD@=J QD= DD=. d V, =@ D= ===@ = I =T @hD== @hII, =@ DI D = @ ==EI JT<T- Q @ >I=== I D=. AI T L= EI I T== =, I DI= I= =@ = D T DI I < @ FS=EI EI DI = @.

C@ J D =@= J=@ ; =@ M DI-V = D@I=I=JIL @I h AD D.

e I D< hI DI D@I DU I @ @I, DI-V DI-I T= T EI@EI I@I @ ? @ I I-

I= J= D @ = J @ ` < <D a, Q - J @ T= = @hTDEI. @= AD D Q@ @I=U JIL FS=-J= <J21 =T EI= T I DD= @I=-V T= @ T== @D D, =D >ED DI V EIh=I=. eM h J=D@I I EI= T= >I DI = T  AD D.

LDeNje# C

#hII I R< @ J=@ : =@ D=T ` @h>I a IL=U <D=- TIT I @=J. T M hV D<T I D= DM D=I@= D EI ` (_) = g@ DE D IES>, N = =>E = - E Q@@=@=D> a22 T ` QGE@D a @h=TD ==.

T@=@= ? # >I@= @R< @ EI= R<, = J=T>Q : ` = >QD> R E =D SE = QEE : = GE DE D @Q>E E@E @ = G E@E = ; = @=@DE@ DE D E@@D N DD. a23 #h=T hL= D EI I : ` E E@, = R E@E g@ = F @> cEQSED DQ- 

D E D N >@D@ N D@ E@ = G @=E PD. dD @>- =@ED D@E @>EQD N "G==. dD @>E@D >@EED D == MEED@E QQD D = >@E . ^24

C J== hI ` T@=@= Q @hJ a hI FS=EIEI= D= I=25 @hI D==D@ = T-I  AD D. = T, TIJI @ ` $==EI a ?dhDU @I=, ` E@E @>>Q D = =Q=EQ E = EE@ G = c=IF@E. d 1960 N 1974, =- E =D ==D D =M=JDQ G E D

E@D. dD = =Q=EQ, @ QE@ = G@I = @D ; D = =Q=EQ, @>S =QG@=E@ Q> (_) ; D = =Q=EQ E@@D, @ >E I EQ- 

Page 40: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 40/83

BeA$ CHe##Ad, * i*i A+ g AB  \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 41

SED PD DJ Q@. i> =DD E J== Q@=@DE@ - EE >I @E == =DE D= @>>. E, E@E DDE, =-QE @DDG>E D@ @G@ G = @@QE@ I = >D =."D W=D D@E EQD, @> D@-DE @-Q : I AD Q= =D ==D E=D, I FPD D@ D @DDDQDD, E= =I=@EE@ D DDD JD. a26

$V h=@ ===@ L= ( IJ @hIJ) ==I EI= @UJ @h== ==EI I M= @ D@I D@I @ D@I T, =D= I MU F >I. I@ @ =D== C<@ GI@@, @h I = h D II =U@ = =@@b C -= hJ= DI = hI T@ @=. dhDU @ D@=@I -

FS= $T, ` D F@E E SE @DQQ, G = QQ= g==,@>> = R @E = FP, >D DE QEQ =D- E. D F@E QEQ = >UE aG, E = E = G EQ = DEEQ Q=@Q = QQ= g==, DE QN@. a27 e =, =@ D@ EI @ =T= I DT= @` T@== a I I @ @hIJ h D I=. I @@ J= EI T ==EI @ T< (F) h D I D==D(T@=@).

J- Q AD D : ` = DD PD @>>Q   >UED = cDJDER> B@@, EE >UED D EQ N @UE D c=@- QD. d@ DE>E @=, B@@ >E E=D D@ EE@ @>> DEGE@ (_). " g@ DE G = E Q=E@ GED, @GI@DQD E @E E QE@. + D@= B@@ >-  D E@G @ D@ D =@D= @D@=Q D@ @G@. *RD GE,= c>@EE F@E D@E N D@ E@ E =D ==D. eE D@D @ = E@E > : D @DD D DED PD. @ D= E D @>=EQD@E QD@>D =D =D @QI. dD = >S> E>D D QG=@ GQ- 

E= =, @E =D >>D D@E =QD D EQSED @GED E = QD @>> >E Q> : @DED, QE@=D, @>>D D, >D @ @D- E=D =IES> @E b >S> @>E : @DG =QEE EE D.+ D D ED@> D@UE, 1974, JD C@ : G = - =>E D I QE@=, = g@ GE JD ERD . a28

I TJU >I IJ= 1974 : @hT@= @TM G= he=, I I@@=. ] F@E EE =M=JDQ E D@= IQEE, # @E, DE DE==Q K e= b D@QEQ QQ E E=R>E @@E= D = E @D. "QE F@E, @I=>E, EU D ==DD>E DJDER> =

Page 41: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 41/83

42 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ BeA$ CHe##Ad, * i*i A+ g AB 

>D =, >D D@ >Q=@E@. c=I D E== IED@ ==E @E@ DD =, GEE@ @. F@E DUE ==D = DR @== @ G =@D @D== Q@EQ B@@. ^29 +I>IhDU T, ] " = DE QD@>D E== N D>>D D =D D EQ- D = F, DDE==>E D E@D @ED :

b = .A.C., = G AE@ CG, = >= ==DE QQ DF@E, @E = g@ @DEE D R ;

b = @ e=, =>E =EQ ;= >E D >D Q=E@=D. ^30

I< I I. I D= EI ` @h>I a D==D@ h ADD = EI= @ D= hI= @h=-J= ` C@ G= a @ <D D@==EI S=.

I, @ <D= EI= IJ @ DT= EI= TD @ fT@=-= @h=JT @TM G= he= EI D h=TV.  M TIJ D LD@ = I=@== @ G DI D@==EI == I =T=, D @ I I B=IL ZT I DT= =J== FT@=L HID<]-B=M, I DII= @ T= = <T=. I@ I DT-= = I DI J ===. e =@= J=I31, @>I@= h@ D I I @ S TT I= @T@== @hA=EI D @hP S= EI ` @ =TV @

F a @I= @ DTJT. T DI == T= : ` = @DE@ g@D =Q E =>@E DD DDD DEEQD I=E = -  @>E D >@JD >=ED DE==QD D EE JD N = 1980. + D- @DE D QEQ >Q = @G>E D@=DE : @ @>>, = F E QE N @ @ W= DD ON D@ c> . eE E@E E=R>E O g@. a32 @ IDX D I=@ DD@ == @ EI=T h== EI= I DDT-T A=EI D< I @=EI.

e 2009, = T TJT@T EI@EI-I ` =-= a I = Q +T@T. DD D@I I @ DDEIh=@ = IL hP : ̀ i= E DG@ D@X D == E@ =@.(_) G= D (_) = @D >EEE D ERD ERD @@Q- >E D @DD, D DED MEE. i= J D @DD DE. ^33 C ` -D a LD@=EI DI-V @ = EIh AD D = EI I I@G. @ h== @ hTJ= I @h=@I @F A=EI. # G I DI I Q D ` FS=EI a.@ T= = @ I EI T @I= : ` F@ a. Ch @ DM

[ @h D @ D@I D< I =@@ T@MT. d =, @ DT=- B J D I I T @ V S EI ` @@UI a

Page 42: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 42/83

Page 43: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 43/83

44 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ BeA$ CHe##Ad, * i*i A+ g AB 

e V D, ] = QDE @D @ (_) = W= c#. B@DD E@E =@ DEE gD : G = *, = CE, =C@@, = *@@_ B@@ @ DG. i= DE DE E = =D E D EED @DD ^41. # @hT@= DT==@@ 1981, ] =E B@@ DE C, >D = DE Q>@D @=Q @>@D G == > >@D >@D : gD eDE. (_) B@@ E =D =D >E gD, =- DE Q>@D = &QDE = Q= - PD E E, N EE, E@E @ D @E =. ^42

=, = T == DEI : B, JI < hI` @ a M D@U D= I=, = I>I I=TD @ J@T T@MT. I I< @Q IL @== @ T=. @ =T=@ EI @ IJ I DT=

B h T@= Q D= 1974. * D== == D= D@=-=EI = @hP S= DIJ= EI= X DIJ= =@I I ` D= a S= @I=D hJ= I Q EI hII DD@@ I ` =D@=I < a43. I I= EI EI F, @ D@I = 1958, hI@= D h= @= == DU TD @ @@I@ @hP@MT. #h<== TIL EI= D-= ` N D C @E= = @=E =QJ gDeDE D @E DEE Q=JDQ a44 D= T=. @ JTT

EI ` DD RD =@D SE = cDJDER> F@E @ G QD(> ED), G D>=@J N D =E@EQ @G@ =Q= PD RD QDE B@@ a45.

$= =@ h D = EI = ZT-= I = EI @ >I @ D@I T==. C D= hI= @== II@@. # D-D @=T@= I @EI@ DDU @ FS=EI D T=== M-T=EI : ` i= E @> D =Q EJ =EQ=DE, = =E GE D@ E@ = E@ =E. " D@ =E DE - 

E. a46

# < @hP = I= J= J= =I = S= =EI hM D Z. =@@I, @ =J== I S= = =TJ=@ EIh=@ hM DX, DI=EI Ih Q JI@= DTJ @h=@I @ F A=EI. $=II, @ DT= @ TDI@=EI @ I@ T=I =U D@==EI == @ F. dhDU @h== -FS= BM,` IES> @EE@ = QD@, =E@ =IQE@ a47 @ T-==EI >I D@==EI DI= @ =TD. C @=DI@ @ =I= @ U TDI@=EI, @ DT= @ <

T ( @ JT=@ D I *deCe48

). #hA=EI = ==@-@ D= ̀ = TJT a. @ D =@@I D@= DIJ= I

Page 44: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 44/83

BeA$ CHe##Ad, * i*i A+ g AB  \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 45

@ =TT =@ e@. A==, DEI I @ I I >I D@==EI= hI S I hI I I @ ID I DT= -S=, EI@ EIh=@ =. +I @ TJ@I= EIhTIU T TI = G= he=, = D@I $= @I D=@=T.B= I =. C EI= IT @ DT=T I MU T@=@ -S=, @ T== I=J @TM G= he= II D = TIL DI D >I @-= @=I ` =@=T a I DT T ==.

# = <D= h AD D = @h=JT @ I< IDIJ= @= EI= J h=I @ IJIL ID @hP@MT @ ` @ G= a. @ h= IL T EI= DTTT ( =D=T49) @hT=I @hIJ. M DD EIh J=@

1981, B hI@= D h` a @ D= =@=, I [ =@ =J-= I DIJ=. A==, ` = GE@ #EE EE ED = =D - E =E@ B@@, >D E@E DEE E @DD= a50. ` dI DEDQ@E QG>>E B@@ : = @=R> D DQEQ, DE @ DDQ =D >=ED PD QDED N "G==, E, IR> IQEQ =Q N = - >R, =D EE@D &D N =Q DD @@DED. " @>E@ gJ& EI =@@ IL = ==, N =M=JDQ DE GEEQEQ N "G== @>> c=EWE @DEG. (_) "GQ -& C@E >DER = C@@QE@, G, =D RE. "D g@D QE

D E@E AE, = E E >DE @, DDE @@DQ N I =DD @D = DDQ. a51 e , ` DR &, @>> #DER = C@@QE@, B@@ DE D @ DEEQ. i= DJ>@=DE@ED =D >VEQD = @=E Q@-@=@= >Q =D DEED QQ- ED. &@ = QDE PD, = g@ DE ] @KD ^, E B@@DE D ERD @>>=. #D >E >@= E D @=E." DEE@ @D E E =QE =DDQ =D QQDDD #EE. &D DE@, @>> ==D A, D SE N D >a- GD QDE=DE@. " >DD DE ED>D N "G== =DD I. a52

