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NyD; tus,fcsJUjcif;jzpfonf[kxifí pdwfqkd;aejcif;jzpfygonf/
a&;&if;a&;&if;ESifh wjznf;jznf; AkdvfcsKyf\tw¬KyÜwåd
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
6
tusOf;csKyfvkd jzpfaeNyD[k xifygonf/ vlodenf;aom tcsuf
rsm;vnf;jzpf? a&S;jzpfa[mif;udk jyefajymif;owd&ívnf;jzpf?
rSwfwrf;rSwf&mtjzpf usef&pffaeapvkdívnf;jzpfojzifh a&;
om;wifjy&jcif;jzpfygonf/
AkdvfcsKyfonf usqkH;csdefwGif touf(32)ESpfrQom &Sd
ao;onf/ odkYaomf olYtawG;tac:? olYt,ltq? olYvkyf
enf;vkyf[ef? olYpGefYvTwftepfemcHrIwkdYrSm olrwlatmif xl;uJ
vSayonf/
ol\ZGJvkHYv&SdrI? pdwf&Snfonf;cHrI? wpfrsKd;om;vkH;t
ay:cspfcifwG,fwmrIwkdYaMumifhyif yifvkHpmcsKyfBuD;jzpfay:vm
&ayonf/ olYtzkdY bmrQcHpm;roGm;cJh&Smay/ wkdif;&if;om;tm;
vkH; OruGJ okdufrysuf ,aeYwkdif ckdifckdifNrJNrJ vufwGJEkdifrIaMumifh
vGwfvyfa&;ESifhtcsKyftjcmtmPm t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfwHhcJh
onf/ vGwfvyfa&;\toD;tyGifhrsm;udk uREkfyfwkdYtm;vkH;qGwf
cl;pm;okH;EkdifcJhonf/ AdokumBuD;AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSmrlum;
bmrQrcHpm;&onfhtjyif oljrifcsifaom ]]vGwfvyfonfhjrefrm
EkdifiH}}ukd jrifhawGYroGm;&&Smyg/
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; jrifroGm;&? cHpm;roGm;&&Smaom
]]vGwfvyfa&;}}udk ,aeY touf&Sifusef&pfvsuf&SdMuukefaom
wkdif;&if;ol wkdif;&if;om;wkdYtaejzifh toufay;í umuG,f
apmifha&SmufMu&ef vkdayonf/ vGwfvyfrIESifhywfouffí t
enf;i,f wifjyvdkygonf/
vGwfvyfrI\t&om? vGwfvyfrI\wefzkd;udk rvGwf
vyfonfhtcgwGifom odEkdifonf/ rvGwfvyfaomb0wGif ae
xkdifcJh&olwkdYonf vGwfvyfrIudk tvGefyif vkdvm;awmifhwMu
onf/ urÇmOD;vlwkdYu aeESifhvukd awmifhwMuouJhokdYyif ukdvkd
eDe,fcsJUatmufwGif aecJh&olwkdYonf vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aecsif
MuonfhtmoDo jyif;jycJhMuonf/ þonfrSm a,bk,soabm
w&m;wpf&yfyif jzpfonf/
uREkfyfwkdY jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHonf udk,fhxD;ukd,fh
eef; ukd,fhMuiSef;ESifhurÇmhtv,fwGif wifhw,fxnf0gaomEkdifiH
wpfEkdifiHtjzpf [kda&S;a&S;tcg waumif;tbd&mZmrSonf bkd;
awmfbk&m;vufxufwkdifatmif r,drf;r,kdif wnfwHhckdifNrJcJh
onf/ xkdYaemufydkif;wGif bBuD;awmfbk&m;vufxuf 1824-
ckESpfwGifwpfBudrf? yk*Hrif;vufxuf 1852-ckESpfwGif wpfBudrf?
oDaygbk&ifvufxuf 1885-ckESpfwGif wpfBudrf? okH;Budrfwkdif
wkdif t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUwkdYu acwfrDvufeuftm;ukd;jzifh fwkdufckduf
í uREkfyfwkdYEkdifiHtm; wpfBudrfpD odrf;ykdufcJh&m aemufqkH;ppfyGJ
wGif xD;usKd;pnfayguf wpfEkdifiHvkH; uRefb0 a&mufcJh&onf/
odkYjzpfí yxrtBudrf atmufjrefrmEkdifiHudk odrf;onf
upí a&wGufvQif uREkfyfwkdYjrefrmrsm;rSm udkvkdeDe,fcsJUatmuf
wGif ESpfaygif; (123)ESpfrQ wpfyg;uRef jzpfcJh&onf/
þodkYtvDvD odrf;ydkufcH&NyD; uRefb0a&mufcJh&onfh
tcg wpfavQmufvkH; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf &kef;uefwGef;vSef
vmcJhMuygonf/ olYuRefb0wGif aysmfydkufí r[kwfaomfvnf;
tiftm;csif;rrQí onf;cHaecJh&olrsm;&SdouJhodkY tiftm;csif;
rrQrSef; odvsuf rvGwfvyfonfhb0wGif ae&jcif;xuf wkdif;
jynfESifhvlrsKd; olYuRefb0rS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf wkduf&if;?
ckduf&if;? awmfvSef&if; ao&onfu jrwfonf[k cH,lum udkvkd
eDacwfwpfavQmufvkH; rem;wrf; awmfvSefcJhonfrsm;rSmvnf;
renf;vS/
odkY&mwGif xkdpOfu awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; ta&;edrfh
cJhojzifh vGwfvyfa&;\t&omudk ¤if;wkdYvnf; cHpm;roGm;cJh&
bJ b0ed*kH;csKyfcJh&onf/ udkvkdeDe,fcsJUwkdY\zrf;qD;ESdyfpufowf
jzwfjcif;vnf; cHcJhMu&onf/ rnfokdYyifjzpfap tqifhqifhaom
vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJrsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiHwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;
wkdif;ü ZmwdaoG; Zmwdrmef&Sdonfqkdaom om"uwpf&yfudk
aemifvmaemufom;rsm;twGuf tarGtESpffftjzpf xm;&pfcJh
onfrSm xif&Sm;ayonf/
bmaMumifh tqifhqifhaom awmfvSefa&;rsm; usqkH;
cJh&oenf;/ t"dutcsufrSm wkdif;&if;om;tm;vkH; nDnDnTwf
nTwf pnf;pnf;vkH;vkH;ESifhtajctae? tcsdeftcgudk wGufq
axmufcsifhíaqmif&GufcJhjcif;r&SdaomaMumifh jzpfaMumif; t
Murf;zsif;tm;jzifh wGufqí &onf/
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; jzpfcsdefwGif tcsdeftcg tajct
aeay;NyDjzpfonfukd AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhwuG vkyfaz:ukdif
zufrsm; tm;vkH;odMuonf/ ]]t*Fvdyftcuf Armtcsuf}}[k
csufaumif;ukd,lí tcGifhaumif; tcgaumif;udk xdxdrdrdokH;
Ekdif&ef tajctaet&*syefrsm;ESifhyl;aygif;ít*Fvdyfukdarmif;
xkwfEkdifcJhonf/
odkYaomf ]]usm;udkaMumufí &SifBuD;udk; &SifBuD;usm;
xufqkd;}}qkdouJhodkY *syefu t*Fvdyfxufqkd;vmaomtcg
1945-ckESpf? rwfv(27)&ufaeYwGif *syefukd awmfvSefNyD; wkduf
xkwfcJh&jyefonf/ þawmfvSeffa&;rSmvnf;wyfrawmfaeY(awmf
vSefa&;aeY)[k wyfrawmf\orkdif;ü xif&Sm;aomrSwfwkdifBuD;
tjzpf wGif&pfvsuf&Sdonf/
þodkY zufqpf*syefppfbDvl;udk armif;xkwfEkdifcJh&kHrQ
jzifh vGwfvyfa&;um; r&ao;ay/ *syefajy;onfhtcsdefwGif
jyef0ifvmaom t*Fvdyftpkd;&u jrefrmEkdifiHudk vGwfvyfa&;
ay;&ef tcsdefqGJcJhonf/ awmifwef; jynfrcGJí ol\aoG;cGJtkyf
csKyfrI (Divide and Rule Policy) rljzifh qufvufpkd;rkd;jc,fvS,f
&ef MuHpnftm;xkwfcJhonf/ vGwfvyfa&;ray;vkdY r&onfht
qkH; awmifwef;a'oESifhjynfrudk cGJjcm;í vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef
MuHpnftm;xkwfcJhao;onf/ odkYaomf yifvkHnDvmcHBuD;\yJhwif
oHaMumifh ¤if;wkdY\yufpufaom tMuHudk pGefYvTwfcJh&ayonf/
ed*kH;csKyfwifjyvkdonfrSm AkdvfcsKyfudk cspfygonfqkdMu
ukefaom vlBuD;? vli,f? vl&G,f? vlvwf &[ef;&Sifvltm;vkH;
onf AkdvfcsKyfcsrSwfcJhonfhvrf;pOfudk tav;xm; usifhokH;Mu
E-bo
ok is
cre
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by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
7
í AkdvfcsKyfwnfaqmufay;cJhonfhvGwfvyfa&;ESifhtcsKyftjcm
tmPmt"GefY&SnfpGm wnfwHhckdifNrJa&;? jynfaxmifpkBuD; rNydKuGJ
a&;? wkdif;&if;om;tm;vkH; aoG;pnf;nDnTwfrI ckdifrma&;wkdYukd
toufay;í umuG,fxdef;odrf;,if; apmifha&SmufMuyg[k wkduf
wGef;vkdygonf/
(azcif)
1990-jynfhESpf? Mo*kwfv 23-&uf/
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
8
yifvkHpmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xkd;olwpfOD;jzpfaom
EkdifiHawmfaumifpD0if(tNidrf;pm;)OD;wif{\trSm
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u jrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;t
wGuf bdvyfwGif NAdwdoQtpkd;&ESifhta&;qkdaeonf/ ]]Armjynf
udk vGwfvyfa&; ay;&if &Srf;jynftygt0if awmifwef;a'o
awGudkyg wpfNydKifwnf; vGwfvyfa&;ay;yg}}/ xkdokdYta&;qkd
aepOf &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;u rkdif;&,fwGif pnf;a0;NyD; t*Fvdyf
tpkd;&xH aMu;eef;ydkYvkdufonf/ ]]atmifqef;[m igwkdYukd,fpm;
vS,f r[kwf/ &Srf;jynftwGuf bmrSajymykdifcGifhr&Sd? &Srf;jynfudpö
aqG;aEG;vkdvQif igwkdYudk zdwfyg}}/
eef;&if;0ef tufwvDu þaMu;eef;pmudk AkdvfcsKyfukd
jyaomtcg AkdvfcsKyf bmrQrvkyfwwfawmh/ ikdifawGoGm;av
awmhonf/ þtaMumif;udk zqyvu Mum;odí uRefawmfwkdY
(OD;azcifyif ajymonfxifonf)]]wpfckck vkyfMuygOD;}}/
xkdtcg uRefawmfwkdYonf awmifBuD;ESifhwuG eD;pyf
vufvSrf;rD&mNrdKUtcsKdUwGif qEjyyGJrsm; jyKvkyfMuonf/ ]]Akdvf
csKyfatmifqef;udk igwkdYaxmufcHonf/ Armjynfrudk vGwfvyf
a&;ay;vQif &Srf;jynftygt0if awmifwef;a'oawGudkyg wpf
NydKifwnf;vGwfvyfa&;ay;yg}}uRefawmfwkdY\qEjyyGJtaMumif;
udk OD;azcifyif AkdvfcsKyfxHodkY aMu;eef;ydkYvkdufavonf/ þ
aMu;eef;udk &awmhrS AdkvfcsKyftouf&SLacsmifNyD; jyKH;Ekdifav
awmhonf/
þuJhodkY AkdvfcsKyfudk axmufcHolESifhuefYuGufol[lí
ESpfzuf ESpfyu© ay:xGufvmojzifh ]]rMumrD usif;yrnfhyifvkH
tpnf;ta0;wGifjzpfap(okdYr[kwf),if;udpötwGuf txl;zdwf
ac:rnfhtpnf;ta0;wGifjzpfap? AkdvfcsKyfwkdYESifhawmifwef;a'
oudk,fpm;vS,frsm; awGYqkHaqG;aEG;Muyg/ ,if;uJhodkY aqG;aEG;
nd§EIdif;í &&Sdvmaom oabmwlnDcsufudk NAdwdoQtpkd;&u
vufcHygrnf}}[k eef;&if;0ef tufwvDu vkdufavsmoabmwl
cJhjcif;jzpfayonf/ þum; ]]atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf}}
\vkd&if;oabmyif jzpfonf/ 'kwd,tBudrf usif;yrnfhftpnf;
ta0;BuD;rSm ,if;oabmwlnDcsufaMumifh EkdifiHa&;tESpfom
&txl;jynfh0aom nDvmcHBuD;jzpfoGm;&ayonf/
tufwvDwkdYpdwfxJwGif ]]'D&Srf;awG? ArmawG? wkdif;
&if;om;awG igwkdYaoG;cGJxm;wm ESpfaygif; &mESifhcsDMumavNyD/
awmifwef;a'owpfavQmufrSmvnf; apmfbGm;awG? 'l0g;awG?
awmiftkyfawG BuD;pkd;vTrf;rkd;aeonf/ vlxkBuD;rSmvnf; upm;
0kdif;ESifhbdef;ESifh tdyfaysmfaewkef; olwkdYawG yifvkHrSm aqG;aEG;
nd§EIdif;MuvQif bmoabmwlnDcsufrQ&rSm r[kwfbl;/ arsmuf
avmif;? arsmufavmif;yJ jzpfrSmyJ}}[k tydkifrSwf,lNyD;om;jzpf
avonf/
odkYaomf 1947-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 'kwd,ywftwGif;
yifvkHrSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;trSL;jyKaom wkdif;&if;om;acgif;
aqmifrsm; awGYqkHaqG;aEG;vkdufMuaomtcgüum; xGufay:
&&SdvmaomtajzrSm tufwvDwkdY awG;xifovkd r[kwfbJ?
ajzmifhajzmifhBuD; qefYusifaom tajz jzpfaeayawmhonf/
awmifwef;om;wkdYonf ]]ArmjynfrESifhyl;aygif;í rqkdif;rwG
vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;udk t&,lrnf}}[laom ]]yifvkHpmcsKyfBuD;}}ukd
uRefawmfwkdYwpfawG a&;xkd;csKyfqkdEkdifcJhMuayonf/
]]yifvkHpmcsKyfBuD;udk csKyfqkdMuavownf;}}[k 0gus
wpfckwnf;ESifha&;csvkduf&wm vG,fulaomfvnf; wu,fBudK;
yrf;vkyfaqmifMu&mü tauGYtaumuf? taESmifht,SufawG?
twm;tqD;awG? tzsuftqD;awG rnfrQrsm;jym;&IyfaxG;
onfudk þpmtkyfwGif zwf&IEkdifMuayonf/
yifvkHpmcsKyf\oufwrf;rSm ,cktcg ESpfaygif; (40)
ausmfcJhí tcsKdUvlrsm; arhvkrwwfyif jzpfaejim;aomfvnf;
uRefawmfwpfOD;wnf;tzkdYum; yifvkHpmcsKyfatmifjrifvdrfhrnf
[k vkH;vkH;rxifrSwfcJhacs/ e,fcsJUorm;onf uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiH
ukd &moufyef tkyfcsKyfaoG;pkyfEkdifa&;twGuf wkdif;&if;om;
awGudk enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh aoG;cGJvmcJhMuNyD/ ya'o&mZfapmfbGm; 'l
0g;rsm;uvnf; awmifwef;a'owGif vuf&SdtmPm&aeMu
onf/ &Srf;? ucsifvlxkBuD;uvnf; upm;0kdif;ESifhbdef;ESifhrSdef;
NyD; EkdifiHa&;Ekd;Mum;rI tvGefYtvGefacgif;yg;aeMuonf/ uRef
awmfwkdYvli,fausmif;om;wpfpk EkdifiHa&;pnf;&kH;vIyf&Sm;vmcJh
MuonfrSm bmrQrMumao;/ t&Sdeft[kefaumif;pGmr&ao;/
paomtaMumif;aemufcHrsm;aMumifh yifvkHpmcsKyfatmifjrif
vdrfhrnf[k uRefawmf r,kHMunfcJhjcif;jzpfayonf/ xkdYaMumifh
yifvkHpmcsKyfrlMurf;a&;qGJ&mü tykd'f(7)udk r&t& xnfhoGif;
ay;&ef AkdvfcsKyftm; uRefawmfwkdYtwif;wkdufwGef;cJhMuonf/
uRefawmfwkdY\pdwful;rSm yifvkHpmcsKyff avmavmq,fratmif
jrifapumrl urÇmh'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHBuD;rsm;wGif &&Sdaom 'Drkdua&
pD&ykdifcGifhrsm;udk uRefawmfwkdYawmifwef;om;rsm; &&SdcHpm;cGifh&
vQif ArmjynfrESifhyl;aygif;a&;twGufvnf;aumif;? ya'o
&mZfpepfzsufodrf;NyD; 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHxlaxmif&eftwGufvnf;
aumif;? 'Drkdua&pD&ykdifcGifhrsm;udk uRefawmfwkdY awmifwef;om;
rsm; &&SdcHpm;cGifh&vQif ArmjynfrESifhyl;aygif;a&;twGufvnf;
aumif;? ya'o&mZfpepfzsufodrf;NyD; 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHxlaxmif
&eftwGufvnf;aumif; 'Drkdua&pD&ydkifcGifhrsm;udk ukdifpGJtokH;
jyKNyD; uRefawmfwkdY qufvufí pnf;&kH;vkyfaqmifoGm;Murnf
[lownf;/
yifvkHpmcsKyfta&;yg t&ma&mufykH? orkdif;wefzkd;BuD;
rm;ykHudk þuJhodkY qefYusifzufwpfrsKd;wpfzkH pOf;pm;qifjcifMunfh
oifhMuayao;onf/ yifvkHpmcsKyfom ratmifjrifcJhaomf wpf
enf; jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;orkdif;wGif yifvkHpmcsKyftcef;u@udk z,f
xkwfy,f&Sm;vkdufcJhaomf b,fvkdjzpfysufawGYMuKHMu&rnfenf;/
Armjynfr[k ac:aeMuaom {&m0wDjrpf&kd;wpfavQmuf&Snf
vsm;vsm; wpf0dkufum; vGwfvyfa&;&rnfrSmawmh aocsmyg
E-bo
ok is
cre
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by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
9
onf/ odkY&mwGif ,ckjynfe,f[kac:aeMuaom a'owkdYwGif
um; e,fcsJUorm;onf qufvufBuD;pdk;vTrf;rkd;aernf/ Arm
jynfr\vGwfvyfa&;rSm tNrJwrf;tNcdrf;tajcmufcHae&rnf/
jynfe,fawG\yx0Dtaetxm;udk Munfhygu EkdifiHa&;t&
a&m? umuG,fa&;t&yg rnfrQta&;ygonfudk tm;vkH;em;
vnfEdkifMuygonf/ pD;yGm;a&;t& MunfhvQifvnf; opfawm?
owåKpaomo,HZmwobm0ypönf; aygrsm;onfhawmifwef;
a'oawG rygaom Armjynfr\pD;yGm;a&;rSm rsm;pGm t&m
a&mufvSrnfr[kwfay/ e,fcsJUatmufwGif qufvufaexkdif
oGm;Mu&rnfhuRefawmfwkYd awmifwef;a'owkdif;&if;om;wkdY\
b0rSmvnf; arsmufavmif;tqifhu wufEkdifawmhrnf r[kwf
acs/ wpfzufu ya'o&mZfpepfuvnf; &Sdaeayao;onf/
tajctaerSm rawG;0Hhavmufatmifyif jzpfacsonf/
,if;uJhodkYaom tajctaexJuaeíyif uRefawmf
wkdYonf yifvkHpmcsKyfBuD;udk atmifjrifpGm csKyfqkdEkdifcJhMuay
onf/ bmhaMumifh yifvkHpmcsKyfatmifjrifcJhonfudk jyefvSefqif
jcifokH;oyfvkdufaomf atmufygtcsufrsm;udk awGYMu&rnfjzpf
onf/
(1) xkdpOfu urÇmwGif *smreD? tDwvD? *syefwnf;[laomppf
tmPm&Sif zufqpftpkd;&wkdY Akef;Akef;vJusqkH;aecsdefjzpfonf/
t*Fvef? tar&duef'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHrsm;ESifhqkd&S,fvpffqkdAD,uf
&k&Sm;EkdifiHwkdY atmifyGJcHaecsdefjzpfonf/
(2) jrefrmEkdifiHwGif zufqpfpepfudk wGef;vSefwkdufckdufcJhaom
zqyvtpkd;&ESifhArmhwyfrawmfwkdY tmPm&í pnf;vkH;nDnTwf
aeMuonf/
(3) awmifwef;a'oawGtay: xm;&Sdaom zqyvtzGJYcsKyf
\EkdifiHa&;rl0g'rSefuefonf/
(4) yk*¾Kdvfa&;t& AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay:wGif awmifwef;
a'oacgif;aqmifrsm;u ,kHMunfpdwfcsMuayonf/
(5) xkdpOfu t*FvefEkdifiHwGif avbmtpkd;&tmPm&aejcif;ukd
vnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;Ekdifygonf/
txufwGif uRefawmftcsKyfoabm wifjycJhaomt
csuftvufrsm;udk þpmtkyfwGif tjynfhtpkH tus,fw0ifh
awGY&Sdzwf&IEkdifMuygonf/
OD;azcifonf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;? OD;Ek? OD;ausmfNidrf;
paomyk*¾Kdvfrsm;ESifhvnf; &efukefwuúokdvfausmif;om;b0
uyif cifrif &if;ESD;cJhol jzpfayonf/ &Srf;jynf txl;ojzifh
awmifBuD;u uRefawmfwkdY ausmif;om;vli,frsm;ESifhvnf; cif
rif&if;ESD;oljzpfavonf/ xkdYaMumifh wkdif;&if;om;cspfMunfnD
nTwfa&; yifvkHpmcsKyfBuD;udk csKyfqkdEkdifatmif uRefawmfwkdY0kdif;
0ef;BudK;yrf;vkyfaqmifMu&mü OD;azcifonf zqyvtzGJYcsKyf
ESifhuRefawmfwkd Y &Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ YcsKyfwkd YMum;wGif
atmifoG,fBuD;ozG,f jzpfcJhayonf/ olonf zqyvXmecsKyf
wGif awmifwef;a&;&mrsm;uk wm0ef,laeojzifh &Srf;? u&if?
ucsif? csif;? u&ifeDponfh awmifwef;a&;&m udpöt00udk t
ay:pD;u aeívnf;aumif;? us,fus,fjyefYjyefY jzefYMuufí
vnf;aumif; jrifEkdif awGYEkdif pOf;pm;okH;oyfEkdifonf/ uRef
awmfwkdYrSm &Srf;jynftuGufxJwGif oJoJrJrJ wkdufyGJ0ifaeojzifh
trsm;qkH;jrifvS &Srf;jynfa&;&mudpöukdomvQif jrifEkdifygonf/
xkdYaMumifh yifvkHpmcsKyf jzpfay:a&;ESifhpyfvsOf;í OD;
azcifa&;om;aom aqmif;yg;&SnfBuD;rSm taMumif;tcsuf
tm;jzifhvnf; pkHvifvSygonf/ us,fus,fjyefYjyefYvnf; &Sdyg
onf/ eufeuf&Idif;&Idif;vnf; &Sdygonf/ tcsKdUudpöwdkYwGif aemuf
cHorkdif;aMumif;ESifhcsDí us,fus,f0ef;0ef; EIdif;,SOfokH;oyfxm;
onfwkdYrSm orkdif;wefzdk; BuD;vSygayonf/
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmfzGJYpnf;wnfaxmifEkdif&ef
tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif vGwfvyfa&;&&SdEkdif&ef AkdvfcsKyfatmif
qef; trSL;jyKaom uRefawmfwkdYwpfawGonf ukd,fpGrf;&Sdoa&GU
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rkcsawGY&SdMuygvdrfhrnf/ wkdif;&if;om;cspfMunfnDnTwfa&;? jynf
axmifpkBuD; wnfwHhckdifNrJa&; vkdvm;Muukefaom yk*¾Kdvft
aygif;wkdYonf ,if;rSm;,Gif;cRwfacsmfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ausmfvGef
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aom ydkrkdw&m;rQwaom ydkrkdwnfwHhckdifNrJaom jynfaxmifpkjref
rmEkdifiHawmfBuD;udk 0kdif;0ef;BudK;yrf;wnfaxmifEkdifMuygapo
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AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\tyg;awmfNrJ twGif;0efa[mif;
AkdvfxGef;vS(wuúokdvfae0if;)\trSm
uRefawmfonf 28-1-89 aeYrS 10-2-89 aeYxkwf
vkyfom;jynfolYaeYpOf(jrefrmESifht*Fvdyf)owif;pmrsm;wGif t
Nidrf;pm;oHtrwfBuD;OD;azcif(EkdifiHh*kPf&nfyxrqifh)a&;om;
cJhaom 1946-ckESpf? ]]a&Twd*kHnDvmcH-yifvkHpmcsKyf\rsKd;aph}}
tcef;qufaqmif;yg;&SnfBuD;udk txl;pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm zwf&I
cJhygonf/ uRefawmfhtaejzifh ,if;aqmif;yg;&SnfBuD;udk pdwf
0ifpm;rdonfrSmvnf; taMumif;&Sdygonf/
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf tpkd;&tzGJYacgif;aqmifwm
0efukd 1946-ckESpf? pufwifbmv 26-&ufaeYu NAdwdefbk&ifcH
qm[l;bwf&efYxHrS &,lNyD;aemuf xkdtcsdefrSpí yifvkHpmcsKyf
vufrSwfa&;xkd;onfh 12-2-47 aeYtxd awmufavQmufwkdif;
&if;om;pnf;vkH;nDnTwfa&;ukd txl;BudK;yrf;wnfaqmufchJykH?
awmifwef;a'ojynfe,frsm;odkY ukd,fwkdifftyifyef;cH c&D;xGuf
cJhykHrsm;onf uRefawmfhtzdkY raeYwpfaeYu Munfhvkduf&aom
&kyf&SifZmwfum;wpfckuJhodkY jyefvnftouf0if vIyf&Sm;vmovkd
cHpm;&ygonf/ jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf NAdwdoQtpkd;&xH t
a&;qkd&ef vef'efodkYroGm;rD 1946-ckESpf? 'DZifbmvtwGif;u
AkdvfcsKyfonf &Srf;jynftESHYtjym;okdY pnf;&kH;a&;xGufcJhpOfu
AkdvfcsKyf\]]paw&Sif0uf*Gef;}}armfawmfum;ukd aqmif;yg;&Sif
OD;azcifukd,fwkdifarmif;vsuf c&D;oGm;&if; wkdif;&if;om;pnf;
vkH;nDnTwfa&;udpörsm; aqG;aEG;cJhMuykHrsm;udkvnf; uRefawmfh
taejzifh jyefvnfjrifa,mifrdojzifh OD;azcif\aqmif;yg;rSm
uRefawmfhtzkdY txl;pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;aeygawmhonf/
OD;azcif\aqmif;yg; acgif;pOfwGif ygonfhtwkdif;
1947-ckESpf? yifvkHnDnTwfa&;pmcsKyf\rlvrsKd;aphrSm 1946-
ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dvu usif;ycJhaom zqyvjynfvkH;uRwfnDvm
cH(a&Twd*kHtv,fypö,HnDvmcHBuD;)yifjzpfygonf/ tqkdygnD
vmcHBuD;onf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;orkdif;wGif t"dutusqkH;
txif&Sm;qkH; orkdif;rSwfwkdifBuD;wpfckvnf; jzpfygonf/
,if;nDvmcHBuD;wGif tqkdwif qkH;jzwfcJhMuaomtqkd
rsm;teuf tqkdtrSwf(7)rSm jrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;&onfh
tcg &Srf;jynftygt0if awmifwef;a'otm;vHk;ukd jrefrmjynf
rESifhwpfpkwpfpnf;wnf; aygif;pnf;a&;tqkdyifjzpfí xkdtqkd
wifoGif;cJholrSm þpmtkyfa&;om;ol oHtrwfBuD;OD;azcifyif
jzpfygonf/
þae&mwGif OD;azcifESifhywfoufí vlodenf;aom
tcsuftcsKdUudk az:jyrSom ykdrkdjynfhpkHrnf[k ,lqrdygonf/
nDvmcHwGiff awmifwef;a'oESifhjrefrmjynfryl;aygif;
a&;tqkdwifcJholjzpfí OD;azcifonf &Srf;trsKd;om;wpfOD;[k
xifolu xifMuygonf/ trSefrSm olonf aysmfbG,fZmwdjzpf
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a&Twd*kHnDvmcHodkY wufvm&jcif;rSmvnf; xkdpOfu zqyvt
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OD;tjzpf wufa&mufcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/
OD;azcifonf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;&mü &Srf;
jynftygt0if awmifwef;a'orS vlrsKd;pktm;vkH;\pnf;vkH;
nDnTwfrIonf r&Sdrjzpf txl;ta&;BuD;aom vkdtyfcsufjzpf
aMumif; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\cH,lcsufudk t<uif;rJh,kHMunfol
jzpfonfhtavsmuf ol\ESvkH;om;twGif;ü jynfaxmifpkpdwf
"gwftjynfht0 udef;atmif;aeaMumif;udk ol\vufawGYBudK;
yrf;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;u xif&Sm;aponf[k qkdEkdifygonf/
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ukdav;? Aef;armfudkxGef;vSwkdYu axmufcHavonf/__}}
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cHaMumif; pmwpfapmif a&;om;ay;ydkYonfukd zwfjyavonf_}}
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vufxuf NAdwdoQtvkdawmf&d ]]qmay:xGef;}}tpdk;&acwfjzpf
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jcif;? Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;rsm; t&Sdeft[kefjyif;pGmjzifh jyKvkyfaeo
jzifh &Srf;jynfe,frS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; a&Twd*kHnDvmcHodkYajymif
ajymifwif;wif; rwufa&mufEkdifMuyg/ xkdokdY vlodrcHbJ wdwf
wqdwf&efukefokdYvmcJhol vli,fESpfOD;rSm aemufydkif; yifvkHpm
csKyfjzpfajrmufa&;wGif txl;ta&;ygcJhaom awmifBuD;NrdKUrS
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ygonf/
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yifvkHpmcsKyfBuD; vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhaom yk*¾Kdvf 22-OD;teuf
OD;wif{onfvnf; &Srf;jynfe,frS vlxkukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf
vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhygonf/
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BudK;yrf;rIwpf&yf taMumif;udkvnf; wifjyvdkygonf/
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a&;qkd&ef AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom uRefawmfwkdY
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aeYu vef'efodkYoGm;cJhMuygonf/ 0efBuD;csKyfrpöwmtufwvD
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11
OD;aqmifaom NAdwdoQukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJYESifhaqG;aEG;Mu&mwGif
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u awmifwef;a'ojynfe,frsm;ESifhjrefrm
jynfrwkdY yl;aygif;vsuf jynfaxmifpkykHoP²meftjzpf vkH;0vGwf
vyfa&;ay;&eff wdusjywfom;pGmyif awmif;qkdcJhygonf/ odkY&m
wGif ESpfzufaqG;aEG;MupOf taESmuft,Sufwpfck jzpfay:fvm
ykHum; &Srf;jynfe,frS apmfbGm;ESpfOD;trnfjzifh ]]atmifqef;
onf &Srf;jynfudk ukd,fpm;rjyK? jynfrrS jrefrmacgif;aqmifwpf
OD;om jzpfonf}}[laom aMu;eef;pmwpfapmif NAdwdoQtpkd;&
xHodkY a&mufvmcJhjcif;yifjzpfygonf/ þwGif ocifjr? OD;ausmf
Nidrf;paom jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJYrsm;onf txl;pkd;&drfruif;
jzpfcJhMu&ygonf/
odkYaomf aemufESpf&ufrQtMumwGif aemufxyfaMu;
eef;pmwpfapmif a&mufvm&m ,if;aMu;eef;ü AkdvfcsKyfatmif
qef;onf &Srf;jynfe,ftygt0if awmifwef;a'otm;vkH;udk
ukd,fpm;jyKaom acgif;aqmifjzpfaMumif;ESifhawmifwef;a'o
rSwkdif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;twGufta&;qkd&eft<uif;rJhaxmuf
cHaMumif; awmifBuD;NrdKUü usif;yonfhvlxkpnf;a0;yGJBuD;u
wpfcJeuf axmufcHqkH;jzwfaMumif; wdusjywfom;pGm az:jyyg
&Sdygonf/
tqkdygaMu;eef;pmaMumifhvnf; aqG;aEG;yGJajyvnf
acsmarmum jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; tmrcHcsufay;onfhatmif
qef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfudk 27-1-47 aeYwGif atmifjrifpGmcsKyf
qkdEkdifcJhygonf/
tqkdyg awmifBuD; tpnf;ta0;yGJBuD; jzpfajrmuf
atmifjrifap&ef pGrf;pGrf;wrH BudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufolrsm;teuf
OD;azcif? OD;wif{ESifhOD;xGef;jrifhwkdYonf t"dutcef;rS yg0if
BudK;yrf;cJholrsm; jzpfMuygonf/
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awmfwkdY &efukefjyefa&mufvmaomtcg awmifBuD;vlxktpnf;
ta0;yGJrS ykdYvkdufaomaMu;eef;aMumifh ]]atmifqef;-tufw
vD}}pmcsKyfatmifjriffacsmarmcJh&aMumif; uRefawmfu OD;azcif
tm; ajymjycJhygao;onf/
_ _ _ _ _
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onf vG,fvifhwul ajyvnfacsmarmcJhonfr[kwf/ 1947-ck
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ao;pdwf az:jyxm;ygonf/
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,mOfysHrSm,lckdif;ygonf/ odkYaomf OD;azcifESifhuRefawmfwkdY wkdif
yifNyD; av,mOfrrSmao;bJ wpfzufu vlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmif
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tu,fíom uRefawmfwkdYu AdkvfcsKyfpdwfajyatmif
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onf taumiftxnf ay:vmp&m taMumif;r&Sd&kHru jrefrm
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atmifonftxd ynmqufoifcJhonf/
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vmum &rnf;oif;? rdw¬dvmESifhompnfNrdKUrsm;xdatmif ol\
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oGm;ojzifh a&SUaevkduf&if; awmifBuD;NrdKUokdY ajymif;a&TUaexkdif
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awmifBuD;odkY ajymif;a&TUaexkdifcJhMuygonf/ pma&;olu awmif
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a&;rSL;ESifhzqyvtzGJYcsKyftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;jzpfvmol
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AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;jzpfvmrnfh ukdatmifqef;onfvnf; pm
a&;olaeonfh&efukefwuúokdvf? yJcl;aqmifodkY a&muf&Sdvm&m
pma&;olESifhrdwfaqGjzpfvmcJhMuygonf/
pma&;olonf wif;epfupm;0goemygNyD; rEÅav;
]]u,fvD [kdufpul;ausmif;}}wGif aepOfu ESpfBudrf wkdifwkdif
ausmif;csefyD,efjzpfchJygonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfa&mufaom
tcgwGifvnf; qufvufí wif;epfupm;cJh&m wpfOD;csif;csef
yD,ef rjzpfvifhupm; ukd0if;ESifhwGJí ESpfa,mufwGJ wif;epfNydKif
yGJwGif okH;BudrfwkdifcsefyD,efqk qGwfcl;&&SdcJhzl;ygonf/ xkdYtjyif
wuúodkvfwif;epftoif;\Ouú|ESpfBudrfjzpfcJhygonf/
wuúokdvfrS 0dZÆmbGJY&NyD;aemuf Oya'0dZÆmwef;quf
wufcJhygonf/ rlv&nf&G,fcsufrSm tpfukdBuD;\ajc&mudk eif;
í a&SUaetjzpf toufarG;&efjzpfaomfvnf; &nfrSef;csuft
wkdif; jzpfrvmbJ oHtrwfBuD;wpfOD;tjzpf ESpfaygif; 25-ESpf
wmumvrQ ygupöwef? xkdif;? zdvpfykdif? avm? uarÇm'D;,m;?
urÇmhukvor*¾(e,l;a,muf)? tD*spf? qD;&D;,m;? &k&Sm;? csuf
udkpvkdAufuD;,m;? ykdvef? rav;&Sm;? pifumylEkdifiHrsm;odkYoGm;
a&mufí wkdif;jynfwm0efukd xrf;aqmifcJh&NyD; 1972-ckESpfwGif
tem;,lum trSwf 81? tufzf? pkaygif;vrf;? tif;,m;NrdKif
wGif ZeD;a':ararcifESifhaexkdifvsuf&Sdygonf/
pma&;olonf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;? ocifoef;xGef;?