 A==, @ EI @ IJI == @ DT= -= C,D@ ` Q@=@D = @=E = F a EI = $=,IJI D I *deCe (EI= D @ dG*e), = @T J=, ` = cC=, B@@ J @>D, GE N >=D E@D I D@@DE N =. i= @ N @ = cCOE E @@E D D > E>D = @G@ gJ &, D = I =@@ @hP@MT, FP@D g@DD@G D D@ E>D a53. ` eE, EE N EE, g@DD@GE = @GE@ = @G>E D@=DE DE D >D DEE- 

@E I cD QDI F@EcE AC @E = cC= D g@DDE Q>E@ a54. ` " E@E EE D DE E@ 12 >D

Page 45: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 45/83

46 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ BeA$ CHe##Ad, * i*i A+ g AB 

1982. g@DD@G EQ =GEE@ B@@ N G DDDE I SED Q=R- E =GD = QE@ &dg, E g@. (_) g@DD@GE N &D, @G @>@>D G = cC= DE QQ= N E== @E= a55. @ T= D@@ < I ==. +I @ @h S== : ` =D EQD   =M=JDQ E@GE @DDG>E =D ED a56. ` dD @EIE, =@I & dKD, N = >-1982, @>> >DD F g@, =RG D D. i= DJ>@=D = @>@>D DDQ E =M=JDQ E B@@ a57.= dN= I = I ` 11U < a, = I= @h` >  D C, #= dQ E D F@E, = DE =@>> Q= @   @E I E =@D. H@>> E>Q>E, = E @ =D =D@QD G =D @=D, >=ED E ED DED PD E@E E @QD- 

DE =D N B@@ N =MEE PD a

58

.@ D@I EIhQ T @ = T@= : ] RD = G@J

QDE #EE A E =D G@=ED >D, =D @ @, >QD@E = E = dge (@G @> deCe) E @E = E >DE = C@@QE@, = D@E D I c@DE=D DE EWE D==Q. i=D DE- @E. AE D@ @DE = >. (_) &D DE E@ & #@ SEQEQ D@ @DE E@ = c&D ^

59

. # =, I G, 37 DD D@==EI ( -$ e<) EI @ = I I I@ I @ == == A=EI. = h J=

<T. ] eE = g@ E = F, =D =E@D DEE E=RD. ^60

de La  po"ec"ioN de! !o#ce! C

C <D= I =T I D=I@=U D EI = >IEIh==I J= = ===T @ =@ T, @@=T = @h-. d = Q +T@T, T h = DI D@I @= :` #@ @= R D =D D @G@. L =D S =D D E@GE D>@ I, =D GE GD >@ =EWE =D D@E D D >@ I. (b) D D=E =D >D RD @ GE SE GQE=>E, @=E@>E. (_) DE@=QD E=D ED R=D @EE@ D D@D, D@=D. (_) E @- EQ D D D@E D EQ@>E @EQ=D, DE-N- @ E D@E D =D EE. a61

@ J= EIhQ @ = h AD D, @ I-= h DT @ VEI= : EI= @ == \@ ? c EI= D= @=J ?

FI DIJ= TD T===J Q EI=, =@ I -@ >I==IL I D Q EI= TT T= I @ I>. I =, @ >I@= T= "I,  AD D @ ` Q@D - 

  N = R (_). AG = =, @ DE , O N =G, AEE =Q C@E R=E =D @>ED EE G =D =RD D F@E

Page 46: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 46/83

BeA$ CHe##Ad, * i*i A+ g AB  \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 47

G ==D gJ &_ a62 @ J= EI = T < D V@h= AI=, @ < = I == @ CDT=.63

@ TT EI= I= @ DL==T T J GIJ, EI= h

DI D @ I Z@ EIV. d Q@@, FS=- J= <J TJEI = T T I ` I-@EQQ FP@D g@DD@G, = F@E #EE a64. # >I@= @ "D =D@I : ` @=N = D @>DD EED g@DD@G. i= QE =D @- =DED. eE D@GE >S>, = =D c@GE. " EG= GDEE@ =>DE NQE E@@D = =. CDE D , @>> = =GE E @ >@, = - E D DGD >I DD N g==D &=E N & &Q b>S> D, @E@QEQ =, DQ=DE D AD D DDE DE OQ G =- =@D D D =RE D =GD @I E c=D. a65

T I I I J= @=J dRD G@=@EQD,D @>ED, RD D@D. #hM= J= TT T J=@ 1983 D G=@@ "<@=, @@I GIJ, EI= @I= I=DDT hD I T DI D =  AD - D. @ I= @ TT EI= D== = == D-= -$ e<, "<@= I EI GIJ DIJ= = = D@I EI EIh=@ J= T>Q T DI @ = @=T66. ` AGE E>-  =EE, = G @ SE = =G, c@  

N Q@ : 350 OE@D (3 >==@D E > D). a67

 ADU J= D@T Q -= C<JU, T = T=T Q @hP@MT. @I=I= @ IT EI FS= $= = = DI DV< @= I @=Jb @ I= I= T GIJ DI J @ DI= I @=J. Ch TDEI EI = TEI= I=@@ @hP@MT, @ @= EI= = T =- =@, J @ IDI T===J 1990.

DI = T = @h<MD<U hI GIJ TI=. AI D= , T DI @ U ==EI J @=@@ @hP@MT @ = <D= h AD D. $=, I=@, FS= GIJ h D D D DI . @ T@=-== DEI DI @ I=@ D= <=JT@= EI=T= = I =. # DI= h AD D DI= @I=J= @T D=@ M DI J @ D@ @ IJ@@ =I= -=.

I @ DT= =, @ ID J== D@I <I. dhDUF, ] B@@ DE @G &Q QEQ >=Q =M=JDQ @, E@E

>@D, = &E D@=DE, E (_) = @DR = @G>E PD E E Y >S = E@ =G ^68. d @ C, FS=-J=

Page 47: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 47/83

48 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ BeA$ CHe##Ad, * i*i A+ g AB 

 <J =JT IL V @I= : ] e A, >@ @E G, #EE DDE DQ @ED D DJDER> @E>E G- @==Q =D Q@-==DED. AJE >@EQ D EQ D D QGQ=- E@D D B@@, = @E D E D E@>QD RD. ^69 #h<MD<U =. I J D@T D@I <I I =@== I >I@= I =I D= =@=. T I= FS= $= DI= 196570. = II I>Ih<I= EIh=@ TT Q J IL IJ@hI TI @ D@I ===@ I DT=.

C EIV I I V J@I Q T I ====T EI@EI . # >I@= EIh T @h=== I = = J V @ = I @=J. dh I ZT he@, =@ DDEIh J= T=I ] Q= T===J c= @=R> &Q. ? FI

? a71 @ J= EI T D@I , = 1997, @ hI DEI=== III I D@ @ TI=T he@, ̀ MG @=J E@G D = @ -&d= @E D @E DDDDE & &Q, 1984. C @=DE GE = A= ==. a72 *= @ D> h= = @ I, @h JII V Q T I ==@73.

# @=J I I= = @h hI @ T=@ S==. A@ EI EI@EI TI TDIT L< @ IJ Q== I@IIL DD<@74, B < D II.

DI= V = EIh=@ @ I>I. # DT= = = T=TQ = @ L=I TT= @ =I=. $I M@=EI h=@ , =@ @ M == @ F @T= =. $V  A >Q@ 1, I = @EI@@ @hPS= I D==D= EI= =IT Q = EI I I D= I = ==, J hM 75.

B V D @ @= =D@=EI = @ @=JJ= V TJEIT @ @hT== T@TJ=T B =J, A@DE@Db@ = = JI@= I J @ P-=. #hP@MT J TDV<

I Q I FS= GIJ @ dI, = I DT=- = Q #=J=@@ DI @ @. e  J@T, I T D EI J= = Q = I ==D@==EI hDD== I DIJ= = == T. B EI Q @I= =J=T Q I I J== hP F. @ I @ J== I G J=@ 1984 I D= == S= D DI EI B J= = ==@@ @ T=@==76.

# DI= h AD D V EI F =@. ` #h< @h a I TT@ GI@@ I =J=K I F@ #K77. @ = ` Q = @E =G (b), = D=

Page 48: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 48/83

BeA$ CHe##Ad, * i*i A+ g AB  \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 49

=M=JDQ E = @G>E a == EI D ` =IE@== @>@- E@ @E QQQ = =G N =Q== E@= a, I D= EI= @ <EIhI D@I EIh@@ ` E =D E@D UD EQ=QGD@ E =D @DEE DG = (_). CDE G @YE N = Fa. T= @h=D D=@ I G DI @ F I @ D@D@==EI T=EI, F T =@ I = @hL=hI ` D@==EI F a I ` TIL F a. @ J= EI@EIT D@I I @ @=J, T=. dhDU @I=, ` &Q E >=>. i= D D Q=Q>ED ==E D = DD D@ QE DD =D GQ-   a78. I= @=, =@ >I : ` e @>E, &Q E ED @DEEE @ >D >D D@E QDED E ED E@ B@@, DE = Q=EQ.#D =D D E@>E >>E E EE E@= Q. a79 #

= EIh DI= =, h EI h D I T= T=EI EI F h D @h= U R<T =D< I=T.dh=@@I, Q IL D= T=, F J >IEIhQ = TDI DDIM DD.80

$I= h, EI Q @I=, >= T@TT : ] GD P &Q, N D>, N "G==, =@D QED >DD, D, K >@, N &D, RD>@ =>@. ` >@>E, = Q @ >@> = QE@ E @G (_). @ =G DE >=> ED Q=D E Q=Q>ED EDDED.^81 DIJ= DTJ= T= @ D hI D=@= @

FS=EI TJU TT @hIJ. DT h=@@IJ= EIT = T ==, = J= DI DU DI J= DTI.

q#eL jo#NaLi!"e e!" p>aN ? C

$I= I< D@I >I EI =@ h= Q J=L <I T= I ` = @=DE DE &Q ? a82. @ I J= Q I =@I @G= M@@>DE I 18 TJ= 1980 @EI@ DI EIV-

I = D=I@=U =I@ J @ DIJ= = I @ MU EIh=@ ==EI= = D@I  AD D.C =@ hI D = @ I= T I=, =@@IL = == EI= J= =DX I = hJ=83.= hI = D@I ` I a, =@ M EI= I G. T@ @ = IJ Q D< Q DM == [ ` = J D E==>E @=R> G a. @ M @I V @ == $I= I F EIh=@ = D@ Q @= ` DD a B ` >EE E> N D ==D E =D

D DGED DED ==D> E =D @GI ED a #h=D T

Page 49: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 49/83

50 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ BeA$ CHe##Ad, * i*i A+ g AB 

` = g@ N =QE D E=D E QG=@ >@DD =- E@D Q@@>D G = a. # D@ @ I= I $=I A=EI @hP@MT = D@I ` I a. DI D = EIT hM D=I@=U ==EI I @ S I= @D@==EI == @ F 1980.

# >I@= -$= "@@U<, ==@=T DI D@I -S==, I TI @ I== = T hJ=IT J : ] &G &Q, = (_) DQEE E==>E >=@JQ N @G-  B@@, QEE E==>E G D@ @E D C@@=D =@E D@- P@Q SE =DE>E "G== D D >D >QD @E I (_) ^84

B = D I < : ] GE = =E@ D@ =G, & &Q,G EED @D =E@D, >GE, I>=, >Q = D- 

E@ @ == gQ QE@= E C@@. =D E=D = GE QEDRD DSE D D I JD GE @E>E Q= I QDED DI JD. CI- QEE DQD GD Q=QQ>E >@EQ >GD@ @E I. ^85

= T I= TT N D< h B (J= =)DI J hT= @=J ? dT=T, @ DI >I@= EI@EI DI IIL. = EIh=@ h T=@=T J @ DT== 199386. B @h T : ] i= >GE D=EQ, = >GE EUQ

D = @. #D = DE G > G@, I D RD = =E@ D@ =G. i=QEE =N @ DG =D Q=E@D 1993, E E@E R>E 1998. @D @- ED D D@E DDQD. (...) d==D, >S> D = G@D D>= = N @,DE P@ > . #EE, & &Q GE g@ =GE. ^87 C EI= T= T == @ >I@= 1982 @ @ @=I>Ih<I= D= ==T. @ = DI U = EIhIG, = h <T. T T@T Q @ == h== D@-= I @ Z@ D= DT@=U : ] e 1993, (_) = &QDEB@@ DDE >E @G@ O N c@ MEE Q=E@=, @QQ G =

G==E E=EQ @G>E PD. ^88

$= @ >I@= I IJ@ = : ] , ED E>D,@EQ B@@ E Q@Q = W= = F D AD D. A@,  D @E E >S> =D N @E = QDE g@ E N D- E G = =QG@=E@ =A E = @=E PD @E = DE @DD. = g@ DE D D, J @D D @E>EDED, = J R = I G=, E J E = =MEE DD D-  D E@G D = DD-@DD. ^89

* =.