ocifEkwkdYESifhausmif;om;b0uwnf;u oduRrf;cJholjzpfaomf
vnf; EkdifiHa&;vkyf&ef &nf&G,fcsuf rlvur&SdcJhyg/ odkYaomf pdwf
0ifpm;rI&Sdoljzpf&m jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf ta&;qkdaepOf
wGif &Srf;jynf\aemifa&;twGuf yg0ifaqmif&Gufvm&mrS Akdvf
csKyfatmifqef;u EkdifiHa&;e,fy,fxJ qGJoGif;í zqyvtzGJY
csKyftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY0ifwpfOD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? zqy
vOD;pD;tzGJY0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? zqyvtzGJYcsKyfwGif awmif
wef;e,fa'otwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif; xrf;aqmif
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
13
cJh&if; yifvkHpmcsKyfjzpfay:vma&;twGuf t"duusaomt
cef;u@rS yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJholjzpfygonf/ xkdYtjyif AkdvfcsKyfwkdY
vkyfMuHcH&NyD;aemuf ocifEk OD;aqmifaom tpkd;&tzGJYwGif 0ef
BuD;wpfOD;tjzpfvnf; yg0ifcJhygonf/
pma&;ol\EkdifiHa&;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk EkdifiHawmf
u todtrSwfjyKaomtm;jzifh r[moa&pnfolbGJYESifhEkdifiHh*kPf
&nfbGJY(yxrqifh)wkdYudk csD;jr§ifhcJhygonf/
&Jacgifarmifarmif
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
14
ed'gef;
a&Twd*kHtv,fypö,H zqyvnDvmcHBuD;ESifhyifvkHpm
csKyfjzpfay:vmykHtaMumif;udk rpwifrD yifvkHü tpnf;ta0;
rnfokdYrnfykH pwifcJh&onfudk yPmrtaejzifh wifjyvdkygonf/
urÇmhjzpf&yfBuD;rsm; tm;vkH;rSm ao;i,faom t
aMumif;t&mrsm;u pwifcJhonfhom"uajrmufjrm;pGm &Sdyg
aMumif; txl;wifjy&ef vkdrnfrxifyg/
xkdYtwlyif orkdif;0ifyifvkHpmcsKyfBuD;ay:aygufvmykH
rSmvnf; ao;i,faom a,bk,saqG;aEG;rIrS pwifcJhjcif;jzpf
ayonf/
yifvkHtpnf;ta0;[kqkd&mwGif 1946-ckESpf? rwfv
1-&ufaeYrS 12-&ufaeYtxd usif;ycJhaomyxryifvkHtpnf;
ta0;ESifhf1947-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 3-&ufrS 13-&ufaeYt
xd usif;ycJhaom 'kwd,yifvkHtpnf;ta0;rsm; jzpfygonf/
yxryifvkHtpnf;ta0;usif;y&ef tMuH&vmykHrSm
1945-ckESpf? tv,favmufwGif tmZmenfrkdif;yGefapmfbGm;
BuD; p0fpHxGef;\r[ma'0Dtokbtcrf;tem;odkY wufa&muf
vmMuaom te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS apmfbGm;BuD;rsm;pka0;í tm
vmyov’my ajym&if; pwifcJhonfqkdvQif tHhMoMuvdrfhrnf[k
xifygonf/
xkdtcsdefumvrSm 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; NyD;pjzpfí urÇm
ay:&Sd udkvkdeDEkdifiHrsm;u vGwfvyfa&;twGuf ta&;qkdMuovkd
jrefrmEkdifiHuvnf; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;aeonfhtcg
or,jzpfayonf/
¤if;apmfbGm;rsm;u urÇmhtajctae? jrefrmhtajct
aersm;udk aqG;aEG;Mu&if; rdrdwkdYvnf; tem*wftwGuf rnf
odkY aqmif&GufMurnfudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&eftcsdef a&mufae
NyDjzpfaMumif; oabmaygufvmMuonf/
apmfbGm;rsm;\pum;0kdif;wGif EkdifiHa&;tjrifESifhwuf
wuf<u<u OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;Muolrsm;rSm anmifa&TapmfbGm;
BuD;p0fa&Tokduf? oxkHNrdKUpm;BuD;p0fcGefMunfESifhrkdif;yGefapmfbGm;
BuD;p0fpHxGef;wkdYjzpfMuygonf/
apmfbGm;rsm;tm;vkH;u rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;tm;enf;
vrf;rsm;&SmMuH&ef wm0efay;vkdufygonf/ rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;
onf ¤if;\r[ma'0Dtokbudpörsm; NyD;qkH;oGm;NyD;aemuf
1945-ckESpf? 'DZifbmvtv,favmufwGif &Srf;jynfawmifykdif;
rkdif;ukdifNrdKUodkY apmfbGm;BuD;rsm;tm; tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfusif;
y&ef zdwfac:vkdufygonf/
,if;tpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;wGif enf;vrf;&SmaqG;aEG;
Mu&mrS &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; yifvkHNrdKUwGif ]]&Srf;jynfvufrIynm
jyyGJ}}wpf&yf usif;y&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufMuonf/
]]&Srf;jynfvufrIynmjyyGJ}}[k tcsdeftcg tajctae
t& trnfwyfxm;aomfvnf; ,if;jyyGJodkY jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;
acgif;aqmifAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm;vnf;aumif;? *VKefOD;
apmtygt0if tjcm;EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhawmiffwef;
a'orS ucsif? csif;? u&ifeD(u,m;)wkdYtm;vnf;aumif; zdwf
Mum;cJhojzifh ,if;jyyGJrSm EkdifiHa&;toGifvu©Pmaqmifvsuf&Sd
aMumif; odomayonf/
,if;jyyGJodkY AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd,fwkdif rwufa&muf
EkdifcJhaMumif;? ¤if;udk,fpm; ocifEkOD;aqmifaomtzGJY wuf
a&mufcJhaMumif; ponfwkdYudk vmrnfhtcef;rsm;wGif tus,f
az:jyxm;ygonf/
jyyGJwGif &Srf;jynfa'otoD;oD;rS vufrIynmESifhxkwf
ukefrsm;? ykHpHtm;jzifh tif;av;rS ykd;xnfcsnfxnfrsm;? rkdif;
ukdifrS rkdif;udkifpuúLtrsKd;rsKd;? rkd;eJrS aiG"m;rsm;? usKdif;wkHrS a&T
cs,Gef;xnfrsm;? rkdif;yGefrS emrnfBuD; a&waumif;ESifhajrxnf
rsm;? vif;ac;rS Am*sD;eD;,m;aq;wHaomufaq;rsm; ponfwkdY
udk wJrsm;xkd;í jyoxm;ygonf/
jyyGJrSm txl;pnfum;í jyyGJvm{nfhy&dowfrsm;tm;
XmetoD;oD;rS wm0ef&SdolwkdYu rdrdwkdYXmetvkduff aqmif&Guf
&onfhvkyfief;rsm;ESifhtem*wfaqmif&Guf&ef tpDtpOfrsm;udk
vnf;aumif;? ukefxkwfvkyfolrsm;u rdrdwkdY\xkwfukefrsm;t
aMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? a[majymMuygonf/ rSwfrdoa&GU wif
jy&ygvQif vif;ac;rS OD;xGef;jrifhu ¤if;\Am*sD;eD;,m;aq;
&GufBuD;rsm;taMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? OD;wif{u ynma&;
ESifhywfoufívnf;aumif;? a[majymMuNyD; ocifEku &Srf;-
ArmcspfMunfa&;orkdif;ukdvnf;aumif;? *VKefOD;apmu 'kdrDeD,H
taMumif;udkvnf;aumif; a[majymygonf/
þodkYjzifh yxrtBudrf yifvkHnDvmcHBuD; jzpfay:vm
cJhjcif;jzpfayonf/
yxrtBudrfnDvmcHusif;y&mwGif wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;
&if;ESD;em;vnfrIrsm; &wefoa&GU &cJhojzifh tusKd;&Sdaom
aMumifhf aemifESpfwGifvnf; tvm;wl awGYqkHaqG;aEG;Mu&ef qkH;
jzwfcJhMuygonf/
xkdodkYqkH;jzwfcJhpOfu 'kwd,yifvkHnDvmcHBuD;udk EkdifiH
a&;tESpfom&jzifh usif;y&ef &nf&G,fcJhjcif; r&SdcJhyg/ yxrt
Budrf nDvmcHuJhodkYyif taxGaxGaqG;aEG;Mu&ef &nfoefcJhay
onf/
odkYaomf tcsdeftcg tajctaeft& 'kwd,tBudrf yif
vkHnDvmcHBuD;\ta&;yg t&ma&mufrIrSm txGwftxdyfodkY
a&mufcJh&ygonf/
1946-ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif jrefrmEkdifiHudk vGwfvyf
a&;ay;a&;udpöESifhywfoufí tufwvDu jrefrmukd,fpm;
vS,ftzGJYudk NAdwdefEkdifiHokdY zdwfac:cJhygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmif
qef;acgif;aqmifaom jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJYonf vef'efodkY
oGm;í tufwvDESifhawGYqkHaqG;aEG;ta&;qkdcJh&mrS atmifqef;
-tufwvDpmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhonfhtajctaeodkYqkduf
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
15
a&mufcJhygonf/
,if;pmcsKyfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHudk vGwfvyfa&;ay;onfh
tcg awmifwef;e,fa'orsm;udkyg wpfygwnf; xnfhoGif;ay;
&efudpöESifhywfoufí ,if;awmifwef;e,fa'oom;rsm;\o
abmxm;udk avhvm&ef vkdtyfaMumif;? ,if;wkdY\qEoabm
xm;udk avhvm&ef usif;y&efvsmxm;onfhyifvkHaqG;aEG;yGJwGif
jzpfap? oD;jcm; ,if;udpötwGuf tpnf;ta0;BuD;ac:,lí
jzpfap avhvm&ef[laomtcsufwpf&yf yg0ifygonf/
AkdvfcsKyfonf ,if;udpöESifhfywfoufí taqmwvsif
ylylaEG;aEG; aqmif&GufrSjzpfrnf[k oabm&í ,if;udpötwGuf
oD;jcm;tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfac:,lcsdeftxd rapmifhawmhbJ
vGefcJhaomyxryifvkHtpnf;ta0;u qkH;jzwfxm;onfht
wkdif; yifvkHwGif awGYqkHMurnfh'kwd,yifvkHtpnf;ta0;odkY udk,f
wkdifwufa&mufcJhygonf/
þodkYAkdvfcsKyfukd,fwkdifvnf; wuf? EkdifiHa&;t& t
a&;ygaom tqkH;tjzwf ay;&rnfhudpöudkvnf; þtpnf;t
a0;wGif wifjyaqG;aEG;NyD; tqkH;tjzwfcH,lcJh&&m omrefawGY
qkH&ef &nf&G,fíf csdef;qkdac:,lcJhonfh'kwd,yifvkHnDvmcHESifh
yifvkHpmcsKyfwkdYrSm urÇmwnfoa&GU t"GefY&SnfMumpGm wnfwHhcdkif
NrJaernfhjrefrmhorkdif;armfuGef; rSwfwkdifBuD;tjzpf a&muf&SdcJhay
awmhonf/
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
16
a&Twd*kHnDvmcHonf zqyvtzGJYcsKyfu BuD;rSL;usif;
yonfhtpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;rsm;wGif yxrtBuD;tus,ftcrf;
tem;qkH; nDvmcHBuD;jzpfayonf/ zqyvtzGJYcsKyfjzpfay:vm
ykHudk tenf;i,fwifjy&ygvQif zqyvtzGJYcsKyfonf 1944-
ckESpf? Mo*kwfvwGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\OD;aqmifrIjzifh wnf
axmifzGJYpnf;cJhonfhtzGJYtpnf;jzpfygonf/ zqyvtzGJYcsKyf\
rlv&nf&G,fcsufrSm zufqpf*syefwkdY\tkyfcsKyfrIudk wkdufzsuf
a&;yifjzpfojzifh (zwz)zufqpfwkdufzsufa&;tzGJYcsKyf (Anti-
Fascist Organization) yifjzpfayonf/
aemufydkif;wGif tjcm;tjcm;aom EkdifiHa&;tzGJYt
pnf;rsm;yg yl;aygif;yg0ifvmEkdifatmif wkd;csJUvkdufojzifh zw
yv zufqpfwkdufzsufa&;? jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJYcsKyf (Anti-
Fascist People Freedom League) trnfcHaomtrsKd;om;wyf
OD;trnfjzifh vIyf&Sm;cJhygonf/ aemifaomfftcgwGif zufqpf
qefYusifa&;jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJYcsKyf(zqyv)[k jzpfvm
onf/
zqyvtzGJYcsKyf\yxrOD;qkH;&nfrSef;csufrSm zuf
qpf*syefrsm;tm; awmfvSefwkdufcdkufarmif;xkwfypfa&;jzpfí
'kwd,&nf&G,fcsufrSm aemifxyf0ifvmrnfhNAdwdoQe,fcsJUwkYdxH
rS vGwfvyfa&;,l&eftwGuf EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJrsm; qufvufqif
ETJ&ef jynfolwpf&yfvkH;tm; pnf;&Hk;í toifhjyifqifxm;a&;
yifjzpfonf/
aeol&defnDvmcH
,if;'kwd,&nf&G,fcsufatmifjrifa&;twGuf aeol
&defZmwf&kHBuD;wGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u jyifqifrIrsm; jyKvkyf
cJhygonf/
a':refprpf jrefrmjynfodkY jyefvmvQif &mxl;jyí qGJ
aqmifpnf;&kH;NyD; acgif;aqmifydkif;udk NzdKcGJrnfhta&;ukd AkdvfcsKyf
u BudKwifawG;rdonf/ odkYjzpfí tuGJuGJtjym;jym;jzpfaeaom
ygwDtzGJYtpnf;rsm;udk wpfpkwpfpnf;wnf;jzpfapcsifonf/
odkYjzpfí *VKefOD;apm\rsKd;cspfygwD? a'gufwmAarmf\r[mArm
^qif;&Jom;ygwD? OD;cspfvIdif? OD;yk? OD;xGef;atmifausmf(vIdif?
yk? ausmf)wkdYacgif;aqmifaomtzGJY? wkdYArmtpnf;t&kH;ponfh
ygwDaygif;pkHrS EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;BuD;rsm;tm; zdwfMum;í
aeol&defnDvmcHusif;yNyD; pnf;&Hk;cJhonf/ ,if;nDvmcHrSyif
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; zqyv(wyfaygif;pkBuD;)\Ouú|t
jzpf wnDwnTwfwnf; a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufvkdufygonf/(Akdvf
csKyfwiful;awG;xifxm;onfhtwkdif;yif a':refprpfu &mxl;
jyí qGJaqmifpnf;&kH;&modkY ygoGm;Muonfukd awGY&ygonf/)
]]a':refprpfjyefvmNyD}} {nfhcHyGJrdefYcGef;
bk&ifcHqm a':refprpfonfvnf; jrefrmjynfESifhywf
oufonfh (Burma Statement of Policy by H.M.G, 1945) NAdwdoQ
wkdY\rl0g'(trsm;odonfh puúLjzLpmwrf;)ukd o,faqmifvsuf
qif;rvm;rS jrefrmjynfwGif;odkY jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmcJhNyD;
aemufwpfaeY 1945-ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv(17)&ufaeYwGif
NrdKUawmfcef;rü usif;yonfh¤if;tm;*kPfjyKonfh{nfhcHyGJü jref
rmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIrSm NyD;qkH;oGm;NyDjzpfaMumif;? r
MumrDrSmyif tajctaeay;onfESifhwNydKifeuf zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyf
ykHtajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;twGuf wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfa&G;
aumufyGJusif;yay;awmhrnfjzpfaMumif; [dwfBuD;[efBuD;jzifh
0ifh<um;pGm xnfhoGif;ajymMum;oGm;avonf/
a':refprpfu qufvufajymMum;&mwGif a&G;aumuf
yGJusif;yay;a&; rjyKrDtawmtwGif; 1935-ckESpf? jrefrmEkdifiH
tpkd;& tufOya'(The Government of Burma Act; 1935) ukd
acwå&yfqkdif;xm;NyD; ,if;puúLjzLpmwrf;t& bk&ifcHwpfOD;
wnf; tkyfcsKyfonfhpepfjzifh okH;ESpfrQ tkyfcsKyfoGm;rnfjzpf
aMumif; aMunmcJhonf/
rxl;qef;yg
ol\aMunmcsufrSm &kd;aeNyDjzpfí uRefawmfwkdY(t
xl;ojzifh *syefudk awmfvSefcJhonfhacwfvli,fwkdY)tm; qGJaqmif
EkdifpGrf;r&Sdyg/ xkdtcsdefrSm wkdufyGJaygif;rsm;pGm qifETJtEkdifBuJcJh
onfhArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmf(Patriotic Burmese Forces) uvnf;
vufeuftyf zsufodrf;jcif;jyK&ef qEr&Sdao;yg/ uRefawmfwkdY
taejzifhvnf; a':refprpfajymqkdonfwkdYudk vufcHNyD; okH;ESpf
okH;rkd; olYoabmESifhol pdk;rkd;tkyfcsKyfrnfhudpöudk vufcHMurnf
r[kwfyg/ olajymonfhvGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ NyD;qkH;oGm;NyDqkdjcif;
ukdvnf; vufrcHEkdifyg/ uRefawmfwkYdtaejzifh *syefu ay;cJh
onfhtwkta,mifvGwfvyfa&;wGif bmrQrvkyfEkdifcJhonfht
awGYtMuKH&SdcJhNyDjzpfí vufawYGusonfhvGwfvyfa&; tppftrSef
udkom vkdvm;vsuf&Sd&m AkdvfcsKyfudk,fwkdifu ]]wpfESpftwGif;
vGwfvyfa&;ay;&rnf}}[k twdtvif; awmif;qkdcJhaMumif;udk
aemufydkif;wGif awGY&rnfjzpfayonf/
olwkdYtrSm;
ppfNyD;acwf 'Dbufydkif;wGif EkdifiHa&;t& Ekd;Mum;wuf
<uvsuf&SdonfhjrefrmwkdY\tajctaerSefudk rodaom ukdvkdeD
tmPmykdifrsm;u a&Twd*kHnDvmcHBuD;tm; ppfrjzpfrDumvu
EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfpk\vIHYaqmfa&;tpnf;ta0;avmuf
tcef;(1)
yifvkHpmcsKyfrsKd;aphcs&m a&Twd*kHnDvmcH
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
17
omjzpfonf[k ,lqjcif;rSm rSm;,Gif;aeygonf/
pifppftm;jzifh a&Twd*kHnDvmcHBuD;rSm zqyvtvH
awmfatmuf&Sd tzGJYtpnf;rsm;rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; pkHpkHnDnD
wufa&mufvmMuonfh(rMumrDaomumvwGif ay:aygufvm
rnfjzpfonfhtrsKd;om;nDnTwfa&;udk ckdifNrJaprnfh)orkdif;0if
yifvkHpmcsKyfBuD;ukd rsKd;aphcsay;onfhnDvmcHjzpfaMumif; awGY
jrifMu&ayvdrfhrnf/
awmifwef;a'orsm;
uRefawmfonf 1945-ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif ysOf;rem;
NrdKUü usif;ycJhaom Arm-rGwfqvifuGef*&uff(A-r-u)rS a&T
wd*kHnDvmcHBuD;odkY wufa&muf&ef tmZmenfq&mBuD;OD;&mZwf?
0efBuD;a[mif;OD;cifarmifvwfwkdYESifhtwl ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf
apvTwfjcif;cH&oljzpfygonf/ A-r-urSm zqyvtzGJYcsKyfBuD;
\tvHawmfatmuf&Sd tzGJYtpnf;wpfckjzpfygonf/
a&Twd*kHtaemufrkcfwGif usif;yonfhzqyvjynfvkH;
uRwfnDvmcHodkYwuf&ef awmifBuD;rS qif;vmcJh&m c&D;vrf;wpf
avQmufvkH; uRefawmfhacgif;xJwGif jyóemwpf&yfudk pOf;pm;
vmcJhonf/ ,if;jyóemrSm tjcm;r[kwf? jrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyf
a&;&NyD;onfhtcgwGif &yfwnf&rnfhawmifwef;a'orsm;\
aemifa&;yif jzpfonf/
þae&mwGif awmifwef;a'o[k ac:aom trnf
ynwfESifhywfoufí tenf;i,fwifjyvkdygonf/ awmifwef;
a'o(0g)e,fpyfa'o (Frontier Areas) [kac:aomtrnf
ynwfukdyif t*FvdyfwkdYu uefYowfa'orsm;(Z,m;0ifa'o
rsm;)(Scheduled Area) [kvnf;ac:ao;onf/ þodkYZ,m;0if
a'o[kac:qkdjcif;rSm 1935-ckESpf? ArmEkdifiHtpkd;&tufOya'
xJwGif oD;oefYZ,m;ü xnfhoGif;az:jyxm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfay
onf/ ,if;a'orsm;wGif &Srf;jynf? ppfukdif;wkdif;twGif;&Sd e,f
ajrtpdwftykdif;tcsKdU? oHvGifc&kdif[k ac:wGifonfhao;i,f
onfhe,fajrESifhawmifay:om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; aexkdif&m awmif
aMumay:&Sd e,fajrrsm; yg0ifygonf/
t*Fvdyftpkd;&vufxufwGif jrefrmEkdifiHukd tkyfcsKyf
&mü jynfrudk 1935-ckESpf? ArmEkdifiHtpkd;&tufOya't& a&G;
aumufwifajr§mufonfhtpkd;&u tkyfcsKyfí awmifwef;a'o
rsm;udkrl bk&ifcHukd,fwkdifu tkyfcsKyfcJhavonf/ olwkdY\t
aMumif;jycsufrSm awmifwef;a'ovlxkrSm EkdifiHa&;t& zGHYNzdK;
wkd;wufrI r&Sdao;ojzifh jrefrmEkdifiHjynfruJhokdY ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyf
a&;ESifhrxkdufwefao;[lí jzpfygonf/
puúLjzLpmwrf;\rlt& awmifwef;a'orsm;ukd ppf
rjzpfrDu tpDtpOftwkdif; bk&ifcH\vufatmufcHtjzpf xm;
&SdOD;rnfjzpfygonf/ awmifwef;a'orsm;udk ,if;a'orS vlxk
u ¤if;wkdYtaejzifh jynfrESifhyl;aygif;vkdygonf[k qEjyKawmif;
qkdonfhtcsdeftxd bk&ifcHu qufvuftkyfcsKyfoGm;rnfho
abmyifjzpfayonf/
t*Fvdyfrsm; fajymMum;csufrsm;rSm vGefcJhaom tESpf
(50)avmufuwnf;u ¤if;wkdYtpkd;&tqufqufwkdYu jrefrm
jynfvGwfvyfa&;ESifhywfoufNyD; ajymcJhonfhtwkdif;omjzpfí
"mwfjym;a[mif;BuD;udk jyefzGifhaejcif;jzpfonf[kqkd&ygrnf/
e,fcsJUajcvSrf;
xkdYtjyif ,if;tcsufudk ykdrkdckdifrmaponfhtjcm; t
axmuftxm;wpf&yfrSm NAdwdoQtifyg,mumuG,fa&;wGif
wpfpdwfwpfa'otokH;0ifrnfhawmifwef;a'oudk csefvSyfxm;
NyD; jynfrudkom vufvTwf&eff tMuHjzpfayonf/ ,if;tMuHt
pnfrSm NAdwdoQtpkd;&uufbdeuftzGJY0ifwpfOD;jzpfaom jrefrm
EkdifiHqkdif&m0efBuD; (Secretary of state for Burma) u jrefrmEkdifiH
bk&ifcHxH 30-11-43 aeYpGJjzifh a&;onfhvQKdU0SufpmwGif az:
jyxm;ygonf/ ,if;pmudk uRefawmfhtm; wdwfwqdwftoday;
vmaomrsKd;cspfpdwff&Sdonfhyk*¾KdvfESpfOD;rSm OD;nDyk(awmifBuD;rif;
BuD;&kH;pma&;BuD;)ESifhudkpHatmif(xkdpOfu jrefrmhtvif;owif;
axmuf)wkdYjzpfMuygonf/ þtaxmuftxm;rsm;aMumifhyif
uRefawmfhtaejzifh awmifwef;a'oudk csefrxm;bJ wpfyg
wnf; jynfrESifhvGwfvyfa&;ay;&efudpöudk nDvmcHBuD;wGif t
qkdwif&ef qkH;jzwf&jcif;jzpfygonf/
&efukefa&mufNyD
uRefawmf &efukefodkYa&mufaomtcg &efukefwGif vl
awG aysmfaysmf&Tif&TifjzpfaeMuonfudk awGY&í 0rf;ajrmufrd
onf/ b,fae&moGm;oGm; nDvmcHBuD;taMumif;ESifhAkdvfcsKyf
taMumif;wkdYom a&yef;pm;aeojzifh ydkíyif yDwdjzpfrdonf/
uRefawmfa&mufa&mufcsif;qkdovkd zqyvtzGJYcsKyf
\taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;ocifoef;xGef;&Sd&m prf;acsmif;ae
tdrfodkY oGm;cJhonf/ ukdoef;xGef;rSm 1928-ckESpfu awmifBuD;
wGif uRefawmfESifhausmif;aebufoli,fcsif; jzpfonf/ uRef
awmfa&mufoGm;aomtcg ukdoef;xGef;rSm (rMumrD ¤if;taxG
axGtwGif;rSL;jzpfrnfhuGefjrLepfygwDtpnf;ta0;xkdifaeqJ
jzpfonfudk awGY&ygonf/)
tpnf;ta0;BuD;NyD;í ¤if;wkYdxGufvmMuaomtcg
ocifoef;xGef;u olYvlawGESifhuRefawmfhtm; rdwfqufay;yg
onf/ ¤if;wkdYteuf ocifcspfwpfOD;udkom uRefawmfrSwfrdyg
awmhonf/ uRefawmhfoli,fcsif; ocifodef;az(jrifh)rSm xdkt
csdefu uGefjrLepfygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;jzpfí ¤if;udk
vnf; awGY&ygonf/
ukdoef;xGef;ESifhuRefawmf tmvmyov’mypum;rsm;
ajymMuNyD;aemuf ¤if;xH uRefawmfa&mufvm&jcif;rSm ]]awmif
wef;a'oESifhjrefrmjynfryl;aygif;a&;tqkd}}wpf&yfudk nDvmcH
wGif wifoGif;vkdonfhudpötwGuf jzpfaMumif; uRefawmfu ajym
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
18
jyonf/
uRefawmfu ]]puúLjzLpmwrf;[m uRefawmfwkdYjynfr
udk vGwfvyfa&;ray;rjzpfvkdY ay;vkduf&&ifawmifrSawmifwef;
a'oawGudk qufvufpkd;rkd;jc,fvS,fzkdY t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUwkdY&JUajc
vSrf;yJ[k ajymonfudk ukdoef;xGef;u olvnf; 'DvkdyJ ,lqonf
[k jyefajymygonf/
þodkYjzifh uRefawmfonf nDvmcHBuD;wGif awmifwef;
a'orsm; jrefrmjynfrESifhyl;aygif;a&;[laom acgif;pOfjzifh wpf
&yfukd nDvmcHtpDtpOfwGif xnfhoGif;ay;&ef ay;tyfcJhygonf?
uRefawmfrSwfrdoa&GU tqkdtrSwfpOf(7)jzpfygonf/
nDvmcHBuD;udk arQmfvifhcsufBuD;rsm;? pdwfvIyf&Sm;rI
rsm;jzifh zGifhcJhygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfrSm xkdtcsdef xkdtcg xkdtajct
aewGif vlBudKuftrsm;qkH;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfay&m ¤if;
ajymMum;rnfhrdefYcGef;udk jynfolvlxkBuD;wpf&yfvkH;u pdwf0if
pm;pGmjzifh arQmfvifhawmifhwvsuf &Sdygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfuvnf;
trsm;jynfolarQmfvifhonfESifhtnD tvGefxufjrufxda&muf
onfhrdefYcGef;jzifh bk&ifcH,laqmifvmaompuúLjzLpmwrf;wGif
az:jyxm;onfhpD;yGm;a&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhvlrIa&;wkdYwGif pdk;rkd;
jc,fvS,frnfhffqif;rvm;pDrHudef;(Simla Projects) rsm;udk vkH;0
vufrcHbJ y,fcsNyD; ppfrSefaomvGwfvyfa&;&onftxd quf
vufta&;qkdoGm;rnf[k ajymvkduf&m vlxkBuD;u wpfcJeuf
axmufcHvkdufMuayonf/
uRefawmf tqkdwifoGif;&ef tvSnfhodkY a&mufvm
aomtcg ]]puúLjzLpmwrf;[m awmifwef;a'orsm;udk csef
vSyfxm;NyD; qufvufpkd;rkd;jc,fvS,fzkdY olwkdY&JUtvkdawmf&dya'
o&mZfwkdY &moufyefwnfNrJapzkdYtwGuf e,fcsJU&JUr[mAsL[m
wpf&yfjzpfw,f/ e,fcsJUt*FvdyfawGu ESpfaygif;(70)eD;yg;tkyf
pkd;cJhNyD;rS ,if;e,frsm;rSm ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyffa&;ESifhrxkdufwefao;
bl;qkd&if aemifESpfaygif;(100)Mumonftxd apmifh&OD;rnf
vm;[k ar;vkdw,f? uRefawmfwkdY[m uRefb0udk twlwla&muf
cJhwJhtwGuf vGwfvyfwJhtcgrSmvnf; twlwlyJ wpfNydKifwnf;
vGwfvyfcsifw,f/ uRefawmfwkdYjynfrESifhawmifwef;a'orsm;
yl;aygif;a&;[m t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUwkdYu qkH;jzwfzkdY udpör[kwfbl;/
uRefawmfwkdYtcsif;csif; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ul;vl;qufqHnd§
EIdif;qkH;jzwfMu&r,fhudpöomjzpfw,f/ &Srf;jynfvlxkBuD;uvnf;
ya'o&mZfapmfbGm;awG&JUzdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIawGudk qufNyD;onf;
rcHEkdifawmhbl;}}[k ajymNyD; awmifwef;a'orsm;ESifhjrefrmjynf
ryl;aygif;a&;tqkdukdwifoGif;cJh&m nDvmcHu wpfcJeuftwnf
jyKaMumif; qkH;jzwfvkdufavonf/
OD;wifat;ESifh&Srf;vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;
&efukefwGif a&mufaeMuaom &Srf;vli,facgif;aqmif
rsm;jzpfMuonfhOD;xGef;jrifh(vif;ac;)? OD;wif{(&Srf;jynf)? udk
xGef;jrifh(awmifBuD;)? udkpHaz? ukdcGefxD;? udktkef;az? udkoef;
az? ukdbwif? ukdokw? ukdat;ausmfwkdYvnf; nDvmcHBuD;odkY
wkd;wdk;wdwfwdwf a&mufvmMuonfukd awGY&onf/ wkd;wkd;wdwf
wdwf[kqkdvkdufojzifh rnfonhftwGufaMumifh ay:ay:xifxif
rwufEkdif&rSmvJqkdonfukd odvkdMurnfjzpfojzifh tenf;i,f
wifjyvkdygonf/
EkdifiHa&; rvkyf&
ppfrjzpfrD t*Fvdyftpkd;&\aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfrI (Divide
and Rule) atmufwGif awmifwef;a'oESifhjrefrmjynfrEkdifiHa&;
t& qufoG,frIrjyK&ef vkH;0wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;cJhonf/ EkdifiH
a&;vIyf&Sm;rI&Sdolrsm;(txl;ojzifh EkdifiHa&;todpdwf"mwf&Sdol
rsm;)\vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ukd wif;wif;usyfusyff xdef;odrf;apmifh
Muyfonf/
BuD;av;aom&mZ0wfrI
(Frontier Crossing Act) [kac:onfh]]e,fjcm;a'o
ausmfjzwfrI csKyfudkifa&;Oya'}}Ä ukdvufudkifjyKí zrf;qD;csKyf
aESmifxm;Ekdifjcif;? rvkdvm;tyfoltjzpf owfrSwfí e,frSESif
xkwfjcif;ponfhtcGifhtmPmrsm; t*FvdyftmPmykdifwkdYwGif &Sd
aMumif;udk uRefawmfwkdYacwfu yk*¾Kdvfrsm; rSwfrdaumif;rSwfrd
MuOD;rnfjzpfygonf/ odkYjzpfíf a&Twd*kHnDvmcHokdY wufa&muf
jcif;onf &Srf;vli,frsm;twGuf BuD;av;aom &mZ0wfrIusL;
vGef&m a&mufí ay:ay:vGifvGif rwufjcif;jzpfayonf/
tppfcH&
uRefawmfvnf; nDvmcHwufa&mufolwpfOD;jzpfonfh
tm;avsmfpGm awmifBuD;jyefa&mufcsdefwGif &J0efaxmufrpöwm
bufwJvf(Battle) qkdolu uRefawmfhxHvmNyD; ppfvm; aq;vm;
ar;vm; jref;vm;vkyfojzifh tzrf;cH&rnfhtajctaersKd;ESifh
&ifqkdifcJh&ygao;onf/ odkY&mwGif e,fjcm;a'onTefMum;a&;
0efu rzrf;qD;&ef ajymaomaMumifh uRefawmfhtm; rzrf;qD;
jcif;jzpfaMumif; aemufrSod&ygonf/
nDvmcHtNyD; aqG;aEG;yGJÄ
nDvmcHNyD;aomtcgwGif udkwif{ESifhtzGJYonf zqyv
tzGJYcsKyff A[kdtvkyftrIaqmif tzGYJ0ifrsm;ESifh&Srf;jynf\tem
*wfa&;twGuf qufvufffaqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/ ,if;aqG;aEG;yGJ
wGif aemiftcgjzpfvmrnfhyifvkHpmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xkd;a&;t
wGuf ta&;BuD;aom jzpf&yfrsm;wGif wpfcktygt0ifjzpfay
onf/
Ä ,if;Oya'rSmEkdifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rItvkdYiSmvnf;aumif;? jynfrwGif jypffrIusL;vGefNyD;wdrf;a&Smifonfhoabmjzifhvnf;aumif; ausmfjzwfvmolrsm;udk rvkdvm;tyfaomyk*¾Kdvfrsm;
tjzpf jynfe,frS csufcsif;ESifxkwfEkdifonfhOya'jzpfonf/
Ä OD;xGef;jrifhxHrS pmESifhOD;xGef;jrifhwkdYzqyvtzGJYcsKyfwGif aqG;aEG;cJhonfhfrSwfwrf;udk aemufqufwGJ(i)wGif Munfhyg/
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
19
AkdvfcsKyfudk,fwkdifwufa&;
a&Twd*kHnDvmcHNyD;í awmifBuD;rjyefrDf uRefawmfonf
ocifoef;xGef;ESifhxyfrHawGYqkHaqG;aEG;cJhygonf/ uRefawmfu
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd,fwkdif yifvkHnDvmcHodkYwufa&mufoifh
onfhtaMumif;udk tav;xm;íwifjyygonf/ okdYaomf ocif
oef;xGef;updwfr0ifpm;ojzifhuRefawmfrsm;pGmpdwfysufrdonf/
tmPmvGefqGJyGJ
ocifoef;xGef;rSm aemifrsm; rMumrDumvtwGif;
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD\taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;vnf;jzpf
vmygonf/ xkdtcsdefu zqyvtzGJYcsKyftwGif; qkd&S,fvpf
rsm;ESifhuGefjrLepfrsm;tmPmvGefqGJyGJ (Power Struggle) vkyfae
Muonfhumvjzpfojzifh AkdvfcsKyfudk,fwkdif wufoifhaMumif;uRef
awmf\tav;teuf ajymMum;csufukd ocifoef;xGef;u pdwf
r0ifpm;jcif;omjzpfygonf/ (,if;tmPmvkyGJ\tusKd;quf
rSm zqyvtzGJYcsKyfrS ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtm; xkwfy,f
vdkufonfhtajcodkY qkdufa&mufvmjcif;yifjzpfonf/)
0rf;om0rf;enf;
uRefawmfonf awmifwef;a'o aemifa&;ESifhywf
oufNyD; wpfrsKd;om;vkH; pdwf0ifpm;fNyD; tav;xm;pOf;pm;vm
&onftxd atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEkdifcJhojzifh 0rf;omyDwdjzpf
&rI? rMumrD usif;yrnfhyxrtBudrf yifvkHnDvmcHodkY AkdvfcsKyf
udk,fwkdifwuf&ef tMuHjyKcsufrSm t&mrxifjzpfcJhojzifh pdwf
raumif;jzpfcJh&rIwnf;[laom cHpm;csufESpf&yfjzifh awmifBuD;
odkYjyefcJhygonf/
pdwfrcsrf;omp&m jzpf&yfxyfMuKH&
uRefawmf awmifBuD;odkY jyefa&mufaomtcg ydkrkdpdwf
raumif;p&mjzpf&yfESifhMuKH&jyefygonf/ þonfrSm &efukefwGif
a&Twd*kHnDvmcHBuD;tNyD; udkwif{acgif;aqmifonfhtzGJYESifhzq
yvtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJYvlBuD;rsm; awGYqkHaqG;aEG;&m rajy
vnfaMumif;od&í jzpfygonf/
,if;rajyvnfrIrsm;teuf &Srf;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJYr
auseyff rcHr&yfEkdifqkH;tcsufESpfcsufrSm (1) &Srf;jynfrygbJ
vGwfvyfa&; ,lwef,l&rnfqkdonfESifh (2) &Srf;jynf[m xGuf
aygufr&Sd (Land locked) e,fwpfe,fjzpfí jrefrmjynfESifhraygif;
bJraeEkdif[k ayghayghqq ajymvkdufonfwkdYyif jzpfygonf/
pkd;&drf
,ckudpörSm tvGefodrfarGYpGmukdifwG,f&rnfhudpö&yfjzpf
ojzifh tu,fí þtwkdif;om rSefvQif &Srf;wkdYudk wrif apmf
um;vkdufjcif; r[kwfonfhwkdifatmif ukdifwG,fqufqHykH tvGef
EkHcsmnHhzsif;onf[k uRefawmf,lqvkdufonf/ þokdYqufqHykH
nHhzsif;jcif;rSm awmifwef;om;rsm;u jrefrmvlrsKd;tay: rlv
u oHo,0ifae&onfhtxJ qefYusifvmatmif qGay;vkdufo
vkd jzpfoGm;rSmudk uRefawmftxl;pkd;&drfrdonf/
pma&;uefYuGuf
okdYjzpfí ,if;tcsufrsm;ukd AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd,f
wkdif þyifvkHnDvmcHodkY vma&muf&if; &Sif;vif;aqG;aEG;a&;
rSm txl;yif ta&;BuD;ygonf[k ocifoef;xGef;xH uRefawmf
csufcsif;pma&;taMumif;Mum;vkdufygonf/
ukdwif{wkdYuvnf; tao;pdwf uefYuGufpmwpfapmif
a&;om;ay;ykdYvkdufygonf/Ä
*,uf&kduf
ocifoef;xGef;onf þtajctaeukd tcGifhaumif;
,lí zqyvtzGJYcsKyfxJrS uGefjrLepfr[kwfolrsm;(txl;ojzifh
qkd&S,fvpfrsm;)udk xkd;ESuf&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh udkwif{wkdY\pm
ukd zqyvtzGJYcsKyfodkY tdwfzGifhay;pmtjzpf uGefjrLepfygwD\
tmabmf jynfolYtmPm*sme,fwGif az:jyvdkuf&m ]]zqyvESifh
&Srf;awG uGJukefMuNyD}}[k *,uf&kdufoGm;ygawmhonf/
zqyvtzGJYcsKyfrSpm
þudpöESifhywfoufNyD; uRefawmfwjrnfhjrnfhqufvuf
pdwfraumif;jzpfaepOf zqyvtzGJYcsKyfrS pmwpfapmif a&muf
vmygonf/ ,if;pmwGif AkdvfcsKyfudk,fwkdif yifvkHokdY vmvkdaomf
vnf; &ckdifbufwGif ta&;BuD;onfhudpörsm; aqG;aEG;&ef tpD
tpOf jyKvkyfxm;NyD;jzpfaeí ocifEk? ref;bckdif? OD;b*srf;wkdY
tm; ¤if;\udk,fpm; vTwfay;rnf[kyg&Sdygonf/
,if;yk*¾KdvfBuD;okH;OD;rSm EkdifiHa&;avmuwGif xifay:
ausmfMum;olrsm;jzpfaomfvnf; AkdvfcsKyfESifhtpm;xkd;í r&Ekdif
onfhtwGuf uRefawmftenf;i,f pdwfysufoGm;ygonf/ xkdt
csdef xkdtcgu AkdvfcsKyfonf wkdif;jynf\tonf;pGJjzpfojzifh
t&m&mwGif olygrS yGJNyD;onfhtwGuf jzpfygonf/
olwkdYvnf; racMuyg
]]bmyJjzpfjzpfav? b,folrS rvmwmESifhpmvQif ukd,f
pm;vS,ftzGJYvmwm awmfao;wmaygh? ocifEkqkdwJhyk*¾Kdvfu
vnf; enf;wJhyk*¾KdvfBuD;rS r[kwfwm? zqyvtzGJYcsKyftvkyf
trIaqmifaumfrwD&JU'kwd,Ouú|BuD;ayyJ/ xdyfwef;EkdifiHa&;
orm;BuD;wpfOD;yJ[m}}
]]ref;bckdifqkdwmuvnf; u&iftrsKd;om;qkdaywJh
tpuwnf;u ArmawGESifh twlwlvkyfvmawmh ArmvkdYyJ jrif
Ä OD;wif{wkdY a&;ay;vkdufaom uefYuGufpmudk aemufqufwGJ(i)wGif Munfhyg/
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
20
aeMuwmyJ? 'gaMumifh u&iftcsKdUu vufrcHEkdifonfhwkdifatmif
ppfNyD;acwf jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;rSm xif&Sm;wJhyk*¾KdvfBuD;yJ/ OD;b*srf;
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E-bo
ok is
cre
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by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
21
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E-bo
ok is
cre
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by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
22
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E-bo
ok is
cre
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by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
23
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í awmif&Snfykqkd;ukd b,fae&mrsKd;rSm 0wfonfudk od&Sdonfu
wpfaMumif;wkdYaMumifh 0efBuD;csKyftaejzifh &kd;&kd;vkHcsnfjzifh t
crf;tem;odkYwufa&mufrnfqkdjcif;udk uRefawmfu uefYuGuf
aMumif; OD;0if;aztm; ajymvkdufygonf/
xkdYaemuf cPtMumwGif OD;0if;azu 0efBuD;csKyft
aejzifh &kd;&kd;vkHcsnf0wfNyD; wufvkdYrjzpfbl;vm;[k xyfrHajym
jyef&m uRefawmfu vkH;0rjzpfEdkifaMumif;? þuJhodkYaom rif;crf;
rif;em;rsKd;wGif omrefvkHcsnf&kd;&kd;0wfíwufjcif;rSm bk&ifrif;
jrwfESifhrdzk&m;wkdYtm; rav;pm;&ma&mufaMumif;? odkYjzpfí þ
EkdifiHwGif oHtrwfBuD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf&Sdol uRef
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aOD;azcif
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awmfu wm0ef&dSonfhtavsmuf &kd;&kd;vkHcsnfESifhrwufbJ
awmif&Snfykqkd;jzifh wuf&ef tMuHjyKjcif;jzpfaMumif;? uRefawmf
\tMuHjyKjcif;jzpfaMumif;? uRefawmf\tMuHjyKcsufudk vufcH
a&; rcHa&;rSm 0efBuD;csKyf\oabmyifjzpfaMumif; ajymvkduf
onf/
tcsdeftenf;i,f Mumaomtcg OD;0if;azu ]]0ef
BuD;csKyf awmif&Snfykqkd;jzifh tcrf;tem;wufr,fvkdY uRefawmfh
ukd ajymckdif;vkdufygw,f}}[k uRefawmfhtm; zkef;qufajymMum;
ygonf/
rSwfÓPfaumif;ol
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eyfrpD;&bl;qkdNyD; olY&SL;zdeyf twif;pD;ckdif;vkdYpD;cJh&w,f}}[k
ajymonf[k trsKd;orD;u jyefajymygonf/
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&ao;onf/
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onf/ OD;apmrSm ykHusus csKyfxm;aom taemufwkdif;0wfpkHudk
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&kd;(Savile Row) ac: pufcsKyform;rsm;vrf;rS xGufvmovm;
[kyif xif&avmufayonf/
OD;apmonf tajymvnf;aumif;? qGJaqmifrIvnf; &Sd
olwpfa,mufjzpfonf/ ol\[efyeftrlt&mrSm wpfcsdefu ol
xrf;aqmifcJhzl;onfheef;&if;0ef(,cktac: 0efBuD;csKyf)tcsKd;
rsKd;jzpfaeonfudk awGY&onf/ ol yifvkHodkYa&mufaeonfrSm
vnf; yifvkHnDvmcHwGif ta&;ygt&ma&mufonfhftcef;u@
rS yg0ifaqmif&Guf&ef &nf&G,fykH&aMumif;? ,ciftcgrsm;u ol
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wifxG#ftm;ac:í t*FvefEkdifiHodkYoGm;NyD; eef;&if;0efqm0if
pwefcsmcsD(Sir Winston Churchill) tm; jrefrmEkdifiHukd 'kdrDeD,H
tqifhay;&eftwGuf awGYqkHaqG;aEG;cJhonf/ odkYaomf atmif
jrifrI r&SdcJhay/ t*FvefrStjyeffwGif ¤if;pD;vmaomav,mOf
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a&wyfudk *syefrsm; AkH;BuJaMumif; owif;&í av,mOfysHrxGuf
bJ avqdyfü apmifhqkdif;ae&pOf OD;apmonf ¤if;ESifhtwlygol
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xG#frSm bkrod brodESifh¤if;ESifhtqpfygoGm;ayonf/ aemuf
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atmifjrifaomtcg vpöbGef;ta&mufwGif *syefrsm; ta&;
omaeonfxifaomaMumifh *syefaumifppf0efESifhawGY&ef BudK;
pm;jcif;ponfwkdYrSm OD;apmonf tuGufjrifí tajctaeudk
tokH;cstjrwfxkwfwwfaMumif; xif&Sm;onfhom"ursm;jzpf
ayonf/
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&if; uRefawmfwkdYwuúodkvfausmif;om;b0u tjzpftysuf
wpfckudk jyefajymif;owd&rdonf/ txl;ojzifh &efukefwuúokdvf
ausmif;om;or*¾u BuD;rSL;í ]]tdEd,rS jrefrmjynfcGJxGufa&;
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usif;yonfhpum;&nfvkyGJBuD; jzpfonf/ (xkdpOffu ta&;BuD;
onfhEkdifiHa&; pum;&nfvkyGJrsm;udk &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;
om;rsm;or*¾rS BuD;rSL;í usif;yavh&Sdonfudk rSwfrdolrsm; &Sd
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OD;apmESifharmfvNrdKifa&SUaetoif;rS OD;xGef;0if;wkdY jzpfMuNyD;
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í r&Sd? ajcmufwef;rQom jzpfaomfvnf; t*FvdyfpmwGif tvGef
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vufcH&Jjcif;rSm tvGefowådaumif;onf[k qkd&ayrnf/
OD;apmonf ,if;pum;&nfvkyGJwGif ajymifajrmufpGm
ajymqkdEkdifcJhí ausmif;om;rsm;\Mobmay;jcif;udk cH&ayonf
ausmif;om;y&dowfu OD;apmtm; oabmusjcif;rSm t*Fvdyf
pum;tajymaumif;vGef;í r[kwfbJ ol\apmif;csdwfí rxd
wxd uvdwwfrIESifhykHwdkywfprsm;jzifh xdxdrdrd ajymqkdwwfrIwkdY
aMumifhjzpfonf/
OD;apmajymonfhtcgrsm;wGif Mum;jzwfí aESmifh,Suf
jcif;rsm;vnf; &SdcJhonf/ odkYaomf OD;apmonf wnfwnfNidrfNidrf
yif ajymp&m&SdonfwkdYukd qufajymEkdifcJhonf/
aemufyd kif;ü a'gufwmbarmfajymonfhtcgwGif
ausmif;om;rsm;u avSmifajymifoa&mfMuNyD; ]]&SufzG,f}}]]&Suf
zG,f}}[kvnf; atmf[pfMuonf/ OD;apmonf tajctaeukd
tcGifhaumif;,lwwfrI? tjrwfxkwfwwfrIwGif tvGefvsifjref
zswfvwfoljzpfonfhtavsmuf þtajctaeudk csufcsif; t
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ukd,fawGYyifvkH
25
cGifhaumif;,lí 0kef;ceJ xNyD; ]]cifAsm;wkdYuom &SufzG,f &Suf
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owfudk ajymvkduf&m a'gufwmbarmftaejzifh jyefvnfracsy
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u 0g;ueJ yGJusoGm;NyD; OD;apmtm; us,favmifpGm Mobmay;
cJhonf/
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csD;usL;&if; 1930-jynfhESpfrsm;u &efukefwuúokdvfausmif;
om;rsm;or*¾\taetxm;ukd tenf;i,fwifjyvkdayonf/
xkdpOfu wuúokdvfausmif;om;rsm;rSm EkdifiHa&;ukd wufwuf
<u<uaqmif&Gufonfhtcsdeftcgjzpfí EkdifiHa&;tmPm&,lvkd
olwkdYonf wuúokdvfausmif;om;rsm;\axmufcHtm;ay;rI&&Sd
atmif BudK;yrf;avh&SdMuonf/
okdYjzpfí or*¾rS OD;pD;usif;yaom pum;&nfvkyGJrsm;
wGif ,SOfNyKdifajymqkdolrsm;onf ukd,fhudk rxdckdufatmif rsm;pGm
owd0D&d,xm;í ajymMuqkdMu&onf/ em;axmifolrsm;rSm
ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfMuí aysmfaysmfyg;yg; aevkdaomobm0
tavsmuf a[;vm; 0g;vm;vkyfavh&SdMuaomfvnf; jcKHíqkd&
vQif tqkH;tjzwf ay;onfhtcgrsm;ü rQrQww&Sdonfudkum;
rnfolrQrjiif;Ekdifyg/ OD;apmESifha'gufwmbarmfwkYdpum;ppfxkd;
yGJwGif OD;apmrSm tvGefowådaumif;olwpfa,mufjzpfaMumif;
wuúokdvfausmif;om;rsm;u rSwfcsufjyKcJhMuonf/
OD;apmonf xdk;xGif;ÓPfaumif;aom EkdifiHa&;orm;
wpfa,mufom r[kwfao;? tvGefy&d,m,f<u,f0aomyk*¾Kdvf
yGJusatmif a[mEkdifajymEkdifaomyk*¾Kdvfvnf; jzpfonf/ ¤if;
onf omrefaemufvkdufi,fwpfOD;tjzpfrS wkdawmif;vSonfh
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&if;0efb0odkY a&mufatmif pGrf;aqmifEkdifonfrSmvnf; ol\
xl;jcm;aomEkdifiHa&; t&nftaoG;wpf&yf jzpfonf[k qkd&ay
rnf/
ol eef;&if;0efjzpfcsdefwGif av,mOfi,fwpfpif;jzifh
a&Twd*kHapwDawmfudk aumif;uifrS ywfí zl;ajrmfonfhykHjyifqef
aom vkyf&yfukdvnf;aumif;? a&S;jrefrmrif;rsm;jyKvkyfcJhonfh
v,fxGefr*Fvmudk jyefvnfusif;yonfudkvnf;aumif;? ,if;
odkY usif;ypOf jrefrm0wfpkHukd r0wfbJ taemufwkdif;0wfpkHukd
a0'g(Wader)ac:'l;xda&mufonfh a&mfbmzdeyf&Snfudkyg tjynfh
tpkH0wfqifí wcrf;wem; usif;ycJhykHukdvnf;aumif; rSwfrd
olrsm; &SdaeMuOD;rnfjzpfygonf/ þonfwkdYudk OD;apm\qefY
usifbufrsm;u EkdifiHa&;pwefYxGifjcif;om jzpfonf[k pGyfpGJ
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vkHodkY a&mufESifhaeonfhOD;apm\tMuHtpnfukd avQmhwGufí
rjzpfaMumif; od&Sdem;vnfcJhonf/ olvkyfavh vkyfx&SdonfhEdkif
iHa&;pwefYxGifwwfrIaMumifh þnDvmcHwGif tay:pD;&,lum
&Srf;jynfrS vlxkudk zrf;pm;NyD; &Srf;vlxkuvnf; ¤if;tm;
wu,fhol&Jaumif;BuD; u,fwif&SifBuD;wpfOD;[k txifa&muf
oGm;rSmukd uRefawmf tpkd;&drfBuD; pkd;&drfrdonf/
odkYaomf ajzodrfhp&m wpfuGufawmh &Sdonf/ 1930-
jynfhvGefESpfrsm;u EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:acgif;yg;onfhvlxk
\tajctaeudkom rDvkdufonfhOD;apmonf ppftwGif;u jynf
ya&mufaeaomaMumifh ppfNyD;acwf 'DrSmbufwGif&Sdaom Ekd;
Mum;wuf<uonfhvlxk\taetxm;ESifhvuf&Sdtajctaeudk
rod? acwftajctaeudk trDrvkdufEdkif/ oif;cGJ*kdPf;cGJjcif;? qif
MuHMuHí aumufuspfpOf;vJjcif;wGif uRrf;usifolomjzpfonf
[laom ajzodrfhp&mtcsufyif jzpfygonf/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap OD;apmtaejzifh vSnfhcsifwkdif; vSnfh
ír&atmif vkyfzkdYvkdonf/ odkYjzpfí yifvkHnDvmcHwGif tcrf;t
em;rSL;jzpfolom rdkif;crf;apmfbGm;apmxGef;at;xH uRefawmf
oGm;NyD; aemufwpfaeYtpDtpOfESifhywfoufí ar;jref;&m uRef
awmfxifonfhtwkdif;yif OD;apmtm; rdefYcGef;ajymrnfhyk*¾Kdvf
rsm;pm&if;wGif xdyfqkH;u wifxm;onfudk awGY&onf/
apmxGef;at;rSm uRefawmfESifh&if;ESD;onfhrdwfaqGwpf
OD;jzpfonfhtavsmuf vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajymqkdEkdifojzifh OD;Ek
ESihfOD;apm ae&mvJay;&ef yGifhyGifhvif;vif;yif arwåm&yfcHvkduf
&m apmxGef;at;u tenf;i,fcsDwkHcswkHjzpfaeNyD; aemufydkif;
wGif uRefawmf\arwåm&yfcHcsuftwkdif; vkdufavsmcJhonf/
b,fenf;ESifhrqkd yxrOD;pGm pum;ajym&rnfhtcGifh
ta&;&&SdcJhaom ocifEkonf OD;apmxufykdí awmufajymifvdrfh
rnf[laom,kHMunfcsuf uRefawmfh&ifxJwGif &Sdaeonf/ uRef
awmf pDpOfcJhykHESifhywfoufí ocifEktm; jyefvnf wifjyvkduf
onf/
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ocifEktm; zdwfac:vkdufonf/ ocifEkonf(ol\wHqdyft
rSwftom;[kajym&rnfh0wfaeus)vkHcsnfuGufwkH; wkdufykHtusÐ
(acgif;aygif;ryg)0wfqifxm;onf/ ocifEku AkdvfcsKyfatmif
qef;onf BudKwifpDpOfxm;aom tjcm;udpöwpfck&Sdí orkdif;0if
þnDvmcHudk rwufa&mufEkdifonfudk awmif;yefaMumif; þokdY
rwufa&mufEkdifaomfjim;vnf; atmifjrifrI&ygap[k qE´jyK
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aMumif;jzifh a&S;OD;pGm y&dowftm; yefMum;um cPrQ pum;
jzwfvkdufNyD; ¤if;\t"durdefYcGef;ukd ocifEku vufwef;ajym
Mum;vkdufygonf/
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26
orkdif;aMumif;az:vkd
ocifEk\t"du&nfrSef;csufrSm jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd vlrsKd;pk
tm;vkH;onf orkdif;aMumif;wpfavQmufvkH; nDnTwfrI&SdvmcJhykH?
txl;ojzifh t*FvdyfwkdY rodrf;ydkufrDu &Srf;ESifhArmwkdYtMum;
cspfMunf&if;ESD;rI &SdcJhykHwkdYudk xkwfaz:ajymMum;vkdjcif;jzpfonf/
cspfMunfa&; tpOftvm
okdYjzpfí ol\ajymMum;csufrsm;udk ckdifrmap&eft
wGuf orkdif;aMumif;taxmuftxm;rsm;udk xkwfEkwfukd;um;
ajymMum;cJhonf/ tif;0bk&ifokd[efbGm; towfcH&jcif;rSm
&Srf;vlrsKd;jzpfaomaMumifh towfcH&jcif;r[kwfaMumif;? ¤if;
u omoemudk apmfum;jcif;aMumifhomjzpfaMumif;? ¤if;tm;
vkyfMuHcJhol rif;BuD;&efaemifonf tkef;abmifapmfbGm;udk yifh
í odk[efbGm;\tif;0eef;udk tyfcJhaMumif;? tkef;abmifapmf
bGm;rSm &Srf;vlrsKd;wpfOD;yif r[kwfvm;[k ar;vkdaMumif;? þ
onfwkdYrSm xif&Sm;onfhorkdif;aMumif;qkdif&m taxmuftxm;
jzpfaMumif;? odkYjzpfí tpOftvmt& &Srf;ESifhArmwkdYrSm urÇmh
&efolrsm;jzpfonfqkdjcif;rSm r[kwfaMumif;? þonfrSm NAdwdoQ
wkdY\zefwD;rIwpf&yfomjzpfaMumif; ocifEku orkdif;aMumif;t
axmuftxm;rsm;udk xkwfEkwfudk;um;í ajymMum;oGm;cJhyg
onf/
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,kwfykHtaMumif;udk ajymMum;cJhonf/ txl;ojzifh e,fjcm;a'
oESifhfpyfvsOf;í e,fcsJUu xm;&Sdonfhrl0g'oabmxm;ukd xkd;
ESufwkdufcdkufcJhonf/ ukdvkdeDpepf\aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfrItaMumif;
udk tus,fw0ifh ajymMum;oGm;cJhygonf/
ol b,folvJ
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awGvufxJu oDaygrif;udk jyefvkr,fqkdNyD; "m;vSHvufeufukdif
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apmifhcJhwm b,folvJ}}[k ocifEku y&dowftm; ar;cGef;xkwf
vkduf&m y&dowfrSm tajzudk odvkdpdwfESifhNidrfoufaepOf ]]tJ'g
anmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD;yJ r[kwfvm;}}Ä [kajymvkduf&m olwkdY[m
ajrjyefYu ArmawGvkdygyJvm;[laomtod? Armh&mZ0ifwGif t
a&;ygt&ma&mufonfhtcef;u@rS yg0ifaqmif&GufcJholawG
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NyD; 0rf;yef;womy&dowfu ocifEkudk vufckyfwD;í Mobm
ay;Muonf/
wpfavSwnf;pD;
þokdYjzifh ocifEku &Srf;vlxky&dowfBuD;tm; ]]&Srf;
vlrsKd;awG[m jrefrmhorkdif;rSm yg0ifcJhwJholawGjzpfw,f? Arm
awGESifhtwlwlyJ? wpfrsKd;wpfpm; waoG;wom;wnf;yJ}}[k
*kPf,l0ifh<um;EkdifonfheufeJodrfarGYaomtodpdwf"mwfudk EId;qG
vkdufonf? ocifEku jrefrmhorkdif;[m &Srf;vlrsKd;wkdY\orkdif;
jzpfaMumif;udk oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;ESifhwuG a[m
ajymnTefjycJhonf/ ArmESifh&Srf;[m wpfavSwnf;pD; wpfc&D;
wnf; oGm;olrsm;jzpfaMumif; wnDwnTwfwnf; twlwuG
awmfvSefx<uMu&rSmjzpfaMumif; ajymMum;vkduf&m y&dowfu
wpfcJeuf Mobmay;Muonf/
OD;Eku qufvufí orkdif;aMumif;qkdif&m tjcm;t
axmuftxm;wpf&yfukd xkwfaz:ajymMum;onf/
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ocifEku ]]NAdwdefEkdifiHrSm t*FvdyfvlrsKd;(English)? paumhw
vefvlrsKd;(Scottish) ESifha0vvlrsKd;(Welsh)qkdNyD;&Sdw,f/ olwkdY
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yom
aOD;azcif
28
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ukd,fawGYyifvkH
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qma':refprpfu AkdvfcsKyftay: txufygtwkdif;
csD;usL;okH;oyfxm;onfrSm xkdtcsdeftcg tajctaeESifht
vGefudkufnDonfhtrSefw&m; jzpfayonf/
þodkY AkdvfcsKyftay: t&dSudk t&Sdtwkdif; &IjrifokH;oyf
rIrSm aemufydkif;wGif a':refprpf\pdwfxJrS aysmufuG,foGm;
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
30
onf/ þodkYjzpf&jcif;ESifhywfoufí tenf;i,fwifjyvkdyg
onf/ jrefrmEkdifiHxJodkY *syefrsm; 0ifvmí a':refprpf tdEd,
jynf qif;rvm;odYk qkwfcGmfxGufajy;cJh&m qmay:xGef;? qm
xGef;atmifausmfponfhjrefrmrsm;onf ¤if;ESifhvkdufoGm;onf/
a':refprpfu rdrdwkdYta&;edrfhaecsdefwGif opöm&SdpGmjzifh twl
vkdufygvmaom jrefrmrsm;tm; tvGefopömapmifhodolrsm;[k
rSwf,lxm;onf/ ¤if;wkdYudk txifBuD;onf/ ,if;jrefrmwpfpk
url AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk omrefvli,facgif;aqmifwpfOD;
avmuf oabmxm;Muolrsm;jzpfNyD; av;pm;olrsm; r[kwf
ay/ ¤if;wkdY\oabmxm;rsm;rSm a':refprpf\tay:wGif
vTrf;rdk;oGm;aomaMumifh ¤if;\rlvxm;&SdonfhtjrifrSm vkH;0
aysmufuG,foGm;ayonf/
usm;uGufa&TU
jrefrmEkdifiHodkY t*FvdyfodkY jyef0ifvmaomtcg tkyfcsKyf
a&;wm0ef xrf;aqmif&ef qif;rvm;rS a&muf&Sdvmaom a':
refprpfonf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; axmufcH&rnfhtpm;
EkdifiHa&;orm;yDyD EkdifiHa&;usm;uGufudk a&TUupm;cJhojzifh t
zwfq,fr&atmif tcGifhaumif;wpf&yf qkH;&IH;cJh&ayonf/
tu,fíom a':refprpfonf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
tay:wGif ,cifu xm;&Sdonfhoabmtwkdif; rajymif;vJbJ
xm;&SdcJhygrl þodkY wpfa,mufrsufESm wpfa,muf Munfhr&
atmif tajctaeqkd;&Gm;rnf r[kwf[k wpfcgwpf&H uRefawmf
awG;rdonf/
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; qefYusifjcif;tm;jzifh a':
refprpfESifhppfaoemywdcsKyf armifhbufwefwkdY xdyfwkdufawGY
Muawmhonf/ taMumif;&if;rSm ArmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf
(Burma National Army-BNA) udpöyifjzpfonf/
Armjynfudk jyefvnfwkdufckdufodrf;ydkufjcif;rjyKrD Armh
trsKd;om;wyfrawmfESifhywfoufí t*FvdyfwkdYwGif t,ltq
ESpfrsKd;uGJvsuf&Sdonf/
yxrt,ltqrSm ArmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmffrSm rsKd;
cspfpdwf &Sdolrsm;ESifhzGJYpnf;xm;onfhwyf[laomt,ltqjzpf
í 'kwd,t,ltqrSm ArmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmfonf pnf;rJh
urf;rJhy&rf;ywm vl&rf;um;rsm; opömrJholrsm;jzifh zGJYpnf;xm;
onfhwyf[laomt,ltqjzpfonf/
armifhbufweftqkd tEkdif&
ppfaoemywdarmifhbufwefrSm yxrt,ltqrsKd;&Sd
oljzpfí bk&ifcHa':refprpfrSm 'kwd,t,ltqrsKd;&SdolxJwGif
yg0ifonf/ armifhbufwefuJhodkYyif wyfaygif;pkrSL;BuD;u ,lq
onfjzpf&m jrefrmjynfvGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJwGif ArmhtrsKd;
om;wyfrawmfudk rdrdtiftm;pktjzpf oGwfoGif;&ef armifhbuf
wef\tqkdrSm tEkdif&oGm;cJhonf/
MunfEl;ESpfodrfh
þodkYt,ltq uGJjym;rIaMumifh ppfaoemywdcsKyf
armifbufwefESifha':refpepfwkdY xdyfwkdufawGYcJh&onfhtcsdefr
wkdifrD 1944-ckESpf? atmufwkdbmvtwGif; uEDü olwkdYESpfOD;
awGYqkHcJhMuonf/ xkdpOfu jrefrmjynf\tem*wfa&;udk aqG;
aEG;&mü armifhbufwefuJhokdYyif a':refprpfu taumif;jrif
cJhojzifh wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; tjrifwlnDrItay: MunfEl;ESpfodrfhcJh
Muonf/
csD;usL;ajymqkd
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay:wGif ,cifu a':refprpf
u taumif;bufrS &Ijrifovkd AkdvfcsKyfpvif;uvnf; AkdvfcsKyf
udk csD;usL;pum;ajymqkdcJhzl;onf/ 1945-ckESpf? arv 16-
&ufaeYwGif armifhbufwef\cGifhjyKcsuft& AkdvfcsKyfpvif;onf
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhrdw¬dvmwGif awGYqkHcGifh&cJhMu&m AkdvfcsKyf
pvif;u AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; jrifvQif jrifcsif; tawmf
yif txifBuD;aMumif;? trSefw&m; jrwfEkd;ol wu,fhrsKd;cspf
wpfOD;jzpfaMumif; zGifh[ajymqkdcJhonf/
]]atmifqef;udk aumif;aumif;rGefrGefqufqH&if ol
[m ArmAkdvfcsKyfprwf
1
jzpfvmvdrfhr,f}}[k AkdvfcsKyfpvif;u
ajymcJhonf/
pdwfoabmuGJvGJ
armifhbufwefESifha':refprpfwkdY pdwfoabmxm;uGJ
vGJ&onfhtjcm;taMumif;wpf&yf &Sdao;onf/ ,if;taMumif;
rSm jrefrmEkdifiHudk ppftkyfcsKyfa&;rS t&yfbufodkY ajymif;vTJay;
a&;ESifhywfoufonf/ 1945-ckESpf? pufwifbmvavmufwGif
*syefrsm;vufrS jrefrmEkdifiHae&mtawmfrsm;rsm; vGwfajrmuf
cJhNyD;jzpf&m ppftpdk;&fvufrS a':refprpfu tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPm
udk ¤if;&,l&ef tcsdefwefNyD[k ,lqcJhonf/
1/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;prwf (General Smuts) rSm awmiftmz&durS tmz&dum;em; (Afrikaner) rsufESmjzLvlrsKd;? EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfonf/ 1914-ckESpf? yxrurÇm
ppfBuD;ESifh1939-ckESpf? 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;rsm;wGif r[mrdwfrsm;bufrS wuf<upGm yg0ifulnDcJholjzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh NAdwdoQESifhawmiftmz&du&if;ESD;a&; atmifjrifpGm
aqmif&GufcJholwpfOD;jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf 1919-ckESpfrS 1924-ckESpftxd wpfBudrf? 1938-ckESpfrS 1948-ckESpftxd wpfBudrf? aygif;ESpfBudrf awmiftmz&du0efBuD;csKyfjzpfcJhyg
onf/
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oabmt& tajrmftjrifBuD;NyD; &kd;om;ajzmifhrwfaomrsKd;cspfyk*¾KdvfwpfOD;taejzifh EIdif;,SOfjcif;omjzpfonf/ þrSty ¤if;wkdYcH,lcsufrsm; txl;ojzifh vlrsKd;a&;cH,lcsufrsm;rSm
qufpyfír&Ekdifatmifyif uGmjcm;ygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfprwfonf rsufESmjzLrsm;om urÇmudk OD;aqmif&rnf[k ,kHMunfolwpfOD;jzpfonf/ Oyrm olonf NAdwdoQ"eo[m,\ausm&kd;
r@KdifozG,f t"duusaom yk*¾KdvfBuD;wpfa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; xkdtzGJYxJodkY tdEd,? ygupöwef? oD[kdVftp&Sdaom tom;ta&mif rwlonfhwkdif;jynfrsm;ygvmonfudkyif rMunfjzL
olwpfOD;jzpfayonf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;cH,lcsufESifhum; vkH;0rwlay/
pma&;ol
E-bo
ok is
cre
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by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
31
armifhbufwefurl þodkYr,lqay/ ppfNyD;ptcsdefwGif
jrefrmEkdifiHukd jyefvnfxlaxmif&efrSm tcuftcJrsm;pGmESifhMuKH
&rnf[k ,kHMunfonf/ ykvdyfawGudkvnf; jyefvnfavhusifh&
rnf/ ppfwyfu opömapmifhodjcif;&Sda&; r&Sda&;udkvnf; pdwfcs
&atmif vkyf&OD;rnf/ aomif;usef;olawGqDu vufeufodrf;
a&;ukdvnf; NyD;jynfhpkHatmif aqmif&Guf&rnf/ ydkYaqmifquf
oG,fa&;udpöykHrSefjzpfa&;twGuf ponfponfwkdYudkvkyf&ef vkd
ayonf/ a':refprpfu 'gawGudk vufcH,kHMunfjcif;r&Sd? ol
jrefrmjynfjyefvm&efom t*Fvdyftpkd;& EkdifiHjcm;a&;Xme0ef
BuD;udk zdtm;ay;vsuf&Sdonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m 0efBuD;jzpfvm
aom yufopfavm&ifhpfu bk&ifcHa':refprpfjyefvmzkdY tajc
taerSm jzpfvmEkdifawmhonf/
yGifhvif;pGm ar;
armifhbufweftaejzifh a':refprpfqEudkvkdufavsm
vkdpdwfr&Sdjcif;rSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh¤if;\aemufvkdufrsm;
u x<ucJhaomf jyefvnfESdrfeif;&ef tm;xm;avmufonfhwyf
jrefrmjynfwGif r&Sdjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí armifhbuf
wefu a':refprpftm;-
]]ykefuefx<urIr&Sdatmif cifAsm;wkdif;jynfukd tkyfcsKyf
&r,f}}[k ajymifajymifwif;wif; yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymvkduf
onf/
a':refprpfuvnf;-
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tmPmtyf&r,fvkdYqkdvkdwmvm;? usKyftaeESifh'grsKd;vkyfzkdY
pOf;awmif rpOf;pm;bl;}}
1
[kjyefajymvkdfuffonf/
atmifjrifaom jyefvmjcif;
a&SUydkif;wGif uRefawmf az:jycJhonfhtwkdif; a':ref
prpfonf 1945-ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv(16)&ufaeYwGif &ef
ukefNrdKUodkY jyefvmonf/ aemufwpfaeYwGif olYudk *kPfjyKonfh
{nfhcHyGJwpf&yfNrdKUawmfcef;rwGif usif;y&m ¤if;u ArmhvGwfvyf
ajrmufa&;wkdufyGJ[m ,cktcg NyD;qkH;oGm;NyD[k olu 0ifh<um;
pGm aMunmí vkyfp&m&Sdonfrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkdY pvkyfMupkdY[k ajym
onf/
aMunmcsufxkwf
qkdvkdjcif;rSm aMunmcsufawGxkwfNyD; puúLjzLpmwrf;
t& ol aemufxyfokH;ESpf tkyfcsKyfrnf/ xkdtawmtwGif;
wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJtwGuf jyifqifrnf/ "e
o[m,EkdifiHrsm;tzGJY0iftjzpf ukd,fydkiftpkd;&zGJYpnf;Ekdifa&;t
wGuf zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'wpf&yf ,if;wkdif;jyKjynf
jyKvTwfawmfudk a&;qGJaprnf/ ,if;wkdYudk ¤if;aqmif&Gufae
onfhtcsdefwGif uRefawmfwkdYjrefrmjynfolrsm;u axmufcHtm;
ay;&ef vkdonf[k ajymMum;oGm;onfhoabmyif jzpfygonf/
,if;odkY ¤if;tkyfcsKyfonfhumvtwGif; awmifwef;
a'orsm;udk olYvufatmufcHa'orsm;tjzpf xm;&Sdrnfjzpf
aMumif;? awmifwef;a'owGif aexkdifolrsm;ukd,fwkdifu olwkdY
a'oukd jrefrmjynfrESifhoifhavsmfaom ykHpHjzifh aygif;pnf;vkd
aMumif; jyoonfhtcsdeftxd ¤if;\vufatmufcHa'orsm;
tjzpf xm;&SdoGm;rnfjzpf[k aMunmcJhonfrSm ykdíyif qkd;ay
onf/ zqyvtzGJYcsKyfurl þtMuHtpnfudk vufrcHbJ ,m
,DtrsKd;om;tpkd;&zJYGay;zkdY xyfrHawmif;qkdvkdufonf/ wpfcsdef
wnf;rSmyif EkdifiHa&;vIHYaqmfrIudkvnf; t&Sdefwkd;jr§ifhvkdufonf/
[efaqmifrsKdodyf
a':refprpfu AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhzqyvtzGJY
csKyf\yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIrygbJ tkyfcsKyfzkdY BudK;pm;cJhaomf
vnf; ratmifjrifcJhyg/ xkdtcsdeftcgrSm EkdifiHa&;wnfNidrfrIr&Sd
bJ jyóemtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh &ifqkdif&aom tcsdefjzpfygonf/
aemufqkH;wGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhywfoufí ¤if;ukd,fwkdfif
jrefrmjynfqkdif&m0efBuD; (Secretary of State for Burma) rpöwm
atr&D (Mr. Amery) xH ay;cJhzl;onfhvQKdU0SuftpD&ifcHcsufrsm;
twkdif; vlxku AkdvfcsKyfaemufu&Sdonfukd jrifawGY&aomtcg
rdrdukd,frdrd EkdifiHa&;ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfoa,mif [efaqmifxm;
rIudk rsKdodyfum zqyvtzGJYcsKyftm; ¤if;\tpkd;&tzGJYwGif yg
0if&ef zdwfac:&ayawmhonf/
vSnfhjyefNyD
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(uufbdeuftzGJY)twGuf zqyvtzGJYcsKyfu vl(11)OD;trnf
pm&if;wpfckudk ay;vkdufonf/ ,if;(11)OD;wGiff ocifodef;az
trnfvnf;ygonf/ xkdYtjyif tcsuftcsmusonfhjynfxJa&;
0efBuD;Xmeudkvnf; zqyvudk ay;&ef awmif;qkdvkdufonf/
xkdtcg a':refprpfu EkdifiHa&;vSnfhuGufwpfrsKd;xGifvkdufjyef
onf/ apmapmu aMunmcJhovkd (15)OD;jzifh zGJYrnfhtpm; (11)
OD;jzifhom zGJYrnfjzpfaMumif;ESifhzqyvtzGJYcsKyfrS ocifodef;az
rygbJ (7)OD;trnfpm&if;ay;&ef urf;vSrf;cJhjcif;yifjzpfyg
onf/ ocifodef;azrSm xkdtcsdefu Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDft
axGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;jzpfayonf/ zqyvtzGJYcsKyfonf a':
refprpf\urf;vSrf;csufudk y,fcsvkduf&m tajctaerSm vdyf
cJwnf;vnf;jzpfoGm;onf/
tzwfq,fr&
a':refprpfonf ¤if;\tpdk;&udk ppfrjzpfrDu emrnf
aumif;fr&cJhonfhEkdifiHa&;orm;a[mif;rsm;? ppfNyD;acwfwGif
trsm;u jyuf&,fjyKp&m jzpfaeonfhyk*¾Kdvfrsm;jzifh zGJYpnf;vkduf
1/ zdvpfaZ*vm;\]]armifhbufwef}}pm 322/
E-bo
ok is
cre
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by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
32
&m tzwfq,fr&atmif ysufpD;oGm; rnfhtajctaeodkYa&muf
&SdoGm;avawmhonf/
olYtpkd;&wGif qmay;xGef;? qmxGef;atmifausmfwkdY
rSm 0g&ifhtMuHay;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tjzpff xdyfqkH;rS yg0ifMuonf/ xkdY
tjyif vla[mif;BuD;rsm;jzpfMuaom OD;yk? OD;btkef;? OD;at;?
OD;vGef;? OD;&efatmif? om,m0wDOD;armifarmifESifhocifxGef;
tkyfwkdYvnf; yg0ifMuonf/ olwkdYwm0ef,lMuonfhtpdk;&tzGJY
&mxl;rsm;ESifhywfoufí uRefawmf a0zefa&;om;jcif;xuf
a'gufwmarmifarmif\]]jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifhAkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae
0if;}}pmrsufESm (173)wGif wpfwpfcGcG az:jyxm;onfudk jyef
vnfwifjyygu ykdrkdyDjyifrnf[k uRefawmf,lqrdonf/
a'gufwmarmifarmifu ]]tpkd;&tzGJ YwGif ygaom
aumifpD0ifrsm;teuf tcsKdUrSm twdwfom&Sdí tem*wfr&Sd
olrsm;? rdrdukd,f rdrdacgif;aqmif[k ajymaomfvnf; aemufvkduf
r&Sdolrsm;? tajymom&SdNyD; vufawGYrvkyfEkdifolrsm;jzifhzGJYpnf;
xm;jcif;jzpf&m bl;av;&m z&kHqifhqkdovkd a':refprpftpkd;&
rSm rEkdifonfh0efxkyf0efykd;ukd xrf;&Gufae&í vl&,fp&mtjzpf
odkY a&mufoGm;onfudk NAdwdoQtpkd;&ESifhjrefrmjynfolawGu jrif
awGYaeMuonf}}[k az:jyxm;onfudk awGY&onf/
AkdvfcsKyf\wkHYjyefrI
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pdk;&udk EkdifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIjzifh wkHYjyefvkdufonf/ AkdvfcsKyf\zq
yvtzGJYcsKyfESifhaoG;pnf;nDnTwfvsuf&SdaMumif; jyoonfht
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usif;tvkyform;rsm;ESifhrD;&xm;Xmetvkyform;rsm; wnD
wnTwfwnf; oydwfarSmufvkdufMuonf/
ykvdyfoydwf
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oydwfarSmufMuNyD; txufwGif az:jyfcJhonfhoydwfarSmuft
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aom ykvdyfrsm;uyg oydwfarSmufMuonfhjzpf&yfrSm urÇmhukdvkd
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wGif&pfcJhavonf/ tpkd;&,EÅ&m;BuD;wpfckvkH;onfvnf; ,if;
taxGaxGoydwfBuD;aMumifh &yfwefYoGm;NyD; AkdvfcsKyfatmif
qef;ESifha':refprpfwkdYtMum; &ifMum;aphír&atmif uGJoGm;
ayawmhonf/
avbm oabmxm;
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qef;ESifhzqyvtm; tm;vkH;u axmufcHonf[k xkdtcsdefu
uRefawmfwkdY,lqcJhonfrSm a,bk,stm;jzifh rSefaomfvnf; t
pdk;&tzGJY0ifwkdif;awmh r[kwfaMumif;udk ppfNyD;acwfonfbuf
orkdif;aMumif;udk avhvmolrsm; odcsifrS odayvdrfhrnf/ odkY
aomff odvkdMuvdrfhrnf[k xifonf/ zqyvtzGJYcsKyftm; av
bmtpkd;&tzGJY0iftm;vkH;u axmufcHMuonf qkdjcif;rSm rrSef
yg/ Oyrmtm;jzifh qkd&vQif jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m0efBuD;yufopf
avm&ifhpf(Pethick Lawrence) rSm zqyvtzGJYcsKyfESifhAkdvfcsKyf
atmifqef;tm; vkH;0vkdvm;olwpfa,muf r[kwfay/ a':ref
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aemufydkif;wGif olYtaejzifh ajymcsif&majym? ,cifu ajympum;
rsm;xJrS rSwfwrf;rSwf&mt& od&Sd&onfhtcsufrSm ]]zufqpf
pepfudk ,kdifvsuf&SdwJhwpfckwnf;aomygwD&JUacgif;aqmifjcif;
udk jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,l&r,f}}[k AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
tm;&nfnTef;í a':refprpftm; wkdufwGef;aMumif;awGY&onf/
(zdvpfaZ;*vm;\]]armifhbufwef}}pmrsufESm 122)
þuJhodkY AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; qefYusifa&;udk tm;ay;
aeonf[k,lq&onfhNAdwdoQEkdifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xme\rl0g'ukd
trSDo[JjyKNyD; bk&ifcHa':refrprpfu ola&G;cs,fcefYtyfxm;
onfhygvDreftrwfwpfOD;jzpfol ocifxGef;tkyf\pGyfpGJajymqkd
csufwkdYt& AkdvfcsKyftm; vlowfrIjzifh zrf;cGifhjyK&ef 1946-ck
ESpf? azaz:0g&DvtwGif;u EkdifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;XmeokdY aMu;
eef;&kdufí cGifhawmif;onfudk awGY&onf/
armifhbufwef\&yfwnfcsuf
armifhbufwefESifhAkdvfcsKyfBuD;b&pf(ppfOD;pD;t&m&Sd
csKyf)(General Briggs, General Officer Commanding) wkdYu a':
refprpf\tMuHudk jyif;jyif;xefxef qefYusifuefYuGufcJhonf/
¤if;\tMuHtwkdif;om aqmif&GufcJhygu ArmjynfwpfjynfvkH;
tESHY qlylx<uykefuefrIrsm; jzpfay:rnfrSm {uefyifjzpfaMumif;
axmufjyMuonf/
aemufwpfqifhwufí AkdvfcsKyfarmifhbufwefu eef;
&if;0ef tufwvDxH a':refprpftm; ol\0g'aMumifh Armjynf
ppfwvif;jyefrjzpfrD xkwfypf&ef wkdufwGef;cJhao;onf/
þtEÅ&m,fudk jrifaomaMumifhyif t&yfbuftkyfcsKyf
a&;odkY 1945-ckESpf? atmufwkdbmvu ajymif;vJay;&ef a':
refprpf awmif;qkdcJhonfudk armifhbufwefu ftcsdefrwefao;
aMumif; taMumif;jycJhjcif;jzpfonf[k tufwvDtm; wifjycJh
ygonf/
a':refprpf\ay;pm
,if;udpöESifhywfoufí a':refprpfu yufopfavm
&ifhpf(jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m0efBuD;)xH ay;pmwpfapmifwGif ]]cif
Asm;yJ pOf;pm;Munfh? armifhbufwef[m ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;rSm 0if
pGufzufvkdYom ckvkd&IyfaxG;vm&jcif;jzpfw,fvkdY jrifw,f? &Sif;
E-bo
ok is
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by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
33
&Sif;ajym&&if zqyvtay: ¤if;xm;&SdwJhrl0g'rS oD;yGifhvmwJh
cg;oD;vSaom toD;tyGifhawG ,aeY uRefawmfwkdYu qGwfcl;
aew,f? olom umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfESifhuufbdeufftzGJY&JUvrf;
nTefcsufawGudkvkdufemcJh&if usKyfwkdY,ckMuKHawGYae&wJhtEÅ&m,f
awGudk &ifqkdif&rSm r[kwfbl;}}[k yg&Sdayonf/
tufwvD\rSwfcsuf
uHaumif;axmufronf[k ajym&rnfvm; rod? jref
rmEkdifiHqkdif&m0efBuD;yufopfavm&ifhpff jynfyodkY 1946-ckESpf?
rwfvtwGif;wGif a&mufaecdkuf eef;&if;0ef tufwvDu Arm
jynfudpörsm;udk acwåwm0ef,lvkduf&m jrefrmEkdifiHESifhywfouf
onfh0g'rSm &IyfaxG;vsuf&Sdaeonfudk ol awGY&SdoGm;onf/ tuf
wvD\rSwfwrf;wGif ]]uREkfyfwm0ef,lvkdufonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf
yufopfavm&ifhpf\pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk zwfvkdufonfhtcg
wGif uREkfyfwkdY\rl0g'udk ajymif;zkdYvkdaMumif; odvmawmhonf}}
[k rSwfcsufcsxm;onfukd awGY&ayonf/
bk&ifcHtopf
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0rf;udkufa&m*gjzpfonf[laom taMumif;jycsufjzifh t*Fvef
odkYjyefonfukd tufwvDu tcGifhaumif;,lNyD; armifhbufwef
\vl qm[l;bwf&efY (Sir Hubert Rance) ukd a':refprpfae&m
okdY ykdYvkdufonf/ þokdYjzifh &efYpfrSm jrefrmEkdifiH\bk&ifcHtopf
jzpfvmawmhonf/
armifhbufwef\tMuHjyKcsuf
armifhbufwefu ]]a':refprpf&JU0g'[m tifrwef
tajrmftjrifuif;wJh0g'jzpfw,f? ArmEkdifiHtwGuf tqkd;qkH;
vkyf&yfwpfckvnf; jzpfw,f? olaeraumif;vkdYygvkdY taMumif;
jyNyD; jyefac:cH&jcif;[m olYvkyf&yfrsm; ratmifjrifrIawGaMumifh
tvkyfxkwfcH&wmoufoufomjzpfw,fqkdwm xif&Sm;w,f}}
]]'gaMumifh rif; olY0g'udk jyKjyifzmax;NyD; tokH;cs&if
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oljzpfayonf/ ,if;tajctaewnfNidrfrI&atmif tcsdefawmf
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atmifqef;tm; vGwfvyfpGm vkyfudkifcGifhay;xm;ygonf/ ¤if;
udk,fwkdif tpnf;ta0; wufonfrSm tvGefenf;ygonf/
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ay:vGifxif&Sm;onfhtaxmuftxm;wpfpkHwpf&m r&SdygbJ
vsuf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; opömazmufe,fcsJUvufukdif
wkwfponfjzifh ocifodef;azu twGif;rSvnf;aumif;? uGef
jrLepfygwD\tmabmf]]jynfolYtmPm*sme,f}}utjyifrSvnf;
aumif; trsKd;rsKd; ykwfcwfwkdufckdufcJhayonf/
AkdvfcsKyftm; ykwfcwf
pum;pyfrdí jynfolYtmPm*sme,fu AkdvfcsKyftm;
tom;vGwfykwfcwfxm;ykH wpfckrSm-
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tqdyfaomufNyD; aooGm;aom emZDacgif;aqmifBuD;*kd;&if;
(Goering) udkvkdufNyD; NydKifaeaMumif; od&\/
[pfwvmESifh*kd&if;wkdY tmPm&vmNyD;aomtcg*kd;&if;
onf BuD;us,faom w&m;yGJBuD;udk usif;ycJh\/ xkdtcgu *sm
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E-bo
ok is
cre
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by
shan
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aOD;azcif
34
BuD;tm; þodkYqkd\/ ]]cifAsm;wkdY iwfaew,fqkdwm usKyfodyg
w,f? usKyfvJyJ aeYpOfxrif;wpfeyfyJ pm;wm okH;ESpf&SdygNyD}}[k
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ay;Muavonf/ ocifatmifqef;uvnf; EkdifiHa&;&Sif;yGJBuD;
ü ]]usKyf[m t0wfqkdvkdY wpfxnfwnf;yJ&Sdw,f? 'gawmifrS
wjcm;vlawGu tjrifrawmfvkdY twif;csKyfckdif;vkdY0wfae&wm
yg}}[k ajymcJh\/ y&dowfu oem;NyD; aumif;csD;ay;Mu\/
]]ocifatmifqef;ESifh*kd;&if; bmxl;ovJ}}[líjzpfygonf/
Aavmif;AvJ uGefjrLepf
uGefjrLepfwkdYonf AkdvfcsKyftm; tremyajymqkda&;
om;&kHrQom r[kwfao;ay/ tvGefAavmif;AvJEkdifonfht
jcm;jzpf&yfrsm;vnf; &Sdygao;onf/ ppftwGif;wGif uGefjrLepf
ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;u vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd&eftwGuf aqmif&Guf
&mrSm]]NAdwdoQwkdYtm; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufzkdY}}wpfckwnf;aom
enf;vrf;om&Sdonf[k ajymqkdcJhNyD;aemufrS ]]vufeufpGJudkif
wkdufckdufjcif; r&SdbJ ppfrSefaom vGwfvyfa&;r&Ekdif}}[kajymjyef
onf/ vufeufudkifwkdufckdufrS ppfrSefaom vGwfvyfa&;&rnf[k
,lqaom t,ltqrSm ocifoef;xGef;ESifhocifbwif(*kd&S,f)
wkdYwufa&mufcJhonfhumvuwåm; uGefz&ifhodkYarmfpukdrS csay;
vkdufonfhvrf;pOfjzpfygonf/ uGefjrLepfwkdYrSm þrQAavmif;
AvJEkdifvSaMumif; jyefvnfwifjyvkduf&ygonf/
uGefjrLepfxkwfypf
þokdY uGefjrLepfwkdY\apmfum;armfum; jyKvkyfrIwkYdrSm
onf;rcHEkdifavmufonfhtajctaeodkY a&muf&Sdvmonf/ xkd
tcg zqyvtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJYu ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
tm; zqyvtzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfypf&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufonf/ A[kdOD;
pD;tzGJYtpnf;ta0;wGif tBudwfte,f aqG;aEG;NyD;aemuf
Auytm; zqyvtzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfypfvkdufaMumif; 10-10-
46 aeYwGif twnfjyKvkdufonf/
vef'efodkY zdwfac:jcif;
a&SUykdif;wGif uRefawmfwifjycJhonfhtwkdif; jrefrmEdkifiH
tay: oabmxm;ajymif;a&;wGif ukd,fwkdifOD;pD;aqmif&GufcJh
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wpfzGJYudk vef'efokdYapvTwf&ef zdwfac:cJhonf/
wpfESpfwmtwGif; vGwfvyfa&;
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pm;vS,ftzGJYwpfzGJYudk tmPmtjynfht0tyfESif;í vef'efodkY
apvTwfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;Muonf/ þodkYaqG;aEG;&mwGif
ta&;BuD;aom jyóemtrsm;tjym;yg&Sdonfhteuf ta&;
tBuD;qkH;jyóemrSm vGwfvyfa&;udk rnfonfhumvtwGif;
t&awmif;&rSmvJqkdonfhjyóemyifjzpfonf/]]wpfESpftwGif;
vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef}}twGuf awmif;qkdzkdYtqkdukd aqG;aEG;Mu
onf/
tcsdefavmufyghrvm;
aqG;aEG;yGJrSm tvGefwufwuf<u<utouf0ifvIyf
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udk wpfESpftwGif; ay;&rnf[k tcsdefuefYowfay;vkduf&if NAd
wdoQtpkd;&taejzifh ygvDrefwGif Oya'Murf; wifoGif;aqG;
aEG;&eftcsdefavmufyghrvm;[kpdk;&drfonf/ xkdYtjyif uRefawmf
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a&;? zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'rlMurf;vTwfawmfxyfNyD;t
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usyfusyf tcsdefuefYowfNyD; awmif;qkdvkdufvQif &mZoHay;&m
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BuD;pGmaompdwftaESmifht,SufjzpfNyD; udk,fhbufodkYtEÅ&m,f
jyefvSnfhrvmEkdifaybl;vm;[k apmaMumMuolu apmMumMu
onf/
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csrSwfvkdufonfhqkH;jzwfcsufrSm owfowfrSwfrSwf &ufuefYowf
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csKyfatmifqef;u aemufqufwGJay:aygufvmrnfhudpö&yfrsm;
(vufeufpGJudkif awmfvSef&efudpöyg tygt0if)twGuf jyifqif
xm;Mu&ef A[kdtvkyftrIaqmif aumfrwDtm; rdefYMum;cJhonf?