Page 50: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 50/83

BeA$ CHe##Ad, * i*i A+ g AB  \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 51

L  a BE"i!e, cDe!" de coNcL#e C90

 AI =@, I J=@Q IT D @ EI=T h==I=@@= Q DD h AD D. dTDT II D @

EI= @=T ID. # DT = I >I@= T== II I D@I J =J==. @ = =T X@ = TD DT=D=T I DM Q @ = 1964. h = QD= D@I @= EIh=@ = J B I TI T80, DI J hT= @=J. d V DI @ FS= GIJ, EI F I FS= $=b

I I, I S Q I = I =T I D.d AD D, @ M@ T = @Q. # I> Q D== D@I

D= @ D=U @I J@= <I= (= EID= DIT hI=). # IID D@I ==EI.I@EI < D D : @ M< @ @ TJ@DD D I IJ@ ; @ =D<= D I = =< = ; = I I = II ( M D LD@) ; I Q T=, @hII I @h-D I ` @ G= a, I T= I I @=-=b *II, @h=== @ Q TT= [email protected] = DD@ TI=J Q TT=T TY, Q

=T@= D=, Q IDI@ M=b ADU @@ =, >I@=-@Q I= D@IZ I hID===I. +@IIL IT. @ =J= V Q = D @T== hI DTI ` @=@= Q @hJ a DI I ==EII T@=@=b

I ` EE QQE@ @X =@ @> = D@ MEE ^91, f+== TDTU I @ D@- I DIJ= J DI. # FS=EIh b

>f>eNce!

1 = T, AD D, FM, 1983.2 = T, "@>> =@>. M=Q>ED SE E@ D F@E,=@>> = =D >JDEQI E = =D DDE =  R> Q=, FM, 1990.3 =M T, dRD G@=@EQD, D @>ED, RD D@D, @, 2002.4 FS=-J= <J, " FP. " =D =@ D= =Q=, *, 1998.

Page 51: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 51/83

52 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ BeA$ CHe##Ad, * i*i A+ g AB 

5 FS=-J= <J, @ D=. SE = FP ?, # AU, 2000.6 F@= GI=@ (=), HDE@ DRE  R> Q=, #dTIJ, 2006.7 -FS= BM, " @=E FP@D #EE, "<@, 1984.8 89, ` = T, I EIVI I J= I DIJ= ? a, 15/02/09 :<D://KKK.I89./2009/02/15/D=-D-I-EII-I-J=-I-DIJ=9 $ BT=, ] D RD @ @>>E E =G= &@-&=E ^ =.&=D @D &=D AD, ^ 36 (1983) 1-6.<D://=..IK.I.I/=I/DD36/DD3601.<@10 $I= , f$== @hA=EIg. e= J AT I@,*I=@, 2004.11 F@E = ( 2). e= J <=@=DD G=@@, FM-I

 A=EI, 1997.12 = H=, ` F-G : @ I IN hI @= L-D@= a, "QE@, 19/10/1983.13 +T@T., ] EE @=R> G = @G@ ^, =J=K = T,19/02/2009 :<D://KKK.@./=/D=-D->-=-I-D=-D@-J-@-DIJ=,39180.D<D14 -FS= =, F-G. =EI @=T@= @=EIhP @ @= -==, "<@, 2007.

15 ` F F A=EI a, CD E D DE@D, 2002, ^30.16 B, = J A=M I=, B= @>> R, G, 2001.

 N

1. = T J=EI J@= ` ZT +== a. C. *Q=Q>. 132. = T 3, D.21-223. c = @ = T== FM :

<D://KKK.M./@=J/M-25408-*--e-=--<<.<@.4. C = T 3, D.22-23 ; = H= 12 ; d== d=L e= =, ` # <T f# <T I $g,  A>DE.E, 12 2003 ; eI@ =,FED E @>ED [6, 15 = 1996. I I D EIhJ DI I D=-S @ N IL == I DI@== hLV = = =@ IJ EIh@@ TT =T D = T @ IT I=J (^7, >I= 1996).5. d== d=L e= =, . =T.6.C. eI@ =, . =T. = 4.7. = T 1, D.568. 89 89. I I EI= DTU, = T 2, D.302-30910. = T 2, D.30811. = T 3, D.23

Page 52: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 52/83

BeA$ CHe##Ad, * i*i A+ g AB  \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 53

12. eI@ =, . =T., J= 4.13. = T 3, D.2214. $ BT= 915. P== A@= $I, 1975.

16. P== A@= $I, 2 , 1982.17. eI-, 1982.18. $ BT= 919. = H=, . =T (19/10/1983).20. FS=-J= <J 4, D.5821. C. FS=-J= <J 4 522. = T 1, D.2023. = T 1, D.1924. = T 1, D.2125. # D FS=EI, T D FS=-J= <J, hL== = ID 1983, Q @ DI= h AD D.

26. = T 1, D.2027. -FS= $T, ` I= I @ T< F a = 15, D.10128. = T 1, D.2129. = T 1, D.2230. = T 1, D.2231. d =J=K DI *Q=Q>. 13, T D@ J D= = DI@ $=@@= @ DI S=. d IJ D@I T (I = #@, @ T-= K= I I B "I<), =@ I J= D N = @F. I= EI= D== =@=.32. = T 1, D.3033. <D://KKK.@./=/D=-D----==,39155.D<D34. = T 1, D.13935. = T 1, D.4036. c I>, D Q : =@ B@, ̀ # J= T= : @ T@= == =-= @ @ == J @ T@== a =. $IJ, ` d @ FS=EI Q @==EI a, ^21/22, # dTIJ, =-\ 2002.37. = T 1, D.12938. = T 1, D.12939. = T 1, D.13840. = T 1, D.13841. = T 1, D.138

42. = T 1, D.24043. C. -FS= = 1444. FS= AI==, HDE@ .A.C., = E @> ==D>, *, 2003, D.304.45. -FS= = 14, D.22946. FS= $T, ` I= I @ T< F a =. 15, D.10247. -FS= BM 7, D.10048. # J= LT=I S= I @hT= I ==U @ dT.49. C. = T 3, D.22-2350. = T 1, D.24751. = T 1, D.24652. = T 1, D.248

53. = T 1, D.26454. = T 1, D.266

Page 53: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 53/83

55. = T 1, D.26756. = T 1, D.26957. = T 1, D.27058. = T 1, D.271

59. = T 1, D.27760. = T 1, D.27961. <D://KKK.@./=/D=-D----==,39155.D<D62. T= "I, ` d @ D TIL F, @ IL I @ D@==EI =-= FS= $= a =. F@= GI=@ (=) 6, D.18063. C. = T 3, D.2764 FS=-J= <J, ` 10 T== a, =. BI B= d=D, =@+ & FS=-J= <J, Q@@, # AU, 2005, D.185.65. @ "D, =, @ E. C>D E >D@D N =M=JDQ, h= @I, 2001, D.37.66. = T 3, D.25-2767. = T 3, D.27

68. F@E = 11, D.34869. FS=-J= <J 5, D.209, =70. = T 3, D.21-2271. = T 3, D.2472. @T= #@ A=M I=, F@D @@. "D DED c= e=,G, 1998, D.356.73. F= D=, ` = @ D : H , +@M, B, $IIb a=. F@= GI=@ (=) 6, D.16374. $I= 10, D.391-39275. C. = H=, ` G : B D=EI I @U @ F a, "QE@,12 J 1983.76. C@I I<=, E &QDED E =A, *I=@, 1995, D.457-458. C. I= -FS= BM 7, D.6177. J=K EI F I F@ #K I 10 T 1983. e=UDI= @ L "@>> =@> 2, D.578-58378. F@E = 11, D.26579. F@E = 11, D.26780. F@E = 11, D.244 D.25881. $I= 10, D.38882. $I= 10, D.39283. = T, ` # =E = @hP@MT a, " @G= M@@>DE, 18/02/1980.

84. " @E &D, 3 J 1983.85. B, 16, D.15186. = T 3, D.4687. B, 16, D.15288. DD @ == h==, =T D FS=-J= <J @ D=, @. E., D.198.89. = T, @D D, =D >ED, FM, 2005, D.357.90. C == @ = I <D= @I= I @=J T I @ DT J=<M FS= $=. C. = T, + DD PD. FP@D #EE 1934-1947,FM, 1994.91. 89 8.

Page 54: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 54/83

Page 55: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 55/83

56 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ *eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+...56 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ *eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+...

1-  #&iBi&a 

e J 2008, AI@ IN==N, = TI, Q @ = K-= C@EE F# I =J=K I I @EI@@ =@ = @> @E, -

DI@=EI J= =JT T= @EI@ =@ hT=>IEIh@ DTT I == I F 

3

. IN==N J= DI TT@ D=@= @ <U TI D T, BII=U @ @EI@@ @h-I@ DT= I K, I@ "T, I= TT @ == @h- I 6 J=@ 1994.

*= = T T= @ >I@= C@ B EI, @=JHDE@ Q@

4

, @@ ] DDE @ DG G A< @ EE HJ> E = F ^ (D.192), =@ , EI Q @I=, D D=JT -

 J= J= >IEIhQ D@I = hAI@ IN==N, EI= DM hI=@, @

JU, == @h=DTJ==@ D I Q IJI I -@. C= LD= <= == @ I@== T : ] + @D =D, = EQ>@ A= KK GE N = I @EDEE =DE@@==. ^ (D.55) , h I @I=-= EIh DT, D==D@, @ <U @h=-D@== I@ "T @h I 6 J=@ 1994. dhII, U @,== = @hI@=. dhI, >h = D=, I>I @Q DI@ @I DD@.

* TT I T= J= A=, T T= EI ] D@ GD

N @E D GED @ = @ D@E @ = GE @>E@D, D@E @ >E ^ (D.222). *= @ Q DIJ DI A=, =@ J<JI I = h TTJ@ EI IN==N , EI Q@I=, DI= @ == EI@@ =@ == D T. I-V EI@ IL I=J== EI @ DT=U (C@I= =@) I @ D=(AT GI=<I) @hIJ =HDE@ DRE

5

EI IN==N T=J= Q=L =, = Q V I= I TD Q == EIT, EIVI =U EIh=@ DT V, hI D I>Ih<I= EIT D Q @hT @I= EIh=@ DT, D, @ ] EQ>@- 

=Q = @SE @G@ = F& ^ (D.59), @ @I= ] N =@ @E = DJ- ERD = =D @>=RE D =D >QE@D =DED F& ^ (D.200).

# T= IN==N @=T =T@T=@ I = V @hIJ T EIhII <T== <=I= @ D@=EI I @- I= T= . d D@= @ ==T EI= EI IN==N I= ] QEQ Q @Q D QD =DED D=D G@D =Q@@E, >@=Q E @@> _ ^ (D.11). *= h EIhI->Ih<I=, =, @ I< V @h=TT, EIh=@ h== @Q hI

. Ch T@ T h<T= D Q = IED@ L= I

Page 56: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 56/83

*eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+... \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 57*eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+... \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 57

T= EI IN==N @=J = 2004 I : ] F G > JD = DE =RD N DD D @GE @ Q@. CI E =@ Q@ GE @>> . ^ (D.200) *=. $== EI @h = EIh=@ = @EIh=@ T=J= @, T --=@ DTJII J= DU J ==EI I @I h[, T=@@, - =J== I @h== I T= ?