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pGJvsuf 1947-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 1-&ufaeYwGif vef'efodkYxGuf
cGmoGm;onf/
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jzpfaMumif;? awmifwef;a'oudk ukd,fpm;jyKol r[kwfaMumif;?
E-bo
ok is
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shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
35
odkYjzpfí awmifwef;a'oe,frsm;udk aqG;aEG;&ef &Srf;apmfbGm;
rsm;udk oD;oefYzdwfac:yg[lí apmfbGm;rsm;u NAdwdoQtpkd;&
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wGif pnf;a0;Murnfqkdaom owif;vnf; Mum;cJh&onf/
wpfa,mufwpfayguf rvkyfeJY
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aqmifvsuf vma&mufpk&kH;um a&mif;0,fazmufum;Muonf
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vlxktpnf;ta0;yGJudk aps;aeYwGif vkyfjcif;rSm tvGefyift
qifajyayonf/)
aps;aeYa&muf&ef wpf&ufapmifh&OD;rnfjzpfí tcsdef
tv[órjzpfap&ef anmifa&TodkY uRefawmfwkdYqif;NyD; anmif
a&TapmfbGm;BuD;tm; oGm;a&muf*g&0jyKjcif;jzifh &aomtcsdef
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tvm;wl tcGifhta&;&oifhaMumif;/ (3) &Srf;jynfonf jrefrmjynfrESifhyl;aygif;&ef tcsdefrusa&mufao;aMumif;/ (4) ya'o&mZfapmfbGm;rsm;tm; tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhb@ma&;&mrsm;
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0ifygonf/
E-bo
ok is
cre
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by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
36
aeaomtajctaeudk tcGifhaumif;,lí uRefawmfwkdY jrefrm
EkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;udpöudk aqG;aEG;Muonf/ vuf&Sdtajctae
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í wpfEkdifiHvkH; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf vef'efodkY oGm;NyD; Akdvf
csKyfatmifqef;u ta&;qkdvsuf&SdaMumif;? ,ckvkdtcsdeftcg
rsKd;wGif wpfEkdifiHvkH; aoG;pnf;NyD; nDnTwfvsuf&Sdonfudk jyo
zdkYvkdaMumif;? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;awmif;qkdaeonfhvGwfvyf
a&;rSm jrefrmjynfrwpfckwnf;twGuf awmif;qkdaejcif;r[kwf
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onf/
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rnfjzpfí uRefawmfwkdYudkvnf; vma&muf&ef zdwfMum;ygonf/
uRefawmfwkdYonf xkdwpfaeYwmudk aumif;pGmtokH;cs
vkdufNyDjzpfonf[k ,lqrdonf/ odEéDokdY uRefawmfwkdYtm; zdwf
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atmufu &Srf;awG vGwfajrmufa&;udkom aqmif&GufEdkifrSmjzpf
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csufcsif;ay;&efESifhvef'efa&muf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtzGJY
tm; wnDwnTwfwnf; axmufcHaMumif; tqkdwpf&yfudkwif
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csKyfatmifqef;xHodkY aMu;eef;wpfapmif &kdufvkdufygonf/
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jynfht0axmufcHaMumif;ESifhya'o&mZfpepfatmufrS raES;
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E-bo
ok is
cre
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by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
37
'efwGif&Sdaeaom AkdvfcsKyf\tyg;awmfNrJtwGif;0ef AkdvfxGef;
vSu uRefawmfhtm; jyefvnfajymjycJhí od&ygonf/
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tzGJY\tzGJY0ifOD;ausmfNidrf;(zqyvtpkd;&tzGJY 'kwd,0efBuD;
csKyfa[mif;)uvnf; 7-5-69 aeY jynfwGif;nDnTwfa&;tMuH
ay;tzGJY\(83)Budrfajrmuftpnf;ta0;wGif xnfhoGif;ajym
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eDESifh'kdrDeD,Ha&;&m udpörsm;qkdif&m 'kwd,0efBuD; (Under Sec-
retary of State) tmomabmfwGrfav (Arthur Bottomley) tm;
yifvkHnDvmcHodkY avhvmolwpfOD;tjzpf wufa&muf&ef tufw
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toifhjyifxm;rnf
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apmfbGm;rsm;u olwkdYudkoD;jcm;ukd,fpm;vS,ffzdwfac:&ef awmif;
qkdaeonfhudpöukdvnf;aumif;? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSm ¤if;wkdY
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em;oGif;xm;
odEéDodkYa&mufaomtcg anmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD;u qD;
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E-bo
ok is
cre
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by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
38
tBuD;qkH;udpöjzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfu jrefrmjynfudk jynfrESifh
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atmufwGifxm;ygu ¤if;wkdYya,m*aMumifh awmifwef;a'o
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EkdifiHtjzpf &yfwnfoGm;rnfudk apmfbGm;rsm; Mum;odxm;í
uRefawmfwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHonfvnf; tdEd,fEkdifiHenf;wl aqmif
&Guf&ef pdwfoabmxm;ajymif;rnfavm[k apmfbGmrsm;u
arQmfvifhvsuf&Sdonf/ odkYjzpfí apmfbGm;rsm;u tajctaeudk
apmifhMunfhcsifMuonf/
oJxJa&oGefjzpf
odkY&mwGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u "eo[m,tzGJY0if
'kdrDeD,HEkdifiHtjzpf r[kwf? "eo[m,tjyifwGif vkH;0vGwfvyf
aom EkdifiHtjzpf aevkdaMumif;? zqyvtzGJYcsKyf\awmif;qkd
csufukdyif jyefvnfawmif;qkdvkdufonfhtjyif eef;&if;0eftuf
wvDuvnf; "eo[m,EkdifiHrsm;tzGJY0iftjzpf yg0ifvkdpdwf
r&SdonfhEkdifiHudk tzGJY0iftjzpf NAdwdoQtpkd;&u rxm;vkdaMumif;
20-12-46 aeYwGif vTwfawmfodkY aMunmcJhonfukd jyefvnf
twnfjyKajymqkdvkduf&m &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;\\arQmfvifhcsuf
rSm oJxJa&oGefjzpfoGm;avawmhonf/
tusKd;eyfoifhoavmuf eyf
xkdYaMumifh ¤if;wkdY\awmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk qufvuf
awmif;qkdaeygu tcsnf;ESD;omjzpfrnfukd jrifawGYojzifh ,cif
u pDpOfxm;NyD;jzpfonfh'kwd,yifvkHnDvmcHwGif ¤if;wkdY\aemif
a&;(0g)&Srf;jynf\aemifa&;ukd av;av;eufeuf aMuaMu
nufnuf aqG;aEG;&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufMuawmhonf/ þtajct
aeudk Munfhjcif;jzifh uRefawmfwkdY odEéDodkY oGm;a&mufjcif;rSm t
usKd;eyfoifhoavmuf eyfonf[k qkd&ayrnf/
odEéDrS ausmufrJodkY
odEéDrS ausmufrJodkY uRefawmfwkdYc&D;qufMuonf/
ausmufrJwGif uRefawmfwkdY vlxkpnf;a0;yGJwpf&yfusif;ycJhNyD;
apmfbGm;rsm;ESifhodEéDfwGif aqG;aEG;cJhonfhudpörsm;tygt0if Ekdif
iHa&;tajctaejzpfay:wkd;wufrIudk aemufqkH;tajctaet
xd vlxkodkY today;cJhonf/
xkdYaemuf c&D;quf&m arNrdKUwGif wpfntdyfí aemuf
wpfaeY rEÅav;odkY a&muf&SdcJhonf/ rEÅav;wGif vlxkOD;vStdrf
ü owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwpf&yf usif;yNyD; ompnfodkY c&D;quf
cJhonf/ ompnfwGif uRefawmfwkdY vrf;cGJvkdufMuonf/
awmifBuD;odkYwuf
AkdvfrSL;atmifESifhAkdvfxGef;vif;wkdYu &efukefodkYjyefMu
í uRefawmfESifhOD;wif{wkdYu awmifBuD;wGif &Srf;jynfe,fvGwf
ajrmufa&;tzGJYcsKyfrS acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhqufvufaqG;aEG;
&ef awmifBuD;odkY jyefcJhMuonf/
zkdifwGJodrf;
uRefawmfwkdY awmifBuD;odkY a&mufNyD;aemuf wpfaeY
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
39
wGif XmaeNAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&SdcsKyfu &Jrsm;ESifhtwl &Srf;
jynfvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJYcsKyfodkY vma&mufNyD; tzGJYcsKyftvkyf
trIaqmifrsm;jzpfMuaomf udktkef;az? udkb&DESifh&JabmfbaX;
wkdYtm; zrf;qD;í &kH;okH;ypönf;rsm;ESifhuRefawmfwkdYzkdifwGJrsm;udk
odrf;qnf;oGm;Muonf/
þtjzpftysufudk zqyvXmecsKyfodkY aMu;eef;&kduf
í uRefawmftpD&ifcH&m ocifEku uRefawmfhtm; csufcsif; &ef
ukefodkYjyefvm&ef ac:,lvkdufygonf/
vef'efrS vdar®mfoD;
uRefawmf &efukefodkY jyefa&mufNyD;aemuf ocifEk? OD;
AaqGwkdYESifhtajctaeudk jyefvnffokH;oyfMuonf/ ¤if;wkdYu
OD;wif{tm; &efukefodkYac:&ef nTefMum;vkdufonf/ xkdtcsdef
rSm vef'efrSvmaom owif;rSmvnf; aumif;csdefjzpfygonf/
tufwvDonf ¤if;ajymonfhtwkdif; uwdwnfí uRefawmfwkdY
awmif;qkdxm;aom ]]wpfESpftwGif; vkH;0vGwfvyfa&; &&Sd&ef
udpö}}udk vufcHonf[k od&ygonf/
þwGif tvsOf;oifhí vef'efrS ay;ykdYonfhaMu;eef;
ukd az:jyvkdygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfwkdY aqG;aEG;onfhudpö atmifjrif
vQif vdar®mfoD; (Orange) [kaMu;eef;&kduf&efESifhratmifjrif
vQif oHy&moD; Lemon [k&kduf&ef pDpOfxm;cJh&m OD;ausmfNidrf;u
(Orange) [kaMu;eef;&kdufcJhojzifh tajctaeaumif;onfudk
csufcsif;od&jcif;jzpfygonf/
vufrSwfa&;xkd;
xkdYaemuf uRefawmfwkdY jrefrmjynftrsm;odaeMuonfh
atmifqef;-tufwvDffpmcsKyf (Aung San - Attle Agreement)udk
1947-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv(27)&ufaeYwGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
ESifhtufwvDwkdY csKyfqkdvufrSwfa&;xkd;Muonf/ ,if;pmcsKyf
t& wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfukd 1947-ckESpf? {NyDvtwGif; NyD;
pD;atmifusif;yNyD; jrefrmEkdifiH\tem*wfzGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHt
ajccHOya'wpf&yf tjrefa&;qGJ twnfjyK&efjzpfygonf/
oabmwlcJh
'kwd,tcsufrSm ]]bk&ifcH\tvkyftrIaqmifaumif
pDonf jrefrmEkdifiH\Mum;jzwftpdk;&jzpfonf[k ,lq&efESifhrnf
onfhudpörqkd vGwfvyfpGm pOf;pm;qkH;jzwfydkifcGifh&Sdonf}}[ko
abmwlcJhayonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh ,if;tpkd;&rSm uRefawmf
wkdY awmif;qkdaeonfhtrsKd;om;tpkd;& (National Government)
yifjzpfayonf/ awmifwef;a'orsm;ESifhywfoufí rl&if;pm
csKyfwGif-
(u) awmifwef;a'oESifhjrefrmjynfr taESmifht,Suf
r&Sd vGwfvyfpGm ul;vl;qufqHcGifh&Sdonf/
(c) rMumrDtcsdeftwGif; (1947-ckESpf? azaz:0g&D
v)rSm usif;yrnfhyifvkHnDvmcHwpf&yfüaomfvnf;aumif;? þ
udpötwGuftxl;ac:,lrnfhnDvmcHwpf&yfüaomfvnf;aumif;
awmifwef;a'oacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; pyful;rwful;umvt
wGif; jrefrmjynfrESifhrnfokdYrnfykH yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvkdonfqkd
onfhoabmxm;udk ar;jref;&ef[k yg&Sdavonf/
vkd&if;ajym&ygu NAdwdoQtpkd;&fonf jrefrmjynfrESifh
awmifwef;a'owkYdESifhywfoufí uREkfyfwkdY\rl&if;awmif;qkd
csufrsm;udk vkdufavsmvdkufNyD[k qkdEkdifygonf/
rdwfqufpum;
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u 1947-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 13-
&ufaeYwGif eef;&if;0ef tufwvDESifh¤if;\trSwf 10? a'gif;
eif;vrf;aetdrfü awGYqkHpOf rdwfqufpum; ajymMum;&mü-
]]usKyfwkdYArmjynftaMumif; ajymMum;wJhtcgwkdif;
pnf;vkH;nDnTwfNyD; vGwfvyfwJhArmjynf wpfjynfvkH;udk rsufpd
xJrSm jrifa,mifNyD; ajymwmjzpfw,f/ usKyfwkdYwpfjynfvkH;pnf;
vkH;nDnTwfa&;twGuf aqmif&Guf&mrSm uREkfyfwkdYEkdifiHwGif;rSm
&SdwJhvlrsKd;pktm;vkH;udk jynfyya,m*rygbJ vGwfvyfpGm awGY
qkHaqG;aEG;cGifhay;&if uREkfyfwkdY rausmfvTm;EkdifwJhtcuftcJqkd
vkdY bmrQ&Sdrnfr[kwfbl;? tm;vkH;pnf;vkH;nDnTwfvmrSm trSef
ygyJ}}
[kajymcJhygonf/ AkdvfcsKyf\tESpfom&&Sdaomtxuf
ygpum;&yfrsm;udk taumiftxnfay:vmatmif aqmif&Guf
&efrSm uREkfyfwkdY\wm0efjzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh yifvkHnDvmcHx
ajrmufatmifjrifa&;rSm ta&;BuD;vSayonf/
&Srf;vlxkaxmufcHrI &,l
NAdwdoQtpkd;&ESifhAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmif
aom ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJYwkdY oabmwlnDcsuf&&SdaMumif; Mum;od
&aomtcg udkwif{onf þoabmwlnDcsufudk &Srf;jynfvlxk
tm; &Sif;jyí ¤if;wkdYaxmufcHrIudk &,l&ef awmifBuD;odkYjyefoGm;
cJhonf/
udktkef;az? ukdb&DESifh&JabmfbaX;wkdYtm; zrf;xm;
&mrS jyefrvTwfao;aMumif; udkwif{xHrS uRefawmfod&í rpö
wmav'ifxH uRefawmfudk,fwkdifoGm;a&mufawGYqkHajymMum;&m
csufcsif;yif rpöwmav'ifu vTwfrdefYxkwfay;vkdufonf/ t
b,faMumifhqkdaomf atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf csKyfqkdNyD;
aemuf ¤if;wkdYfudk qufcsKyfxm;OD;rnfqkdvQif vuf&Sdtajct
aeESifhudkufnDrnf r[kwfí jzpfygonf/
E-bo
ok is
cre
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by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
40
txufwGifaz:jyyg&Sdonfhpnf;urf;csuftykd'f(c) ESifh
ywfoufí AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\t,ltqrSm aemifaomt
cgwGif usif;yrnfh]]txl;nDvmcH}}txdapmifhvQif aoG;at;
oGm;rnfjzpfonfhjyif rarQmfrSef;EkdifonfhtaESmifht,SufwpfpkH
wpf&m 0ifvmEkdifonf/ odkYjzpfí rMumrD usif;yrnfhyifvkHnD
vmcHwGifom aqmif&Gufp&mrsm;udk tcsdefrqGJbJ aqmif&Guf
jcif;uom ydkípdwfcs&rnf[k ,lqojzifh vef'efrSjyefa&mufí
&uftenf;i,ftwGif; yifyef;aeonfudk y"merxm;bJ yif
vkHnDvmcHodkYc&D;quf&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufavonf/
'kwd,yifvkHodkY
&efukefNrdKUwGif zqyvtzGJYcsKyfonfvnf;aumif;?
awmifBuD;wGif &Srf;jynfvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJYonfvnf;aumif;?
orkdif;0ifyifvkHnDvmcHwufa&muf&ef uRefawmfwkdY xGufcGma&;
twGuf tylwjyif;pDpOfcJhMuonf/
1947-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 8-&ufaeYwGif uRefawmf
wkdY yifvkHokdYxGufcGmMuonf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;? OD;atmifZH
a0? Akdvfcifarmifuav;? AkdvfxGef;vSESifhuRefawmfwkdYu yxr
av,mOfjzifhvnf;aumif;? OD;wifxG#fESifhrpöwmabmfwGrfav
wkdYu 'kwd,av,mOfjzifhvnf;aumif; xGufcGmoGm;Muonf/
uRefawmfwkdY rdw¬DvmodkYa&mufaomtcg yifvkHokdYoGm;
&ef um;rsm;jzifh vma&mufBudKqkdMuonf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
\um;ukd uRefawmfudk,fwkdif armif;ygonf/
csD;usL;Mobmay;
uRefawmfwkdY awmifBuD;odkYa&mufaomtcg awmifBuD;
NrdKUvrf;rBuD;\0J,mwGif AkdvfcsKyftm; vma&mufBudKqkdMuol
rsm;? csD;usL;Mobmay;Muolrsm;ESifhjynfhESufvsuf &Sdonfudk
awGY&ayonf/ uRefawmfwkdYtm; aps;BuD;a&SUuGufvyf(vGefcJh
aom &uftenf;i,fu uRefawmfwkdYvlxktpnf;ta0;usif;
ycJhonfhuGufvyf)a&SUa&mufaomtcg {&mrvlxkBuD;ESifhawGY í
um;udk &yfxm;&onf/
AkdvfcsKyfESifh&Srf;vlxk
xdkvltkyfBuD;rSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; teD;uyf
MunfhcsifMuonf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u um;ay:rSqif;í vl
xkBuD;tm; vufa0SY,rf;EIwfquf&m vlxkBuD;u ydkíyifMobm
ay;Muonf/ tu,fíom uRefawmfwkdY um;aemufrS uyfí
vkdufygvmonhftmomabmfwGrfavpdwfxJwGif &Srf;vlxku Akdvf
csKyftm; axmufcHonf? raxmufcHonfukd 'Gd[oHo,&Sdrnf
qkdygu þvlxkBuD;udk MunfhNyD; olYacgif;xJrS oHo,rsm; vkH;0
vGifhpOf uG,faysmufoGm;rnfrSm ,kHrSm;zG,f&m &Sdrnf r[kwfyg/
&Srf;jynf\NrdKUawmfwGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; þrQvIduf
vIdufvSJvSJ BudKqkdjcif;udk jrif&vQif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm;
vkH;0t,kHtMunfuif;olyif txifrBuD;bJ aeEkdifrnfr[kwf
yg/
uRefawmfwkdYonf nae 6 em&DavmufwGif yifvkHokdY
a&mufoGm;Muygonf/ yifvkHrSm vJcsm;NrdKUe,ftwGif;wGif&Sdí
&Gmwpf&Gmomomavmufom&Sdonfh ig;&ufwpfaps;&Sdaom NrdKU
uav;jzpfygonf/
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Murnfholrsm;rSm renf;vSyg/ awmifwef;a'otm;vkH;rS udk,f
pm;vS,fawmfBuD;rsm;? jrefrmEkdifiHjynfrrS vma&mufMurnfhol
rsm;? apmfbGm;rsm;ESifh¤if;wkdY\ta>ct&Hrsm; wnf;ckdaexkdif
pm;aomufa&;wm0efrSm rao;vSaomfvnf; apmfbGm;rsm;\
pDrHcefYcGJwwfykHESifhapwemaumif;rsm;&Sdíom awmfayao;onf
apmfbGm;rsm;u wufa&mufvmMuaom ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;t
wGuf fus,fus,fjyefYjyefY oufaomifhoufom aeEkdifrnfh0g;wJ
BuD;rsm;udk xkd;ay;xm;onfudkvnf; awGY&onf/
pnfum;
þ*kPfoa&&Sdyk*¾Kdvfrsm;ESifhtjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tjyif
yifvkHnDvmcHusif;yrnfhae&modkY vma&mufavh&SdMuol y&dowf
trsm;tjym;ESifhjynfhESufvsuf&SdaomaMumifh yifvkHNrdKUuav;
rSm yGJvrf;obifqif,ifusif;yaeonfhtvm; pnfum;vsuf
&Sdaeayonf/ yGJvrf;obifrsm;wGif &Sdaeusjzpfonfhaps;wef;
rsm;ESifh&Srf;jynf\yGJvrf;obifwkdif;wGif rygvQifrjynfhpkHonfh
avmif;upm;0kdif;rsm;vnf; &Sdaeao;onf/
,ck'kwd,tBudrf yifvkHnDvmcHrSm ,cifESpfu usif;y
cJhonfhyxrtBudrf yifvkHnDvmcHESifhtwl wrlxl;jcm;csuf&Sd
onf[kqkd&ayrnf/ yxrtBudrf nDvmcHwGif b,folursm;
vTrf;rkd;oGm;rvJ[k uRefawmf pkd;&drfwBuD;jzpfcJh&aomfvnf; ,ck
wpfBudrfwGifrl AkdvfcsKyfrS AkdvfcsKyf[k vlwkdif;\&ifxJwGif udef;
atmif;aeol AkdvfcsKyfudk,fwkdif wufa&mufojzifh ¤if;tm; ,SOf
Ekdifol[lí vkH;0&SdEkdifrnfr[kwf[k uRefawmf,kHMunfpdwfcsyg
onf/
ESpfoufvufcH
wpfaeukef armfawmf,mOf(um;)jzifh c&D;a0;ESifcJh&
aomfvnf; AkdvfcsKyfrSmf yifyef;EGrf;e,faernfhtpm; vef;qef;
pGmjzifh xkdaeYnaerSmyif ¤if;tm; apmifhaeMuonfhapmfbGm;BuD;
rsm;? csif;? ucsifacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;ESifhaysmf&TifpGm EIwfcGef;
qufNyD; vef'efwGif ol aqG;aEG;cJhonfrsm;udk jyefvnfajymjy
&mwGif tm;vkH;u pdwf0ifpm;onfomru AkdvfcsKyftay:wGif
tcef;(4)
'kwd, yifvkHnDvmcH
E-bo
ok is
cre
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by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
41
pvQifpcsif;yif tvGefESpfoufvufcHMuonfudk awGY&ygonf/
rdefYcGef;>rufMum;
aemufwpfaeY yifvkHnDvmcHwGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
ukd,fwkdif wufa&mufrdefYcGef;>rufMum;cJhygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfu &Srf;
ArmcspfMunfa&;udk orkdif;u oufaocHaeaMumif;? rMumao;
rDumvuyif &Srf;-ArmcspfMunfa&;taMumif;udk xyfumwvJ
vJ ajymcJhNyD;jzpfaMumif;? odkYjzpfí 'gudkyJ xyfNyD; avukefcHí
rdrdrajymvkdawmhaMumif;? aemiftem*wftwGuf b,fvkdquf
pcef;oGm;Mur,fqkdwmudkom wkdifyifaqG;aEG;MuygpkdY[k ajymvkd
aMumif;rsm;udk wkdwkdESifhvkd&if; a&mufatmif ajymMum;Muyg
onf/
a'G;awmfrvGrf;eJY
AkdvfcsKyfu a&SUavQmufNyD; uRefawmfwkdY twlwuG t
em*wfudk b,fvkd&ifqkdifrJqkdonfhtcsufrSm ta&;tBuD;qkH;
jzpfaMumif;? jynfwGif;&Sd jyóemukd usKyfwkdYtcsif;csif;om ajz
&Sif;,l&rSmjzpfaMumif;? tarausmf a'G;awmfvGrf;aeí rjzpf
aMumif;? tcsKdUtajrmftjrifr&Sdol? tjrifusOf;olawGu awmif
wef;a'o&JUtusKd;pD;yGm;[m jrefrmEkdifiH&JUjyifyrSm &Sdw,fvkdY
pdwful;,OfaeykH&aMumif;? wu,fawmh orkdif;wpfavQmufvkH;
jynfru ArmawGESifh awmifwef;om;rsm; cdkifNrJpGm vufwGJae
xkdifvmcJhMuonfhtwkdif; ,ckvnf; aexdkifvsuf&SdaMumif;jzifh
ajymMum;oGm;ygonf/
jyefvnfxlaxmifzkdY
AkdvfcsKyfu uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiH ppftwGif;wGif ppfw
vif;ESpfcgjyefjzpfcJh&í jymykHtwdjzpfoGm;onfhtajctaeukd
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf jyefvnfxlaxmifzdkY&SdaMumif;? ,if;odkY
xlaxmif&mwGif vlwkdif;pnf;urf;&SdMuzdkY? rckdruyfyJ wm0efodod
aqmif&GufMuzkdYvkdaMumif;? þodkYjzifh pnf;vkH;nDnTwfaomjrefrm
EkdifiHtjzpf wnfaqmuf&rnfjzpfaMumif;? tav;teufajym
Mum;&m wufa&mufvmMuonfh&Srf;? ucsifESifhcsif;udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;u ESpfoufvufcHMuonf/
nDvmcHNyD;cgeD;usrS
oHvGifu&ifrsm;rSmrl nDvmcHBuD;NyD;cgeD;txd a&muf
rvmMuao;yg/ u&iftrsKd;om;rsm;rSm yifvkHnDvmcHodkYwuf
a&muf&ef qEjyif;jyrI&Sdaomfvnf; autif(eef),lwkdYu ¤if;
wkdYbufodkYvm&ef tjyif;txefqGJaqmifrIaMumifh tusyf&kduf
aeonf[k uRefawmfrSwfrdcJhygonf/ odkYjzpfí olwkdYyifvkHwuf
&efudpöudk nDvmcHaemufqkH;tpnf;ta0;&kyfodrf;cgeD;txd r
qkH;jzwfEkdifjcif;jzpfrnf[k xifygonf/ aemufqkH;aeY nDvmcH
NyD;cgeD;usrS oxkHOD;vSazOD;aqmifaom ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJY
a&mufvmonf/ ,if;tzGJYwGif tzGJY0ifrsm;tjzpf OD;cspfwD;(zm
yGef)? apmpHau;ESifhOD;0D&Dausmf(OD;apmbBuD;\tyg;awmfNrJ)wkdY
vkdufygvmMuygonf/
txiftjrifvGJrSm;atmif
þokdYaemufusí a&mufvmjcif;rSm aqG;aEG;yGJwGifyg
0ifMuonfh&Srf;? ucsif? csif;? jrefrmwkdYESifhaemiftem*wfumv
jrefrmEkdifiH\ta&;udk aqG;aEG;&efr[kwfbJ tajctaeukd t
uJcwfavhvm&efomjzpfonf[k aumufcsufcs&efom&Sdayonf
odkYjzpfí tcsKdUtaemufwkdif;orkdif;okawoDrsm;u ]]u&ifwkdY
u nDvmcHodkYavhvmolav;a,mufapvTwfcJhaomfvnf; ¤if;
wkdYtm; wkdifyifaqG;aEG;jcif;r&Sd}}[k a&;om;jcif;rSm uRefawmf
wkdYtcsif;csif;f txiftjrifvGJrSm;atmif zefwD;jcif;rQomjzpf
ayonf/ ([,lwifum; (Hugh Tinker \jynfaxmifpkjrefrm
EkdifiH pm-24)
0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;orm;
þae&mwGif u&ifukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJYacgif;aqmifOD;
vSaztaMumif;udk tenf;i,fwifjyvkdygonf/ OD;vSazrSm Ekdif
iHa&;tawGYtMuKHEke,folwpfa,muf r[kwfyg/ 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;
orm;BuD;wpfOD; jzpfayonf/ olonf 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;rwkdif
rDu ygvDreftrwfjzpfí vTwfawmf'kwd,Ouú|wpfOD;vnf;
jzpfayonf/ (xkdpOfu vTwfawmfOuú|rSm acgif;aqmifBuD;OD;
cspfvIdfifjzpfonf/)OD;vSazonf EkdifiHa&;tajctaeudk trsm;
uJhodkYyif od&Sdem;vnfoljzpfay&m oHvGifu&iftrsKd;om;rsm;
udpöukd nDvmcHwGif wifoGif;&ef &Sdygu rnfolurQ ¤if;tm;
wm;rnfvnf; r[kwfyg/ wm;jrpfydwfyifívnf; &rnfr[kwf
yg/ okdYaomf bmrQ OD;vSazu rwifoGif;cJhyg/
odkYjzpfí ¤if;wkdYtaejzifh wkdifyifaqG;aEG;jcif;vnf;
rjyKcsif? twkdifyifvnf; rcHcsifaomaMumifh wrifcyfcGmcGmae
NyD; aemufqkH;tcsdefusrS vma&mufjcif;jzpfonfqkdvQif txuf
wGif az:jycJhonfh taemufwkdif;orkdif;okawoDrsm; a&;om;
csufxuf ykdrkdrSefuefeD;pyfrnf[k uRefawmf,lqonf/
OD;vSazrSm &nfrSef;csufBuD;rm;oljzpfonfhtm;avsmf
pGm acwfaemufusí ao;i,fonfhe,frS oHvGifu&ifeDtrsKd;
om;tenf;i,favmufudk ukd,fpm;jyKacgif;aqmifjcif;r[kwf?
us,fjyefYaomEkdifiHa&;e,fy,fwGif EkdifiHa&;upm;aejcif;jzpf
ayonf/ olonf autif(ef),ltzGJYu oD;jcm;u&ifjynfe,f
udk yifv,fxGufaygufESifhwuG weoFm&Dc&kdif wpfc&kdifvkH;tyg
t0if NAdwdoQ"eo[m,tzGJY0iftjzpf ay;&efawmif;onfukd
axmufcHolwpfOD;vnf; jzpfayonf/
xkdYjyif ArmjynfrrS oD;jcm;vGwfvyfonfh&Srf;? ucsif?
csif;ESifhu&ifeDe,fwkdYyg0ifaom zuf'&,fvfEkdifiHBuD;wpfck
(Grand Federation) tjzpf wnfaxmif&ef MuHpnfcJholvnf;jzpf
E-bo
ok is
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ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
42
ayonf/ odkYjzpfí OD;vSazrSm taemufwkdif;orkdif;q&mwkdYu
uRefawmfwkdYtm; ,kHMunfapvkdonfhvl&kd;vlNydef;wpfOD;r[kwf
aMumif;udk uRefawmfwkdYtaejzifh rSwfwrf;wif&ayvdrfhrnf/
u&ifeDe,frSmrl ,ckyifvkHwGif aqG;aEG;&ef pka0;ae
onfh (Schedulded Areas) [kac:onfhawmifwef;a'orsm;wGif
yg0ifonfhe,fwpfe,f r[kwf? oD;jcm;wnf&SdaeonfhvGwfvyf
aom e,fjzpfí[laom taMumif;jycsufjzifh nDvmcHudk wuf
&ef jiif;qkdcJhonf/ odkYrwufvQif olwkdYtusKd;,kwfrnf? olwkdY
twGuf tEÅ&m,f&Sdonfudkrl olwkdYod&SdMuojzifh rrDvkdufrSmudk
pkd;&drfcJhMuí apm0PÖESifhapmodef;wkdYESpfOD;ygaom omrefavh
vma&;ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJYwpfzGJYtaejzifh AkdvfcsKyftm; tvGwf
oabmvma&mufawGYqkHcJhayonf/ aemufydkif;wGif u,m;jynf
e,ftjzpf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHwGif yg0ifvmcJhayonf/
&Srf;vlrsKd;u yxrqkH;or®w
xkdaeY wpfaeYwm tpnf;ta0;NyD;oGm;aomtcg Akdvf
csKyfu ]]yxrqkH;or®wtjzpf &Srf;trsKd;om;wpfOD;udkay;
vQif raumif;bl;vm;? cifAsm; b,fvkdoabm&ovJ}}[kuRef
awmfhtm; ar;ygonf/ þodkYar;jcif;rSm vlrsKd;taeESifhaumif;
raumif; ar;jcif;r[kwfbJ &Srf;trsKd;om;xJrS rnfoludk ay;
vQif aumif;rvJ? oifhovJqkdonfudk ar;jcif;omjzpfrnf[k
,lqí awmifykdifapmfbGm;BuD;udk a&G;vQif aumif;rnf[k xif
onf[k tMuHjyKvkdufygonf/
awmifydkifapmfbGm;BuD;tm; uRefawmftqkdjyKvkduf&
jcif;rSm ftaMumif;&Sdygonf/ uRefawmfwkdYwuúokdvfausmif;om;
b0u &Srf;jynfe,fausmif;om;rsm;toif;wGif uRefawmfonf
yxrOD;qkH;twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfvmonf/ Ouú|rSm anmifa&TrS
apmausmftHhjzpfygonf/
xkdtcgwGifrS toif;\zGJ Ypnf;ykHpnf;rsOf;udk uRef
awmfwkdYa&;qGJMu&ygonf/ ,if;odYk a&;qGJNyD;aomtcg toif;
atmifjrifpGm wnfaxmifcJhNyD;jzpfonfhtaMumif;? &efykHaiGrsm;
xnfh0ifygrnfhtaMumif; toif;pnf;rsOf;yg yl;wGJvsuf &Srf;
apmfbGm;BuD;rsm;xH arwåm&yfcHpmrsm; uRefawmfa&;om;ay;
ydkYcJhygonf/ tjcm;rnfonfhapmfbGm;rsm;xHurQ jyefpmwpf
apmifwpfavrQ r&cJhaomfvnf; awmifydkifapmfbGm;BuD;u uRef
awmfwkdYtoif;twGuf aiG 500d ukd aMu;eef;jzifh &ufa&mpGm
vSL'gef;cJhygonf/ þonfrSm uRefawmfwkdYtzkdY olYtm; arh
aysmufí r&EkdifavmufonfhtxifBuD;p&m taMumif;wpf&yf
jzpfvmygawmhonf/ þodkYjzifh ¤if;tm; acgif;xJwGif pGJxif
vsuf&Sdaeay&m AkdvfcsKyfuar;aomtcg ¤if;trnfudk csuf
csif;yif tMuHjyKvkdufjcif;jzpfygonf/
xdkYtjyif ¤if;onf vltrsm;av;pm;avmufonfh Oy
"d&kyf&SdNyD; apmfbGm;rsm;tMum;wGif wifhw,fcHhnm;oljzpfay
onf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u olYudk enf;enf;yg;yg; wD;acguf
Munfh&ef ajym&mwGif uRefawmfu xrif; zdwfauR;vQif r
aumif;bl;vm;[k tMuHjyKonfudk AkdvfcsKyfu vG,fvG,fulul
yif oabmwlvkdufonf/
uRefawmfonf awmifydkifapmfbGm;BuD;xH oGm;&m ¤if;
tm; uHtm;avsmfpGm wpfOD;wnf;&Sdaeonfudk awGY&ojzifhuRef
awmfvma&mufjcif;ESifhywfoufNyD; yGifhvif;&if;ESD;pGm ajymjyEkdif
cJhygonf/ apmfbGm;BuD;u]]rvkyfyg&apESifhudkazcif&m or®w
tdrfawmfxJrSm uRefawmfaxmifusaewmESifh wlaeygtkH;r,f}}
[k&,fum armumjzifh csufcsif;wkefYjyefvkdufygonf/ xdkYaemuf
apmfbGm;BuD;u qufvufí olYxuf 0g&ifhonfhapmfbGm;BuD;awG
&Sdao;aMumif; ajymygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfu &Srf;trsKd;om;wpfOD;
udk yxrqkH;or®wtjzpf a&G;cs,fcefYtyfvkdygu apmfbGm;rsm;
tcsif;csif;nd§EIdif;NyD; oifhawmfolwpfOD;udk trsm;oabmwl
a&G;cs,fay;onfu ydkrkdtqifajyrnf[k ,lqaMumif;jyefvnf
tMuHjyKygonf/
aeYv,fpm pm;a&;udpöESifhywfoufírl apmfbGm;BuD;
u AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSm {nfhonftjzpf yifvkHodkY a&muf&Sdae
jcif;jzpfojzifh {nfhcH&rnfhwm0efrSm ¤if;\wm0efjzpfaMumif;
ajymygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfu bmBudKufovJ[k uRefawmfhtm; ¤if;
uar;&m AkdvfcsKyftaejzifh(xrif;ESifh[if;ukdom pm;ae&zef
rsm;í tajymif;tvJwpfckckvkyfvQif aumif;rnf[k,lqNyD;)
yvmwmESifhqdwfom;ubwf? rqvmESifhcsufonfhMuufom;
[if;BudKufonf[k ajymvkdufygonf/ trSeftwkdif;ajym&vQif
uRefawmfudk,fwkdfifvnf; BudKufonfhtpm;tpm jzpfygonf/
aemufwpfaeY aeYv,fpmpm;yGJokdY AkdvfcsKyfESifhuRefawmf
oGm;&m apmfbGm;BuD;xHwGif odEDéapmfbGm;BuD;vnf; a&mufae
onfudk awGY&ygonf/
AdkvfcsKyfu &Srf;vlrsKd;wpfOD;tm; yxrqkH;or®wt
jzpfcefYvkdonfhqEudk odEéDapmfbGm;BuD;tm; awmifykdifapmfbGm;
BuD;u ajymxm;ESifhNyDjzpfaMumif; od&ygonf/ a&G;cs,fenf;ESifh
ywfoufí apmfbGm;BuD;ESpfOD;pvkH;rSm woabmwnf;jzpfae
onfudk awGY&ygonf/ rnfoludkyJ a&G;a&G; ta&G;cH&olrSm t
rsm;\qEt& wnDwnTwfwnf; a&G;cs,fay;vkdufolomjzpf
&rnfjzpfaMumif; ¤if;wkdYu AkdvfcsKyftm; ajymjyygonf/
[dwf[efr&Sd az:a&G
aeYv,fpm pm;&if; pum;pjrnf ajymMu&mrS anmif
a&TapmfbGm;BuD;tm; ¤if;wkdY&nfrSef;xm;ykH&onfudk uRefawmf
wkdY&dyfrdygonf/ xrif;pm;yGJwGif pum;pNyD;ajymMu&mü yGifhvif;
az:a&GrI&Sdonfukd awGY&NyD; AkdvfcsKyfuvnf; [dwfBuD;[efBuD;
rvkyfbJ &if;&if;ESD;ESD; yg0ifaqG;aEG;onfudk awGY&ygonf/
wnfMunfajzmifhrwfíf opöm&SdNyD; udk,fusKd;rMunfh
onfhtjyif tvGefYtvGef&kd;om;onfhAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm;
apmfbGm;BuD;ESpfOD;pvkH;u oabmusaeonf[k uRefawmfajym
E-bo
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a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
43
Ekdifygonf/ tcsKdUaomolrsm;u AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; cuf
xefí ta&mw0if raeonfhppfAkdvfcsKyf? rmeBuD;onfhEkdifiH
a&;orm;[kxifjrif,lqonfhtcsufESifhAkdvfcsKyf\yuwdyHkoGif
rS ododomomBuD; jcm;em;aeonfudkvnf; ¤if;wkdYjrifawGYoGm;
Muayonf/
tm;vkH;jcKHíMunfhvQif awGYqkHrIrSm tvGefyifaumif;
aom awGYqkHyGJwpf&yf jzpfonf[kqkd&ygrnf/ uRefawmfa&G;cs,f
vkdufonfhyvmwmESifhMuufom;[if;? qdwfom;ubwfwkdYudk
vnf; AkdvfcsKyfudk,fwkdif Nrdef&SufpGm okH;aqmifonfukd awGY&í
uRefawmf tawmfyif yDwdjzpfrdygonf/
awmifwef;om;acgif;aqmifwkdYwifonfhrlMurf;
yifvkHnDvmcHukd aemufwpfaeY qufvufusif;yonf/
xkdaeYwGif ta&;BuD;onfhjyóemwpf&yfjzpfaom vGwfvyfNyD;
aemufydkif;wGif jynfrESifhawmifwef;om;wkdYMuHhMuHhckdifckdifyl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh twdwfumvu txiftjrifvGJrSm;rIwkdYudk
acszsufypfa&;tajccHjyóem&yfukd aqG;aEG;pOf;pm;Mu&rnf
jzpfygonf/
,if;tpnf;ta0;ü wifjyaqG;aEG;onfhtaMumif;
jcif;&mwkdYESifhywfoufí az:jyjcif;rjyKrD &Srf;jynfwGif rnfonfh
a'orsm;yg0ifonfudkvnf;aumif;? ucsiftrsKd;om;rsm;
awmif;aeonfhucsifjynfe,fwGif rnfonhfa'orsm;ygrnfukd
vnf;aumif; az:jyvdkygonf/
&Srf;jynfe,f
&Srf;jynfe,frSm apmfbGm;rsm;? NrdKUpm;rsm;? aiGcGefrSL;
rsm;[k ¤if;wkdY tkyfcsKyfpkd;rkd;&m a'o\tus,ft0ef;udkrlwnf
í ac:a0:okH;pGJonf/ pkd;rkd;tkyffcsKyfolrsm; tkyfcsKyf&onfhc&kdif
aygif; (33)c&dkif&Sdygonf/ ,if;c&kdifrsm;udk aygif;&kH;í t*Fvdyf
tac:tm;jzifh (Federated Shan States) &Srf;jynf[kac:xm;yg
onf/
ucsifjynfe,f
ucsifjynfe,fESifhywfoufírl tajctaecsif;rwlyg?
&Srf;jynfuJhodkY ucsifawmifwef;a'owGif þrnfaomae&m
rsm;rSm rdrdwkdYydkifeufyg[k awmif;qkdavmufatmif owfrSwf
xm;onfhqufpyfonfhe,fedrdwf[lír&SdcJhyg/ awmifxlxyfaom
a0;vHonfha'oawmifukef;rsm;ay:wGif [kdwpf&Gm 'Dwpf&Gmom
&Sdygonf/
odkYjzpfí ucsiftenf;pkrQom&Sdaom &Srf;jrefrm? &Srf;
w&kwftrsm;tjym; aexkdifvsuf&Sdonfhjynfrtykdif;(2) {&d,m
Part II [kac:aomjrpfBuD;em;ESifhAef;armfc&kdifrsm;udkom xnfh
ray;vQif ucsifjynfe,f[lí jzpfvmEkdifrnf r[kwfyg/
'l;0g;
ucsifrsm;\tBuD;tuJudk 'l;0g;rsm;[kac:Muonf/
&Srf;jynf&Sd apmfbGm;wkdYESifhtwlonfhtcsufrSm 'l;0g;rsm;tm; NAd
wdoQwdkYu &GmolBuD;avmufom oabmxm;NyD; apmfbGm;rsm;
uJhodkY pDrHtkyfcsKyfol (Rulers) rsm;tjzpf oabmrxm;yg/
csif;0daoowkdif;
csif;0daoowkdif;rSm zvrf;ESifhwD;wdefc&kdifrsm;? &ckdif
&kd;rawmifaMumrsm;yg0ifygonf/ csif;wkdYtaejzifhrl oDjcm;
jynfe,fawmif;cHjcif; rjyKcJhyg/
jrefrmjynfrS ppfukdif;wkdif;twGif;wGif em*? vla&Sp
onfhfawmifay:a'oom; tenf;tusOf;vnf; &Sdao;onf/
olwkdYonf yifvkHnDvmcHokdY wufvnf; rwuf? xl;jcm;aom
awmif;qkdcsufrsm;vnf; awmif;qkdjcif; r&SdcJhyg/
u&if
u&ifrsm;rSmrl jrefrmjynftESHYtjym;wGif aexkdifMuol
rsm;jzpfNyD; pkpkpnf;pnf;aexkdifvsuf&Sdonfha'orSm oHvGifc&kdif
omjzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif a&SUydkif;wGif az:jycJhonfhtwkdif; ¤if;
wkdYonf nDvmcHü aqG;aEG;rIrsm; NyD;qkH;cgeD;rS yifvkHodkYa&muf
vmcJhMuygonf/
u&ifeD
u&ifeDukd,fpm;vS,frsm;rSmrl omrefavhvmolrsm;t
jzpf vma&mufMuNyD; acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhwoD;wjcm; awGYqkH
qufoG,frIrjyK&kHrQty nDvmcHwGif yg0ifaqG;aEG;jcif;rjyKcJh
Muyg/
OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;ol
þokdYjzifh yifvkHnDvmcHwGif OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;olrsm;
rSm &Srf;ESifhucsifwkdYomjzpfMuí tjcm;awmifwef;om;rsm;udk
yg ukd,fpm;jyKajymMum;oGm;onfhoabmjzpfygonf/ ¤if;wkdYt
aejzifh awmifwef;om;rsm; nDnTwfa&;aumifpDtrnfjzifh
awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ygonfhpmwrf;&SnfBuD;wpfck wifoGm;ygonf
,if;pmwrf;wGifyg0ifonfhtcsufrsm;rSm-
1/ jrefrmwkdYESifhtqifhtwef;wl tcGifhtvrf;wl &ykdifcGifhwl 'D
rkdua&pDusus cHpm;cGifh&Sd&rnf/
2/ trIaqmifaumifpDwGif yg0ifaqmif&GufMuaom &Srf;udk,f
pm;vS,fESifhucsifudk,fpm;vS,fwkdYonf rdrdwkdYvlrsKd;toD;oD;\
jynfwGif;a&;&m tm;vkH;twGuf wm0ef,laqmif&GufMu&rnf?
xkdYtjyif umuG,fa&;? EkdifiHjcm;a&;? rD;&xm;taumufawmf
tp&Sdaom tm;vkH;ESifhqkdifonfhudpörsm;twGuf tm;vkH;pkaygif;
wm0ef,l aqmif&GufMu&rnf/
3/ ucsifwkdYu oD;jcm;ucsifjynfe,ftvkd&SdaMumif; awmif;qkd
E-bo
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aOD;azcif
44
csufudk þaumfrwDu axmufcHonf/
4/ jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;ESifhbk&if{u&mZftpkd;&\o
abmwlnDcsufrsm;onf &Srf;? ucsifwdYkESifhrywfoufap&/
5/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;onfhaemuf ]]jrefrmjynfaxmifpk}}rS uREkfyf
wkdY cGJxGufvkdvQif uREkfyfwdYkoabmusonfhtcsdefwGif cGJxGufEkdif
cGifh &Sdaprnf[líjzpfygonf/
zuf'&,fpepf
txufyg awmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh ol
wkdYvkdcsifonfrSm zuf'&,fpepftpkd;&rsKd;xuf tcsKyftjcm
tmPmydkif wef;wl&nfwl r[mrdwfEkdifiHrsm;tcsif;csif; csKyfqkd
onfhpmcsKyfrsKd;udk vkdcsifaMumif; ay:vGifayonf/
txufyg awmif;qkdcsufrsm;teuf pwkw¬awmif;qkd
csufrSm awmifwef;om;wkdYu AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\OD;aqmif
rIudk todtrSwfrjy&ma&mufaeygonf/
AdkvfcsKyfu ol NAdwdoQtpkd;&ESifhawGYqkHaqG;aEG;cJhpOf
awmifwef;om;wkdYudk ukd,fpm;jyKygonf[k rajymcJhaomaMumifh
,if;awmif;qkdcsufudk pyfqkdifjcif; r&dSonfhtcsufjzpfí xnfh
oGif;pOf;pm;&ef rvdkonfhtcsuf[k owfrSwfvkdufygonf/ Akdvf
csKyf vef'efwGif ajymonfrSm Mum;vl0ifr&IyfbJ uRefawmffwkdY
tcsif;csif;aqG;aEG;&efom vTwfxm;ygu awmifwef;om;rsm;
ESifhjynfrrS uRefawmfwkdYtm;vkH; tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif; o
abmwlnDcsuf&rnf[laom tcsufomjzpfygonf/
awmifwef;a'otwGuf trIaqmifaumifpD0ifwpf
OD;udk bk&ifcH\trIaqmifaumifpD0iftjzpf cefYtyfa&;udpörSm
tufwvDESifhcsKyfqkdaompmcsKyfü BudKwifaz:jyyg&SdNyD; jzpfí
jyóemr&Sdawmhyg/ (Ä tvsOf;oifhí az:jy&ygvQif awmif
wef;e,fa'orS bk&ifcH\trIaqmifaumifpD0if&&ef awmif;
qkdjcif;rjyKrDuwnf;uyif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u NAdwdoQtpkd;
&xH tqkdjyK&mü yg&dSNyD;jzpfygonf/)
xkdYtwlyif jynfaxmifpkwpf0ef;&Sd EkdifiHom;tm;vkH;
rSm wef;wl&nfwljzpfojzifh jynfwGif;ü wlnDonfh'Drkdua&pDt
cGifhta&; &&Sdrnfomjzpfygonf/
ucsifjynfe,fudpö
ucsifjynfe,fwpfck zefwD;ay;a&;udpörSmrl vG,ful
onfhudpöwpf&yfr[kwfyg/ þodkYqkdjcif;rSm ]]rl}}udk uefYuGuf
onfhoabmr[kwfyg/ wu,fwrf; vufawGYaqmif&Guf&mwGif
awGYMuKH&onfhtcuftcJaMumifhomjzpfygonf/ &Srf;jynfonf
jynfe,fwpfckwGif &Sdtyfaom vlOD;a&yrmP? e,fy,f? wlnD
aombmompum;ESifh,Ofaus;rI? pD;yGm;a&;t& &yfwnfEkdifrI
tp&Sdonfht*Fg&yfrsm;ESifhjynfhpkHrI&Sdaomfvnf; ucsifjynfe,f
wGifrl þodkYaom t*Fg&yfrsm; r&Sdyg/
a'ocHwkdYuefYuGuf
ucsifjynfe,ftaejzifh txl;owfrSwfxm;onfha'
o (Part I Area)wGifomvQif [kdwpfpk 'Dwpfpk &Sdojzifh jynfrrS
Aef;armfESifhjrpfBuD;em;c&kdif? uomajrjyefYa'orsm; rygvQif
rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ jynfe,fwpfcktjzpf &yfwnfEkdifrnfhtajc
tae &Sdrnfr[kwfyg/ xkdYtjyif tcuftcJ&Sdaom tcsufwpf
&yfrSm az:jyygc&kdifESpfckü aexkdifMuoltrsm;pkonf ucsifrsm;
r[kwfbJ tbufbufrS wkd;wufaeonfhjrefrm? &Srf;ESifh&Srf;w
&kwfrsm;jzpfMuNyD; ucsifrsm;ESifhaygif;pnf;rnfqkdu acwf
aemufjyefoGm;ouJhodkY jzpfaeojzifh ucsifjynfe,fxJodkY oGwf
oGif;jcif;udk a'ocHrsm;u jyif;jyif;xefxef uefYuGufMujcif;
jzpfygonf/
ucsifwkdY\awmif;qkdcsufrsm;
ucsifjynfe,fudpö tacstwif aqG;aEG;Mu&mwGif
ucsifacgif;aqmifrsm;(txl;ojzifh 'l;0g;aZmfvGef;)onf rdrd
wdYktvkd&Sd&mukdom jyif;jyif;xefxef awmif;qkdaeygonf/
tvsOf;oifhí az:jy&ygu 'l;0g;aZmfvGef;rSm rdrdo
abmxm;udk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; jywfjywfom;om;ajymavh&Sdol[k
emrnf&onfhacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfonf/ Akdvfcifarmifuav;
ESifhjrpfBuD;em;üawGYpOfu ]]cifAsm;wkdY ArmawG usKyfr,kHbl;As}}
[k tm;remwrf; ajymcJhzl;oljzpfygonf/
AkdvfcsKyfu ucsifacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; ¤if;wkdY\qE
udk vkdufavsmapvkdygu ¤if;wkdYuvnf; tjcm;olrsm;\qEudk
av;pm;oifhaMumif; axmufjyaqG;aEG;cJhygonf/ Oyrmtm;
jzifh ¤if;wkdYawmif;qkdaeonfhucsifjynfe,fwGif jrefrmjynfrrS
jrpfBuD;em;ESifhAef;armfc&kdif? uomajrjyefYa'owkdYwGif aexdkifol
trsm;pkrSm ucsifrsm;r[kwf? jrefrmESifh&Srf;ESifh&Srf;w&kwfrsm;
jzpfojzifh ¤if;wkdY\qEudkvnf; av;pm;oifhaMumif; AkdvfcsKyf
u axmufjyonfudk vufrcH? rdrdwkdYqkH;jzwfxm;onfhtwkdif;
vkdcsifonfukdom pGJpGJNrJNrJ ravQmhwrf; awmif;qkdaeojzifh Akdvf
csKyf pdwfraumif;jzpf&onf/ okdYaomf AkdvfcsKyfonf at;at;
aq;aq; wnfwnfNidrfNidrf pdwf&Snfvuf&Snfjzifh em;axmifae
ygonf/
þuJhodkY'l;0g;aZmfvGef;u tjyif;txef awmif;qkdae
jcif;rSm ¤if;wkdY yifvkHodkYtvm uGwfckdifwGif aqG;aEG;cJhpOfu qkH;
jzwfcJhonfwkdYudk qkyfukdifí ravQmhwrf; awmif;qkdaejcif;om
jzpfygonf/Ä
pdwfrcsrf;omjzpf
xkdpOf anmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD;taejzifh tjyifyef;tm;
General Statement by the Burma Delegationacgif;pOfjzifh NAdwdoQtpkd;&xH jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJYu wifoGif;cJhonfhpmwrf;tykd'f
(4)udk Munfhyg/ Ä uGufckdifwGif ucsifudk,fpm;vS,frsm; aqG;aEG;csufrSwfwrf;ukd aemufqufwGJ(u) &Iyg/
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jzifh &Srf;vlrsKd;\tusKd;udk vkdvm;oa,mifjyaomfvnf; pifppf
tm;jzifh apmfbGm;rsm;\ya'o&mZf tmPmwnfNrJap&efom
ajymqkdjcif;jzpfojzifh 'l;0g;aZmfvGef;uJhodkYyif nd§nd§EIdif;EIdif;t
ay;t,lvkyfvkdY rvG,fuloljzpfaMumif;udk awGY&aomtcg Akdvf
csKyfrSm vGefpGmyif pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfoGm;ayonf/
&Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;u (Complete Internal Autonomy)
awmif;qkd&mwGif ¤if;wkdY\tmPmESifhvuf&SdtcGifhta&;rsm;
wnfNrJ&efESifhvGwfvyfa&;&NyD;onfhaemufydkif;wGifvnf; rdrdwkdY
qE&Sdonfhtwkdif; vkyfvkd&m vkyfydkifcGifh Oyrmtm;jzifh e,fpyf
a'otkyfcsKyfa&;atmufwGif 'kdrDeD,Htjzpfaevkdu ae&ef ¤if;
wkdY\(Memorandum) pmwrf;wGifaz:jyxm;onfhtwkdif;aqmif
&GufoGm;Ekdif&efwkdY jzpfygonf/
awmifay:ajrjyefY rcGJjcm;vkd
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;NyD;qkH;í
rMumrDrSmyif awmifwef;a'otESHYc&D;xGufcJh&m awmifwef;
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vIdufvSJpGm awGYqkHaqG;aEG;cGifh&&SdcJhonf/ ,if;odkYaqG;aEG;pOft
cgu acgif;aqmifrsm;\jyif;jyaomqErSm twdwfu jzpf&yf
rsm;udk oifykef;acsí orkdif;\u@opfwpf&yfudk zGifhvSpfNyD;
awmifwef;om;ESifhjynfrajrjyefYrS Armrsm; cspfMunfpGm qufqH
oGm;MuzkdY vkdvkdvm;vm; &Sdonfudk awGYcJh&onf/
,cifuESifhrwl
odkYaomf ,ckum; þodkYr[kwfawmhNyD? tajctaerSm
wpfrsKd;ajymif;vJoGm;avNyD/ ,if;odkY jzpf&jcif;taMumif;&if;
rsm;teuf taMumif;wpf&yfrSm NAdwdoQe,fcsJU\aoG;xkd;vIHY
aqmfrIyifjzpfygonf/
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rsKd; uG,f&mwpfrsKd;vkyfrIaMumifh jzpfayonf/ txl;ojzifh apmf
bGm;rsm;rSm AkdvfcsKyfESifhawGYpOfu Armrsm;ESifhtwl vGwfvyf
a&;&,lrnf[k zGifh[ajymqkdMuaomfvnf; aemufuG,f(AkdvfcsKyf
vef'efoGm;í ta&;qkdcsdef)wGif NAdwdoQvufatmufü quf
vufaexkdifvkdaMumif; pmwrf;jyKpkwifoGif;cJhonfudk az:jyvkd
onf/
þae&mwGif tvsOf;oifhí-
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ydk'fudk xkwfEkwfwifjyvkdygonf/ ,if;pmykd'frSm-
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EXTRACT FROM THE GENERAL STATEMENT BY BURMA DELEGATION TO LONDON - JANUARY 1947
THE FRONTIER AREAS.
We are aware that the long-term policy of His Majesty's Government in regard to Burma is that there should be a unitedor federated Burma including the whole of British Burma and perhaps also the Karenni States. We respectfully subscribe to thispolicy but are anxious that the peoples of these areas should be given an opportunity of sharing immediately in the constitutional advance to be achieved by the Burmese. To that end we propose that representatives of the frontier Areas should beassociated forthwith in the work of the Executive Council in a manner which would retain for these Areas autonomy in mattersof internal administration. This, in our opinion, could be done by bringing the Frontier Areas within the scope of the ExecutiveCouncil and by appointing a representative of the Frontier Areas to the charge of the new portfolio and providing him with twoor three Deputy Counsellors representing the Frontier races of which he is not a member. Our desire is that the people of theFrontier Areas should regain their freedom together with the Burmese and enjoy equal rights with them in all respects.
When constitutional reforms were introduced to Burma in 1919 Burma was divided for administrative purpose intoBurma Proper and the "Backward Areas". The backward in any way. Before 1886, when Upper Burma was under Burmese rule,good relations between the Chiefs of the Frontier races and the Burmese Kings were normal. Such members of the Frontier racesas happen to reside in the plains have acquired the same political rights as the Burmese.
The delegation are aware that the demand for a kachin State amongst the Kachin was inspired by some military officersduring the time of the operations against the Japanese.
It has also come to the knowledge of the delegation that in a letter from the Burma Office, dated the 30th Novemember1943, to the Governor, it was stated that for reasons of Imperial Defence it may be desirable for His Majesty's Government toexercise a more direct control over the Frontier Areas of Burma than over Burma itself after the latter has been granted self-government.
For sixty years, the conditions of these so-called backward tribes, administered by British authorities without Bur-mese aid, have remained without imporvement. The Delegation do not hold the view that they are politically backward and stillincapable of self-government but if such is the view of His Majesty's Government, the Delegation maintain that no governmentoutside Burma should have any claim to the privilege of trusteeship over these areas. The Delegation proposal is, however, notfor the Burmese political position, actual and impending, and to a distinct share in the administration of the country to whichthey, the Burmese and all other races of Burma alike belong."
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txufwGif az:jyyg&Sdonfudk avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh
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rom uoduatmuf jzpf&awmhonf/
pOf;pm;yg&ap
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olYudk rDatmif uRefawmfESifhAkdvfxGef;vSwkdY renf;vkdufMu&onf
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xkdtcsdefwGif anmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD;u uRefawmfhtm;
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qEjyaeolrsm; pJoGm;onftxd tomapmifhaeNyD;rS uRefawmf
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48
uRefawmfESifhanmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD;wkdY pum;ajymae
pOfwGif rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;a&mufvmygonf/ rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;
BuD;rSmvnf; 0rf;enf;aeykH? pkd;&drfaeykH&onfudk awGY&ygonf/
bmawGjzpfvmOD;rnfvJqkdonfudkvnf; olYtaejzifh odvdkykH&yg
onf/
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rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;rSm vlxkESifhraygif;bJ apmfbGm;
rsm;csnf; oD;jcm;&yfwnfí r&onfhtajctaeukdodol apmf
bGm;tenf;tusOf;xJwGifyg0ifol wpfa,mufjzpfí jynfol
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jzpfayonf/ uRefawmfu apmfbGm;BuD;tm; av,mOfysHac:,l
&jcif; r&Sdao;aMumif; ajymjyaomtcgwGiff apmfbGm;BuD;rSm t
enf;i,fpdwfoufom&m &oGm;onf[k uRefawmftuJcwfrdyg
onf/ rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;ESifhanmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD;wkdYu Akdvf
csKyfudk rjyefzkdY azsmif;zsay;&ef ajymMuygonf/
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anmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD;u ajymygonf/
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vifhcsuftjynfhESifhpcJhMuw,f/ 'DarQmfvifhcsufrsm; a&pkefarQm
oGm;NyD; a'opGJqkdwJhausmufaqmifBuD;eJYwkdufrdum aysmufuG,f
ysufpD;oGm;rnfhta&;udk wkdY'Dtwkdif;yJ vufydkufMunfhae&awmh
rSmvm;? nDvmcH&JUuHMur®m[m ra&&m raocsm taetxm;?
vrf;qkHvrf;cGa&mufaeNyD? vrf;rSm;bufodkY wdrf;apmif;oGm;wm
ESifhwpfNydKifeuf rawG;0Hhavmufatmif tajctaeqkd;&Gm;oGm;
Ekdifw,f/ 'gaMumifh nDvmcHysufroGm;atmif xdef;xm;zdkYvkd
w,f/ xdef;Ekdifrnfhol[mvnf; AkdvfcsKyfwpfa,mufyJ&Sdw,f}}
ponfhtawG;rsm;jzifh avQmuf&if; AkdvfcsKyf\wJodkY uRefawmf
wkdYa&mufrSef;rod a&mufoGm;Muonf/
AkdvfcsKyf\wJt0odkY a&mufaomtcg uRefawmfwkdYESpf
a,mufpvkH;rSm pdk;&drfpdwfu vTrf;rkd;aeojzifh wJxJ0if&ef ajc
vSrf;rsm; wkHYaES;aeonf/
AkdvfcsKyftm; wifjy
wJxJodkY a&mufaomtcg AkdvfcsKyftm; tem;,lNyD;
aemuf vef;qef;aeonfudk awGY&onf/ uRefawmfu aemuf
qkH; tajctaersm;udk AkdvfcsKyftm; wifjyonf/ rkdif;yGefapmf
bGm;BuD;ESifhanmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD;wkdYtm; awGYqkHaqG;aEG;cJhonfh
taMumif;rsm;vnf; ygonf/ uRefawmfhwifjycsufudk olvufcH
onfhtaetxm;&Sdonfudk awGY&í tcGifhaumif;,lNyD; txuf
wGif az:jycJhonfhwpfvrf;vkH; uRefawmfawG;vmcJhonfhtcsuf
rsm;udk AkdvfcsKyftm; jyefvnfwifjyvkdufonf/
av,mOfysH rSmNyD;NyDvm;
AkdvfcsKyfu uRefawmf\wifjycsufrsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;
pGm em;axmifNyD;aemuf av,mOfysHrSmvkdufNyDvm;[k &kwfw&uf
ar;vkdufonf/ csufcsif; bmajym&rSef;rodjzpfNyD; uRefawmf
ESifhAkdvfxGef;vSwkdY wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf MunfhvkdufMujyef
onf/ rrSm&ao;[kqdkvQif AkdvfcsKyftaejzifh bmrsm;ajymrvJ
[k pkd;&drfpdwfu uRefawmfwkdYtm; vTrfrkd;aeí rMum;wMum;
]]rrSm&ao;bl;}}[k ajymvkdufMuonf/
aeygapawmh
AkdvfcsKyfu ]]'DvkdqdkvQifvnf; aeygapawmh}}[kajym
vkdufonf/ uRefawmfwkdYtaejzifh þpum; Mum;&onfhtcg
rnfrQ0rf;omoGm;rnfudk pm&Iol pOf;pm;MunfhvQif odEkdifygrnf?
AkdvfcsKyfu qmarmifBuD;? OD;wifxG#f? OD;atmifZHa0ESifhAkdvfcif
armifuav;wkdYtm; xkdaeYnaewGifyif tpnf;ta0;ac:ckdif;
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
49
vkdufonf/
oabmwl
uRefawmfonf tpnf;ta0;wGif vuf&Sdtajctae
txd jzpfay:wkd;wufrIrsm;ukd wifjycJhonf/ tm;vkH;u nDvm
cHrysufatmif xdef;xm;zkdYwnDwnTwfwnf;oabmwlMuonf?
awmifwef;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;\awmif;qkdcsufrsm;rS pdwf
vIyf&Sm;rIESifhZa0Z0gjzpfrIrsm;udky,f&Sm;vkdufrnfqkdvQifoabm
wlnDEkdifrnfhtcsuftvufrsm; ay:aygufvmEkdifygonf[ktm;
vkH;u xifjrifygonf/
pnf;vkH;nDnTwfa&; a&S;&I
xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;? tjrifrsm; wifjyMuonfudk em;
axmifNyD;aemuf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ucsifjynfe,f awmif;
qkdonfhudpöESifhpyfvsOf;NyD; 'l;0g;aZmfvGef;taejzifh olawmif;
qkdcsufudk rjyifbJ wif;cHaevQif oabmwlnDcsuf &a&;rSm
vG,frnfrxifaMumif;? ucsifawmifwef;a'owGifryg0ifaom
jrpfBuD;em;? Aef;armf? uomc&kdifrsm;udk ¤if;awmif;qkdonfht
wkdif; ucsifjynfe,ftjzpf xnfhoGif;ay;&ef rqkdxm;bd? ,if;
c&kdifrsm; rygbJESifhyif ucsifjynfe,fwpfcktjzpf zefwD;ay;&ef
rdrdwGif vkyfykdifcGifh r&SdaMumif;? odkYaomf trsKd;om;pnf;vkH;nD
nTwfa&;udk a&S;&Ií ucsifjynfe,fwpfcktjzpf zefwD;ay;&ef
rltm;jzifh rdrd vkdufavsmNyD; zqyvtpnf;ta0;wGif &Sif;jy
rnfjzpfaMumif;? ,if;ucsifjynfe,fwGif rnfonfha'orsm;yg
onfqkdjcif;udkrl wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfwGifwifjyaqG;aEG;
rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymMum;oGm;yonf/
þvkdufavsmrIrSm &ufa&maom vkdufavsmrIjzpfo
jzifh 'l;0g;aZmfvGef;tm; qGJaqmifEkdifvdrfhrnf[k vlBuD;rsm;u
,lqMuonf/
cGJxGufa&;udpö
Ä cGJxGufa&;udpöESifhywfoufírl AkdvfcsKyfu ]]raygif;
cifu cGJa&;udpöajymwmawmh ravsmfuefygbl;Asm}}[kajymyg
onf/ þcGJxGufa&;udpörSm tvGefta&;BuD;onfhudpöjzpfí þ
tpnf;ta0;BuD;u qkH;jzwfEkdifrnfr[kwfaMumif;? wkdif;jyKjynf
jyKvTwfawmfwGif wifoGif;í av;av;eufeuf okH;oyfNyD;rS
pOf;pm;qkH;jzwf&rnfhudpöjzpfaMumif; wifjy&m trsm;u vufcH
Muygonf/
a&;qGJ
þodkYjzifh reufjzefwGif usif;yrnfhnDvmcHodkY wifoGif;
&ef txufwGif az:jycJhonfhtcsufrsm;yg0ifaom oabmwl
nDcsuf rlMurf;wpfckudk a&;qGJMuygonf/
1947-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 10 &ufaeY eHeuf 9-em&D
wGif udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yifvkHnDvmcHusif;y&mtpnf;ta0;
cef;rBuD;qDodkY aysmfaysmfyg;yg;wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf vSrf;
EIwfqufoluEIwfqufNyD; pum;wajymajymESifh0ifvmMuonf/
pum;vufqkHus
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSm olYae&mwGif xkdifí tpnf;t
a0;obmywdtjzpf aqmif&Guf&rnfhawmifykdifapmfbGm;BuD;ESifh
&if;&if;ESD;ESD;pum;vufqkHusaeonfukd awGY&onf/ uRefawmf
onf rpöwmabmfwGrfavESifhAkdvfxGef;vSwkdYMum;wGif xkdifí Akdvf
csKyf 'Dtpnf;ta0;rSm b,fvkdpum;rsKd;rsm; ajymrnfvJ[k
pdwfvIyf&Sm;pGmjzifh aq;wHudkom wtm;zGmaeawmhonf/
ylp&mr&Sd
ykdíqkd;onfrSm uRefawmfhpdwfwGif 1946-ckESpf? 'DZif
bmvtwGif;u awmifBuD;wGif usif;yonfhapmfbGm;rsm;ESifh
awGYqkHyGJü AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ]]bk}}ajymcJhonfukd jyefvnf
xif[yfvmonfhtcsufjzpfygonf/ ,if;tcsufrSm fAkdvfcsKyfu
jrefrmEkdifiHopfukd tiftm;enf;í &yfwnfEkdifpGrf;r&SdwJe,frsm;
ukd ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;ay;um a&maESmwnfaqmufrnfhtpm;
vlrsKd;pktm;vkH;pkaygif;í awmifhwif;ckdifrmwJhEkdifiHtjzpf wnf
axmifoGm;vkdaMumif;? vdkwmxuf ykdaewJhajrae&mawG? tvQH
y,fayg<u,fwJho,HZmwESifhtpm;tpmawG&SdwJhtwGuf vlOD;
a&aygif; oef; 50 avmuf&Sdvmonhfwkdifatmif bmrQylp&m
r&SdaMumif;? pnf;urf;&Sd&SdESifhBudK;BudK;pm;pm; tvkyfudk vkyfMu
r,fqkd&if zGHYNzdK;wkd;wufNyD; awmifhwif;ckdifrmwJhEkdifiHjzpfatmif
usKyfwkdYbmom usKyfwkdY xlaxmifEkdifaMumif;? tJ'Dvkd jzpfvmwJh
tcg ta&SUawmiftm&SrSmomr[kwfbJ urÇmhtv,frSmyif vl
&kdao &Sif&kdaoEkdifiHtqifhodkY a&mufvmEkdifrnfjzpfaMumif;ajym
NyD;aemuf ]]wpfESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;ay;&rnfhudpö}}ESifhywf
oufNyD; AkdvfcsKyfu rnfonfhtiftm;pkurQ þvrf;aMumif;rS
aoGznfoGm;atmif vkyfvkdY&rnf r[kwfaMumif;? taESmifht
,Sufay;vmvQif rnfolYukdrqkd ]]cifAsm;wkdY apmfbGm;BuD;rsm;
tygt0ifudkyif wkdufrnf}}[k cyfjywfjywf ajym&m apmfbGm;
rsm;aemufwGefYoGm;ovkdyif ¤if;wkdYESifh&if;ESD;em;vnfrI? nDnTwf
rI&&Sda&;twGuf aygif;ul;qufoG,faqmif&Gufay;ae&ol uRef
awmfhrSmvnf; tae& txkdif& tawmfcufoGm;cJhzl;onfht
csufyifjzpfygonf/
þodkYwJhwkd;ajymwwfjcif;? olbmajymrnfqkdonfudk
arQmfrSef;vkdYr&jcif;? ajymp&m&SdvQif wkdwkdESifhbGif;bGif;ajymavh
&Sdjcif;wkdYrSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\t&nftaoG;rsm;yif jzpf
Ä ucsifjynfe,ftjzpfjzifh ¤if;wkdYawmif;qkdonfhtwkdif; jrpfBuD;em;? Aef;armfESifhuomc&kdifrsm;udk xnfhoGif;ay;vkduf&aomaMumifh zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'wGif ucsifjynfe,ff
taejzifh cGJxGufEkdifonfhta&; ryg&SdcJhyg/ (1947-ckESpf? zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' yk'fr 178ukd&Iyg/)
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
50
onf/
odkYaomf ]]olu AkdvfcsKyf r[kwfvm;? olYudk cifAsm; bm
ajymrSmvJ? 'DvkdrajymESifh? [kdvkdajym[k b,folu 0ifNyD; q&m
vkyfvkdY&rSmvJ}}[k uRefawmfhbmom uRefawmf pdwfxJ wxifh
xifhjzpfaerdavonf/
nDvmcH rdefYcGef;
nDvmcHpaomtcg AkdvfcsKyfxí rdefYcGef;ajym&m uRef
awmfpkd;&drfaeouJhodkY r[kwfbJ az:a&GajyjypfpGm ajymvkdufo
jzifh uRefawmfrsm;pGm pdwfoufom&m &oGm;ygonf/
AkdvfcsKyfajymonfhtcsufrsm;wGif ol\wJxJü uRef
awmfwkdY aqG;aEG;cJhpOfu olajymcJhonfhtwkdif;yif-
Ä atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfudk vufcHjcif;rjyK[l
aomudpörSm ,ckaqG;aEG;aeonfhudpörsm;ESifhpyfqkdifjcif;r&Sdo
jzifh a0zefaqG;aEG;&ef rvkdaMumif;/
Ä 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&; wef;wl&nfwl ay;a&;ESifh
ywfoufírl AkdvfcsKyfu vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf jrefrmEkdifiH
wGif tqifhtwef;cGJjcm;jcif;r&Sdap&efESifhtm;vkH;wef;wl&nf
wl cHpm;cGifh &&Sd&ef tpnf;ta0;BuD;wGif tmrcHcsuf ay;
aMumif;? tm;vkH;[kqkd&mwGif tkyfcsKyfolapmfbGm;rsm;omr[kwf
ya'o&mZfpepfatmufwGif þtcGifhta&; rcHpm;&aom t
tkyfcsKyfcHjynfolrsm;yg yg0ifaMumif;/
«xkdtcsufukd ajymMum;&m - ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;(txl;
ojzifh vlxkukd,fpm;vS,frsm;)u wpfcJeufMobmay;Muonf»
Ä bk&ifcH\trIaqmifaumifpDwGif e,fjcm;a'oqkdif
&m aumifpD0ifwpfOD; cefYtyfxnfhoGif;ay;&efqkdaomtcsuf
rSm ¤if;wkdYawmif;qkdjcif; rjyKrDuwnf;u rdrdtaejzifh awmif;
qkdcJhí tufwvDuvnf; oabmwlcJhNyD;jzpfaMumif; ajymMum;
oGm;cJhygonf/
Ä yifvkHnDvmcHysufoGm;avmufonfhtajctaersKd;
txd a&mufoGm;onfhucsifjynfe,fawmif;onfhudpöESifhywf
oufí AkdvfcsKyfu tajctaet&yf&yfukd jyefvnfokH;oyfwif
jyNyD;aemuf tvGefta&;BuD;onfhtcsufwpf&yfudk rdefYMum;
vkdufygonf/
,if;tcsufrSm ucsifawmifwef;a'owGif tusKH;r
0ifonfhjrpfBuD;em;? Aef;armfc&kdifESifhuomajrjyeffYa'orsm;ryg
bJ ucsifjynfe,f[k jynfe,fwpfcktjzpf &yfwnfEkdifvdrfhrnf
[k rdrdr,kHMunfaMumif;/ odkYaomf rdrdtaejzifh vkyfydkifcGifhr&Sd
aomfvnf; ucsifvlrsKd;rsm; vkdvm;awmifhwvsuf&Sdonfhucsif
jynfe,f jzpfvma&;udk av;pm;í rltm;jzifh rdrdvufcHaMumif;
,if;udpöukdvnf; &ufowåywftenf;i,ftwGif; &efukefü
usif;yrnfhzqyvnDvmcHwGif rdrdukd,fwkdif tqkdwifoGif;rnf
jzpfaMumif; ajymMum;vkduf&m udk,fpm;vS,ftm;vkH;u wpfcJ
eufMobmay;Muonf/
þtcuftcJwpf&yfudk ausmfvTm;EkdifNyDjzpfaomtcg
tajctaet&yf&yfrSm vG,fulacsmarGYoGm;avawmhonf/
AkdvfcsKyfu qufvufí cGJxGufykdifcGifhudpöudk aqG;aEG;
ygonf/
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\oabmxm;rSm jrefrmEkdifiHvGwf
vyfa&;[k qkdvkdufonfESifhawmifwef;e,fa'orsm;tygt0if
wpfjynfaxmifvkH; vGwfvyfa&;udk qkdvkdonf[kcH,lNyD; wpnf;
wvkH;wnf;aomEkdifiHtjzpf jrifa,mifNyD; ajymqkdjcif;jzpfay
onf/
AkdvfcsKyfjrifvkdaom vGwfvyfonfhjrefrmEkdifiHrSm vlOD;
a& oef; 50 avmufjzifh urÇmhtv,fwGif xnf0gcHhnm; trsm;
av;pm;avmufonfhtiftm; awmifhwif;aom wpfjynfaxmif
pepf (Unitary State) ac:EkdifiHrsKd;jzpfygonf/
AkdvfcsKyfu jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHtjzpf wnfaxmif
zGJYpnf;&mwGif pnf;vkH;nDnTwfpGmjzifh rcGJwrf; aexkdifoGm;vkd
onfhoabm&Sdayonf/ cGJxGufa&;udk rvkdvm;cJhyg/
odkY&mwGif jynfrrS jrefrmtrsKd;om;rsm;ESifhawmifwef;
e,fa'orS vlrsKd;pkrsm;onf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; oHo,pdwfrsm;
tvGefBuD;xGm;vsuf&Sdao;onfhtjyif awmifwef;e,fa'oESifh
jynfromru awmifwef;e,fa'otcsif;csif;yif wkd;wufrI
taetxm; uGm[rIrsm;&Sdaeay&m wpfjynfaxmifpepfEkdifiH
rsKd; jzpfay:a&;rSm tcsdefumvtawmfMumatmif apmifh&OD;
rnfjzpfí avmavmq,ftm;jzifh pdwful;,OftdyfrufuJhodkYjzpf
ayrnf/
odkYjzpfí 'kwd,taumif;qkH;jzpfaom]]jynfaxmifpk}}
wpfckjzpfvma&;udk AkdvfcsKyfu taumiftxnfaz:jcif;jzpfay
onf/ ,if;]]jynfaxmifpk}}wpfck atmifjrifpGm ay:xGef;vm
a&;twGuffyif rvTJra&Smifomonfh nd§EIdif;rIrsm;? tavQmhay;
rIrsm; jyKvkyfcJh&ayonf/ odkY&mwGif tjyeftvSef tay;t,l
rQwrI&SdNyD; trkef;ryGm;? &efNidK;rodkbJ aqmif&GufcJhonfhaus;
Zl;aMumifh atmifjrifcJhayonf/
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf ta&;qkdonfhxkdtcsdefxkdumv
u EkdifiHa&;tajctaerSm tvGefvdr®myg;eyfpGm ukdifwG,fjcif;
rjyKygu vGwfvyfa&;ESifhtvSrf;a0;oGm;Ekdifonfhtajctae
rsKd;&SdaMumif; az:jycJhNyD;aom tcsuftvufrsm;t& ay:vGif
aeNyDjzpfygonf/
awmifwef;e,fa'orS vlrsKd;pkrsm;rSm ESpfaygif;rsm;
pGm NAdwdoQwkdY\aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif jynfrESifhcGJxm;o
jzifh wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; pdrf;um;vsuf&SdNyD; euf&Idif;pGm oHo,0if
aecsdefjzpfaMumif;ukdvnf; txl;wifjy&efyif rvkd[kxifyg
onf/
þrQ euf&Idif;aom r,kHMunfrI? oHo,&SdrIwkdYaMumifh
jynfrESifhwpfygwnf; vGwfvyfa&;awmif;NyD; jynfaxmifpkt
jzpf &yfwnfonfhtcgwGif rdrdwkdY tESdrfrcH&a&;twGuf vuf
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
51
eufaumif;wpfcktjzpf cGJxGufEkdifaom tcGifhta&;udk aqG;
aEG;ajymqkdvmMujcif;jzpfygonf/
þoabmxm;tjrifjzifh &IjrifokH;oyfygu cGJxGufEkdif
aom tcGifhta&;awmif;jcif;rSm rdrdwkdYxuf omvGefí wkd;wuf
rI&SdonfhjynfrESifhaygif;jcif;jzifh tay:pD;,loGm;jcif; cH&rnfh
ta&;? acgif;ykHjzwfcH&rnfhta&;wkdYudk ([kwfwm r[kwfwm
tyxm;)pdk;&drfaMumifhusrIaMumifh olwkdYudk,folwkdY umuG,fvkd
MuonfrSm bmrQtHhMop&m? emMunf;í rcHEkdifp&m r[kwfyg/
yifvkHnDvmcHponfESifhawmifay:om;rsm;nDnTwf
a&;OD;pD;tzGJYcsKyf (Supreme Council Of United Hill People
SCOUHP) uvnf; ¤if;wkdYtaejzifh jynfrESifhtem*wfyl;aygif;
a&;ESifhywfoufí ¤if;wkdYvkdvm;csufrsm;ygaom pmwrf;wpf
apmifudk AkdvfcsKyfxH wifoGif;cJhaMumif;udkvnf; az:jycJhNyD;jzpf
ygonf/ ,if;awmif;qkdcsufrsm;wGif ]]cGJxGufEkdifcGifhvnf; wpf
csuftygt0if}}jzpfaMumif; pm&IolrSwfrdygvdrfhrnf/
AkdvfcsKyfonf þuJhodkY ]]cGJxGufa&;}}udpöudk rvkdvm;
aomfjim;vnf; vlrsKd;pk\oabmxm;udk ,wdjywf y,frcs
vkdufbJ ]]cifAsm;wkdYu jynfaxmifpkzGJYzkdYrlt&awmifrS oabm
rwl&ao;cif cGJxGufa&;pum; ajymwmawmh raumif;ygbl;
Asm}}[k &,fumarmumjzifhajym&m trsm;oabmaygufoGm;yg
onf/ odkYaomf awmif;qkdcsufudkum; r&kyfodrf;yg/
txufwGif wifjycJhonfhtajctaersm;t& awmif
wef;om;wkdY\oabmqEtwkdif; vkdufavsmjcif;r&SdbJ wif;cH
aernfqkdygu jynfrESifhraygif;jzpfatmif trsKd;rsKd;aoG;xkd;
aeaom e,fcsJUrsm;twGuf ydkí tcGifhaumif;ay;vkdufouJhodkY
jzpfoGm;rnfhtjyif rdrdwkdYjynfrtaejzifh oabmxm;rBuD;&m
usrnfjzpfojzifh awmifwef;om;wkdY\qE´udk vkdufavsm&efrS
wpfyg; tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sdawmhonfudk AkdvfcsKyfu odygonf/
odkYaomf ,wdjywf rqkH;jzwfcJhbJ ,if;udpörSm tem*wf
umv jrefrmEkdifiH&yfwnfa&;twGuf tvGefYtvGef ta&;yg
aomudpöjzpfojzifh wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfusif;ycsdefxd a&TU
qkdif;xm;oifhonf[k wifjyaqG;aEG;ygonf/
,if;odkY wifjycsdefwGif tpnf;ta0;wufvmolukd,f
pm;vS,frsm;? &Srf;ESifhucsifacgif;aqmifrsm;? pum;pjrnfajym
MuqkdMuESifhtvGefaysmf&TifaeMuNyD; ,cifaeYrsm;u wif;rmrI
rsm; avQmhusoGm;NyDjzpf&m cGJxGufa&;udpöudk a&TUqkdifxm;&efrSm
rnfokdYrQ oabmrwlp&m taMumif;r&Sdawmhonfudk awGY&
onf/
xkdYaemuf þwifjycsufrsm;udk awmifwef;om;rsm;
avhvm&ef nDvmcHudk acwåem;vkdufonf/
AkdvfcsKyf\tqkdjyKcsufukd awmifwef;om;rsm;nDnTwf
a&;OD;pD;tzGJYu wufwuf<u<uavhvmokH;oyfaqG;aEG;Mu
onf/
rGef;vGJykdif; nDvmcHjyefpaomtcg tmPmcGJa0a&;
udpö? b@maiG cGJa0okH;pGJa&;udpörsm;udk ar;jref;onf/ ,if;
ar;jref;csufrsm;ESifhywfoufí AkdvfcsKyfESifhOD;wifxG#fwkdYu pdwf
&Snfvuf&Snf&Sif;jyonf/ b@maiG cGJa0okH;pGJa&;ESifhpyfvsOf;í
NAdwdoQvufatmufwGif &&SdpOfuxuf ykdí &uf&ufa&ma&m
cGJa0ay;rnfjzpfaMumif; tmrcHcsufay;cJhonf/ xkdYaemuf
pum;vkH;tokH;tEIef;ESifhywfoufí rlMurf;wGif tenf;i,f
jyifqifNyD; oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xkd;a&;udpötwGuf nDvmcH
udk aemufwpfaeYodkY a&TUqkdif;vkdufonf/
yifvkHpmcsKyf vufrSwfa&;xkd;
1947-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 12-&ufaeYwGif nDvmcH
usif;yonfhtcg ucsifjynfe,fwpfcktjzpf wnfaxmif&ef rl
tm;jzifh oabmwlcJhonfhudpöESifhywfoufí]]wkdif;jynfu bm
rsm;ajymrvJrodbl;}}[k AkdvfcsKyfu yGifhyGifhvif;vif;yifajym
Mum;cJhonf/ rnfokdYyifjzpfap txufwGif ajymcJhonfhtwkdif;
zqyvnDvmcHü olYtaejzifh tpGrf;ukef BudK;pm;rnf[k ajym
Mum;cJhonf/
AkdvfcsKyfpum;ajymNyD; xkdifvkdufaomtcg nDvmcHwpf
ckvkH; aomaomnHatmif csD;usL;Mobmay;vkdufMuonf/ þ
onfrSm ]]AkdvfcsKyfonf Armjynfudkom ukd,fpm;jyKonf? awmif
wef;a'oukd ukd,fpm;jyKolr[kwf}}[k NAdwdoQtpkd;&xH apmf
bGm;rsm; aMu;eef;&kdufonfhtcsufudk tajzay;vkdufouJhodkY
jzpfoGm;ayawmhonf/
þodkYjzifh 1947-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 12-&ufaeY eH
euf 11-em&DtcsdefwGif orkdif;wGif&pfrnfhyifvkHpmcsKyfudk vuf
rSwfa&;xkd;Muonf/ Ä þpmcsKyfBuD;onf acwfopfjrefrmjynf
orkdif;wGif ajymifajrmufonfhu@opfwpf&yftjzpf wGif&pf
rnfjzpfouJhodkYyif xl;cRefxif&Sm;onfhacgif;aqmifBuD;AkdvfcsKyf
atmifqef;\udk,fa&;&mZ0ifwGifvnf; xl;jcm;ajymifajrmuf
í atmifjrifaomjrefrmhom;aumif;&wemtjzpf rSwfwrf;wif
&rnfjzpfayawmhonf/
jyefajymif;ajymjy&ygvQif wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;udk
wpnf;wvkH;wnf; pkpnf;í wpfwkdif;jynfvkH; pnf;vkH;nDnTwf
rI&&Sdap&ef AkdvfcsKyfaqmif&GufcJhonfhatmifjrifrIBuD;rSm rnfrQ
ta&;ygt&ma&mufonfukd uRefawmfwkdYwkdif;oljynfom; b,f
avmufrsm;rsm;u odMuygvdrfhrnfvJ[k wpfcgwpf&H uRefawmf
awG;rdygonf/
'kwd,urÇmppf\tarGtESpfwpfckrSm vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;
wnf;aexkdifMuNyD; pnf;vkH;nDnTwfaeonfhEkdifiHrsm;ü 0g'o
abmw&m;a&;qkdif&muGJjym;rIudk ajz&Sif;&mwGif vG,fvG,fulul
yif ESpfEkdifiHtjzpf cGJypfvkdufMuonfhtcsufjzpfonfudk acwfopf
orkdif;okawoDrsm; od&SdMuayvdrfhrnf/
*smreDEkdifiHudk ESpfydkif;cGJvkduf&mrS jynfaxmifpkor®w
Ä aemufqufwGJ (q) &I&ef/
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
52
*smreDEkdifiH(taemuf*smreD)ESifh*smref'Drkdu&ufwpfor®wEkdifiH
(ta&SU*smreD)[k jzpfay:vmovkd ukd;&D;,m;EkdifiHonfvnf;
ukd;&D;,m;or®wEkdifiH(awmifudk;&D;,m;)[kvnf;aumif;? 'Drkd
u&ufwpfudk;&D;,m;jynfolYor®wEkdifiH(ajrmufudk;&D;,m;)[k
vnf;aumif; jzpfay:vmayonf/ ESpfaygif;twefMumrQ jyif;
xefpGm wkdufckdufMuNyD; aoG;xGufoH,kdrIrsm;ESifh&ifqkdifcJhMuNyD;
aemuf rMumao;rDurS aygif;pnf;cJhonfhAD,uferfrSmvnf;
awmifAD,uferfESifhajrmufAD,uferf[k jzpfcJh&ayonf/
xkdYtwl uREkfyfwdkYtdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHjzpfonfhtdEd,wkduf
cGJBuD;rSmvnf; tdEd,ESifhygupöwef[lí ESpfEkdifiHay:xGef;cJhay
onf/
taemuf,Gef;,Gef;odkY qufoGm;vQif ,DrifEkdifiHu
av;udkvnf; awmif,DrifESifhajrmuf,DrifEkdifiH[k ESpfydkif;uGJae
onfukd awGY&ayrnf/ 0rf;enf;zG,faumif;onfhygvufpwkdif;
EkdifiHtajctaerSmvnf; ,ckwkdif ra&&mao;onfudk awGY&
ayonf/ az:jyygEkdifiHrsm;pm&if;wGif *&dykdifESifhwl&uDykdif[k
ESpfydkif;uGJaeonfhqkdufy&yf(pf)uRef;EkdifiHuav;udkvnf; xnfh
oGif;&ayvdrfhOD;rnf/
txufwGif az:jycJhonfhtwkdif; EkdifiHa&;tajctae
tqifrajyrIudk ajz&Sif;&mwGif vG,fulaomxGufayguftjzpf
oufqkdif&m wm0ef&Sdolrsm;u acwåcPoabmrsKd;jzifh þokdY
cGJjcrf;ydkif;jcm;cJhjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; rdrdwkdYjzpfapcsifonfh]]acwå
cPomjzpfrnf}}[laomqE´rSm ESpfaygif; 40 Mumonfhwkdif
atmif jyefvnfaygif;pnf;jcif; r&Sdao;í jynfh0vmjcif;r&Sday?