C=I I=J T@U EIVI EI= @ D =IN==N : ] #S> RD = ^, I = == @ T= I@-D=,] = F& D QDEQ N D =D *EDD @ E@G D QEIED N == == =DDDD /V. C DE DE @ D >=ED F&-i<@EJ

^(D.204). e DII=J I @T LD@=EI EI ] DE D =D >D- DD D B@ #= D D@E @ED ^. @ = D hDDIM

== T@ V V ] >D @ D GD N = GE ^. e = I=, I>Ih<I=, I JI= = DIJ. $=, = \. IN==N =. e J @I= T BII=U.

C=TT D T @ ] EQ>@ [1 =DEE@ BR ^( 3 I @ D 59), I= D@ I I@ D=K-JT= TJEI @ T@U >I =-= @hEIVI=, @ T, ] GE >S> SE =, (_) D>Q = D E@D =D >=I @-F& # $ QGQ=Q =D D >@EED >D 2004 ^. (D.239) DTI D=EI EI= hI D DI I

I= "T Q D @ JM EIh=@ J= @ DTJI = B@=EI, Q @ ID= EIhLD= @ *D< *=< @ EI-== S=. # >I@= J= TIJ= EI @h < hPhT= D M<=T I I =@.

 =@=D @ TI@ @ C@>>DD@ SE EE@= (Ce) EI= =J== >J= 1993 I K, T == I @hTEI=DhEIVI EI= I= ] cQDD =I=@E, K @D, E@G =DcGD QE=D D >DDD = 2.000 D@D, DDE==>E D*EDD B@ = Q@ -gJDJ, E BD b =N @X D

>DEED-DEED E=D = EE@DE PD BR @ = D-  @= gD@, >EEE D QD N Q@> E E @> GE>D - >E >@ ^ (D.128). @ I, , @@I D = <I= I ID>I S= DI @ EIV ` @hLD@= a T= EIh@@ ITT T@=T DI Q @hLD= I DM @EI@ J= I @=I @h> EIV !

2- L  a ciBLe : Le p>!ideN" K  agam>

dhDU T, =@ = D =T DJ= EI= < T@@ -=U @ EI "T : ] A>>E, = (_) JE ^ (D.60),

Page 57: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 57/83

58 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ *eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+...

I =-=@ == J=. HII, @ @I T>Q TT =T, EID D@I Z, EI= ==I@ =U @hDD h] > ED=R>E G ==D D EED GE = E # B= ^ (D.61) ; T D <T= Q T @ ID J @ = U :] HE= ? E= ? &@= &@E ? @, >Q. ^ (D.20) e DI DI EI @ @I I-= EI@EI I EI Q @ D@=T @h=J=T ID=, =@ ITT =T EIh=@ h= @Q I ] =D >= GGE E I ^(D.20). C h D =. e I I ? ] + FZ DE G - E D>, = >DQ = @. ^ (D.68) ==@ I ?

 A== ! F]< ? A==.

 ADU hV EIT Q @h<, T hEI = Q ` T= a.*h=@ =U IJ EIh=@ = D@I D@ I ` T=

HM= a, = @hDV< I= = LD= Q @ U@ @EIh=@h= @ DD=J J @I= @hI@ DT= I K :] " Q> >Q DE @ =D EDE = QEQ = HJ> ^ (D.21), hT II EI= I= DT= EI,D LD@, @ = <=EI I>Ih<I= == I @ h==T K=. @ IJ EI @ =T @ IL ` T= a EI @hI I <== (@I= hHM=) = EI @hI @h D(@I= "T). IhQ @ = ! #hD= Q @ T@== ] ED #= ^ (D.220) T D J@ @ S S

<T-N= : ] ` =EQ , = Q> >Q DQEQ, EQ, >- =Q, QQQ, >Q =D HED QED DEEE +E>D. ^ (D.19) e DIDI EI @ @I = D DI I @ I ==U =<, T I@ I= : ] i= "T >D aG D G@=@EQ >== Q=> = >I- >> HED E Q I DEE N =QEE D@D-@>>D. ^ (.263)

 c I=J @ @=EI T, ] Q=> = >I>> HED ^ hI= DDI I DV<T "T h D Q DD <=. D= Q== @ @=EI EI= I= DTJ@I Q I @@ T : DI T I IT DI-Vb A==, @ A@M IMN= IEI@ TU @ T@U EIV-I, ] DDEE E@D I QEE D D I=QD =, = "TEE @ DE E D D D ^ (D.66)b

# T= T =, D =@@I, Q I IL hI I@ I=EI ==J=I EIh=@ h= LD@== = D I =@ D@==EI DI=J : ] >Q =Q=EEEE ̂ (D.19) I = == T. C @h< Q , h = \ @h-I@ DT= I K, I < =DT == IEI@ =T J = h=DI @ = . A==, @ A@M IMN=

IEI@ TU Q IJI @hEIVI , ] =D i<@EJ F& E

Page 58: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 58/83

*eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+... \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 59

=D N >DD = @=E@ QEE =@ = >Q ^ (D.67). I hJN D = == ? AI LD@ : ] = @> D HED DDDDQD =D@=D @ =D >=ED @QDDE I @D >Q DE DQ N = D*EDD EQD =D >=D E =D >=ED @G>EI ^ (D.20). e II ? T DI V = D@I LD@== : ] i= >@E D@= D= - D@, >Q, QEE D@D= E@E = DEEQ E = @E D @QE@D. ^(D.67) ] D= ^ D D@ ] E@E ^ @hDT=.

e DI D= @ D= @ =@ T, = @I= I>IEIhIL @ D@I T@T= @h=I=. A== DD- EI,= EIhQ @ V hI P =, "T ] @(E) @>=RE>E = @E@>S> =@ ^ (D.68). G I V EIh=@ >I= Q ZTDI @hTDI@ = < hP. e h D I ! *@ T,

] >Q DE E>>E = Q @G@ = G@D D. >= DE@ E>QE ^, DT=--=@, ] = @>>EQ EED D === = E DJ QDE >I 15% = @=E@ ^ (.9). $= "T, I @ = EIh=@ h = I =, I= D =@@I T=I @I =<T=EI. Ch EIh=@ @ @-@= TI= I DI-T= IN==N EI D, Q D,= T EI =@ DT EI "T hI= D <T=T Q ] D =D*ED =EQ ^ (D.204). =U @I@I EI "T EI= hI>= D= EI @ +I=, ==I I IL 15% T>Q

= =@, DIJ= EI =I Q J T@@. AI@IN==N == I =EI= D D@I @= I @ = EI "T ] >SQ DG @D >==D =@D @D G@D =D >@JD E = G@=@EQ ^(D.256). e DI I. = h D@I =I@ EIhI <=D II IL I !

3- N>ga"ioNNi!me e" N>o- N>ga"ioNNi!me

dU @hIJI IJ, T =U EI ] D= DGQE DE =F& EE =G@, =DE@ Q@ G SE QQE ^ (D.17). A=I@Q I D=L T= = == @I= D h=I@ @ D-=@=T DTIT "T @h Q D=@=T @ T=.dIL D D@I @=, hI T= T I I < T= D@I IIL @ I EI @ I, =@ @I EI ] =D ED >@DEN I->S>D @G QE ^ (D.239). C @ = D, IN==N EIT, J @I=, @ = T =D ] @G QE ^. @ , I T-= =J=I, EI @h=I@= T=, @ I@=T T EI= I IJTI I ==@ @T JU D IN==N.

=T EI=, @ D=@=T @ T= IL EI= = IJ @h, ID=@ hDD@=EI = Q =,

Page 59: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 59/83

60 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ *eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+...

 J= @ S=, X, DI I=J =U@ @ @=EI T, @ TT=I, @h<== I T=, = I= @h<== F. $= J- Q @h> D==D@ @ TJ== D= D II : @h<== I T= +I=.

)-NA/)T = D QGD@D> DE@, =@ = Q @ =, = =

I T== D@I =D@ DD. AI= hDDI=--=@ I @ T= G EI=, , d &E- 

MEE N =MEE-D@7 

, T= EI ] = F& D@ @G@ QGQ>E =- = Q@ @ EE =QE> D G@=E@ DDK-=- ^. TJT] == Q@ ̂ h D T= I T=, @hI D=.

T T= @hL= hI T= <T D @hP K= @EIh=@ @ @I= I >I@= T@T M I=J= @ Ce I I @hEIV EIh@@ T@=T D@I hI J @ T= +I= : ] @- G@ Q =E E >@E QE>E =E EED >@EE @>D Q@_ ^ # S= @h=J== = @ h] SEDD@>>Q E== @=D@, E N E D>=D @DD>ED ^ (D.136). $=@h< D DI I fTg D @ T@== @= D-D<T= EI h\ TT X @hL= hI T= DDTT D@hP K=.

e EI @ T= @hL= I T= J= ===@ -@, EIhQ @ =, T T IT @ D hE@-Q@ hDDIM I @ DD I @ $@ GT= : ] CDE D@=>E IE@-  ^, = =, ] G D D, D *EDD @D, D D GE= = @GE =D Q=ED E>QD D =, @ D E ID ^. GT= LD@=EI EI ] D D@D G@=E D GG @G== @D ==D GE Q D = @ JD, E ==D @DDDE @ ==D->S>D = D@=- E@ = ^. ] G ^, DII=-=@, ] D D G E@E D= D =D =D CJ>E > @ D @J. #D = DE D >@DD= @> > DD@D @E QEQ DDDDQD @ >DDQD, @ @> D D@E DQD. ^ (D.268)

*- gA+ ).AI =@ = T@= = @hL= I T= +I=, T h-

I @ T= D@===, EI = V @ D  Q@ @ =Q I EI @ T== V T-= =U @ = D@===.

 AIL = I= J <U @, I-=@ T= @h=-

I -= EI=, D = = = J = IJ,J= DTJI @h, T=@, @ DTD= hI T=. ] " - 

Page 60: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 60/83

*eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+... \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 61

@D c-&, N = E, DR ^, @ T, ] = DDE SEQ N @QE@ GDE N Q = @>>EQ EE@= N =Q = IE>- E@ D *EDD. ^ (D.220) e =T EI ] DD cQGQ=E@D @EE, @KD RD D >@E, N DG = cG = =E@ Q@ D*EDD. ^ (D.221) = T =U == EI ] = U @>>>E N EE DE ERD D>E =JDQ = DEE@ D@P@E @E>E= DDDE >=E@ ^ (D.219). #h=== == @ <h I T= = I>Ih<I= =TT ` a @D T. d= I, D J= JT @ = IJ hI T-= I= , @ @I=, =T Q = DIJ ?

 c @hDDI= @ <U I Q@ =Q, =@ D =@@I I == EI IL EI= D@==U @ T= = IJT TDT Q

@h @h : ] e E, I D@E QEQD G@ c=Q = Q@ DGE =D @ . ^ (D.240)

I Q $@ GT=, IEI@ EIVI Q IJI @ D@,=@ DT EI @ HII ] EERE @D = QD DD @ EE =  Q@ ^ (D.263). #h< I@ D =@@I J = DI J <U : ] dD D@D @E QEQ IQEQD E D @ED @E QEQ >DDQD. #D G QEE D Q@ =Q, DD @ = E QEQ @ ^(D.264), --=@.

+- d;* /A+T hD D@ T= EIhQ == @I= >= @I=

=== EIhI= I= @ HII. Ch @ <U I @= Q@ =@ D@= EIh@@ h= D DT @ IU EIh@@ T= : ] "DD E= J D D= Q@ b = D *EDD, >D @= Q@, DE D@ =. ^ (D.260) $V IN==N = EI @ F J== ] E@E HE@E = >@E @GE =DD D @ =D SED ^ (D.204). Ch =. Th D T = D @I Q D= : ] &E-@ @ - = Q@ D *EDD =@D , D 1990, = @> D HED DDDDQD =D @=D @ =D >=ED @QDDE I @D >Q DE DQ N= D *EDD EQD =D >=D E =D >=ED @G>EI ? ^ (D.20) eDI DI EI @ D=U T @ T= 90 I= D Q TM@ <U I I@ T=, D=J D hM >I @ @I @= EI= I=J= @ T= +I= IL = @ =DI Q @I=T HII @ EI #I $<@, EI= I @ - CEI @I Q "=@=, EI@== h] @=@DE @-@@=D ^ (D.247).