tcsdefMumanmif;vmonfESifhtrQ wif;rmrIrsm; avsmhyg;oGm;
&rnfhtpm; udk;&D;,m;EkdifiHESpfEkdifiHwkdY\tajctaerSm ydkíyif
wif;rmvmonfudkom awGYcJh&ayonf/
uREkfyfwkdYjrefrmEkdifiHwGifrl awmifwef;a'oESifhjrefrm
jynfr[k ESpfwkdif;jynfb0 a&mufatmif xm0pOfcGJypf&ef ukdvkd
eDe,fcsJUu vSnfhjzm;aoG;aqmifcJhaomfjim;vnf; AkdvfcsKyfonf
trsm;EkdifiHawGvkd txufwGif az:jycJhonfhtwkdif; ESpfydkif;cGJ
ypfrnfhtpm; pdwf&Snfvuf&Snfapwemxm;NyD; ZGJ&Sd&Sdjzifh pnf;
&kH;EkdifcJhayonf/
xkdYaMumifhyif uREkfyfwkdYEkdifiHwGif azaz:0g&Dv 12-&uf
aeYrSm omref&kH;ydwf&ufwpf&ufomr[kwf? tvGefxl;uJjrifhjrwf
onfhaeYxl;aeYjrwf[k qkd&ygrnf/ pdwf&if;apwemaumif;&SdrI?
onf;cHrIwkdYjzifh jyóemwpf&yfukd csOf;uyfygu atmifjrifEkdif
onfudk AkdvfcsKyfu pHerlemtjzpf jyocJhonfjzpf&m jrefrmEkdifiH
twGufomru 'ku©awG yifv,fa0aeaom þurÇmBuD;t
wGufyg AkdvfcsKyf\aqmif&GufrIonf rD;&SL;wefaqmifjzpfonf
[kvnf; ,lqEkdifygonf/
E-bo
ok is
cre
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by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
53
qufwkduftpnf;ta0;
yifvkHokdY uRefawmfwkdY oGm;a&mufcJh&onfhudpörSm NyD;
qkH;oGm;NyDjzpfygonf/ odYkaomf uRefawmfwkdYBudK;yrf;rI\tusKd;
tjrwfrsm;udk rcHpm;&ao;rD ta&;BuD;aomaqmif&GufzG,f&m
udpörsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef &Sdayao;onf/ trSeftm;jzifhqkdvQif
uRefawmfwkdY\vkyfief;rSm ,ckrS p&kHrQom &Sdao;onf[kqdku
qkdEkdifayonf/
pum;rpyf uRefawmf rSwfrdonfhudpöwpf&yfudk ajym&
rnfqkdygu uRefawmfwkdY yifvkHtpnf;ta0;BuD; NyD;qkH;oGm;
aomtcg wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vkH;nDnTwfa&;atmifjrifaomt
xdrf;trSwftjzpf ,cktpnf;ta0;vkyfonfhae&mwGif trSwf
w&ausmufwkdifwpfck pkdufxl&ef OD;wif{u tqkdjyKí OD;Mumyk
u axmufcH&m AkdvfcsKyfu csufcsif;yif oabmwlvdkufygonf/
xkdYaemuf zqyvtzGJYcsKyfukd,fpm; ,if;ausmufwkdifpkdufxl&m
wGif ukefusrnfhp&dwftjzpf aiG 1000d^usyfxnfh0ifrnf[k
xkwfaz:ajymMum;cJhygonf/ uRefawmfhtaejzifh vGefcJhonfhESpf
aygif; 40 ausmfuudpöudk jyefajymif;wifjy&mwGif wdusrIr&Sd
vQifvnf; cGifhvTwfvdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunfygonf/ uRefawmf þodkY
rSwfrd&jcif;rSmvnf; e,fjcm;a'oXmecGJ twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf
aiGudkif&oljzpfí ,if;aiG 1000d^udk ukd,fwkdifxkwfay;cJh&
aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
uRefawmfwkdY &efukefjyefa&mufonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf
AkdvfcsKyfonf cgwkdif;uJhodkYyifwufwuf<u<ujzpfaeygonf/
zqyvA[kdtvkyftrIaqmiftpnf;ta0;udkom qufwkduf
qkdovkdac:NyD; yifvkHwGif awGYMuKH&onhftcuftcJrsm;ESifho
abmwlvufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhonfhudpö&yfrsm;ukd wifjycJhygonf/
ol BudKwifarQmfrSef;xm;ouJhodkYyif ucsifjynfe,f
owfrSwfay;vQif jrpfBuD;em;? Aef;armfc&kdifrsm;ESifhuomajrjyefY
a'orsm;udk xnfhay;onfhudpöESifhywfoufí uefYuGufrIESifhMuKH
awGYcJh&ygonf/ txl;ojzifh a'ocHzqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;
jzpfMuonfhOD;bkd;wD(,cifrif;wkdifyiftrwf)ESifhOD;apm&Da&SUae
ESifhjrLepfpDyg,frif;BuD;wkdYu &D;pf0DvsHOuú|tjzpfaqmif&Guf
onfhawmifwef;a'opkHprf;ppfaq;a&;aumfrwDodkYyif wufí
uefYuGufcJhMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif AkdvfcsKyfonf ,if;cufcJeuf
eJonfhjyóemudk vdr®myg;eyfpGmjzifh ajz&Sif;cJh&m aemufqkH;wGif
olvkdcsifonfhtwkdif;yif ucsifjynfe,fukd jrpfBuD;em;? Aef;armf
c&kdifESifhuomajrjyefYa'orsm;xnfhí zGJYpnf;wnfaxmifay;Ekdif
cJhygonf/
AdkvfcsKyfonf zqyvtzGJYcsKyfA[kdtvkyftrIaqmif
rsm;ESifhqufwkduftpnf;ta0;xkdifNyD;aemuf awmifwef;a'o
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhfqufvufaqG;aEG;ygonf/ ucsifESifhcsif;
jynfe,fwkdYrSm jyóemrrsm;vSaomfvnf; &Srf;jynfe,fwGif nd§
EIdif;aqmif&Guf&rnfhjyóemtawmfrsm;rsm;yif &Sdaeygonf/
&Srf;jynfe,fwpfckvkH;wGif e,fajraygif; 33-e,fajr
&Sdí wpfe,fajrwGif apmfbGm;wpfOD;pD &Sdayonf/ odkYaomf e,f
ajrrsm;rSm tus,ft0ef;t&G,fyrmPudkvkdufí wpfe,fESifh
wpfe,f ta&;yg t&ma&mufykHcsif; rwlnDyg/ (ao;i,faom
e,fajrudk tkyfcsKyf&oludk aiGcGefrSL;[kac:í xkdxufus,faom
e,fudk tkyfcsKyf&oltm; NrdKUpm;[kac:NyD; e,fajrtus,fqkH;
udk tkyfcsKyf&olwkYdtm; apmfbGm;rsm;[k ac:ayonf)odkYaomf
wlnDaom ta&;udpöwpf&yfrSm rdrdwkdYtem*wf&yfwnfa&;t
wGuf arQmfvifhcsufrsm;yif jzpfayonf/
apmfbGm;rsm;tm; rdrdwkdYtaejzifh &Srf;jynfolvlxkESifh
vufwGJaqmif&GuffzkdYt*Fvdyftpkd;&xHrS r&Ekdifonfhtumt
uG,fudk arQmfrSef;raezkdY oabmaygufem;vnfvufcHvmatmif
aqG;aEG;a&;rSmrl vG,fulvSonfhudpöawmh r[kwfyg/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh ajym&vQif vuf&SdtcGifhtmPmudk
pGefYvTwfí r&ao;aom tajctaeudk apmifhpm;arQmfvifhae
jcif;rSm csKHykwfxJrS iSufESpfaumifudk &zkdYtwGuf vufxJ&SdNyD;iSuf
udk vTwf&ef ajymouJhodkYyifjzpfaeayonf/ þodkYaom tajc
taersKd;aMumifh ¤if;wkdYtaejzifh uRefawmfwkdYajymovkd aqmif
&Guf&ef wGefYqkwfaernfrSm obm0yifjzpfí tHhMop&mr[kwfyg?
csif;0daoowkdif;rSm jyóemtenf;qkH;jzpfonf/
¤if;wkdYtaejzifh tpydkif;wGif nDvmcHodkY rnfonfhjyóemrQyif
rwifoGif;cJhyg/ olwkdY\jyóemudk AkdvfcsKyf oabmtwkdif;
aumif;ovkdMunfhNyD; ajz&Sif;ay;yg[k ajymcJhygonf/ aemift
cgwGifrl &Srf;ESifhucsifwkdY\wkdufwGef;rIaMumifhvm;rod? awmif
wef;om;rsm; nDnTwfa&;OD;pD;tzGJY(w-p-n-z)trnfjzifh
awmif;qkdcsufrsm;wGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhygonf/
uRefawmfonf zqyvtzGJYcsKyf\awmifwef;e,fa'
oqkdif&mXmewGif twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfaqmif&Guf&oljzpfonfh
tm;avsmfpGm tpnf;ta0;wkdif;wGifvnf;aumif;? tvGwfo
abmawGYqkHrIrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? yg0ifcJh&ayonf/ ,if;odkY
yg0if&mwGif wpfzufESifhwpfzuf oabmxm;tjrifrsm; nd§EIdif;
aygif;pyfay;jcif;? &Sif;vif;aqG;aEG;&jcif;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf
cJh&ygonf/
þodkYaqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; wpfzufESifh
wpfzuf ydkrkdeD;pyfí cspfMunf&if;ESD;em;vnfrIrsm; &&SdapcJhyg
onf/ þodkYqkdjcif;jzifh t&m&mwGif tm;vkH;acsmarmajyjypf
oGm;onf[k rqkdvkdyg/ nd§EIdif;aqmif&Guf&rnfhudpö&yfrsm;rSm
wu,fawmh rvG,fulvSyg/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\tajrmft
jrifBuD;rI? trsKdom;pnf;vkH;nDnTwfa&;wnf;[laom yef;wkdif
udk ESpfOD;ESpfbuf rsufjcnfrjywfrIaMumifhom atmifjrifrI&&Sd
EkdifcJhjcif;jzpfayonf/
tcef;(5)
AkdvfcsKyf\raerem;BudK;yrf;rIrsm;
E-bo
ok is
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ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
54
AkdvfcsKyfonf atmifhtnf;onf;cHEkdifrI? cHEkdif&nf&SdrI
wkdYü pHjyjzpfonf[kqkdavmufayonf/ jzpfEkdifonfhudpöwGif t
avQmhay;í rjzpfEkdifonfhudpörsm;ESifhywfoufí pdwf&SnfpGmjzifh
&Sif;vif;ajymMum;wwfayonf/ wpfBudrf ESpfBudrfrSty t
pnf;ta0;wkdif;vkdvkdudk pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm wufa&mufNyD; obm
ywdtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhayonf/ tpnf;ta0;rwufa&muf
EkdifonfhtcgrsKd;wGif aqG;aEG;&rnfhudpöESifhywfoufí udkAaqG
ESifhuRefawmfhtm; pma&;í atmufygtwkdif; nTefMum;onfht
cgrsKd;vnf; &Sdygonf/
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
ukdbaqG-udkazcif 2-7-47
uaeY *sif;azmrsm;ESifhtpnf;ta0;udk cifAsm;wkdYbJ
qufvufaqG;aEG;yg? uRefawmf rvmawmhbl;/ t&ifajymxm;
'gxufawmh avQmhvkdYrjzpfawmhbl;/ tckavQmh'gawmif wkdif;
jynfu bmajymtkH;r,f rodao;bl;? NyD;awmh 'Dvkday;w,fqkd
wmvJ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; aygif;r,fqkdvkdYom ay;wmbJ? odkYr[kwf
&if - usKyfwkdYay;EkdifrSm r[kwfbl;? u&ifbufuvJ C.I.D (in-
formation) t&qkd&if (riots) awmifvkyfzkdY wcsKdUMuHaeMuw,f
vkdYowif;&w,f/ [kwf r[kwfawmh rajymEkdifbl;? bmyJjzpfjzpf
olwkdYudkawmh e,fESifhywfoufvkdY&Sd&ifawmh onfhxufrydkEkdifawmh
bl;(We have reached the limit of our concessions) qkdwmajym
jyvkdufyg? *sif;azm (State) ESifheD;pyf&me,fawGudk (North East-
ern Frontier Province) jzpfjzpfvkyfr,fqkd&iffawmh vkyfEkdifrvm;
rajymwwfbl;? 'gayr,fh 'gudk twdtus rajymapvkd? (Don't
commit yourselves in this matter) eJeJyg;yg;avmufom (Dis-
cuss) vkyfyD; (twnfr[kwfao;)vkdY &Sif;atmif ajymjyyg/Ä
ykH^atmifqef;
E-bo
ok is
cre
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by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
55
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
56
trwfa&G;yGJtwGuf AkdvfcsKyf\vlxkw&m;yGJ
wpfbufwGif awmifwef;om;rsm;ESifhpnf;a0;aqG;
aEG;ae&ovkd zqyvA[dktvkyftrIaqmifrsm;tpnf;ta0;
udkvnf; wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif jyifqifrI
rsm; jyKvkyf&ef tNrJvkdyif ac:xm;&ygonf/
zqyvtzGJYcsKyfrSm trsKd;om;wyfOD;jzpfonfhtm;
avsmfpGm rdrd\tvHawmfatmuf&Sd tzGJYtpnf;toD;oD;wkdYt
aejzifh rdrdwkdYoef&moef&m tpDtpOfrsm;? tMuHÓPfrsm;ay;
cJhMu? aqG;aEG;cJhMuayonf/ vTwfawmftwGuf trwfavmif;Ä
a&G;cs,fa&;udpörSmvnf; tvGef&IyfaxG;vSonf? tcuftcJ
rsm;ESifhwpfcgwpf&H MuKH&onf/ tzGJYtpnf;rsm;rS awmif;qkd
onfhtrwfavmif;ta&twGufrSm tqrwefrsm;NyD; wu,f
a&G;&rnfhae&mu enf;aeonfhjyóemrsm;&Sdygonf/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSm ormorwf
&Sdol? "r®"d|mefusoljzpf&um; ¤if;\tqkH;tjzwfukd vufcHavh
&SdMuojzifh ,if;tcuftcJjyóemrsm;twGuf ajymyavmuf
atmif ylyefp&mawmhr&Sdyg/
wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmftrwfavmif;rsm;wGif aysmf
bG,fOD;jrESifhuRefawmfhtm; ysOf;rem;e,fyg0ifaom &rnf;
oif;awmifydkif;&Sd trwf(2)ae&mwGif 0ifa&G;&ef owfrSwfay;
vkdufonf/ xkdpOftcgu ysOf;rem;e,frSm uGefjrLepftiftm;
aumif;onfhae&mjzpfayonf/ yGJBuD;yGJaumif;yJ[k uRefawmf
arQmfvifhvkdufonf/ uRefawmfonf aysmfbG,fydkif qGJrSef&Gmom;
jzpfí teD;tem;&Sd ArmrGwfqvifrJtm;vkH; uRefawmf&rSm ao
csmonf[k ,kHMunfrdaomfvnf; tEkdif&a&;rSm ArmrGwfqvif
rJrsm; &&kHrQjzifh vkHavmufrnf r[kwfay/
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aeudk wifjytpD&ifcHvkdufygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; rJqG,f
w&m;a[myJGoGm;rnfhc&D;pOfwGif aysmfbG,fudkyg xnfhay;vkduf
yg[kvnf; arwåm&yfcHvkdufonf/
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tzGJYcsKyfu pDpOfay;cJhojzifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; aysmfbG,fodkY
a&mufvmNyD; vlxka[majymyGJwGif a[majymcJhygonf/
a[majymyGJwGif AkdvfcsKyfu ]]udkazcif[m aysmfbG,f
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BuD;w,fvkdY r,lqygbl;? uRefawmftokH;cszkdY &SdvkdY a&G;xm;wm
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tcsdefudk avukefcHNyD; rjzKef;vkdygbl;? usKyfudk ,kH&if olYudkyJ
ar;Muyg}}[k wkdwdkwkwfwkwfajymoGm;onfudk uRefawmfaumif;
aumif;BuD; rSwfrdaeygao;onf/ þrQajym&kHjzifhyif uRefawmf
ta&G;cHcJh&ygonf/
AkdvfcsKyfonf wpfEkdifiHvkH; tESHYtjym; vlxk\qErsm;
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avmif;rsm; NydKifbufr&Sd ta&G;cH&onfhe,frsm;udkyg a&muf
atmif)oGm;cJhygonf/ vlawGuvnf; AkdvfcsKyfudk vmapcsif
Muonf/ olonf um;jzifh oGm;avh&SdNyD; b,fae&ma&muf
a&muf vlwkdif;udk ulnDonf/ xkdYtwGufvnf; vlxku ¤if;
tm; ydkrkdcspfcifav;pm;Muygonf/
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rS trwfavmif;rsm;tm;vkH; tjywftowf tEkdifcJh&onf/
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a&G;aumufyGJrsm;NyD;onfESifhwpfNydKifeuf AkdvfcsKyfonf
trsKd;om;nDvmcHusif;yumzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'yxrrlBurf;
a&;qGJ&ef jyifqifrIrsm; jyKvkyf&m qm[l;bwf&efYpfu AkdvfcsKyf
yifyef;aeonfudkodí vufrcH? tem;,l&ef wkdufwGef;NyD; ¤if;
\ZeD; av'D&efYpfudk arNrdKUodkY a&SUajy;tzGJYtjzpfapvTwfNyD; Akdvf
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rqkd rnfonfhtaMumif;udpöESifhrQ ¤if;tm; taESmifht,Sufr
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udkvnf; uRefawmfcHpm;cJh&ygonf/ uRefawmfESifhtwl AkdvfcsKyf
oGm;av&m tNrJygonfhjyefMum;a&;0efBuD;XmerS owif;"mwf
ykHq&m OD;ykav;vnf; ygygonf/
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ay:wufoGm;vQif AkdvfcsKyf? OD;ykav;ESifhuRefawmfwkdYrSm axG&m
av;yg; pum;pjrnfajymMu&if; ,cifacwf EkdifiHa&;ESifhEkdifiH
a&;orm;tcsKdU\tusifhp&kdufrsm;taMumif;wkdYukd ajym&if;
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av;rSm EkdifiHa&;ykHwkdywfpuav;rsm; ajymrukefatmif rSwfrd
olwpfOD;jzpfí ¤if;ajymonfhykHwkdywfprsm;udk AkdvfcsKyfuvnf;
txl;pdwf0ifpm;cJhavonf/
wpfBudfrfwGif AkdvfcsKyfu uRefawmfhtm; ]]urÇmay:wGif
&Sdaom rGwfqviftm;vkH;[m bk&m;&Sdcdk;&if tm&yfbmom
pum;eJY&Sdckd;wm bmaMumifhvJAs}}[k rarQmfvifhfaomar;cGef;udk
ar;vkduf&m uRefawmf &kwfw&uf rifoufrdNyD; bmajz&rSef;
Ä wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmftrwfpm&if;udk aemufqufwGJ]]Z}}tjzpf wifjyxm;ygonf/
E-bo
ok is
cre
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by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
57
rodjzpfoGm;ygonf/ odkYaomf uHtm;avsmfpGm tajzay:vm
onfESifh]]uk&ftmefusrf;udk vlua&;wm r[kwfbJ bk&m;ocif
xHrS rku©ywfawmfrsm;jzpfvkdY b,favmufynm&SdwJhvlyJjzpfjzpf
qkdvkd&if;udk wdwdusus bmomrjyefEkdfifwJhtwGufaMumifhyg?
acwfopfwl&uDawGtaeeJYuawmh wpfcgu tvGefa0g[m&
<u,fwJholwkdYbmompum;jyefqkdNyD; BudK;pm;a&;om;cJhzl;w,f/
'gayr,fh ratmifjrifvkdYrl&if;pmtwkdif;yJ jyefokH;cJh&w,f? ESpf
aygif; 1400 t&ifu usa&mufcJhwJh'Dusrf;[m 'DaeYxdatmif
wpfvkH;wpfyg'rQrjyifbJ 'Dtwkdif;bJ &Sdaeygw,fAkdvfcsKyf? 'g
aMumifhrkdY wpfurÇmvkH;u rGwfqvifawGu 0wfjyKwJhtcg usrf;
pmygtwkdif; tm&yfbmompum;eJY&Gwfzwfo&Zösm,fMuwmyg}}
[k&Sif;jycJhygonf/
uRefawmf &Sif;jyonfudk aumif;pGm em;axmifNyD; Akdvf
csKyfbmrQjyefrajymonfhtjyif,kHMunfhonfhvu©Pmaomfvnf;
aumif;? r,kHMunfonfhvu©Pmaomfvnf;aumif; vkH;0jyorI
r&Sdonfudk awGY&ygonf/
{nfhcHyGJwuf
rwfvESifh{NyDvwGif arNrdKU\at;jraom&moDOwkrSm
aevkdYxkdifvkdY tvGefaumif;aomaMumifh AkdvfcsKyfonf tjynfh
t0 tem;&cJhojzifh vGefpGmyif tusKd;&Sdayonf/ rpöwm&D;pf
0D,rf (Rees William) aemiftcgwGif avmh'fatmh(*f)rkd; (Lord
Ogmore) trnfcHol acgif;aqmifaom awmifwef;a'opkHprf;
a&;aumfr&Sifr\tpnf;ta0;ESifhMuKHBudKufwkdufqkdifaeaomf
vnf; AkdvfcsKyfonf ¤if;wkdY\w&m;0ifaomfvnf;aumif;? t
vGwfoabmt&aomfvnf;aumif; rqufoG,fcJhyg/ odkY&mwGif
taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh arNrKdUodkY a&muf&SdaeMuaom apmf
bGm;BuD;rsm;u AkdvfcsKyftwGuf wnfcif;onfh{nfhcHyGJwpf&yfudk
rl vlrIa&;? pnf;&Hk;a&;t& rvTJra&Smifom wufa&mufcJhonf
om &Sdayonf/
arNrdKU rJqE´e,frS NydKifbufr&Sd ta&G;cH&olwkdif;jyK
jynfjyKvTwfawmftrwf uRefawmf\rdwfaqGOD;oef;nTefYESifhwkdif
yifí AkdvfcsKyftwGuf tpm;taomuf tajymif;tvJrsm;
vnf;vkyfay;cJhygonf/
AkdvfcsKyfonf yxrwpf&uf yvmwmESifhqdwfom;u
bwf? Muufom;[if;(rGwfqvifcsuf) aemufwpfaeYwGif yl&D
[if;oD;[if;&Guf[if;([dELcsuf)wkdYudk ESpfoufpGmpm;NyD; csuf
ykHcsufenf;rsm;udk ar;jref;aqG;aEG;onf/
t"d|mefausmufwkH;
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wkH;ukd trçckdif;ygonf/
uRefawmfvnf; a&G;aumufyGJEkdifcsifonfhaZmjzifh Akdvf
csKyfajymonhftwkdif; pdwfxJwGif t"d|mefjyKírç&m AkdvfcsKyfu
[wf[wfyufyuf &,f&if;-
]]cifAsm;ES,fAsm - ykHaotav;csdef&SdwJhj'yf0w¬Kypönf;
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aew,f}}[kajym&m uRefawmfonf vufxJa&mufaeNyD;om;
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bmajymajym qufrçNyD; ]]ayghw,fAsKdU}}[k uRefawmf
u jyefajymvkdufonfwGif trsm;u 0g;ceJ &,fvkdufMuonf/
a&G;aumufyGJwGif uRefawmfta&G;cH&ygonf/ odkYaomf
ausmufwkH;rçwkef;u wu,fyJ ayghovm;qkdwmawmh twwf
rajym&Jyg/
]]b0wGif aumif;onfht&mtm;vkH;[m aemufqkH;
wpfaeYrSm ed8kH;csKyftqkH;owf&wm[m "r®wmyJ}}qkdaomt*F
vdyfpum;ykH (All good things in life must come to an end one
day) &Sdovkdyif &efYpfu twif;wkdufwGef;í &awmifh&cJ tem;
,l&onfh&ufrSm ukefqkH;awmhrnfjzpfygonf/
tjyefc&D;
uRefawmfwkdY em;&ufukefí &efukefjyefrnfhc&D;pOfudk
AkdvfcsKyfESifhpwifwkdifyifygonf/ uRefawmfu aysmfbG,frSm eH
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axmufem;oifhaMumif; tMuHay;ygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfonf olYt
rnfudk tvGJokH;pm;vkyfwmavmuf rkef;wm r&Sd&um; eHeufpm
pm;&ef wcrf;wem;rjyKvkyfapbJ &kd;Ekdifoa&GU &kd;atmifpDpOf
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rS uRefawmf\rdwfaqGOD;azcifBuD;tm; þtpDtpOfudk ajym
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atmif auR;arG;&ef txl;*&kpdkufí xyfcgwvJvJ rSmMum;yg
onf/ ta&;ykdifOD;bwifuvnf; pdwfcs&ef ajymygonf/
xkdYaemuf uRefawmfonf rdw¬Dvmc&kdif0efOD;oef;wif
tm;vnf; uRefawmfwkdYrdw¬Dvmud eHeuf(10)em&Davmufjzwf
oGm;rnfhtaMumif; txl;wvnf {nfhcHBudKqkdzkdY rvkdaMumif;?
bmrQtus,fcsJUNyD; jyifqifrxm;apvkdaMumif;wkdYudk ajymyg
onf/
pum;rpyf OD;boef;taMumif;udk tenf;i,fajym
vkdygonf/ OD;oef;wifrS &rnf;oif;c&kdif0efOD;bwif\nDwpf
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
58
OD;jzpfygonf/ uRefawmfonf OD;oef;wiftm; ¤if;\tpfukd
rdom;pkrSwpfqifh ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u oduRrf;cJhygonf?