 AI= @ Y =-=@, DI T, I ] EE@ D == =D >=ED F& D@E

EQD @ IE> =D QQD ED ED >==D ^ (D.239).

Page 61: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 61/83

62 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ *eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+...

I EIVI, @h=T EIh=@ M I I T= +I= = EI@EI =I@ Qb I, @h== DT I T= EI=] >=E EG>E @ EE = D@G Q@ E =D D=D *EDD ^(D.422). A==, @ = @ T= D@I= @ T= +I=DI =IL IJ= I I =.

C, DT-=@, "T ] >D aG D G@=@EQ >== Q=> = >I- >> HED ^ (D.263). Ch EI ] =D IEQ>DED ED GE D = >@@@= = EQ ^ (D.251) T=-=@. I I= @ <U hI I@ T= U JI @ =@=IL T== T DI hDDIM I =JI. A== DI-=@ =JEI ] = R D=D E ED SED ^ IIh =EE T Q -I@ @EI@@ =@ @I= J= EI ] =>E- E@ Q@ I D=D HED =RG @>=@E EE@= ^ (D.419).

- c. ;I @ T= @= @, D@= @ EI

@=E EE, I D T== EI T h I= Q >I D D@U T.

EIh- EIhI @= =<=EI ? Ch I @I I I @EI@@ I <= I I, @=J Q ` = II a.+I S = ==, h- D ? $= = ! d @ EI= IID ==, I I--=@, Q @h== @ HII, IL, J= D .

@ = @@I EI EI@EIhI @ @I DDX. e = @ +I= EI= @II= J= U@... eL= @ =II @hT S=. D<$ T@ == EI ] D@E =D E@D F& @E @>>Q = J= - = D >DDD, D =D >=D ED =D @E >EQD. i= E @ ==DE D@@@D @G D : c" =Q@ DGE D EE D GE> = @,DE =@>> = = D ^ (D.252). dU @, T J DIJ= @@UD@ @= =<=EI, D=J D @ Q I @ I: ] @E>ED ED ^ (D.107), ] @=E EE ^ GI EIh=@ =T D @ F (D.115), ] G@=D ED ^ (D.105 D.117)EI ] = F QD@G G@D>E ^ (D.105), = \.

e EI T DI = EIh] = J E D >DDD B@ ^, hI=Z DI >I EI ] D @ =ED EED @G@RE = >@E G@I ED D@D, B@ E HED @@D ^ (D.141).

- m))+ ..A+A+I>I D@I @= @ @I ==EI, @ <U ==T-

=T = Q DT I < TT@=T I = IEI@ I @

I= I DI I @ EIh=@ = D@I = =T-= <=EI. A== $@ GT= DT-=@ J= ]

Page 62: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 62/83

*eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+... \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 63

QEQ EQ>@D >DDD DEED HED E *EDD G= 1994 ^ (D.263). = DI = EI= == D@I I=EI Q @hDD- <=EI D<=, = D LD@ Q DD D@=-=EI. A== -=@, @ T, ] =E@ D >=D @DEEE =D D>QD D QED ED @=ED ^ (D.107), EI= J=. I-V I=-=@ DIDT= EI =@= I T= I I J@ D@II I @ HE &@ ?

# ==T=T hDDI= D =@@I I @ DII D = IJ= @hDD <=EI J== II. TI == @ EIVI @ C@>>DD@ SE EE@= h=D-=@=T EIh] QDE @>>Q>E D D@D=D >DDD, =D(E) GGQ =D D ED E @ EQ N @G==D D@ D ^.

 A== =@ I= >= T= I ==@, DI @hL=b TI@= , @= hV L=T D @ Ce, @ I +I= hT= @ = >@ G==, @ D DI @ C== hEIV- I K. = EIh@@ I D=, @ D =-I= =EI D D@I @@.

.- c.; /; /A+T D = = h= @ I= I T=

EIh=@ == = DDX T EI -$= # ,

DI @ *<<, EI@==T ] QE= =HDE@ ^. A== -=@ RD ILEI@@ I MT=EI T @+I=. T J= @Q = h@ : ] =D >=ED D FA

8

E = g Q- DE== D QE N = ^, h Q EIh] =D >EEE = DD D = ^ (D.243).

 A= M =U, EI Q @I=, EI ] = 8 G=, = @G>E EQ- > DE @DEEQ =@D = E ^ (D.256). >I-@Q, @ T= +I= T Q "=@=. IJ V = b @hhDT= S= AM@@= hTJI= = T, T

I V >I, EI= = T ] =Q=>E@ D *ED D E@E = G== ^.# I= == I I T= T hDTEIh=@ h=   @E > IEQ I =   G=, =U T I I =U @h<=@@. T =, Q , IDD G @EI@ = T @h=T EI @ F ] GE N E@EI @G@ G= ̂ (D.115). dU @, I T= LTIT @ I DIJ, D = D, JV= @ DD ===, =@ D@I EIhQ @ D= I   G=.

4- de La ca#!aLi">

Page 63: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 63/83

64 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ *eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+...

)- o/ +=+ ) <+#hLD= M@ @ J=@ I- EI @h = =

Q @h@ J=@ hLS @ D= @=. e@@ =U,

DI =, @h== =D@==, J= @hI@=, @h== I M@. ==U =T, I @ h--=@ D T===J DI @T= I D= Q D= IEI@ =@ TT T ?

T hDDI= I= I I T@= D< $ DI T@=EI ] D@E =D E@D F& @E @>>Q = J= = D >DDD ^(D.252). @ V I @ @I= hI DD S= EI= I= EIVT I @ =, DI = EI h= ] = DEEQ F& () @DDEQ N Q= DQ G@=D E N Q  >E @= : EEEED E@DED, G@=D ED, QD==D,

EE QEIED N @DG =A& ^ (D.197). II V @T = @= DD, 1993, [ @hL== +I= I BI DTT @ TI@ ] DD@D @E =D >=ED > g<@ G @G@ D E@=D E QDD@ G= N ER E ̂ _

d @ V h=T, I>I @ T, ] D=D =D G@=E@D D@ED =@>> GDE =D *EDD @E QEQ DD @>E =@@ EE@=,=@D ==D QEE = @DQ E E Q=E= D E@D G@=ED F&@E =D @=E@D G=D, =D==D QEE D@D>E @QD ^ (D.81). TDT X @h== I M@ @ J=@ EIh=@ T=. M@EI= =@@= IL DZ@ : hI ZT, @ ] E@D G@=ED F& @E =D@=E@D G=D ^ , @hI, ] =D G@=E@D D @ED =@>> GDE =D*EDD ^. dIL DZ@ EIh=@ D = D@ I V =JI h=== EI @ = I F T= M J=T @ =J=@. A==--=@ @T== @ L= Q @h +I=. +I I =, = L= = TT Q @h== h= DT=@@ I F, -=U J== @, II , @ DDI@= =J=@.

$= h] U>E @= ^ (D.197) ] @=D U>ED ^

(D.191), T D = I = I@= EI, @= hV I@ D-T, @ T= I T=T, @ =D T V @@T >IEIhQ =T @= LT D @ =@= T== DI X @ <II IT=, EIh== @I=-= == D DDX @ TI@ hI@U DDI@= DT @=I D@ LIN-= D J I D@T- hI T= D@==T. I=, =@ @@= =DT=J =J= @ DDI-@= Q D==D =@ I T= = @h JI@= I= @hD= @ = D DI I @U DT DDI@= <II. *== EI @EI @ <= BI @ IL=U J=@@ I K <T=-

U Q ` I J=@ a, @ DT= I IJ T==

Page 64: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 64/83

*eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+... \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 65

J hM TD@ DI D@ @ T <I @ I@ =@ D-= = @ = h@@ EIh@@ >= Q @ V !

*- a) ;< ;# <U @h=D@== I F @h I I @=J

T EIh@@ T LD@=EI I DTI @U DT <II EI=, DI D @ DD hHI T=, ] D DE @DDG>E ED@>Q Q@ ^. @ =@@I S = = EI@ I= TT @ T EI @ ID "T = = IJ I=Z DU @ < @hJ= DT==@.

 A=I@ @= D@ I@, @ DIJ I= == TT DDT EIh@@ DIJ= U @ EIhJ= TT I @ D= I DT@@ I=

, I = EI I@ @I < \ DI V @ ==.dT=. T = T EI ] D EQD F& DEE@QD N = @- ER E = E = E ED DEE@QD I @D >>QED =E= D D >EEE >@G>E DEWE RD = D =G@ ^. Ch EI @h DI @=, I =-=@, ] D @E PD D>E >=E QD DE = @@=@ D E@=D D = >EQ 7 ^ . == @ :] 600 : " F& EE D =D>= @E, >= =D @D Q- E@D E QEQ @QD GE =EEEE. ^ I= : ] 1400 : + @> F& DED=Q N 10 <> = E=. CEE EQ IQE@ EQ>@ Q=D Q- 

E@ E >D = Q== D = K@ Q>=EDQ D@D @EW=#i+A_ ^ # U J@= LD@== I = =TD @ dE@ D>E #=E (d$) @= DI I EI Q @

 J@T EI @hH== hI I . @ hI EI=,D EI @I II hM D= @ DTI= =, h EIh=@

 JI =IL D J=, I D@I =D@ @ \@ I @ I D= IT =T Q @h F D @hDT=

 AM@@= , , Q @h<I [ >hT= @=, I>I I @ @ dT =@, = EIh@@ DT =

II DI @ \T @hP S=. D D=I@= ID-I @hDT= AM@@= T= @ = ,H= .

$= J Q @ = = I F DU @h. T DT= EI] Q=>E >>QE = DE @>Q ED EQ>@D Q=D@>> =GDE = JED, @D #EE E AE@ JE ^ (D.248).IhA= M = =TT D T I ] EQ>@ Q= ^ DVQ I= EI = EI = DI@=EI T J

>I D== D V I J= EI =@ = EI =@== @ JT=Tb

Page 65: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 65/83

66 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ *eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+...

] dD =D >ED QQRE =EEEE ^, DT= D =@@I T I D, ] =D E@D F& E@QD Cd

9

GE QEQ =- QD QEE =E, @>> = Q=Q = QQ= CDE D@E GE = >DD@@>E@ =>E D = ^ (D.252). EIVI == I-= D= @ T@= IJ= =. I= I @h = = J @TDIT S=. @ h D D DJI Q @ @I = , @ D-@= M == D @I Q I = = ID I F QD= I 10 J=@, I@ I 10 J=@ ! O, T @ = D=. $= @I J, IL, @ TIJ= =@@I EI I D@I, I@ @ @I= I@T D @I DT Q @hA@T=@. , T @I = D I, D=I@=U EI I @@== ID=@ = h @h@ @ <U @ I@-

D=@=T I F. T T>Q = TT Q I== I J@ == I=@U, U @ D=U D @=J : ` = =IJ EI @ T= @hJ= hT I @, @ =@@ I F T ICd J= TT = f* M @ g @ L=I. a (D.13) e DT= D EIh=@ h= @Q @h` I== I TT@C<== I J @ == h= I @ K T D@h@T =@ 1998 a. T JI M J= @ ` DIJ D=Q>E QD &= >Q E DD @>>D. ^ $=I ! IJ EI @ < hT-> D=I@= FS= $= D @ T= I T

=DI@ @ DT I DID@ EI = h = I-= @=T . IJ =, =I, EI JI JN T, h = T, @I J @I.

5- de La L>gi"ima"ioN de La $ioLeNce

*@ G, ] @GE D DE E>E = D D @>ED =@D =D Q@E@D I D @DGE, = F& D@ @G@ QGQ>E - == Q@ @ EE =QE> D G@=E@ DDK-=- ^ (D.116). == I LD@ MD=EI hI= = Q = D I II=

DD ==, DI, @hI, @T== DD J=@.

)-LD);-A. +<T J J= @I EI @ T= = Q =-

T EI I =QE> QD @= EI= I= EI@EI DI TT.#T== T EI= = I-=T I= Q EI I F EI=I= =T= I=J= @h. @ IJ EI, == EIh DI @

 J=, @h=J I F h D DTTT @ DTI I-T =J=@. *= @hI= @ @=EI T, =U D= == I >I===.

@ LD@=EI EI] D >RD >DD DD @ = QD G=, DE-N-  = >@=DE@ = @=E@ @E > F& DE D Q, DE

Page 66: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 66/83

*eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+... \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 67

E@E E == E. + >D @== ^, J=-=@, ] G G@ D @DQDE=D, >D ^, =-=@ Q >I, ] =@ E I= D = @EIE. ^ e J=@Q JI=, I>Ih<I= F, T EI @ T= +I= = EI @ TI@ I T hI D=EI Q @h== Z= I@@ : ] *@D =D *ED G@E QD@>D SE @DQQD @>> D ei>D =EQ, D =EQD F& ^, I LD@=EI T.

<<N D@I Q J= TJT I EI@EI D@===hL== hI <=. . # @=EI @ I=J : =@ h== hI = D @ F (= DI J=@@ DI= @ T= IN==N, @ D==D@ ` T= a Q < BII=U), I=J= hI EI=T= ID I F (T= DI= @ > I I D @ TDIT S=), I=J= @h== DT hI

I-T =J=@ ( EI= D D Q EIh DI J= : @ DT=T== TD@S, D = IL = DU @h, DI @ I Q BI EI= J= >IEIh@ JTI D==@, J= IQ X @ = =J h=I= I F), I=J= = hI T- I-T =J=@ T=. # I@ < EI= = DI= @h @ <U T-BII=U, h @ = EIh=@ M = I T= +I=.

 A= M @I= EI= = D EI =@ T= EIhI ] =- 

> D >D =, @G>E @GD@ = @G>E Q@QQE @G = QD G=, = D@DE D @> >=ED @ @EQ E@E = @=E@ JD ^. HII M J=-=@, < h =I DTJT I= IL I*T= TT@ = I= D @ T@, =N= =@@= < Q DT = TI =J=@ @ D= ! D= I = EI=, Q @ =J, @@= h J= V T. AI= M @--=@ J=TDIJT <@@I== V I EI @@ EIhI @ @=I

d @EIh=@ DT= @ J= T@ @ < + == 10

: ] =EE >DDG F&, RD = 7 G=, =DD @ED, G= EE =>E E =EE@ @>EEED G=, = @=E@ @- GE DG@ QEE @>EEE E =QEE D. e== GE @ DD D @QD. ^ (D.256) e- L= I =@@= hV <I= EI I-

 J I =IT Q DT ` I @ DDI@= =J=@ a ? e D= =@@=, M @ D D @ EI= J= EI= I@ TT I =IT Q I T.

e DI == =DI@ @I, T = DD@ Q @ T==@=T $=<@ M 11 EI= I= JT J I >I <, = @I=

Page 67: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 67/83

Page 68: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 68/83

*eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+... \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 69

DI D, Q IL I D @ = @ <=. #Q J=@Q @ T< T! d I D@I ! IJ= DD EI = Q @h= hI =U =J=K : ] DD D E DD D@. W= N @ @ >@ JD E D@D @>> @ >>, HE@ *ED, EQSE. ^

6- LDa cc#!a"ioN eN mioi 

)- L) )*=#hDE@ >@ = Q I J= DD T=

I ==. AIL = @ @ T= +I=, =@ I= DT EI -

= D> h =@= I IL HII DI =J= = Q @ IJ EIh=@ @ I. I hI@=N D = \ IDI J I-= EI@EI <= T I D= \ D=T T@ : ] "DSED @E D Q@> N BE 208 D@D @E 44 ED, N J114_ ^ (D.275) DTT EI== TEI=J@ Q @I= EIh @ I=@=T@ #EED

14

DI == I +I= DT EI -= I= @ HII. e TIT, JI IN @ +I= D> T@=- J DD D>. e = D, I J D I @ I-= EI @ T= I @I= EI HII =@=U IL +I=. $=,

I TEI--, hT= Q @h== @ D> +I= EI hL= @HII ! @ IJ, ==-- =, EI @ HII h = EI T>I @ID@, @ T= EIh=@ @I =@=T hM TT EIhI =U DT-I= @I DD L==. I EI I @ =, J=EIh DTT I D= MT= IL <== : @hI = T@@ (@D> hL== +I=), @hI @ T (@ D> hL-== HII). DI T@= MT=, = @@EIhI ==.

= LDT=. @N I <= IL == D@ EI JI D-

N = = ` a @hI @hI. @N-JI EI@EI D =U @ <= N =. d <I ==, JI JN @ <= DI= Q @h===. Ch EI @h DD@@ I >D J>. Ch IDTT EI=, @ = @ D=I, = Q DT- @ @I @ @I, @@ EIh=@ DI= == Q @h===,@ @I Q @h=T=I I @I J @I=-V = @ @I ==@ == I=.

# IL = DTT <I == -@@ ==EI ? @ = I . eLD@==. N-JI I ==. IN EI @ D EI JI JN JI D I

Page 69: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 69/83

70 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ *eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+...

= I I< h J . C @ == D@ @U D @ Q @h==EI. *h=@ @ II EI= EIh=@ @U = D T=@ -, =@ =J I= @ = @ I<.

 AI=, IL == = @U @hI @hI Q @h=== EI @I IL = TI= @hI @hI D I J @ = @ I<.

= = EI @ == = = D I == = @TI@ I J=@ hI I= EI= I= T@=T I @I DT EIh= Q J= @ == J EIh=@ @ D@, h-Q-= @h=J==-I< @h= I == EI= @I= = . *= @ J=@ I I= = =, @hJI D= Q D EI @ <= IL ==.

@hI D= : @ <= DT @ T@=T JT, @@ EI=, D- I T= =TI@, = =T @hH==. e@@ DT D T= @h=U T@=T DI=EIh@@ h EI EI @h J=, I EI= I @ h. Ch DIEI=, Q T@=T JT D I = IL T D=@, IL-@Q J==@,@hI T J=, @hI IL.

# @I I I=, h @ @=J T EI= DI = I EI T= @ TJT =TI@ 1994 I K @ D= h=-D@= @hH== I= =J MT=EI @ Z@

I. A @h= I @I EI= = I ==, @ @=J T =,@I=, Q I <U =J Q @ =. e @ IL, @ <= : @ TJT- I 1994 I K.

#hD== , EI Q @@, JI EI= @ <=, @ == @ @I. JI D= T Q T= Q ID >I- IL = D= MT=EI @ T@=T, DU J= I@ = hJ= DI J EIhI = M. * I= @@ EIh=@ V ID=@ @ DI @ @I @ ==.#h>= I I= I TT = EI, I hJ= I

@I EIh=@ D @h<T= @I= EI= @hJ, =@ hI D =I = EIh=@ ID >I, @ D EI IL EI= =-

 J TD @ T@=T I @ U = D@I IL =, I= V . #Q @h>I.

*- d ) A ) );C D=EI J T. J D==RT = Q =J

I @ T=@ =I= TJT I @hT 1994 IK.

Page 70: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 70/83

*eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+... \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 71

# FA J= T@= @= EIh=@ I=J= IDI@I @  JI = DT Q = D@==EI =@T. dU @, =@ =DDI T hT@= EI @ F T@ IT I @ @= : ] &E =D FA E = g QDE== ==E = G== E EE =D ei b >D =EQ b, @>> =D DE, E@D =D >=ED F& D D@E >D = EEN = @ER @@-D N #= E N = ^, I =-=@. ] " E==@E@Q Cd E =D = 3.500 =EQD D Q=@E D = >EQ =- DD @>>@D. ^ e hT @I= : ] eI DD, =DED >D, EED = G== @ E =D @D ei. ^ (D.248) ] eI DD ^ ! hI@= D EI @ == = = = DD = EI @ == I< . Ch =Z I I D< $ J= I= @ <U @hL= @= EIhI= IDI@I I=J= @ F IL =, Q @h=-

EI = T@@, @@, @ G DT==@@, HII I=J @= DTT@= : ] dD = >EQ G 8 G=, =DD >==D D@=EQD ED @E QEQ >DDQD =D D@=ED F& D = D>>E c=DED QQE=D, D ^, I--=@ IL = @= EI == I= V EI @ TI@ hI =T, ] D >==D ] G@DD ^ ED @E QEQ QQD E EE >EQ-=N. ^(D.252)

C=I. # 27 >I= 1994, @ >I@= I F@, = *=-eLIDTM, D @ J= @h== S= -TM dIJ@ @

@@= K= B=. C = T= DT@@ @@T <<, @ J=@@ $II, I I= T D J=. , @T, @ >I@= I= TT DT I= EI= hI= ] DQDEQ N @E = D@D=EQ =D @D >DDD I >=D ED_ ^e =@ >I, J==IL : ` i>@DD= > E= JD> = E D@=ED D QDEE c=QED E =@ @GE @ E=D ^ (D.273). ,=@ IJ EI @ I= dIJ@, I hJ= TT I ID I F, T=@h< <T hI @ I== @ < =@==T== @ T=. Ch EI @ == T = T@ =I

IL IJI +I= @ M= = DI DIJ EI @ T-==, @I @@=T S= == EI @I D-D@I @ D @hI-I @D D.

I LD@. # I= @h. # TD CEI @I @TI@ hI T= T== <II @ = =J= TT =T = = D@I Z D @h=I -=.$= EI JI JN D= @ D==D, Q JI >I. I = = = T = J DD== ? *I=JN @ =. DI < @ TJT @ EIh=@ DI= IL MIL I. EI@ @hTJT =I@ ? # I= I = @

Page 71: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 71/83

72 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ *eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+...

@ $=I. I I I =, EI= =-I, DI D V Q @ T@=T JT, = D [email protected]= =, I h=J EI EI I DIJ =J I= Q @II @ T@=T, EI= h D TI@ D @hJ=.= I < ] @D Q@D E ^ D ] F& ^ T=J : ] " QED CDD =D =D QD=E DEEQ F&. ^ J = EIhT= = T : @ hDDIM I @h I@ I =D@ = D@I AI@ IN==N EI= LD@=EI EI "T ] @DDQ QED CDD =D =D E >DEQ =>E D G@=@EQ G@ E E@D =D D@=ED = #i+A ^ (D.256). CFd

$= EI JI JN D=, I L= hDD@== h=D. @h= @ TJT EI= I @=I IL I A<.

C J= I IL +I= EI= J= EIh=@ IJ= @Q @ D-= I F, = h EIh=@ I = =J I @. e hI@=ND EIh=@ I J= TD Q I. T @ D< $ <-DI EI= I == EI ` @ @ I F EI= J= @J =J=@ <II @@= @ @ <D < =ITJ @ * A<. a @ JI DI DIJ EI ] =D @D E =D D GE>D QEE E>E ED =D ED Q=QD N =EQ E^ (D.254). I=, = @ ID I =T D EI=, D< ? @ F ? #CEI @I @ ? -U ? D<, D @ =@= T=-

= <II TJ= ! Ch EI @ T= I == =U @h=I@ Q@h=@@= I @I. e $ >I EI ] @ DQD E

 A>@@, Cd E =WE= FJP=, @D @E >Q =D D@=ED F& @D- DE =D EED D DED J, JE> E > GD D >D @ >I =D E RD. eE-E>D, I @E D @E QEQ >DDQD K I.eE I D D@E QQD D D =I @E D E@ E E @=E^ (D.255). X D @ DT fT@Ig, = =, h T>Q S, EIh=@ I= TT IL.

+= J IN==N h @ D EI= I D= @ = :] = @ F&, @ #, >PE = @>E @ SE =DG@=D =D@ = >@E b Q=EQ, =D DD. a (D.227) e Q @hDDI= IJ@@ I= ==, h $ EI T = Q IJI =,@ I =@ X : ] #EE =Q D =DED E>=D D HED EQD @=GQD D E E@ DE : c` E 8 G= 1994, =D ] eD@D ED ^D@E E@QD D =D EE@D @D E E @E >DDQ =D D QEEDEQD K I. CDE D D @DED D ED G=D @E QEQ EQD KI. ^ (D.255) +I J V @TT, IL ` @ a I T=<= <II, $ = D @ ` II a I F.