1930-jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wpf0kdufwGif uRefawmfonf OD;bwif
rdom;pkESifhuavmNrdKUü ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;wGif twlaeavh
&Sdygonf/ OD;oef;wifrSm bmyJvkyfvkyf? b,folESifhqufqHquf
qH tvGefyif,Ofaus;odrfarGYEl;nHhí &nfrGefolwpfOD;jzpfyg
onf/
uRefawmfwkdYum; rdw¬DvmteD;odkY a&mufoGm;aomt
cg vrf;ab;Z&yfwpfckteD;ü vlESpfa,mufoGm;vmvIyf&Sm;ae
onfudk awGY&onfukd awGYvkduf&ygonf/ ,if;vlESpfa,muft
euf wpfa,mufu uRefawmfwkdYum;ukd &yfay;zkdY tcsufjyyg
onf/ ,if;yk*¾KdvfrSm OD;oef;wifjzpfaeonfudk awGY&ygonf/
OD;oef;wifu AkdvfcsKyftm; Z&yfxJ0ifí em;&if; a&aEG;Murf;
av; bmav;aomufzkdY zdwfac:ygonf/
Z&yfxJwGif pm;yGJ0kdif;okH;vkH;cif;xm;NyD; pm;yGJrsm;ay:
ü &kd;&kd;'efvifyef;wGif xnfhxm;aoma&aEG;Murf;c&m;? t
Murf;yef;uefvkH;rsm;ESifhvufzuf? csif;okyf? xef;vsufyef;uef
rsm; wifxm;onfudk awGY&ygonf/
AkdvfcsKyfonf jrefrmqefqefESifhf&kd;&kd;uav;wnfcif;
xm;onfudk awGY&ojzifh ESpfoufoabmusNyD; jyKH;&Tifvsuf&dS
&m OD;oef;wiftm; trSwftjynfhay;vkdufouJhokdYyif jzpfyg
awmhonf/
AkdvfcsKyfonf vufzufESifhcsif;okyfwkdYudk tenf;t
usOf;okH;aqmifNyD; a&aEG;Murf;aomuf&if;OD;oef;wifESifhpum;
pjrnfajymygonf/ xkdYaemuf aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymMum;NyD;
OD;oef;wiftm; EIwfqufum xGufcGmcJhygonf/
AkdvfcsKyfu OD;oef;wif\[efaqmifrIuif;aomtpD
tpOfudk ESpfNcdKufaMumif; awGY&ojzifh uRefawmf tvGefyiftm;
&auseyfum uRefawmfwkdYum; rdw¬DvmrStxGufwGif vDAmukd
wtm; eif;vsuf armif;ESifaeonfudk owdjyKrdNyD; t&SdefavQmh
vkdufygonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif OD;azcifBuD;awmh reufpmt
wGuf bmawGrsm; pDpOfaervJ rod[k pdwfapmaerdygonf/
uRefawmfwkdY aysmfbG,fokdY tenf;i,faemufusNyD;
a&muf&SdoGm;ygonf/ aysmfbG,fodkY0ifonfESifhfuRefawmf OD;az
cifBuD;tdrfodkY wef;í armif;oGm;ygonf/ OD;azBuD;tdrfteD;
wpf0dkufwGif vlrsm; pka0;vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmvsuf&Sdaeonfukd
vSrf;í jrif&ojzifh vlpkaewm aumif;wJhvu©Pmr[kwfbl;[k
pdwfxJwGif xifhueJjzpfoGm;ygonf/
uRefawmf um;&yfvkdufaomtcg vltrsm; um;teD;
odkYqlqlnHnHESifh0kdif;tkHvmMuygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfonf rsufarSmif
MuKwfvsuf um;ay:rS rqif;bJ Nidrfíxkdifaeonf/ uRefawmfh
taejzifh yxrawmh uRefawmfwkYd&JUrdwfaqGOD;azcifBuD;u Akdvf
csKyfudk taMumif;jyKNyD; tjrwfxkwfNyD[k xifrdonf/ AkdvfcsKyf
uvnf; um;ay:rS rqif;bJ c&D;qufapcsifonfudk awGY&
onf/ odkYaomf a':cifMunfu acsmharmhajymojzifh AkdvfcsKyf
um;ay:u rqif;csif qif;csifESifhqif;vmí a':cifMunfudk
aus;Zl;wif&ayonf/
AkdvfcsKyf um;ay:u qif;vkdufonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf
r@yfwGif;odkY vlrsm;wkd;a0SYa&muf&SdNyD; pm;yGJrsm;wGif 0ifxkdifMu
&m pm;yGJwpfvkH;rSty usefpm;yGJrsm;tm;vkH; vlawG0ifxkdifNyD;
om;jzpfaeygonf/
AkdvfcsKyf? a':cifMunf? AkdvfxGef;vS? OD;ykav;ESifhuRef
awmfwkdYonf ,if;pm;yGJvGwfwGif 0ifxkdifMuonf/ pm;p&mrsm;
BudKwifwnfcif;xm;onfjzpfojzifh OD;ykuav;u pwifípm;
ygawmhonf/ AkdvfcsKyfurl ¤if;\vufacsmif;rsm;ESifhpm;yGJudk
ykwfcgykwfcg olajymovkd rpDpOf&aumif;vm;qkdNyD; uRefawmfh
tm; Budrf;armif;ygawmhfonf/ uRefawmfhtaejzifhum; Akdvf
csKyfajymonfhtwkdif; pDpOfonfudk &rnf;oif;c&kdif0efOD;bwif
todjzpfygonf/ odkYaomf vufawGYu wjcm;jzpfaeNyDrkdY bmrQ
rajymawmhbJ Nidrfíom tBudrf;cHaevkdufygonf/ tajctae
rSm tawmfyif cGusaeygonf/ OD;ykav;crsmrSm wpfa,muf
wnf;pm;aejcif;jzpfojzifh ¤if;pm;vufpyef;uefukd tomab;
odkYwGef;z,fxm;vkdufygonf/ uRefawmf OD;ykav;twGuf pdwf
raumif;jzpfrdygonf/ ¤if;vnf; uRefawmf qmouJhodkYyif qm
avmifaernf r[kwfygvm;/
AkdvfcsKyfonf uRefawmfhtm; Budrf;NyD;aemuf um;&Sd&m
odkY avQmufoGm;onf/ uRefawmfuvnf; OD;azcifBuD;tm;
ab;odYk tomqGJac:oGm;NyD; uRefawmfajymonfhtwkdif; rvkyf
&aumif;vm;[k wpfvSnfhBudrf;armif;ygonf/ OD;azcifBuD;u
uRefawmfajymouJhodkYyif olpDpOfxm;aMumif;? ,ckpk&kH;a&muf
&Sdvmolrsm;rSm ol zdwfac:xm;olawG r[kwfaMumif;? ab;tdrf
u r*FvmaqmifodkYvmolawGjzpfaMumif;? AkdvfcsKyfudk awGYí &kwf
&kwfoJoJ pk&kH;a&mufvmjcif;jzpf&m olvnf; bmrQrwwfEkdif
aMumif; &Sif;jyygonf/
¤if;\&Sif;jycsufukd vufcHrnfqkdu vufcHEkdifzG,f &Sd
aomfvnf; uRefawmfwkdY vmonfhvlaygif;('&kdifbmrsm;ygxnfh
rS)&Spfa,mufxuf rykdonfudk ol bmaMumifh r@yfxkd;í pm;yGJ
tajrmuftjrm; xm;&ovJqkdwmudk uRefawmfukd,fwkdifu oH
o,&Sdaeí AkdvfcsKyfudk &Sif;jyvQifvnf; uRefawmfuJhodkYyif oH
o,&Sdrnf[k ,lqí &Sif;rjyawmhyg/
AkdvfcsKyfrSm um;xJ 0ifxkdifaeNyD; um;xGufzkdY uRefawmfh
udk apmifhygonf/ uRefawmfvnf; um;ay: rwufrD 'kwd,um;
jzifh vmrnfhOD;ykav;tm; blwm&kHem;u vufzuf&nfqkdifrS p
rlqm&oavmuf0,fNyD; tjrefvkdufcJh&ef rSmcJhygonf/
uRefawmfwkdY aysmfbG,frS xGufvmaomtcg um;ay:
wGif wdwfqdwfNidrfoufaeMuonf/ uRefawmfvnf; rdw¬Dvm
wGif OD;oef;wif{nfhcHvkdufNyD;aemufydkif;tajctaeESifhvkH;0
ajymif;jyefjzpfoGm;onfudk awG;vmygonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
59
AkdvfcsKyftm; tjzpfrSefudk ajym&aumif;rvm;[k csdefqaeyg
onf/ odkYaomf um;xJwGif Nidrfoufwdwfqdwfaeonfhtajct
aeaMumifh ,ckrajymbJ xdef;xm;NyD; tajctaeaumif;rSyJ
ajymawmhrnf[k qkH;jzwfvkdufygonf/
uRefawmfonf um;armif;&if; wpfavQmufvkH; OD;yk
av;wkdYum;udk aemufMunfhrSefrS Munfhvmygonf/ 10 rdepfceffY
Mumaomtcg uRefawmhfum;udk ukuúKdyifBuD;wpfyif t&dyf
atmufodkY xkd;&yfNyD; ylaomaMumifh AkdvfcsKyftm; t&dyfxJqif;
í avaumif;avoefY &SLzkdYajymygonf/ ol bmrQ rajymrDyif
uRefawmfum;ay:u t&ifqif;vkdufNyD; AkdvfcsKyfqif;zdkY um;
wHcg;udk zGifhay;vkdufygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfonf uRefawmfajymonf
udk aumif;w,f raumif;bl; bmrQrajymbJ um;ay:u qif;
vkdufygonf/
OD;ykav;vnf; prlqmxkyfBuD; wpfxkyfukdifí uRef
awmfwkdYqDodkY cyfokwfokwf avQmufvmygonf/ uRefawmfu
AkdvfcsKyftm; ]]aysmfbG,fblwmem;u qkdifrS prlqmodyfemrnf
BuD;w,f? aumif;w,f AkdvfcsKyf pm;MunfhygtkH;}}[k ajymygonf
AkdvfcsKyfuprlqmwpfckudk ,lpm;vkdufNyD;]]aumif;om;
yJ}}[kajymum aemufwpfck xyf,lygonf/ tajctaeaysmh
aysmif;oGm;onfukdodí uRefawmft&JpGefYNyD; aysmfbG,frSm jzpf
cJhwJhudpötwGuf olYtm; awmif;yefí tajctaerSefudk ajymjy
vkdufygonf/
uRefawmfu ,if;tajctaerSefrsm;udk ajymzkdYtwGuf
uRefawmfod&wm aemufusoGm;aMumif;/ odonfhtcsdefwGif
AkdvfcsKyfrSm um;ay:wufxkdifaeNyD;jzpfí tajctaeudk &Sif;jy
NyD; jyefqif;zdkYvnf; rajym&JaMumif; &Sif;jyygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfu
bmwpfcGef;rQ rajymaomfvnf; prlqmrsm; qufípm;aejcif;
udk Munfhjcif;jzifh pdwfajyoGm;onf[k xif&aomfvnf; uRef
awmhfvkdyif oHo,&Sdaumif; &Sdaernfjzpfygonf/
xkdYaemuf OD;ykav;wkdYfum;udk uRefawmfwkdY a&SUu xGuf
zkdYajymNyD; &rnf;oif;wGif AkdvfcsKyfpm;zdkYtwGuf jyifqif&ef rSm
vkdufygonf/ &rnf;oif;a&mufaomtcg AkdvfcsKyfacgufqGJ
aMumfpm;NyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkdY c&D;qufMuygonf/
zqyvtzGJYcsKyf nDvmcH
&efukefa&mufonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf AkdvfcsKyfrSm tvkyf
xJwGif epfjrKyfaejyefygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfajymMum;cJhonfhtwkdif;
]]wpfESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;&ap&r,f}}qkdaomuwdukd jznfh
qnf;aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf ckepfvomvkdawmhíf tcsdefudk vk
NyD;vkyfaeMu&ygonf/
wkdawmif;aomtcsdeftwGif;wGif zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHt
ajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;? tem*wfumvwGif aygif;&kH;zGJYpnf;&rnfh
jynfe,frsm;ESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf tao;pdwfykH
oP²mefrsm; a&;qGJa&;wkdYuJhodkYaom cufcJeufeJonfhvkyfief;
BuD;rsm;udkvnf; jyKvkyf&ef &Sdao;onf/
1947-ckESpf? arvwGif wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfrS
zqyvtzGJY0ifrsm;\yPmrjyifqifrI nDvmcHwpf&yfudk tajc
cHOya'a&;qGJa&;twGuf tajccHrlrsm;udk aqG;aEG;&ef *sLAvD
a[mü ac:,lusif;ycJhygonf/
,if;nDvmcHwGif tzGJY0ifaygif;(111)OD; yg0ifí (10)
OD;rSm zqyvtzGJYcsKyfA[kdtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY0ifrsm;jzpfMu
NyD;(25)OD;rSm zqyvtzGJYcsKyfA[kdOD;pD;tzGJY0ifrsm;jzpfMuum
(45)OD;rSm wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfrS a&G;cs,fay;vkdufolrsm;
jzpfMuygonf/ usef (30)OD;rSm zqyvtzGJYcsKyf\c&kdifukd,fpm;
vS,frsm; jzpfMuygonf/ uRefawmfwkdYtm;vkH; rarmEkdif ryef;
Ekdif tvkyfvkyfMu&ygonf/ txl;ojzifh AkdvfcsKyfrSm aumfrwD
rsm;ESifhawmufavQmuff tpnf;ta0;vnf; xkdifao;? aew"l0
tpkd;&vkyfief;udpöt00udkvnf; aqmif&Guf&ao;ESifhtvGef
yif tvkyfrsm;aeygonf/
zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'ESifhywfoufí a'guf
wmarmifarmif\]]jrefrmEkdifiH\zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'
pmtkyf}}pmrsufESm(83)wGif ]]1947-ckESpf? arv(23)&ufaeY
wGif zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'rlMurf;udk nDvmcHodkY wif
oGif;twnfjyKcJhygonf/ zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'wGif
jrefrmEkdifiHonf tcsKyftjcmtmPm ykdifpdk;aom vGwfvyfonfh
or®wEkdifiHtjzpf ay:xGef;vm&rnfjzpfNyD; Zmwdra&G;? ukd;uG,f
&mbmomra&G;? a,musfm;rdef;rra&G; EkdifiHom;wkdif;\'Drkdu
a&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&rnf[laomt
csufESifh'Drkdua&pDpepfESifhqkd&S,fvpf0g'wkdYudk jrwfEkd;aomor®w
EkdifiHjzpfonf[laomtajccHtcsufwdYkudk zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHt
ajccHOya'\tESpfomt&tjzpf xnfhoGif;az:jy&ef AkdvfcsKyf
ukd,fwkdif vrf;nTef&Sif;vif;cJhygonf}}[ka&;om;az:jyxm;yg
onf/
,cktxd uRefawmfwkdY\ EkdifiHa&; &nfrSef;csufrSm
]]wpfESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;&ap&rnf}}[laom t"duOD;
wnfcsufatmifjrif&eftwGuf OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufvsufyif
&Sdayonf/ vlxkonfvnf; EkdifiHa&;todpdwf"gwf Ekd;Mum;wuf
<uvsuf&SdNyD; AkdvfcsKyf\EkdifiHa&;a[majymyGJwkdif;udk pdwftm;
xufoefpGmjzifh c&D;a0;rsm;rSyif vma&mufem;axmifMuonf/
pD;yGm;a&;taMumif;qkdvQifrl vlrsm;u NiD;aiGYp&maumif;í
pdwf0ifpm;avhr&SdMuyg/
odkY&mwGif EkdifiHa&;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;udk cGJjcm;í r&ojzifh
'GefwGJqufpyfaqmif&Guf&rnfudkrl AkdvfcsKyfu rsufjcnftjywf
rcHay/ omrefvlrsm;tMum;wGif þtcsufrSm a&yef;pm;onf
jzpfap? rpm;onfjzpfap ppf'PfaMumifh tBuD;tus,fysufpD;
qkH;&IH;oGm;&onfh uREkfyfwkdYwkdif;jynfudk jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;
vkyfief;rsm; vkyf&rnfudkum; AkdvfcsKyftaejzifh ajym&ayOD;
rnf/ ,if;udpötvkdYiSm EkdifiHa&;orm;ESifhtkyfcsKyfa&;ykdif;rS t
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
60
&m&SdBuD;rsm;yg0ifaom uRrf;usifolrsm;ESifh]]ukdvkdeDpD;yGm;a&;
pepfudk ajymif;vJypf&efESifh ukd,fpm;vS,fpD;yGm;a&;pepf xl
axmif&eftwGuf}}aqG;aEG;&ef tpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;wpf&yfukd
AkdvfcsKyfu OD;aqmifí usif;ycJhayonf/
,if;tpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;udk qkd&efwkdADvmtaqmuft
tkH(,ck [Hom0wDt0dkif;em;&Sd pmayAdrmef0if;twGif;rS t
aqmufttkH)ü usif;yonfudk tpGJjyKí qkd&efwkdADvmuGefz&ifh
(Sorrento Villa Conference) [kac:Muygonf/ ,if;uGefz&ifh\
yxraeYtpnf;ta0;udk 1947-ckESpf? ZGefv(6)&ufaeYwGif p
wifusif;ycJh&mü ]]jynfolydkifjyKvkyfa&;ESifhpufrIvufrIxlaxmif
a&;}}udpö&yfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;Muygonf/
AkdvfcsKyfonf 1947-ckESpf? ZGefvwpfvvkH; zGJYpnf;tkyf
csKyfykHtajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;ESif;pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;udpö&yfrsm;
jzpfonfhtrsKd;om;a&;udpöESpf&yftwGuf tcsdefjynfhtvkyfvkyf
cJh&ygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfonf vrf;nTefrIay;&kHomr[kwfbJ tao;
pdwf aqG;aEG;&müvnf; yg0ifcJhayonf/
zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;ESifh ywfouf
ívnf; aemiftcgwGif a&SUaecsKyfw&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf w&m;
olBuD;jzpfvmrnfhOD;csefxGef;tm; wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfOy
a'tMuHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf cefYí ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;? tdEd,? t
*Fvef? tar&duefjynfaxmifpktygt0if EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;odkY
rlMurf;a&;qGJa&;qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;udk qnf;yl;avhvm&ef
ESifhjrefrmEkdifiH\tajctaeESifhukdufnDrnfhtajccHOya'rsm;ukd
nd§EIdif;avhvmcJh&eftwGuf avhvma&;c&D;rsm; apvTwfcJhay
onf/ OD;csefxGef;rSm pdwf&Snfonf;cHolwpfa,mufjzpfNyD; t
rsm;\qE´udk av;pm;um nd§EIdif;aygif;pyffaqmif&Gufwwfol
wpfOD;vnf; jzpfygonf/
wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf
1947-ckESpf? ZGefv(10)&ufaeYwGif yxraeY wkdif;jyK
jynfjyKvTwfawmfudk AkdvfcsKyfu xl;xl;jcm;jcm;pdwf0ifpm;zG,f
aumif;atmif zGifhcJhygonf/ wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf trwf
rsm;udk xkdaeYeHeufu AEKvyef;jcHü pk&kH;apNyD; AkdvfcsKyfu OD;
aqmifí twGif;0ef&kH;a[mif;(,ck 0efBuD;rsm;&kH;)twGif;&Sd
jynfolYvTwfawmfodkY pDwef;csDwufoGm;Muonf/ þonfrSm
vGwfvyfa&;udk w&m;0ifraMunm&ao;aomfvnf; txdrf;
trSwfwpfckESifhvGwfvyfa&;rkcfOD;odYk trSefwu,fcsDwufonfh
oabmoufa&mufayonf/ trSeftm;jzifhqkdvQif uRefawmf
wkdYonf NAdwdoQtpdk;&ESifhem;vnfrIt& tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk
usifhokH;vsuf&Sday&m w&m;0ifrSwfwrf;rSwf&mtjzpf urÜnf;
wifa&;om;az:jy&efom vkdayonf/
jynfolYvTwfawmfodkY pk&kH;a&muf&SdaeMuaom uRefawmf
wkdYtzkdY jynfolYvTwfawmfa&SU&Sd tvHwkdifay:rS uRefawmfwkdY\
awmfvSefa&;tvHudk jzefYvTifhum tav;jyKvkdufjcif;onf rnf
olurQ taESmifht,Sufray;bJ ukd,fhpdwfwkdif;us zGJYpnf;tkyf
csKyfykHtajccHOya'udk a&;qGJ&ef wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfudk cHh
nm;wnfMunfaom þtcrf;tem;jzifh tcsKyftjcmtmPm
tyfESif;vkduf&m a&mufoGm;ayawmhonf/
þonfrSm 1885-ckESpfrSpí usL;ausmfjcif;cH&onfh
twGuf awmfvSefvmaomuREkfyfwkdY\awmfvSefa&;c&D; NyD;qkH;
oGm;NyD[k qkdEkdifygrnfavm/ wpfenf;tm;jzifhqkdvQif ]]NyD;qkH;
oGm;NyD}}[k qkd&rnfjzpfayonf/ NAdwdoQwkdY\"eo[m,t
wGif;wGif aeonfjzpfap? tjyifwGifaeonfjzpfap jrefrmEkdifiH
vGwfvyfNyDjzpfaMumif; NAdwdefbk&ifrif;jrwf\tpkd;&ukd,fpm;Ä
pDtm&ftufwvDESifhjrefrmEkdifiHukd,fpm; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdY
u 1947-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (27)&ufaeYwGif trSwf(10)? a'gif;
eif;vrf;? vef'efNrdKUü pmcsKyfcsKyfqkdvufrSwfa&;xkd;vkdufonfh
tcsdefuwnf;u tvkyfoabmt& awmfvSefa&;um; NyD;qkH;
oGm;ayNyD/
okdY&mwGif tjcm;enf;vrf;tm;jzifh ajym&ygrl ]]rNyD;
qkH;ao;}}[k qkd&ayrnf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf uREkfyfwkdYquf
avQmuf&rnfhc&D;wGif a&omckdaeírjzpfbJ ppftwGif;u ysuf
pD;qkH;&IH;rIrsm;udk uREkfyfwkdY jyKjyif&efESifhacwfESifhtnD &ifaygif
wef;Ekdif&eftwGuf qwufxrf;ydk;wkd;í uREkfyfwkd YBudK;pm;
aqmif&Guf&ef &Sdao;aomaMumifhjzpfayonf/ uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdif
&aomjyóemrsm; csufcsif;vufiif; aqmif&Guf&rnfhjyóem
rsm;udk avhvmtuJcwfod&SdEkdif&eftwGuf 1947-ckESpf? Zefe0g
&DvrS ZGefvtwGif; AkdvfcsKyfaqmif&GufcJh&onfhta&;BuD;aom
vkyfief;&yftcsKdUudk xkwfEkwfwifjyvkdygonf/
1947-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 13-&uf trSwf (10)
a'gif;eif;vrf;? vef'efNrdKUwGif uvD;rifh(wf)tufw
vD Clement Attle acgif;aqmifaom NAdwdoQudk,fpm;
vS,ftzGJYESifhfffffff AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifonfh
jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJYwkdY jrefrmhtem*wfa&;udkaqG;
aEG;Muonf/
1947-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 27-&uf? atmifqef;-tufwvDpm
csKyf vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhonf/
1947-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 4-&uf? t*FvefrS jyefa&mufvmNyD;
rdrdESifheef;&if;0eftufwvDwkdY csKyfqkdcJhonfhpmcsKyft
aMumif; wkdif;jynfodkY toHvTifhtpD&ifcHonf/
1947-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 8-&uf? orkdif;0ifyifvkHnDvmcHBuD;
udk wufa&muf&eftwGuf rdw¬DvmodkYav,mOfjzifhxGuf
cGmcJhonf/
1947-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 9-&ufrS 10 &uf? awmifwef;e,f
a'oacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtylwjyif;nd§EIdif;aqG;aEG;
onf/
Ä atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfudk aemufqufwGJ ]]p}}tjzpf wifjyxm;ygonf/
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
61
1947-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 12-&uf? yifvkHpmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;
xkd;onf/
1947-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 27-&uf? jrefrmEkdifiHukefonfBuD;
rsm;toif; ESpfywfvnftpnf;ta0; (xkdpOfu t
vGefta&;ygonfhtwGuf bk&ifcHudk,fwkdifwufa&muf
onfhtpnf;ta0;)wGif rdefYcGef;ajymMum;cJhonf/
1947-ckESpf? rwfvESifh{NyDv? wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfukd,fpm;
vS,frsm; a&G;cs,fjcif;ESifh zqyvtzGJYcsKyf udk,fpm;
wpfEdkifiHvkH; vSnfhvnfpnf;&kH;onf/
1947-ckESpf? arv 19-&ufrS 23-&uftxd? zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH
tajccHOya'yxrrlMurf;a&;qGJa&;twGuf zqyv
yPmrjyifqifrInDvmcHusif;yjcif;? ,if;nDvmcHüzGJY
pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'wGif ygoifhaomtajccH
tcsuftvufrsm;udk AkdvfcsKyf udk,fwkdif vrf;nTefcJh
onf/
1947-ckESpf? ZGefv 6-&uf? t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;pepfrSonf Ekdif
iHykdifjyKvkyfa&; pufrIvufrIxlaxmifa&;twGuf qkd
&S,fvpf pD;yGm;a&;pepfodkY ajymif;vJ&ef? trsKd;om;
uRrf;usifolrsm;ESifh qkd&efwkdADvm taqmufttkHü
nDvmcHzGifhonf/
1947-ckESpf? ZGefv 10-&uf? r[mAEKv yef;jcHrS ygvDreff t
aqmufttkHodkY wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmftrwfrsm;
ESifhpDwef;csDwufcJhonf/
1947-ckESpf? ZGefv 16-&uf? wkdif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmfwGif zGJY
pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'\ tajccH vrf;nTef
csufrsm;ukd wifoGif;onf/
þonfwkdYtjyif bk&ifcH\trIaqmifaumifpD'kwd,
Ouú|(0efBuD;csKyf)tjzpftpkd;&\aeYw"l0aqmif&Guf&onfhvkyf
ief;rsm; zqyvtzGJYcsKyftvkyftrIaqmif aumfrwDOuú|t
aejzifh aqmif&Guf&rnfhvkyfief;rsm;vnf; &Sdayao;onf/ Akdvf
csKyfESifh&mxl;csif;? wm0efcsif;wlonfhEkdifiHjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;rS
acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh ydwf&ufrsm;wGif em;em;aeaetem;
,lEkdifouJhodkY uRefawmfwkYdAkdvfcsKyf tem;r,lEkdifcJh/ olYtzkdY em;
&onf[lír&Sd? aumfrwDtoD;oD;wGif obmywdtjzpf aqmif
&Gufjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? c&kdifrsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;
vufcHawGYqkHjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? olYvkdtvkyfukd ydkNyD;BudK;BudK;
pm;pm;vkyfMu&ef vlxktm;ynmay;aqG;aEG;a[majymjcif;jzifh
vnf;aumif; wpfywfvQif ckepf&uftjynfh AkdvfcsKyftvkyfvkyf
cJhygonf/
þrQtvkyfrsm;jym;aeonfhMum;rS olvkyfcJhwmawG?
olbmqufvkyfrnfqkdwmawGudk tcsdef,lNyD; vlxkodkY jyefvnf
tpD&ifcHcJhao;onf/ þodkYaom tpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;wpf&yfudk
NrdKUawmfcef;ra&SU r[mAEKvyef;jcHwGif 1947-ckESpf? Zlvkdifv
(13)&ufaeYu jyKvkyfcJhygonf/ (xkdvlxkpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;wGif
AkdvfcsKyfu NrdKUawmfcef;r qif0ifay:rSaeí rdefYcGef;>rufMum;
cJhygonf/)
þtaMumif;a&;&if; 0ifpwefcsmcsD(Winston Chur-
chill) \aoG;? yifyef;rI? rsuf&nfESifhacR;qkdonfhausmfMum;aom
rdefYcGef;ESifhAkdvfcsKyf\xkdaeYrdefYcGef;rSm tESpfom&ESifhyGifhvif;rIwkdY
ü oGm;wlaeonfudk owd&rdonfhtaMumif; tenf;i,fwifjy
vkdygonf/ csmcsDu olYpum;ESifhajym&vQif ppfbDvl;\&ufpuf
Murf;MuKwfrI? [pfwvm\emZD0g'ESifha&&SnfppfyGJqifETJcgpt
csdef ajymMum;jcif;jzpfí AkdvfcsKyfuvnf; tvm;wlqdk;oGrf;
&ufpufonfhppfbDvl;(*syef\zufqpf0g')udkwkdufckdufatmif
yGJcHNyD;aemufydkif;wGif ajymMum;cJhjcif;jzpfayonf/ tajctae
jcif;rSm(csmcsDu ppftpwGif ajymMum;jcif;jzpfí AkdvfcsKyfu ppf
tNyD;wGif ajymMum;jcif;jzpfojzifh)jcm;em;rI&Sdaomfvnf; pGefY
vTwftepfemcHa&;? BudK;BudK;pm;pm; tyiftyef;cHí tvkyf
vkyfa&;? pnf;vkH;nDnTwfrI&Sda&;ESifhpnf;urf;ao0yfrI&Sda&;qkd
onfwkdYwGif twlwlyif jzpfayonf/
1940-jynfhESpf? arv(13)&ufaeYwGif ol\tpdk;&t
ay: t,kHtMunf&Sda&;twGuf rJqG,fw&m;a[majymyGJü csm
csDu ]]rif;wkdYtwGuf igbm(arQmfvifhcsuf)rQ ay;p&mr&Sd? 'D
ppfyGJrSm igwkdYatmifyGJrcHEkdif&if touf&Sif&yfwnfa&;twGuf
rvG,fbl;? wkduf&if; ckduf&if;ESifhaoG;ajrusr,f? tvkyfudk yif
yifyef;yef; vkyfMu&r,f? aoMu ausMu idkMu ,kdMu&r,fqkdwJh
arQmfvifhcsufawGom ay;Ekdifw,f}}[k ajymcJhonf/
AkdvfcsKyfuvnf; jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; vkyfzkdYppft
wGif;u ysufpD;qkH;&IH;oGm;wmawGudk jyefvnfjyKjyifMuzkdYeJY vGwf
vyfa&;toD;tyGifhudk cHpm;zkdYqkdvQif ukef;vkyfrS &kef;vkyfrS
aemiftESpf(20)avmuf MumwJhtcgrS wefumusr,f[k ajymcJh
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vGwfvyfa&;&EkdifwJhnDnTwfrIudk xdef;odrf;xm;yg? vGwfvyfa&;
ukd vkdcsif&if vGwfvyfa&;&EkdifwJhxlaxmifrIudk vkyfMuyg? tJ'D
vkd vkyfNyD;aemuf a&SUudk vGwfvyfa&;t&omukd cHpm;pHpm;csif
w,fqkd&if tvkyfvkyfMuzkdY pnf;urf;&SdMuzkdY ,ckuwnf;u cif
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udk jyifMuzkdY vkdNyDqkdwm uRefawmf uaeY ajymcJhcsifw,f}}[k ol
ajymaeustwkdif; wkH;wdwd wJhwkd;ajymcJhygonf/
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qkH;EIwfcGef;qufonfhtvm; pum;OD;oef;í ajymMum;jcif;rSm
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ajymNyD; (6)&uftMum Zlvkdifv(19)&ufaeYwGif 0efBuD;tzGJYt
pnf;ta0;cef;xJü OD;apmvlrsm;\vkyfMuHjcif;udk cHcJh&aom
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(pum;rpyf txufwGif uRefawmf wifjycJhonfh0ifp
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onf/)
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cefYwGif uRefawmfwnf;ckdaeonfhtdrf&SifrdwfaqGBuD;tpkd;&t
zGJYtwGif;0eftkdifpDtufpfOD;vSarmifonf tdrfodkYwkefvIyfacsmuf
csm;pGmjzifh jyefajy;vmonf/ olYudk,fwGifvnf; aoG;rsm; t
vdrf;vdrf;jzpfaeí olYZeD;ESifhuRefawmfwkdYrSm olYukd awGYaomt
cg wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;oGm;ygonf/
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ar;aomtcg-
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onf/
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onf/ zqyvtzGJYcsKyf 'k-Ouú|ocifEku ta&;ay:tpnf;
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zqyvXmecsKyfodkY zdwfac:jcif;jzpfygonf/
AkdvfrSL;atmifu zqyvtzGJYcsKyfwGif tpnf;ta0;
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abmfXmecsKyfwGif vkyfoifhaMumif; tMuKHjyKí uRefawmfwkdYolY
tMuHay;csuftwkdif; tpnf;ta0;udk ajymif;a&TUjyKvkyfMu
onf/
uRefawmfwkdYonf r,kHEkdifavmufatmifaom þ0rf;
enf;aMuuGJzG,fjzpf&yfaMumifh xdwfvefYacsmufcsm; tHhtm;oifh
ukefMuojzifh tpnf;ta0;wpfckvkH;udk vkH;0wdwfqdwfNidrfouf
rIu vTrf;rkd;vsuf&Sd&m usqkH;oGm;olrsm;tm; tav;jyKaom
tm;jzifh fNidrfoufpGmae&ef trdefYay;jcif;cH&ouJhokdYyif &Sdawmh
onf/
ajym&vQif wpfBudrfwnf; wpfNydKifwnf;ESifhAkdvfcsKyf
ESifhwuG EkdifiHa&;t&ifhtrm yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;jzpfonfhzqyvt
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ocifjr? 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd? OD;&mZwf? ref;bckdif? rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;
ESifhOD;b0if;wdkYudk uRefawmfwkdY qkH;&IH;cJh&NyDjzpfayonf/
uHaumif;axmufraomaMumifh wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwf
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ttkHwGif &dSaeaom ocifEkrSm aoab;rS oDoDuav; vGwf
ajrmufum AkdvfcsKyf\t&kduft&mudk cH,l&ef uRefawmfwkdYESifht
wl touf&Sifusef&pfcJhayonf/ A[kdtvkyftrIaqmifaumfr
wDuvnf; ¤if;tm; wpfnDwpfnTwfwnf; AkdvfcsKyf\ae&mudk
qufcH&ef a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufvkdufygonf/
bk&ifcHqm[l;bwf&efYpfuvnf; aqmvsifpGm ocifEk
tm; zdwfac:í tpkd;&opfzGJY&ef ajymMum;cJhonf/ em&Dykdif;t
wGif;rSmyif ocifEkuvnf; trIaqmifaumfrwD(0efBuD;tzGJY)
pm&if;udk wifoGif;EkdifcJhygonf/ tpdk;&tzGJYwGif-
(1) ocifEk tzGJY0if? Xmevufudkifr&Sd/
(2) OD;jr([oFmw)tzGJY0if? ukefoG,fa&;ESifhaxmufyHha&;/
(3) OD;0if; tzGJY0if? pufrIvufrIESifhtvkyform;Xme/
(4) ocifwif? tzGJY0if? v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;ESifhaus;vufpD;yGg;
a&;/
(5) Akdvfbkd;uGef;? tzGYJ0if? ynma&;ESifhtrsKd;om;pDrHudef;/
(6) ocifvGef;abmf? tzGJY0if? jyefMum;a&;/
(7) OD;jr(aysmfbG,f)? tzGJY0if? b@ma&;ESifhtcGefawmfXme/
(8) OD;azcif? tzGJY0if? Xmevufudkifr&Sd wkdYjzpfMuygonf/
xkdaeYnaewGifyif uRefawmfwkdY usrf;opömusdefqkdMu
ygonf/ bk&ifcHz&efYpfuvnf; eHeufykdif;u aMuuGJzG,f&mjzpf
&yfESifhywfoufívnf;aumif;? txl;ojzifh AkdvfcsKyfatmif
qef;usqkH;oGm;aomfvnf; AkdvfcsKyf\vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk zq
yvtpdk;&uyif qufvuftaumiftxnf az:oGm;rnfjzpf
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bk&ifcH\þausnmcsufonf eHeufydkif;wGifraumif;
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ac:rnftxifjzifh tdrfüapmifhaeaomOD;apmudk vufrIdifus
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ykvdyf\ac:aqmifoGm;jcif; cHoGm;&ayonf/
&ufowåywf tenf;i,ftMum tcuftcJtusyft
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í w&m;a&;0efBuD;Xmeudk wm0ef,l&ef ajymygonf/ uRefawmf
onfvnf; w&m;a&;XmeodkYoGm;a&mufMunfh&Iygonf/ txl;
ojzifh uRefawmfxkdif&rnfh&kH;cef;udkvnf; Munfhygonf/ odkYaomf
uRefawmf wm0efxrf;aqmifjcif;rjyK&ao;rD tajctaerSm
wpfrsKd;ajymif;oGm;ygonf/
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xGef;vmygonf/ ygupöwefEkdifiHodkY yxrqkH;apvTwfrnfhoHt
rwfu tpövmrfbmom0ifwpfOD;jzpfvQif ESpfjynfaxmifqufqH
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ok is
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shan
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a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
63
a&;twGuf tvGefaumif;rnfhvu©Pmjzpfonf[k ocifEku
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ygonf/ þonfrSm vkH;0arQmfvifhrxm;onfhudpöjzpfojzifh uRef
awmf awGa0í tusyf&kdufoGm;ygonf/
&kd;om;pGm 0efcH&ygrl uRefawmf ausmif;om;b0u
rufarmp&maumif;onfh ,if;tvkyfukd vkyf&efyif tmoDo
jyif;jycJhygonf/ uRefawmfpdwf0ifpm;jcif;rSm oHwrefwpfOD;
onf tvGefta&;ygt&ma&mufaomyk*¾Kdvfjzpfívnf;aumif;
eef;awmfrsm;? oH&kH;rsm;wGif xnf0gcHhnm;pGm usif;yonfh{nfhcH
yGJrsm;odkY wufa&muf&onfudkvnf;aumif;? oHwrefftcGifht
a&;rsm; cHpm;&onfudkvnf;aumif; ESpfoufjcif;aMumifhjzpfyg
onf/
,if;tjcif;t&mrsm;tm;vkH;ukdMunfhNyD; vkdvkdcsifcsif
vufcH&rnfhtpm; uRefawmf jiif;vkdufygonf/ uRefawmfhtm;
ocifEku oHtrwftjzpfoGm;zkdY ajympOfu uRefawmftHhtm;
oifhoGm;ouJhodkYyif uRefawmf jiif;vkdufaomtcg ocifEktzkdY
vGefpGmyif tHhtm;oifhoGm;ayonf/
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tjzpf 0efBuD;tzGJYxJrSm qufvuf&yfwnfzkdY ydkNyD;ESpfoufjcif;
aMumifh r[kwfaMumif;? OD;&mZwfusqkH;oGm;onfhtwGuf jrefrm
rGwfqvifrsm; tvGeftrif; pdwfxdckdufMuonfhtajctaerS
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rGwfqvifrsm;xJwGif ol\ae&modkY tpm;0ifEkdifaom tajc
tae&Sdol wpfa,mufrQyifr&Sdao;aMumif;? ¤if;tm; qufcHol
tjzpf tvm;tvm&Sdaom tenf;tusOf;rQaom uRefawmf
wkdYtaejzifh jrefrmrGwfqvifrsm;udk pkpnf;&ef tckduftwefY
tm;jzifh pkaygif;acgif;aqmifMu&ef vkdaMumif;? þokdYaomt
ajctaersKd;wGif acgif;a&SmifoGm;ouJhokdY rjzpfapvkdaMumif;
&Sif;jyygonf/
,if;odkY uRefawmf&Sif;jyaomtcg ocifEku olYxkH;pH
twkdif; olYudk b,folu wifjywifjy pdwf0ifpm;pGmjzifh em;
axmifavh&SdNyD; wpfcgwpf&H olYtm; wifjyonfhtcsufrsm;rSm
olESifhoabmxm;jcif;yif wlnDaeovkd acgif;yifndwfvkdufao;
onf/
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oP²mef xyfwlxyfrQyifvm; [laom tcsufrSm oDjcm;pOf;pm;
&rnfhudpöjzpfygonf/ uRefawmf ¤if;tm; &Sif;jyí NyD;oGm;aom
tcg ocifEkuu jyefpOf;pm;NyD; wpfywfavmufMumvQif jyef
vmygOD;[k rSmvkdufygonf/
aemufwpfywftMum uRefawmf olYtm; oGm;awGYaom
tcg pdwfajymif;oGm;NyDvm;[k uRefawmfhtm; ocifEku ar;yg
onf/ uRefawmfu rajymif;vJaMumif; ajymvkduf&m uRefawmf
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aMumifh atmifjrifonfhoHtrwfwpfa,muf jzpfrnfukd ,kHMunf
ojzifh &kd;om;pGmjzifh wkdufwGef;cJhjcif;jzpfaMumif;ajymygonf/
olu qufvufí tpkd;&tzGJY\acgif;aqmifwpfOD;taejzifh
vnf;aumif;? zqyvtzGJYOuú|taejzifhvnf;aumif;? ol\
wkdufwGef;csufudk vufcHapvkdaMumif; ajymygonf/
udpöwpfckudk qkH;jzwfNyD;vQif jyifcJaom ocifEkt
aMumif;udk aumif;pGmodaom uRefawmfonf qufvufjiif;
qefaernfhtpm; tajctaeu awmif;qkdonfhtwkdif; vkduf
emaqmif&Guf&ygawmhonf/ þodkYjzifh ol\apwemjzifh wkduf
wGef;rIESifhuRefawmfhtay: olu atmifjrifaom oHtrwfwpf
OD;jzpfrnf[k ,kHMunfcsufxm;&SdrIwkdYaMumifh olYtm; aus;Zl;wif
aMumif; ajymNyD; uRefawmf EIwfqufygonf/ olu uRefawmfh
tm; vufqGJEIwfqufNyD; uRefawmf\tvkyfwGif atmifjrifrI
&rnfudk oHo,uif;pGm ol ,kHMunfaMumif; ajymvkdufygonf/
þodkYjzifh uRefawmf\EkdifiHa&;orm;b0 &yfwefYoGm;
ygonf/ odkYaomf uRefawmf 0rf;renf;yg/
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aOD;azcif
64
yifvkHtvm uGwfckdifwGif ucsifukd,fpm;vS,frsm;
tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfjcif;
ucsifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u yifvkHnDvmcHodk Y wuf
a&muf&ef vmMupOf uGwfckdifwGif BudKwifnd§EIdif;aqG;aEG;cJhMu
NyD; atmufygvkdvm;csufrsm;udk wnDwnTwfwnf; csrSwfcJhyg
onf/
(1) ucsiftrsKd;om;rsm;[mArmtrsKd;om;awGeJYwpfNydKifwnf;
vGwfvyfa&; &&ef?
(2) ucsiftrsKd;om;rsm;&JUqE´eJYtnD ucsifoD;jcm;vGwfvyf
wJhEkdifiHxlaxmif&eftwGuf ucsiftrsKd;om;jynfe,fzGJYpnf;&ef?
(3) vGwfvyfwJhucsifoD;jcm;EkdifiHxJrSm Aef;armfeJYjrpfBuD;em;
c&kdifrsm;? ucsifawmifwef;a'orsm;eJYuomNrdKU&JUajrmufbuf
ajrjyefYa'orsm;yg0ifap&ef?
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vufcHEkdifwJhe,fedrdwfcsufcsif; owfrSwf&ef?
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wGif&SdwJh tcGifhtmPmrsm;? ucsiftrsKd;om;rsm;vufodkY ay;
tyf&efeJYjrefrmjynfMum;jzwftpkd;&tzGJYrSm ucsiftrsKd;om;
0efBuD;wpfOD;cefYtyf&ef?
(u) ,if; ucsif0efBuD;onf oD;jcm; ucsifjynfe,f
wGif jynfxJa&;0efBuD;wm0efxrf;&Guf&ef?
(c) ucsif0efBuD;rSm EkdifiHjcm;a&;eJYb@ma&;udpörsm;
wGif yg0ifEkdif&ef?
(*) umuG,fa&;0efBuD;udk tMuHay;&eftwGuf ucsif
trsKd;om;wpfOD;cefYxm;ay;&ef?
(6) ucsifoD;jcm;jynfe,fonf &Srf;oD;jcm;jynfe,feJYtwljref
rmwpfEdkifiHvkH; aqmvsifpGm vGwfvyfa&; &&Sd&eftwGuf wkdif;
jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmfrSm csufcsif;yg0ifMu&ef?
(7) txufrSm az:jywJhtwkdif; jrefrmtrsKd;om;tm;vkH;vGwf
vyfa&;&onfhtcg oD;jcm;vGwfvyfonfhucsifEkdifiHtygt0if
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>cif;csuf/
(u) oD;jcm;ucsifEdkifiHu jynfaxmifpktwGif; yg0if
rnf ryg0ifbl;qkdonfhudpökudk oD;jcm;ucsifEkdifiH&JUjynf
olvlxkuom qkH;jzwf&rnf/
(c) jynfaxmifpkzGJYpnf;NyD;onfhaemufwGif ucsif t
rsKd;om;rsm;onf vGwfvyfpGm cGJxGufcGifh&Sd&rnf/
(*) jrefrmEkdifiHA[kdtpkd;&u ucsifjynfe,fjyefvnf
xlaxmifa&;ESifhzGHYNzdK;wkd;wufa&;twGuf b@ma&;
taxmuftyHhay;&rnf/
(8) txufyg wnDwnTwfwnf;qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk e,fjcm;
a'ovlrsKd;rsm;tm;vkH;\oabmwlnDrIudk &,l&ef?
aemufqufwGJ(u)
vufrSwfa&;xkd;Muolrsm;
(1) qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif (jrpfBuD;em;)
(2) xifiguGef*sm(jrpfBuD;em;)
(3) aZmfaem (jrpfBuD;em;)
(4) aZmf&pf(jrpfBuD;em;)
(5) u&ifaemf(jrpfBuD;em;)
(6) 'def&wef(jrpfBuD;em;)
(7) cs&effZGef(jrpfBuD;em;)
(8) awmifOD;(jrpfBuD;em;)
(9) aZmfv(Aef;armf)
(10) 'l;0g;aZmfvGef;(Aef;armf)
(11) yH&ef;v(Aef;armf)
(12) vbef*a&mif;(Aef;armf)
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ukd,fawGYyifvkH
65
aemufqufwGJ(c)
MEMORANDUM ON THE SHAN STATES SUBMITED BY THE EXECUTIVECOMMITTEE OF THE SHAN STATES SAOHPA'S COUNCIL.
From the earliest times, even during the Burmese regime, the Shan States have been recognised as a seperate entity,apart from Burma proper. This view is confirmed by the following extract from the recent publication entitled "British Rule inBurma, 1824 - 1942," by G.E.Harvey, N.C.S.(Retired), an officer who for many years served in Burma and the Shan States:-
"Most of the Shan States (not all) were tributary to the king of Burma, but, even when the tribute was more thannominal, it was paid to his Burma Majesty in person, not to his Ministers. The Shan Chiefs were kings in subordinate alliancewith their overlord, the king of Burma, and they were not subordinate to his Ministers."2. On the annexation of Upper Burma, the whole of Upper Burma, including the Shan States, was declared to be part of BritishIndia. The British Government then automatically succeeded to the rights of the king of Burma in the Shan States. In the speechdelivered at Rangoon on the 24th February 1886 His Excellency the Viceroy and the Governor General of India, the Marquess ofDuffarin and Ava, declared that the Shan Chiefs would be treated as in subordinate alliance with the British Government. ACopy of an extract from this speech which, apparently formed the basis of Mr. Harvey's remarks, was incorporated in the ShanChiefs' Memorandum submitted to His Majesty's Secretary of State for india in 1930.3. The Shan States Act of 1888 and the Burma Laws Act of 1893 made it clear that the Shan States were a special area with aspecial system of administration. The Rulers were "recognised" and powers and rights embodied in the Sanads granted tothem. The reason for this special treatment is obvious, namely that nowhere eles in Burma proper were there traditional andhereditary rulers like the Shan Chiefs. Even as recently as the 18th June 1934 the special status of the Shan States vis-a-visBurma proper was recognised-vide paragraph 435 at page 240 of the Report of the Joint Committee on Indian ConstitutionalReform (Session 1934-34)Volume I (Part II), Proceedings, wherein it was stated:-
"We should perharps explain that the Shan States, though British territory, are a quasi-automous area administered bythe Shan Sawbwas (Saohpas) or Chiefs under the general supervision of the Governor (of Burma), and that since 192 they havebeen formed into a species of Federation for certain common purpose. The Finances of the Federation have always been keptdistinct from the provincial finances of Burma, and we think it desirable that arrangement should contiue."
And, again, at page 241 ibid:-"The Shan States are a compact areas, and for all common purposes form a single orgainsed administrative unit."
4. The Shan States Federation came into being on the 1st October 1922 and a Federal Council of Shan Chiefs was formed. Witheffect from 1st July 1925 a seperate Commissioner was appointed for the Federated Shan States and he became president of theCouncil. The functions of the Council were purely of an advisory nature. Legislative power, in respect of the Shan States, wasvested in the Governor under sub-section(2) of Section 40 of the Government of Burma Act, 1935, subject, of course, to thepowers of His Majesty in parliament.5. The Federal Council of the Shan Chiefs and the Standing Committee continued to function until the evacuation of Burma andthe Shan States by the legal Government. As subsequent to the reoccupation it was felt that an efficient central co-ordinationfo Administration for an unified progress within the Federated Shan States was essential, the Saohpas of the Shan States mettogether in March 1946 and formed a SHAN STATES SAOHPAS' COUNCIL composed of all the saohpas and all the Adminis-trator in the Federated Shan States. As this was a somewhat unwiedly body, diffcult to convene in a country with bad meansof communication rendered worse by the ravages of War, it was resolved at a later meeting, held in July 1946, that for theimmediate future, an Executive Committee of Seven Saphpas by selected for the purpose of deciding all questions of futureadministration and policy without reference to all the individual Saohpas of the Council. This was accordingly done, and it isfrom this Executive Committee that this Memorandum emanates. We Shans feel that, with the historical background set forthabove, we are in no wise inferior to the Burmans culturally, politically, or otherwise, and that, if in the near future, His Majesty'sGovernment is pleased to grant independence to Burma proper, the Federated Shan States should be granted a similar status atthe same time.6. It may be said that our form of government in the Shan States autocratic. This statement may have been made with somedegree of accuracy a century ago, but is no longer true. The war had many devastating effects, but one good effect it had wasto bring us into contact with many nations from all parts of the World, and to cause amongst us an awakening to politicalconciousness. The right of our people to take a part in the administration of the country has been recognised, and StateAdvisory Councils have already been started. Furture, we are now in the process of constituing a Constituent Assembly andalso a Shan States Federal Council including members popularly elected in both cases.7. Since the reoccupation of Burma, a new department has been opened at the headquarters of the Government of Burma. It iscalled the Frontier Areas Administration, and as its name implies, it controls all the "Frontier Areas", including the Shan States,the Kachin Hill-Tracts, the Chin Hills, the Karen Tracts and so on, that is to say all the areas specified in Part I and II of theSecond Schedule to the Government of Burma Act, 1935 (26. Geo. 5, c.3).8. It has been declared that the ultimate aim of the policy of the Frontier Areas Administration is some form of amalgamation withthe Frontier Areas with Burma proper. Since that declaraion was made events have moved quickly in Burma proper.9. In the King's message to Burma, after the return of the Civil Government in October 1945, His Majesty had a special word tosay to tell the hill peoples of Burma, "who have with such steadfast courage maintained for three long years to fight against theenemy."
The message went on to say:-"Seperate arrangements will be made for your administration os that special care and attention may be given to your
welfare and your indigenous institutions may be developed. I hope that the day is not far distant when you, too, will desire of
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your own free will to take your place in self-governing Burma, and my Government will do all in the power to forward this laststep in the historic task of the unification of Burma."10. With due respect the Executive Committee of the Council of Shan States Saohpas would submit that the time has not yetarrived for the amalgamation is the Shan States with Burma proper. The first consideration is the need for the preservation of theShan race. The experience of the past few centuries has shown that wave after wave of Shan immigrants who went South intoBurma proper have been submerged in the populations there and have lost all their racial distinction. In the absence of any formof declaration made by His Majesty's Government with regards to the Federated Shan States, we do not know where we stand,if we were to stay aloof from Burma and remain within Frontier Areas Administration. Then agian, from the Constitutional pointof view we do not yet feel in a position to deal with ad adjoining "Independent Burma," unless we receive guarantees andassuracnces as indicated in the notes or resolutions below, prepareed or passed by Executive Committee from time to time.SUBJECT:- Demands made by the Shan States.
Peoples all the World over are now demanding their national birth-right in respect of self-determination regarding theproblems, either racial, politional, or otherwise, from the dominating governments concerned. Time is now ripe for us, the Shansone of the communities in the citizenship of this world, to demand our rights in accordance with the spirit of democracy. Wetherefore consider that the time has come when our rights should be recognised as follows:-
1. The powers of recruitment, appointment, and removal of officers for service in the Federated Shan States heretoforevested in the Governor of Burma and the Secretary of State for Burma should, without any reservation, be delegated to theFederal Council of the States.