Page 72: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 72/83

Page 73: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 73/83

74 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ *eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+...

=EED @ EQD @E DG cGD QE=D N D J@ERDD >=EED@D@=QD D EQ>@D @==EQD N = U, DD D@ . ^(D.128) I = J=T HII, +I=, I@< I I=h=EI=U I I =J=I EI= @ IJ @h < EIh A=EI @h = ID=@ I <= Q <EI= I. A== @EI @h DTJ= h TIJ= I= Q I II EIh TIJ =, =@ @I= J= D Q @h=T EI DI VDT=T @Q @ == @ II EI=. I= =T J=T h=EI=T EI @ C== hEIV I V =TIJ J. e = hT= D =. I T, =.

- L) /; ;;

I= = J== = II. e = @h I h= @ I= @ J==, DIEI= D=J=- @h= IL T @J= IT ? #hI= II J == D@= @ Z@ h==T== EIhI >I @ EI@ @I J==.

T hDDI=, Q , I @ = hI = <M @ EI=] =D EQ>@D EEE =D >DDD I D=D Q=Q>ED = g QDE==@ D ED FA D@E DQD D =@> >=E @EE D D, =@D= DE @ ^, I ==--=@, ] =D D@=ED F&, D ED D, @EE =>S> @> =>Q D ^ (D.279) <M I =J= == Q = @

@I= @ @EI@@ @ @ I F I= JVI @hI= K= Q@h= EIh=@ = @ DDVT Q =@= IL =J=@. *= <T= I = = @h=== <M, D@IZ \ J<, h EI IL EI= =T @ 6 J=@ I @hJ= DT==@ D=,IL, @hI= @, EI IL I= , D <-, TJDT I DI J @h<Z@ $T== "=@=.

C T@ =, h EI @ @ S= D= =,IL, @hI= K=, @EIh=@ T= IL =U I =@

<=EI. #= = EI I = M Z@ <=EIIT Q =U : ] EQ = QD = G = D@ >- E = D@DE D DD D SE @@ G = D FPD. D QG 1993, = J GE @ @= D@DE >EEE >VEQ. eE =J G. ` E QG 1993, 1 @=@= d=@E QQ =D >=- ED PD @QE N D @EW=D EEQ. CQEE E, d=@E DD>.^ (D.198) c @h =, =@ M I= I ` JI a DU TJ= 1993.#EI@@ ? = M = T @ DT=. A=-@. Ch M D= I@hI= K= EI @ @ S= DT=, Q IL ,

IL Z@ <=EI, DU EI= @ +I= == =@T T= =T=@=JT IL < T==. # J=@Q, @ ` JI a.

Page 74: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 74/83

*eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+... \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 75

e EI = V hI=-=@ D DT @ V I=, $@ GT= @Q DI I I EI ] E@E @E@ @ E@E => E QEQ D N >@>E- =N E D >D N D@ IEQ QE> G EE D D D>QD QEE D iE> @ D D =A& ^ (D.266).

C= =, T h= D >IEIhQ =, I = =, EI @ F I I@ Q L-=. $@ GT= @ U : ] &@ =D iE>, =D @E EQ D@DE >E. ^ (D.268) I@@ <VT, GT= !

5- L e !"%Le p>aN

)- L) A; == = EI@EI LD@ <=EI DI @ = @<-

V =J DI= =T T. DTT <T=EI = Q I@ I EI= =@ D-

D Q @I ==. =, = @ D=UEIh=@ @I= , DI DI EIh=@ D D EIh=@ D ===D@== @ DT=. A== -=@ @ D< I=J : ] " QDE = Q= S= G@=E QGE D >DDD = DE>E Q=E=, >SE >@G>E >@E = @G@ = @, @ @>@- G@ = Q>@E E = I. CE @E E-= @ EE =QE> =>E

 PD ? ^ (D.186) # DT= T @hD= @h=T@ @EI@@ @ F I= JI@I ] = @G@ = @ ^, EI= I

 J= EIhQ D= I [ @ I=T K= U Q - IJ @ T= +I=. @ h== @, J @ IJ- T==, = I T=. A==, =@ IL DTEI @ DT= @ TDI@=EI DI J= DI I h] >S() >@G- >E >@E = @G@ = @ ^. #hP@MT h D D@I ] G@=()QGE D >DDD ^, @@ >IEIhQ J= ==@@ I T@T= IIJ T==, D @ T=. # I@ EI= Q D

J= h=@ @T== EI =-> ? , h=@ I@ J@ EI@ F ==@@ = I = DI T I ZT hI IJT==.

 == I I IJ <T=EI = Q DT Q @hT@== hI== @EI@@ @h=DT= @ IT : ] dD = D Q E AE E =D >=ED ^, T= T, ] =+ @ =@D =- >E D E G >> &> >DE, D@=Q E @DQQ =D >=- ED @>> E F&. ^ (D.242) , @ @@ B == EI @ @hT h = EIh=DI DI@=EI @h IL B@

IT EI IL-= = @ = DI @ D I F. e DT= T=@, T I @hTD EI= I= D= Q @I D

Page 75: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 75/83

Page 76: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 76/83

*eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+... \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 77

= ] = EQ D ^ (D.247 D.238) @=I D@ hI T=, @= EI ] = >D aG = @=E PD (D D@E) @>QD, >>ED E ED ^ (D.186) D D@==T, @ == EIh] e@ B==, = @G &> >DE, E = =E DD >D- ED EE D = cDD=EQ FP@D #EE. ^ (D.187)

 AJ= TT T== =, @ @ ID<T==EI T J=] EQ N EE DE@ ^. A== @EI T= ] Q>E cQ@- D ^, =@ ] @@ QD @ =D EQ>@D ED @EEQ N EE DE@ ^ (D.157).

C= DD G T= = I = D=I@=U EIh TJEI ] = D G= 1994 ^ (D.155), =@ I hI ID<T= TTD @ DT= I IJ T==, +<T *==IK,

I L EIh=@ = Q FS= $= @ 22 = 199416 

: ] =D @RD >=ED F@E &E@E ^, @I= J=-=@ T=, ] DE ==> = E =@ = JDD D =D G = QQE ^. @ h D =I=@ DD@ Q = EI @ DT= I K T== J= >IT Q @h= <@I S= : ] " = D @D I> DD DE>ED @ = D@E>@=, =@>E E >EQ=, @D = GK DDQ D 1990 DN @ ^. = EIh=@ @I= ==, ] @ ^, 46 >I DU @ TI I T= +I= 54 J EIh=@ = D @ hI =@@= =J=@ !

@ hI ID<T= EI= Z@, EI Q IL, @ ==I@. . I=@h=. A== @ @ U CT@=, ] D=D DE EJ D==@>> , DE EDE_ = = @DDE D @GE >=EQE D P@ D==, DE@E = GSE =E -==D E = @EQ DE@=E N 1 E. CDE D@ DEJ=_ ^ (D.415) c EI T=@T S Q DDT= @ =T ` M@ a @ =U : T=@Th<K, I@I, J < =D@ I I@ <,I=@@ = = IL Db I = EI @ @ "=@= Q D D@= T==, =

EI @ U CT@= I IU @EIh=@ =, D =@@I, EI @ = D I @hI= ` =T Q = I EIh=@ = a. $=IL :] i= EQ D@ E, @E, DE@=E = Q N I >=D @  =D QQD. ^ *h=@ @ =b

6- L e! co#p! Ba! de p>aN

T T D J= EIh=@ D=J D h=I@, J= > DRI Q @ J== DDI@=, I hJ= I @I= D

TI @ @I.

Page 77: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 77/83

78 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ *eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+...

)- L )-f)+F=U@ Q @ == =MI, T J= IL EI= T @ -

D=@=T S= I@ ] =D >ED ^, =

= D= ] @DD@=D =E-F ^ (D.332). A== C@ B ] DESE()E @, @EE N EE = F

^ (D.344). e =T EIh@@ =, IJ H== hIT=, ] @ DG G A< @ EE HJ> E = F^ (D.192). e@@ I= ] @>Q, G@ >=Q =D EED F& @E =e=DE@= E @E = F. ^ (D.343) ] &@ D D@D D Q=QD ^,I II T I I< =, ] C@=EE B<>@E @ E@ED DD DE@D D = F. ^ (D.332) I @h=J=I D I EI=. I I <T @T@I= DI @I=. @ =J== EIh=@ I @=EI I= I @ DM @ == DT IT= DDTT D @I @@=T.

@ C, @h< EI=, D@I hI J @ T= +I=, = DD@ @ = @@=J FS= DD<T=, I @ D@-I I >I@ T@TJ=T F 2, @ <=EI hI T= T, T=U EI ] FPD , @ =D D@D QEE G D D, >@EQ E@ED RD = =D E= D DE@D @E D@ JD : == @>=EQ Q@- 

^ (D.133). # DD<T= FS= h-@@ D DI T@=T ? TTJEI DTI ] N =Q = F E DD ED ^ (D.158), I @h<== ] D@ > @ = QEG>E V = F ^(D.147), = = EI EI= @hI= ] E(Q) =D E@E (DE) E - >E @E = F ^ (D.145). e=JT @=, =@ == D @ EI@== ]GI >@D QEDE EE = F =>Q PD ^ (D.145).

 A==, @ T, ] C >=EE @ = F" E @E = F ̂ (D.133). BI, == S= +D I IJ $@@,

Q C I @ @EI@@ =@ @I= T=J= :] @D SED I , =DD- 

=>E, GK EDDQ D =D E @D I C@>>EQD E DD E ED PDE F" E GK >D QDEQ N E E = = > QEE DDQ E, , @D @G@D G@D SE @DDED. ^ dZ@ S, J=--,DI I == @ TDI@=EI S= < Q I ] @DD@- = =E-F ^.

e I IL EI= T @ D@==T S= @ T= +I= = DT=T D= ] @DD@=D =E-F ^, T @ EIh=@ @ T= Q @ J== DDI@= - 

>D =EQ . = EIh=@ J= IL EI= I == T=T IK.

Page 78: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 78/83

*eGe F Ae# , A+*&ie de  ie F+e+... \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 79

*- LD)-)@F=U@, D =@@I, Q @ == =S=EI, T U EI ] =D >UED

@E DQ GE >Q G IEQEQ =Q E = @>D @ @>@D 

E@>-=a= D = B E = . ^ (D.72) ] "Q E = @>D ^ hEI==Z, @hD= @hEIVI, J @ >IY, = D ,DI I= Q I DY EI= = D . $= I=J-@ D@IZ : ] *@D@E DDEQ D = ==Q=D> E =D *EDD >QD Q@ E =D D EGE>D : =D *EDD GE SE @DQQD @>> =D cD A, E@@D DQEQD,E@@D >QD =D HED DED. g@= QEE ERD DD= c=D >D P.#D = ->P@ GE = D@ SE @DDQ ERD @E @ E@> WEQ EED,  = >P@ = E D =@E>D WEQ. ^ (D.71) # T=-=@ Q D= = @ ?

+- LD;$ I == D EI Q T I D= D@I J= EI

@h=I@ I.Ch == EIh=@ @R< D@ ] Q=E@D >JE@>D E >=- 

EED JDEQD ^ (D.187), = @hJ =@@= BI Q ] Q 1CD ^ (D.424), = C@ B ] @ >Q ^ (D.341)

 J= h] @= >=EE ^ (D.342) J =T EI ] G>DD ̂ (D.342) @ >I@= EIh=@ D @ =D@== Q I

D, EI= T= @hI S T<I= @ +I= , = C ] GI >@D E >QE ^ (D.158), TJEI I ] @IEQD @-F& DE==QD DD ^ (D.390).

e= I h@@= D @ @ = D Q < - I =U = @ D@ Q @h=I@ M, @ DIDT EI= = I=EI= = , JI JN T= EI= = D h=@ , = =@ = \== D D EIhI = =@ = =. # J== D@ @@I= : ] CD ==D D EDRE I->S>D ciJK, QGE@ i@

/J> < iK b ci@ QDE >= @ i ,c/J> G@=E QE>QD, c<, SE, E ciK DE =D >==D. , =>@E ciJK QD , DE D=, @==, D @E ERD GE,EE = E, @E GE E D =>E. cC DE D =D HED = @E @Q @>, @E>E N = > E@IE@ EE =D >=I EEDD N DE, D@= AE@ JE. ^ (D.41)

e = MN-= = JI @ JI@N, Q @h= +I= EI= = IL-V EI@==T , @ I= IL-V EI= EI@==U ` J-= a D @ I =@. P ? e DI, @

Page 79: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 79/83

 J= D-=@ D Q @hTJ== b = b ] eEI #i==QDED = =e ^ ?

# T 90, DD I T= IL @@ I F,

DD I>Ih<I= @ I I IL = @ T=. Ch I IJI EI @ F I T= TD@=, DI= D@I=I T, IJ@@ =@@=, = Q JI @= I =I@ Q @h= IL EI= T@= @ JT=T. # I h EI @ D@ @ I .

 N

1. " E@EQ>D> @, C@I #TJ=-*I, I=J== F, @@. $M< @==, 9 T==, = 20022. @D D, =D >ED, = T, e== =@@ I I=, J 20053. F@E &E@E D. Ch I ID D@==-=@== =IT L=@T Q >=T I= EI= I= @ K @ T 60 DI T<DD Q @ ===-= <=EI == EIhIL L= J= @ +I=.4. HDE@ Q@, C@ B, FM, 19945. =DE@ DRE, AI@ <I IN==N, e== I , 20056. Ch == EI @h T= @ @@ I=.7. , d &E-eEE N =eEE-D@, ". G, #hH, @@. #hA=EI G @, >J= 2002

8. F@D >QD DD9. # Cd (C@D= E@= dQG=@>E) @ @ K=.10. " QDE D *ED, d= BINN=, 194011. #h== S= M T =<= ==T DI @ = K-=. C =<= ID=@ hJ= TT IL Q D= EI@ I T@= @ @= D@=T Q = @ <I EI= I=J= =T= @h I 6J=@ 1994.12. GT= h D Q I == DU. e 1994, EI =@ h TI=T @ NZ@T D @ F, =@ T== I =, Q I, EIh] @ @GE @> =aG D >=D E> N @ E =D KD ^ . C. + @G, # 1,D33.13. T DT= EIh=@ h= I ` T= I 26 = 2004, @ EIh=@ =D=@ I= a.14. *I T Q @ @ EQ=QGD@ = D >== @==D (+#$) EI=, D @ T-=, DD@= IJ Q I @ +I=.15. &@E >Q>@, = @ ==D, = d=, <N $=<@ #.16. FL TJT@T D @hII =@ V D EI D @ JI g@=D.

Page 80: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 80/83

#  A +   AdA*e ^3 81

serge FarneL

L# ')("# #&)( P.

Dans l’ouvrage Le monde selon K., sorti aux éditions Fayard en jan- vier 2009, Péan consacre deux chapitres aux tribulations deKouchner au Rwanda. Soixante dix pages au cours desquelles il secontente de recycler les vieilles ficelles qu’il utilisa, trois ans plus tôt,aux fins de bâtir un précédent ouvrage sur le Rwanda que l’auteura pris soin d’analyser méthodiquement dans le chapitre :  Autopsie de Noires fureurs, Blancs menteurs  de la présente revue.

e @ DI@== IL IJ, AI@ IN==N, @T= @T I @EI@ @ <U T h DI@=EI TT.#hEIVI h I= D DV @R< @ J= IN==N I@EI@@ D I D= <U. AI= EI =@ @ DT Q

IJI " >@ D=@  ., h J I ==EI Q @I= EI= DT- J@I Q T I @ U @D D, Q @hTDEI [ IN==N hJ=D = =. I-. #EI T hDDI= I IT= @ @EI@ " = ] >@EQ =->S> D D E (E)>E==Q = @=E@ ^, =@ EI D T IL = DT @I= EI= T= : ] @E == @ ? ^, I = T, ] Q@ E ? @. ^ # @I h=D=.I= T = < U : ] + @>@ @E &=>, = =EE A= KK, >> E@< C@>>@, = c@J

== F& Q D E@D =DED DEQD N = @G@. ^(D.132) T h I EI IN==N = D DI@=EI >T T=. @ D= Q @hI=@=.

C T =U EI h ] @@EQ>E ^ EI IN==N ] D(DE) QEEQE () >D @D J @D D ^. ( @ D 216.) #h=J=K D @hII hA@ I=IK, D @ = K= C@EEF# '< )/ 267 (, ==EI I= EI T= hI= D TTDTT=T EI = ` DDI=T a =@ M I, I EI @@ EI @ I-

@-D= I= JI Q @h= @h=J=K EIh=@ Q @ =K=.

Page 81: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 81/83

82 #  A +   AdA*e ^3 _ *eGe F Ae# , "e #de e" &.

FI hX I T= D@ DD T @hIJ EIh=@= DX = D@I Z, I= I DI h Q EI @T= IN==N, @ T= @T BII=U EIV I @h- I 6 J=@, @h= DIT Q >II I ==@ @h==@ @EI@@ I@ " I= TT @ ==. A== I=-=@ QI @ = DT @ E # @ @EI@@ ] =DE@ DDG DE D ED =D =D GD @=DE ^. $= h\ TT @ X- T EI=, hM EI = @ T@= >I@==EI, = =@-@ EI ] &= > @Q =@ E D =G@ ED@EE = Q- DE E D@ @==R BD ^. (D.131)

#hII I #@ D=@ . = D =@@I D D EI= ] >(Q) = >E =EQ @D J, @EE >D I>

@ c@>=EQ DDDDED =E@ G ED E@DE E DD@E@ >=ED ^. T h-=@ I@ I=T EI IN==N h=, EIQ @I=, >= TT = L ? C = hJ=-=@ D DI T@TJ= = D= I DTI ` K C a <T h@hJ= I DT= HM= ? I == !

Ch EI I DI @ >I BII=U hV TD@T I K IL = EIV I I EI= hM DI TI@T, =@I = @@I EI @ T= I BII=U hDDI= I EI@EI<b #EI T =U EI "I< ] DDR D@ cJ QED @

E GD, @=DE, G@ @EE >Q =@SE ^, ==-=@ D I= D \@ @ =@ ? C EI= -=, h EIhI K, @= >I @I= hM T= D. e I D IEIh @hM .

T h I= D D@U =T EI @hI I` >hM T= a I= V I=@=T I >E E@EQ. C =@-, B @ JI I T= J QEE @I= I=, h DDI I EIh=@ =@@ D DI D@ hTJ=@ EI I

@I= EI= I TT EI@==T =. c = @ DD EIh=@ = >J= 2008 I K, @ = EI

"I< ` M = TT a @I= I D DI I = D EI= hM  DT1 ; Q @h =, =@ @ D, , J= == EI @ F M = @ @ T I T=, == EIh I = @ T=@EIhQ @ I D @ @ <X h<Z@ Q @EI@@ DD-= @h<Z@ $=@@ @@=, @ @@I@ == @hP@MT DJ= Q -= I T= EIh@@ I@ @hI EIh@@ T= I @D= @ @= <Z@.

1. ] @>E D D DDE N = ^, @ T@T "I<.

Page 82: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 82/83

*eGe F Ae# , "e #de e" &. \ #  A +   AdA*e ^3 83

"I< hI D D@I D= EI EIh=@ EI@== Q >I ` =Z@@ a @ I EIh DD. AI=@EIh=@ T= J @h=I I T=, +<T B, @hI-

 JI hI ` = <I== a IL = hL=@ D<@=, =@hI D == EIh=@ D==D= == =J Q T==EI@ @ @I= EI=, D =@@I, = IJ @hL== hI=@@= hV <I=. e =@ DTT@, DI @ DT=T I F @- E@ , EIh=@ D= Q @= G@ @>D @ =I= EI= DT-

 J@= @ I K.

T hI@= D, " >@ D=@ ., DT @hI@ DT= K-= =@ @ = = D@I Z : @ ] D@E = ^ (D.207), @ ] EE D ̂ (D.218), I = I ] EE D ^ (D.175, D.211). e

@h=T T T=@= @ DIJ= D@, =@ J, I = h D II,h= DT < @hI h D@I == @ IEI @ I : == ] >@DED (E) D @ &= > ^ (D.194)." EI= I= D LD@ ] @@Q DD>= @@E HED

 E ^. = @T, =@ I= T ] E D = @= P@ N D@ Q. i= DGDQ =D >DDD ^, I I T= EI= JV >IEIhQ T@ EI " = ] >@EQ =->S> D D E (E)>E==Q = @=E@ DD>=Q @ 12,7 > EQ ^ (D.132). e T=, hb IN==N, @ I@ X.

T I< Q IJI @ @=EI I Q @EI@@ =@ =<T @ = D@I Z @ @EI@@ " I= IT IDI I @ , I <= I. @ hDDI=, Q , I @T= @ I=N= @ EI= <K = TI=T J @hT@ "= I= TT ] Q>QD DD D- EE@ = F& E DD ED. &> =D GE>D ^ , I DT= @ T= T, ] D HED E D *EDD : =D HED @ =D D@E, =D *EDD @ G@ QQ &"-&@, E @ EDQ G =D HED ^. (D.193) D= Q ==@h=TV EIhI= IJT +I= Q <T Q I ID =-+I=. I-V @ D@ ? T I @hLD@=EI D.

T T== ? , = \ h=@@I h @I=-V EI= JI@ = : ] >D Q = Q@ D GE>D EEDD. ^ (D.180) Ch EI @T= I T= +I= TDT DI= EIh=@ JIb Q- =. A@ T I Q @ J==@@ I @=E EE EIh=@ I IJ@ IJ : ] "D *EDD F& @E QEQ =DDQD c@D, =DHED, c>QED, Q@D, Q>=D D KD. ^ (D.178) IJ T EI= D@= D =@@I hV I =D= EI @ IIT ==-

@ DJ== I>I D Q DJ= @= Q@ : ] "D >D- DD D *EDD E D HED >@QQD D = E @EW=Q =D

Page 83: Pierre Pean

8/13/2019 Pierre Pean

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pierre-pean 83/83

>=ED @G>EI E =D >=D @E QEQ ERD >@EED E D@E @D = @>>EQ EE@= ; G, =D >DDD QEQD D =D K@D@EW=QD = F& D@E E>E DDQD D@D D= =D >QD E =D @D- GED EE@I. ^ (D.131)

T, =U@ Q @h<=I EIh=@ T @D D, = T= X @hDE@ >@ , I D= h=DI =U Q @hI@< I I= hM TJEI @h] GD@ <@Q D @I ED GE>D ^ (D.194). C @h-== = D D= = @I= EI= @ -= IJ = hI J=, I@ h=J

 J== IIL, = I= D=EI @I=-V @hI= ==.

T h D DV D@I Q @ = EI h @T D I

T< @ =J I < hT-> D@ $= == IL TDIT S= EI ] D =D >ED QQRE =EEEE, =DE@D F& E@QD Cd GE QEQ >DD QEE =E ^ (D.199- D). T I @ Q IJI h=- @ @I EI @ D@= h D @=T .

B. T TDU @EIh TD= TJT IJI ==U T, =@ T= EI ] B @ DE =D >E=>E QEE E @>E D @>E@D DDE=D >EE D = DQ> = DDE

@DEE D = > D ^ (D.194), = EIh=@ I Q = Q V h@M I I@. J= >I Q DT EIh=@ h= D= DI D-> hT= I IJI @=J I @ K. ` # K @ . a, =- X.

T I< Q IJI @ @=EI I Q @EI@@ =@ =<T @ = D@I Z @ @EI@@ " I= IT IDI I @ , I <= I. @ hDDI=, Q , I @T= @ I=N= @ EI= <K = TI=T J @'T@ "= I= TT ] Q>QD DD D- 

EE@ = F& E DD ED. &> =D GE>D ^ , I DT= @ T= T, ] D HED E D *EDD : =D HED @ '=D D@E, =D *EDD @ G@