2. Powers to appropriate receipts and control expenditure out of revenue accruing, either in or out of the Shan States,to the Shan States, should be transferred to the Federal Council of the Shan States, and no longer exerciseed by either theSecretary of State or the Governor of Burma.
3. Relationships with different Countries within the British Empire.On the basis of managing and controlling their own respective internal affairs, the Shans, the Chins, the Kachins, the
Karens, and the Burmans should determine, upon agreement with the consenting parties, the ways and means of their interre-lation with one another.
4. Foreign Affairs.The rights and privileges enjoyed by other members of the British Commonwealth of Nations should, in equal
measure, be extended and given to the Shan States for the period of her membership of the said Commonwealth.And also the right to have intercourse with her neighbouring foreign countries, such as China, French Indo-China and
Thailand, when such occasion arises, for the inhabitants of these neighbouring tracts are nearly all Shan by races and in origin.The four items enumerated above were discussed and unanimously agreed to by all the Saohpalong in their meetings,
held successively at Mong Kung, Panlong, and Taunggyi; as such the Saohpalongs, together with indigenous races of theShan States, should not remain content and inactive unless and until the demands as herein set out are fully met with.
"(a) The Saohpalongs of the Shan States are willing to negotiate on the question of Federation with Burma on theunderstanding and basis of full autonomy for the Shan States, this condition to be duly provided for and guaranteed in thefuture constitution for Burma whether as a Dominion in the British Commonwealth of Nations or a complete Sovereigninternational state, with the right to secede from the Federation if so desired."11. A copy of an extract from the minutes of a meeting of the Shan States Saohpas' Council held in July 1946, which was attendedby the Deput Director of Frontier Areas, is reproduced below, and it is requested that come immediate arrangements should bemade regularly to revive the Shan States Federal Fund, with necessary amendments of the shares of the Federated Shan Statesin certain heads of Central Revenue such as Customs etc.
EXTRACTS FROM MINUTES."The Mong Pawn Saohpa raised the question of the Federal Fund Order which expired three years after 1941. i.e 1941,
and also said that according to this Order in Council which was based on the decision of a Special Tribunal, the Federated ShanStates did not get its fair share of Customs from Burma Revenues. The Deputy Director, Frontier Areas, replied that althoug theOrder expired in 1944 a seperate Accounts Officer for the Federated Shan States regarding the share of the Federated ShanStates out of Burma Revenues. According to the Act of Parliament no one can touch it. It is for the Saohpas to put the matterup to the Government."12. To sum up, we desire to reamain, for the time being, within the frame-work of the Frontier Areas Administration, side by sidewith the other hill areas, which, like our Shan Hills, are geographically, definitely seperate from Burma proper. At the same timewe shall continue our friendly relations with that country. Nevertheless, if the question of Federation with Burma proper israised, the Federated Shan States claim the right and privelege as an equal parter in any Burma Federation of treating direct withHis Majesty's Government in the matter of financial or other adjustments. It is necessary, however, to emphasise on the fact thatthe Shan Saohpas are only willing to negotiate fon the question of federation with Burma proper on the understanding andbasis of full autonomy for the Federated Shan States, this condition to be duly provided for and guaranteed in the BritishCommonwealth of Nations or as a completely independent Sovereign States, with the further condition that the Federated ShanStates shall have the right at any time to secede from any such Burma Federation if they so desire. As regards internaladministration, our aim is to have our own Constitution, a Federation of the Shan States.Dated Camp Hsipaw sd. Hkun Pan Sing,the 16th January 1947. President,
Executive Committee,Council of Federated Shan States, Saohpas.
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aemufqufwGJ (*)
SECOND MEMORANDUM ON THE SHAN STATES SUBMITTED BY THE EXECUTIVECOMMITTEE OF THE SHAN STATES SAOHPAS COUNCIL.
Since drafting our first Memorandum we have received official intimation that His Majesty's Government is about togrant independence to Burma, and has invited to England a delegation from the Executive Council of the Government of Burma.The Right Hon'ble Mr. Attlee's pronouncement on the subject contains no refercence to the Frontier Areas. Our misgivings asto the future status of the Federated Shan States, are therefore, doubled. In paragraph 10 of our first Memorandum we have setforth the reasons militating against the amalgamation of our States with Burma proper, and in paragraph 12 we have clearlyspecified the guarantees and conditions on which we are willing to negotiate on the question of federation with Burma proper.And as regards our internal administration, we desire to repeat that our aim is to have our own Constitution, a Federation of theShan States, as a self-governing entity.2. The four points of vital importance coneded by His Majesty's Government to Burma may be brieftly summarised as shownbelow:-
A. That the Burma white Paper of 1946 may be discarded;B. That the people of Burma may decide their own future, where or not to remain within the Commonwealth;C. That the new Constitution for Burma may be settled by the nationals of Burma; andD. That the Burmese Government that has now been formed may within the existing constitution exercise a fullmeasure of authority in Burma.
3. Basing our claims on the historical background and on the other facts set forth in our first Memorandum, we beg to demandthat the four points cited above shall apply, with immediate effect, to the federated Shan States, and we shall now proceed toexamine in what manner this may be done.4. "A" calls for no remarks.5. As regards "B", we have already expressed our willingess to reamin, for the present, within the frame-work of the FrontierAreas Administration, provided that if, at any time, the question of federation with Burma proper is raised, we shall claim theright and privilege to negotiate on that question on the understanding and basis of full autonomy for the Federated ShanStates, and guaranteed by His Majesty's Government in the future constitution for Burma.6. For carryingf out the terms of "C", we have already suggested to the Governor of Burma that he should, under the powersvested in him by sub-section (2) of Section 40 of the Government of Burma Act, 1935, issue a Regulation declaring the Councilof the Federated Shan States consisting of all the Saohpas, Administrators and equal number of popularly elected representivesof the people which will be assembled by Novemember 1947 to be a Constituent Assembly for the drafting of a new Constitutionfor Federated Shan States. All the members of the proposed Constituent Assembly will be nationals of the Shan States. So that,in this respect also, these States will fall into line with India and Burma.7. There now remains "D". It appears at this stage to be necessary to consider in some detail the system of administration inforce in the Shan States. In pre-annexation days the Chiefs were held to be "in subordinate alliance" to the king of Burma andin no way subject to His Majesty Ministerial Government. Even subsequent to the annexation, that is during the past sixtyyears or more the Chiefs have enjoyed the same status; their territories have been recognised "quasi-autonomous areas."Dyarchical Government at first and later Ministerial Government in Burma proper did not affect the rights and powers of theChiefs to administer their country on the traditional and hierarchical sysytem. It is true that in their Sanads, the documentsrecognising their titles, powers, and rights, they were enjoined to exercise them subject to the guidance of their superinten-dents, but most Government Officers, who have served in the Shan States will, it is submitted, readily admit that such guidancewas seldom called for, and if necessary, merely took the form of advice. The reason for this can easily be explained. The Rulersare hereditary. Leaving out of consideration the areas notified under Chapter X of the Burma Municipal Act and special miningareas, which, we are told, will shortly be returned to the States concerned the rule in each States is framed on a basis commonto all States. Hence, it will be an easy step from ruler by one in one State to rule by a centralised body like the ExecutiveCommittee over all the States.8. The autonomous nature of the system in force in our States has been tested by the passage of time and is still considered themost suitable for our country.9. But we the people of the Shan States, like the people of other nations of the World, move with the times. Since the last war,we have recognised the need for some form of centralised government, while at the same time admitting, into that Governmenta democratic Policy, so that our people may learn and develop the principles of self-government. With the first object in viewmany of our brother Chiefs, in supreme act of self abnegation, have surrendered their powers and privileges to a centralExecutive Committee of the Shan States Saohpas' Council, to which reference was made in our first Memorandum and also here.For this praiseworthy gesture of unselfishness the Chiefs concerned deserve a high tribute of thanks, in that they havevolutarily foregone their undisputed and hereditary rights.10. With the second object in view, namely the gradual development of democratic principles, we are now in the process ofincluding, in the immediate future, within our Council and Committee, populary elected members.11. It is for Executive Committee of the Shan States Saohpas' Council, which has been regularly established by convention, thatwe beg that a full measure of authority in the Shan States be forthwith elevated, such authority including executive, completefinancial autonomy and legislative power. The latter will, necessarily, under the present constitution, be subject to the powerexercised by the Governor of Burma to issue Regulations applicable to the Shan States under the authority vested in him by
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section 40 (2) of the Government of Burma Act 1935. This power may be exercised until a new Constitution for the Shan Statesis brought into force.12. As regards the other sphere of administration, apart from legislative, there are sufficient powers for the Saohpas to act underthe Sanads granted to them and under the various orders, rules, etc., which are published in the Shan States Manual, and whichwill be scrutinised and amended when the draft Constitution is being framed.14. To sum up, we ask that (1) the Federated Shan States be placed immediately on the same political status as the adjoiningcountry of Burma proper, (2) The Council of Federated Shan States consisting of all Saohpas, Administrators and equal numberof popularly elected representives of the peoples which will be assembled by November 1947 be recognised as a ConstituentAssembly for drafting the new Constitution for the Shan States; (3) the powers given to the Burmese Government nowfunctioning be similarly given to the Executive Committee, which is a regularly constituted body functioning de facto in theShan States; (4) the Shan States Federal Fund, to which contributions have been made, or promised during the current financialyear, by all the Shan Chiefs, be revived and placed within the sole financial power of the Executive Committee.
Dated at Camp Hispaw, Sd. Hkun Pan Sing,the 16th January 1947. President,
Executive Committee, Council of Shan States Saohpas.
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aemufqufwGJ (C)
GENERAL STATEMENT BY THE BURMA DELEGATIONI. The Constituent Assembly.
On the 20th December 1946 in the house of commons the Rt. Hon. the Prime Minister made the following statement:-"we do not desire to retain within the Commonwealth and Empire andy unwilling peoples. It is for the people of
Burma to decide their own future but we are certain that it will be to their interest as it will be to ours if they decide to remainwithin the Commonwealth and we sincerely hope that they will arrive at such a decision. Likewise, we consider that the newConstitution for Burma should be settled by nationals of Burma and we believe that arrangementf to this end can be madeas a result of the forthcoming elections, without the necessity for holding fresh elections for a Constituent Assembly, on theanalogy of what has already been done in India where the Constituent Assembly is based upon the ordinary provincialelections...
" In all these matters, it is the desire and intention of His Majesty's Government to hasten forward the time whenBurma shall realise her independence, either within or without the Commonwealth, but for the sake of the Burmese people,it is of the utmost importance that this should be an orderly - though rapid progress."
We understand from the above quotaion that His Majesty's Government are prepared to concede to Burma the rightto such from of independence as she may choose and as rapidly as possible Our own demand is that this independence shallbe achieved within a year from now. If the intention of His Majesty's Government and our own demand are to have effect, theConstituent Assembly will have to be convened to decide the destiny of Burma. From the beginning, our demand for theConstituent Assembly has been coupled with the demand for an election to that Constituent Assembly on an adult franchise.This franchise we have received from parlaiment, and though it has been fixed at an age qualification different from what wedesire, we are prepared to acquiesce provided that the Constituent Assembly is formed by direct election.. Under the 1935Constitution, elections can be held only for the legislature, and non nationals have the right to participate. Moreover, theworking of that Constitution since its inception up to the time it was sspended by the War was associated with feature whichdid not meet with the people's favour. Thus we found that the participation in the elections and in the legislature of non-nationals enabled them to interfere materially in the internal politics of our country. It is the intention of His Majesty'sGovernment to enbled Burma to have the own freedom as soon as possible, and the re-introduction of the 1935 Constitutioncan only delay the implemetation of that intention and would be retrograde. We are therefore in favour solely of having directelection for the Constituent Assembly. The analogy drawn between India and Burma appears to us to be unsound as in Indiathe provincial elections were held soon after the War and before there was agreement about the formation of the IndianConstituent Assembly. But in our country we have been opposed from the beginning to the idea of elections under the 1935Constitution and such elections have not yet taken place. We therfore respectfully demur to the proposition that just becauseIndia went through the double process we should also do the same. In our case, since neither the elections nor the compositionof the Constituent Assembly has been agreed upon, we see no reason why the agreement should not be for such an Assemblyto be elected directly.2. Ther are other strong reasons also for by-passing elections under the 1935 Act. This Act has in effect long been dead. TheJapanese invasion of 1942 necessarily ended the effective operation of the Act, although a Skeleton Government of Burmareassembled in Simla and carried on de jure under a proclamation under Section 139 of the Government of Burma Act. Afterreoccuption of the country in 1945, a Military Administration was set up, and the Govrnor returned in Octoer, 1945, theGovernment of the country was not under the ordinary provisions of the Act of 1935 but was again under a proclamation undersection 139 of the Act , the scope of which was enlarged by the Government of Burma (Temporary Provisions) Act of 1945. AnExecutive Council and a Legislative Council were constituted not under the 1935 Act but under the 1945 Act. Under this latterAct, there seems to be no legal bar to the coversion by constitutional convention of the Governor's Executivef Council into aCabinet with full responsibility for all affairs on the advice of which the Governor must act. Similarly, a Legislature can beconstituted under the Act in any manner laid down by an Oder in Council, with such composition and functions as may similarlybe prescribed. In view of this elastics position the re-introduction of the 1935 Constitution can tend only to make the positionmore rigid. It is possible now to have an Executive Council on the lines that we seek and also a Legislature. Our own proposalis to vest the elected Constituent Assembly with the powers of a Legislature pending elections under the new Constitutionffto be framed by it.
II. The prewar Legislature3. The 1935 Act was not, and has never been, accepted by the people of Burma, and is now universally comdemned. Theconstitution of the Legislature was in particular regarded as a device for weaking within the Legislature, and therefore inside theGovernment, the influence of the Burmese. Thus, out of 132 seats in the House of Representives, only 91 seats were generalnon-communal seats. Of the remainder, 12 seats went to Karens and 2 to Anglo-Burmans, both indigenous minorities, to thegenerous treatment of which we do not demur. But 8 seats were alloted to Indians without the stipulation that these should beIndians domiciled in the country, so that many of these seats were filled by Indians who were not domiciled in the country.Similarly, 3 seats were allotted to Europeans and they were invariably filled by persons not domiciled in Burma. Of the 11 seatsallotted to representatives of commerce and industry, only 1 went to the Burmese Chamber of Commerce, the remaining 10 beingallotted to European, Indian and Chinese institutions which ordinarily returned Members who were not domiciled in Burma. Ofthe 4 labour seats, 2 were allotted to Indian labour which was entitled to the question of domicile, in a House of 132 Members,the European community secured no less than 9 seats (3 European plus 5 Burma Chamber of Commerce plus 1 Rangoon Trades
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Association) and the Indians secured 13 seats (8 Indians plus 2 Indian labour plus 2 Indian Chamber of Commerce plus 1Nattukottai Chettiars Association). The weightage given to these non-burmese minorities had tended towards the instability ofBurmese Cabinets constituted under the 1935 Act. The senate was even less satisfactory in its composition. Out of 36Members, 18 were nominated by the Governor in his discretion while the remaining 18 were elected by the Members of theHouse of Representatives by proportional representation on the method of a single transferable vote. Eligibility for the Senatewas on qualification which were narrow and undemocratic, so that the choice of persons to be elected was strictly limited. Thus,the weightage given to these non-indigenous minorities in the lower House was faithfully reproduced in the Upper House in itselected portion while the Governor was free to weigh these non-indigenous minorities as he like in the nominated portion.4. The people of Burma have a painful memory of the role played by the group of non-nationals representating European andIndian vested interests in the Burma Legistature from Aprilf 1937 to January 1942. During this period there were no less thanthree successive premiers with their respective Cabinets, with an average lifetime of only nineteen months. The 23 non-indigenous Members of the Legistature organised themselves into a group and found itself in a position to dictate terms tosuccessive Burmese Councils of Ministers and to extort commercial and other concession as a price of its support of Govern-ment, or sometimes its neutrality on frequently recurring motions of non-confidence. No Council of Ministers could remain inoffice if it could not obtain the support of these vested interests. The Legislature therefore was so constituted as to minimisethe possibility of Burmese portion obtaining a democratic majority, and in practice it made the non-Burman element the arbitersof the fate of the Council of Ministers. Such was experience of the people of our country in the past and with this mentalbackground, they cannot but disapprove strongly a re-introduction of the 1935 Act or the holding of elections under itsprovisions.
III. The Executive Council5. The general proposition which we desire to formulate in respect of the Executive Council is that it should be entrustedforthwith with the powers of a Government of the Dominions and that accordingly the Governor should be a constitutionalhead bound by the advice of his Executive Council in all matters and no longer under the direction and control of the Secretaryof State. We are advised that it may be possible to effect this change by a revised Proclamation under the Government of Burma(Temporary Provisions) Act of 1945 or by a constitutional convention preferably embodied in the Governor's Instrument ofInstructions. It follows from this general proposition that the Executive Council of the Governor should control not onlymatters which are already within its province but also among other subjects Defence and External Affairs, the Member in chargeof which being converted from his present position of Counsellor to the Governor in these subjects to that of a Council incharge of them. It would further follow that the Executive Council will have full financial autonomy and and that it will be opento the countries. The control of Defence would include the control of all armed froces, whether Empire or Burmese stationedwithin Burma. We likewise desire that the Frontier Areas should be brought within the scope of the Council in the manner whichwill be explained in the succeeding Section of this Statement.
IV. The Frontier Areas6. We are aware that the long-term policy of His Majesty's Govrnment in regard to Burma is that there should be a united orfederated Burma including the whole of British Burma and perhaps also the Karenni States. We respectfully subscribe to thispolicy but are anxious that the peoples of these Areas should be given an opportunity of sharing immediately in the constitu-tional advance to be achieved by the Burmese. To that end we propose that representatives of the Frontier Areas should beassociated forthwith in the work of the Executive Council in a manner which would retainf for these Areas autonomy in mattersof internal administration. This, in our opinion, could be done by bringing the Frontier Areas within the scope of the ExecutiveCouncil and by appointing a representative of the Frontier Areas to the charge of the new portfolio and providing him with twoor three Deput Councillors representing the Frontier races of which he is not a member. Thus, for instance, a Shan representa-tive could be appointed a Councillor and be assisted by Kachin and Chin Deputy Councillors. The Director of the FrontierAreas would then function as other Heads of Departments under the Councillors. The manner in which the peoples of theseAreas will participate in the work of the Constituent Assembly should, we propose, be left for disscussion between Burmeseleaders and representatives of these Areas without the interference of outside interests. Our desire is that the people of theFrontier Areas should reagin their freedom together with the Burmese and enjoy equal rights with them in all respects. In regardto the Constituent Assembly for Burma proper, as the elections have been fixed for next April, there is insufficient time for aDelimitation Commission for a fresh territorial division of constituencies. Also, though there have been some temporaryshiftings of population, the division of the 91 general non-communal seats for the House of Representatives is reasonably fair.We propose accordingly to retain the present distribution of these seats but to double their total by doubling the representa-tion given to these 91 constituencies. In the result we propose that the general non-communal constituencies would all becomeplural constituencies and return twice the number which each returned to the House of Representatives, the total being thusenlarged from 91 to 182. The Franchise would be the adult franchise at 21 already accepted by Parliament for the Legislature. Inaccordance with what has been accepted by His Majesty's Government, only Burmese nationals, the definition of which termwe shall suggeste below will be entitled to vote in the elections for a Constituent Assembly and to stand for such election. Weare of the option that there is no place in the Constituent Assembly for any special constitutuencies, but we would makeprovision in the Constituent Assembly in the following manner for the two indigenous communities, the Karens and the Anglo-Burmans, for whose representation special provision is made in respect of the House of Representatives. The Karens are nowgiven 12 seats in the House. If the Karens would agree, we should be glad to add 24 seats to the 182 seats we have proposedfor general non-communal of constituencies and to arrange for a guaranteed minimum of 24 Karens out of these 206 seats. In
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the alternative, if they so desire, we would be prepared to add 24 seats to the Constituent Assembly and allot them to the 12Karen constituencies for the House of Representatives, each constituency to return to the Constituent Assembly two Mem-bers for the one Member which it return to the House of Representatives. In the case of the Anglo-Burmans, we would provide4 additional seats for them in the constituent Assembly, corresponding to the 2 seats filled by their representatives in the Houseof Representatives, and adopt either of the two courses which we have proposed for the Karens. In the case of the Anglo-Burmans, the allocation of 2 seats in the House of Representatives, the total seats in which were 132, involves a veryconsiderable weightage as, even before the War, the Anglo-Burman population was less than 20,000 out of a total populationof 17 millions. As an indication of our generous attitude towards our indigenous minorities, we are prepared to let thisweightage be reproduced in the Constituent Assembly, but without prejudice to whatever may eventually be decided by theConstituent Assembly in regard to communal proportions in the Legislature under the Constitution to be devised. We under-stand, however, that the Anglo-Burman community does not seek speicial protection or communal seats and that they areprepared to be regarded in all respect as a part of the majority community. The Constituent Assembly for Burma proper wouldthen consist of 210 seats.
V. The Definition of Burma National7. The question of defining on an agreed basis separate nationalities for the self-governing countries in the British Common-wealth will be discussed shortly by a conference to begin in London on the 3rd February 1947. We would defer a longer termdefinition of a Burma National till we have had the advantage of studying the results of the conference. The final definition mustof course be reserved for decision by the Constituent Assembly. Some definition is, however, necessary for the purpose ofdetermining who is eligible for voting in the Constituent Assembly elections and for standing as candidates. Tentatively we areof the opinion that for the purpose of these elections a Burma National should be defined as a person who is born and domiciledin Burma and who was also born of parents permanently resident in Burma.
VI. Miscellaneous Incidental Matters.Ther are certain incidental matters which we wish to mention. Our request for full powers for the Executive Council
involves autonomy in external affairs and as a token of this autonomy it is important that Burma should be a Member of theUnited Nations Organisation. We have made a separate request to His Majesty's Government for sponsoring our candidaturefor the United Nations Organisation.
There is also the question of the control over the Secretary of State's services in Burma. At present this control isexercised ultimately by the Secretary of State through the Governor. The position of independence from control of the Execu-tive Council thus secured to these services is incompatible with Burmese self-government and we regret to have to mentionthat under the cover of the position thus accorded to them, some Members of these services have at times endeavoured toobstruct our policy, though we take this opportunity of acknowledging that there are others who have served us totally. Wethink that the time has arrived for the transfer of control over these services to the Executive Council.
There is also the question of control over the Railway Board, the Public Service Commission and the Project Boards.All these are autonomous or semiautonomous institutions over which control is with the Governor in his discretion or in hisindividual judgement rather than with the Executive Council. In our view, it should now be open to the Executive Council todefine for themselves the measure of control which they desire to exercise.
Under the 1935 Constitution, the Governor exercises certain functions in his discretion and in his individual judge-ment in respect of certain matters relating to legislation and the legislature. The grant to the Executive Council of the power ofa Dominion Government involves the proposition that the Governor should act on the advice of his Council where exercisinghis powers in respect of legislation and the Legislature.
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FURTHER STATMENT BY THE BURMA DELEGATIONThe Burma Delegation have reviewed the proposals in their "General Statement" in the light of the comments made by
His Majesty's Government in their Memorandum in reply and the oral discussion which have taken place at the Conference.The Delegation desire to make the following further representations.
Constituent Assembly and form of interim Government.2. The Delegation welcome the acceptance by His Majesty's Government of the view that the elections to be held next Aprilshould be for a Constituent Assembly. The Delegation agree that the Government of Burma should be carried on for the presentunder the Emergency Section of the Act of 1935 with a nominated Executive Council and nominated Legislative Council thelatter to be enlarged to, say, 100 Members. The Delegation, however, view the period between now and the introduction of thenew Constitution as being in two stages. The first stage will be the period from now till the covening of the ConstituentAssembly, and for this stage. The Delegation agree to the above proposal without qualificationf. The second stage will be thatfrom the convening of the Constituent Assembly to the introduction of the new Constitution. The Delegation cannot helpanticipation that at some time during this second stage, circumstances may tender necessary the reconstitution of the interimGovernment and the Legislature though it is impossible to anticipate now the manner in which the Delegation would thereforelike it to be understood reconstituted. The Delegation would therefore like it to be understood that the constitution of aGovernment and of a Legislature under the Emergency Section of the Act of 1935 may have to be reviewed in the course of thissecond stage.
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3. In regard to the distribution of seats for the Constituent Assembly, the Delegation acknowledge the disadvantages ofconvertingf the constituencies into plural constituencies. A more satisfactory solution would be the subdivision of the presentgeneral non-communal, the Karen and the Anglo-Burman constituencies, but owing to the lack of time this course must, in theopinion of the Delegation, be now regarded as impracticable. A Constituent Assembly consisting of only 105 Members would,in the Delegation opinion, be inadeaquate while a larger Constituent Assembly of 210 would provide greater opportunities forthe inclusion in the Constituent Assembly of Burmans especially qualified to take part in the task of constitution-making. TheDelegation are accordingly obliged to adhere to the proposal for giving to each constituency double the number of Membersit returned to the House of Representatives. The Delegation are not in favour of a co-opted elements as they consider importantthat the Constituent Assembly should consist entirely of Members returned directly by the country. The Delegation wouldprefer to bring in the expert element in an advisory capacityf witout voting power though there is reason for hoping that anumber of experts may be among the 210 to be elected.
4. The position and power of the interim Government.The Delegation inter from the attitude of His Majesty's Government in regard to the position and powers of the interim
Government that the wish is to approximate these to the position and powers of a Dominion Government to the fullest extentpossible without the amending Legislation for which there is now insufficient time. If such is the case, the Delegation areconstrained to express their opinion that the formula of "Close consultation and consideration" in the external field would notbe of much value unless it is accompanied by full autonomy in the field of internal administration. The formula in respect ofinternal administration is that the Executive Council would be given the greatest possible freedom in the exercise of the day today administration of the country. "Day to day administration" is undefined and the result may well be that while the ExecutiveCouncil is allowed its way in respect of routine matters, important questions of policy may still be subject to the control of theGovernor representating His Majesty's Government. Also approximation towards the Government of a Dominion is impossiblewithout autonomy in the Defence and External Affairs. For these reasons the Delegation would propose that by constitutionalconvention, the Governor should be placed in the position of a constitutional Head of the State and be required to act on theadvice of his Executive Council in all subjects.
This proposition invoices the relaxation by His Majesty's Government and by the Governor of the control which isthere under the existing law, but there have been many occasions in the past in which the actual powers of the Dominions haveoutpaced theire position under statute law and what is not permitted by law has often been achieved by constitutionalconvention. The formal responsibility for the government of Burma would, under our present proposal, still vest in theGovernor and His Majesty's Government and the actions of the Government of Burma would still be taken in the name of theGovernor but the Delegation would ask that the actual responsibility should now pass to the Executive Council. Already, inrespect of the day to day administration the formal responsibility still vests in the Governorf and His Majesty's Governmentunder Section 139 of the Act of 1935 but by constitutional convention the actual responsibility has passed to the ExecutiveCouncil. If there is no legal objection to this, the Delegation are unable to see any legal objection to the same arrangement inrespect what is not day to day administration and of Defence and External Affairs.
5. Defence.In regard to Defence, the Delegation have noted the observations made by the Minister of Defence in his Memonandum
of the 19th Janaurary 1947. They acquiesce in the position that British forces utilised in Burma must be under the ultimatecontrol of His Majesty's Government, but the Delegation feel that this control should be execised entirely through theGovernor as the local representative of His Majesty's Government. At present, the General Officer Commanding in Chief of thearmy in Burma does not appear to be subordinate to the Governor but rather to the remnant of the South East Asia Commandthough it is understood that this Command is in the process of liquidation. For so long as the control of the British and Indiantroops in Burma is exercised not through the Governor but through an agency extranneous to Burma, there can be no approxi-mation towards the possession by the Government of Burma of the powers of a Dominion Government as envisaged inparagraph 9 of the Memorandum by His Majesty's Government. The Delegation would therefore request that early steps betaken towards vesting in the Governor the control of the British and Indian forces stationed in Burma and for subordinating theCommander-in-Chief in Burma to the Governor and the Government of Burma.
It would be anomalous if, while in other spheres the Governor acts on the advice of the Executive Council, in mattersrelating to British and Indian forces in Burma, the Governor should act in his discretion. The Delegation would therefore askthat in respec of the control of the British and Indian Forces stationed in Burma the Governor should be required to act also onthe advice of the Executive Council though the Delegation are prepared to recognise that the ultimate control of British forcesshould continue to vest in His Majesty's Government. In short, the Delegations view in that the immediate control of non-Burmese troops in the country should vest in the Governor acting on the advice of the Executive Council, subject to HisMajesty's Government's ultimate control over British forces.
British forces are, in the view of the Delegationf, not entirely necessary for the maintenance of internal security inBurma. The Delegation would therefore prefer the withdrawal of these forces from Burma if their continued use should be at theexpense of impairing the autonomy which would otherwise vest in the Executive Council in respect of Defence.6. The Delegation regard as highly unsatisfactory the present position by which the subject of Defence is outside the scope ofthe Executive Council though the senior Executive Councillor deals with the subject in his capacity of Counsellor to theGovernor. The Delegation would urge that steps be taken by such means are possible short of legislation, for which there is notime, to bring the subject of Defence within the scope of the Executive Council and to enable the senior Member of the Council
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to share with his Colleagues his responsibilities in regard to the subject. The same request applies to the subject of ExternalAffairs dealt with below.
7. External Affairs.The Delegation welcome the suggestion made by His Majesty's Government for the appointment of High Commis-
sioner for Burma in London as soon as arrangements can be made. The Delegation are, however, disappointed with thesuggestion that in regard to other capitals Burma should be content with the appointment of Agents-General. Agents-General,in spite of such diplomatic rank as may be accorded to them, can hardly be regarded diplomatic representatives of Burmaabroad, and will not therefore satisfy Burma's aspiration for an immediate improvement of her external status. In spite of the factthat India is a member of the United Nations Organisation and Burma is not, the legal position of the Government of India inrespect of External Affairs is no better than that of Burma. As it has been found posssible to secure for India diplomaticrepresentation abroad, the Delegation are unble to see conclusive reason for denying such an arrangement to Burma, and thedenial impairs seriously the agreed approximation towards the position of a Dominion. Even if it is accepted in principle that HisMajesty's Government will assist Burma in obtaining diplomatic representation abroad, the actual arrangements are likely totake some time to complete. So far as the denial is due to unwillingness on the part of His Majesty's Government, the Delegationwould earnestly urge the Government to reconsider the attitude. If, however, the denial is due to the apprehension that theforeign Governments concerned will not agree, the Delegation would urge that the Executive Council should be permitted tomake informal approaches to the Governments concerned. That there can be no diplomatic impropriety in such approaches isevidenced by the fact that Pandit Jewlal Nehru has appointed a Personal Representative charged with the task of makinginformal approaches to certain Governments in Europe for the exchange of diplomatic representatives with India.
8. United Nations Organisation.The Delegation not the view of His Majesty's Government that the time is inopportune for pressing Burma's candida-
ture for admissing to the United Nations Organisation, and while the Delegation fully appreciate this view, they still venture tohope that diplomatic may evoke responsee which may alter the present assessment of the situation by His Majesty's Govern-ment. The Delegation would therefore request that these approaches may nevertheless be made or in the alternative that theExecutive Council should be authorised to make their own approaches in an informal manner. In the mean time they welcome thepromise that the question of Burma's immediate representation in the international bodies operating under the United NationsOrganisation would be taken up by His Majesty's Govenment with the Secretary-General of the Organisation. The Delegationwould also ask that in respect of the United Nations Organisation itself, permission should be sought for the attendance ofObservers representing the Government of Burma pending Burma's admission to the Organisation as a full Member.
The Delegation note from Article 4 of the United Nations Organisation's Charter that Membership is open to peace-loving States which accept the obligations contained in the Charter and, in the judgement of the Organisation, are able andwilling to carry out these obligations. The people of Burma are very willing to carry out these obligations but the ability to doso is dependent on the measure of autonomy to be coneded to them in Defence and External Affairs. The success of Burma'sapplication for membership would be assured if His Majesty's Government were able to invest the present Government ofBurma with the sufficient autonomy to enable them to carry out the obligations of the membership of the United NationsOrganisation.
9. Finance.The Subject of Finance will be dealt with by the Delegation in a separate Memorandum but they hold strongly the view
that without complete financial autonomy, the so-called autonomy in other spheres of Government would be illusory.
10. The Forntier Areas.With due respect, the Delegation do not find themselves able to agree that a Committee of Enquiry to ascertain the
wishes of the people of the Frontier Areas, would at this stage serve a useful purpose. Such an enquiry must necessarily taketime, and opportunity would be missed for associating these peoples in the work of the Executive Council and probably also forassociating them in the work of the Constituent Assembly. The unification of Burma as a policy of His Majesty's Governmentis of recent origin, and indeed the present division between Ministerial Burma and the Frontier Areas is the direct result of thepast policy of the British rulers of Burma, if not of His Majesty's Government to do everything possible to divide the FrontierAreas from the rest of Burma, and this was done in spite of the fact that Burma is a geopraphical unit, the long historicalassociation of Burma proper with the rest of Burma and the fact that the Frontier Areas cnannot economically be independentof Ministerial Burma and that the Defence of Ministerial Burma would be impossible without close interconnection with theFrontier Areas. Independence recognised for Burma would be nullified if the Frontier Areas are reatined under the direct controlof His Majesty's Govenment.
The delegation feel obliged to review the past. The Burmese were formerly admitted to the Frontier Service butBurmese recruitment to this Service stopped in 1927, and only 4 Burmese offciers now remain in the Service. Though they aresenior and though one of them is senior even to the Director of the Frontier Areas Administraton, they have not been givenpositions compatible with their seniority. Also an attempt was made some years ago to impose a Romanised Chin script uponthe Chins with a view apparently deliberately to remove the Chins further from the Burmese. It is interesting to note the linguafranca employed in the Chin units of the Burma Army is Urdu and not Burmese as should be the case since the Chins have nocommon Chin language and Burmese is spoken by many of them. The Delegation would be point out the marked difference in
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the opportunities given to Christian missionaries and Buddhist missionaries in these so-called Frontier Areas. When con-stitutonal reforms were introduced to Burma in 1919, Burma was divided for administrative purpose into Burma in Proper andthe "Backward Areas". The Burmese did not and do not subscirbe to the view that the people of these areas are backward in anyway. Before 1886, when Upper Burma was under Burmese rule, good relations between the Chiefs of the Frontier races and theBurmese King were normal. The main diffence between these people and the Burmese lies in the fact that these mainly resideon the hills while the Burmese mainly reside in the plains. Such members of the Frontier races as happen to reside in the plainshave acquired the same political rights as the Burmese. The proposal for bringing the Frontier Areas within the province of theExecutive Council is made with view to raising the status and rights of these people to those of the Burmese and the Delegationhave no reason to believe that they will not approve the proposal. In fact, to the knowledge of such members of the Delegationas have attended the Pinglong Conference of 1946 in the Shan States and other conferences, the Frontier Areas leaders areagreeable to the proposal. Any statement to the contrary submitted to His Majesty's Government is not truly the opinion of thepeople of those areas. For instance, the Delegation are aware that the demand for a Kachin State amongst the Kachins wasinspired by some Military officers during the time of the operations against the Japanese. It has also come to the knowledge ofthe Delegation that in in aletter from the Burma Office, dated the 30th November 1943, to the Governor, it was stated that forreasons of Imperial Defence it may be desirable for His Majesty's Government to execise a more direct control over theFrontier Areas of Burma than over Burma itself after the latter has been granted self-gorvenment. The Delegation are alsoawar that Mr.Stevenson, the Director of Frontier Areas Administartion, addressed last December to the Kachin people inrespect of the demand for a Kachin State, certain words which distorts starngely the intentions of the Burmese. He said;
''No order has as yet been passed on the subject of the formation of a federated Kachin State. The main reason forthis is that the Burmese leaders are convinced that the Kachins do not really want such a State, but that it is only the FrontierAreas Adminstration that wants it. This view has been put before His Majesty's Governmentf and it is another of the subjectupon which Mr. Walsh Atkins is here to listen to the Kachin view point direct from the Kachins. It is the hope of His Majesty'sGovernment that by mutual discussion, an agreed solution acceptable to both the Kachins and the other people of theMyitkyina and Bhamo Districts will be possible."
The above statement by the Director of the Frontier Areas Administration contains two points to which the Delega-tion must take exception. One is the misrepresentation that the Burmese have placed before His Majesty's Government the viewthat the Kachins do not really want a Kachin State. The other is the statement, never communicated to the Executive Council,that it is the hope of His Majesty's Government that by mutual discussion, an agreed soulution acceptable to both the Kachinsand the other people of the Myitkyina and Bhamo Districtfs will be posssible. In fact, without intimation to the ExecutiveCouncil, the Deputy Commissioner of the Myitkyina District and already held, a series of meetings for that purpose thoughthey are said to be unofficial. For sixty years, the conditions of these so-called backward tribes, administered by Britishauthoritiesf without Burmese aid have remained without improvement. The Delegation do not hold the view that they arepolitically backward and still incapable of self-government but if such is the view of His Majesty's Government, the Delegationmaintain that no Government outside Burma should have any claim to the privilege of trusteeship over these areas. TheDelegation's proposal is, however, not for the trusteeship of these areas by the Government of Burma but for elevating them tothe Burmese political position, actual and impending, and to a distinct share in the administration of the country to which they,the Burmese, and all other races of Burma alike belong.
In the opinion of the Delegation, what is needed now are immediate measures to bring the Burmese and Frontier racesinto close association in the govenment of the countryf as a whole and it may confidently be anticipated that such immediateassociation will facilitate the implementation of His Majesty's Govenment expressed aim of a unified Burma. The Delegation'ssuggestion for the inclusion in the Executive Council of a Frontier Areas portfolio to be held by a member of one of the Frontierraces with the assistance of deputies belonging to other Frontier races, if accepted, cannot fail to be a striking gesture of good-will towards the Frontier races alike by His Majesty's Govenment and by the Burmese.
11. Definition of Burma Nationals.The Delegation have studied the not by the Conference Secretary dated the 18th January 1947 on the definition of
Burma nationals. The Delegation agree that persons enrolled in the Indian and European constituencies should be eligible forenrolment in the non-communal general constituencies for the elections to the Constituent Assembly if they can satisfy somesimple test devised for the occasion. A good many Indians born in Burma are of parents not habitually resident in Burma anddo not regard Burma as their home. Similarly, many Indians reside in Burma for long periods in trades and occupations withoutsevering their connection with India whcih they still regard as their home. In these circumstances, alternativef tests of birth andhabitual residence may enfranchise for the Constituent Assembly many Indians who do not regard Burma as their home. TheDelegation are therefore of the opinion that the test should be a double one, i.e., not birth or residence but birth and residence.It is doubtful whether it would be practicable to distinguish in a summary enquiry between residence and habitual residenceand the Delegation would prefer to make it simple residence for a comparatively long period. In the result the Delegation are ofthe opinion that the test should be birth in Burma plus not less than eight years total either in the ten years immediatelypreceding the 1st January 1947 or in the ten years immediately preceding the 1st January 1942. The second alternative issuggested to provide for those Indians who left Burma on account of the War and who would not be able to satisfy the test inthe first alternative. Persons who satisfyf the double test of birth and residence would be enrolled if they are otherwise eligible.
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THIRD STATEMENT BY THE BURMA DELEGATION.The Burma Delegation have given the utmost consideration to the points in the Memorandum by His Majesty's
Government received on the 23rd January 1947, and desire to make the following further observations.
2. Constituent Assembly and formation of Interim Government.While appreciating the reason for the stiputation made in the last sentence of paragraph 2 of the Memorandum by His
Majesty's Government, the Delegation are, with respect, unwilling to accept definitely the position envisaged by His Majesty'sGovernment that there can be no change whatever in the form of the Interim Government of Burma during the period interven-ing between the convening of the Constitution Assembly and the introduction of the new Constitution. The Delegation wouldtherefore like it to be understood that they do not regard themselves as being bound to refrain from seeking any change whichmay be outside the scope of the existing legal provisions. The Delegation would also like to state that while it would be the taskof the Constitutuentf Assembly to determine the new Constitution for Burmaf within the period of one year which is the timelimit which the people of Burma have set for their country's independence, the Delegationf would like to emphasise that afterthe Assembly has decided on a Constitution based on independence within or without the commonwealth, the new Constitu-tion should be recognised forthwith.
3. The Delegation accept the suggestionff in paragraph 4 of the Memorandum by His Majesty's Government that the InterimLegislature may be given indirectly an elective basis by nominating to the indigenous general seats in it persons who havebeen elected to the Constitutent Assembly.
4. Position and powers of the Interim Government.The Delegation have noted the comments and explanations made in a paragraphs 5 and 6 of the Memorandum by His
Majesty's Government, and are well aware of the legal difficulties that stand in the way of their acceptance in full on this point.They are, however, convinced of the necessity of the immediate provision of a really tangible and definite method of closeapproximation to the position and powers of a Dominion Government and this method, in their view, is provided by theirproposals regarding the powers and competency of the Interim Government under which the Executive Council shall be fullyresponsible for all affairs while the Governor will function only as the Constitutional head. The Executive Council shall thusfunction on the lines of a Cabinet and every Member forming the Cabinet and holding charge of any portfolio will have all thepowers of a Minister of the Cabinet. The Delegation note that His Majesty's Government hold the same view in the matter butthat they are so far unable to agree to a formal transfer of these powers to an Executive Council functioning as a Cabinet owingto the diffculties arising from the existing satatutory provisions. The Delegation would suggest as a way out of the diffcultythat these proposals and intentions be embodied in an Instrument of Instructions to the Governor. A formal embodiment asproposal is necessary to clarify the constitutional position and powers of the Interim Government in as much as only a writtenagreement emanating from His Majesty's Government and not a verbal assurance on the matter will be accpetable to the peopleof Burma.
5. Relation Between the Executive Council and the subjects of Defence and External Affairs.The Delegation have noted the comments made in paragraphs 7 and 8 of the Memorandum by His Majesty's Govern-
ment. While acquiescing in the legal position, the Delegation would suggest that the convention outlined in the secondsentence of paragraphs might well be embodied in the Governor's Instrument of Instructions. The Delegation would also makethe further point that, again by convention executive authority might be entrusted to the Counsellor for Defence and ExternalAffairs in the same manner as such authority is in fact entrusted to the Executive Councillors though under Section 4 of the Actof 1935 the Governor, and not his Ministers, form the executive authority for Burma. It is very necessary that the Counsellor forDefence and External Affairs must have similar powers and responsibility as other Members of the Executive Council, irrespec-tive of the name by which his office may be called.
6. Defence.The Delegation have already submitted their considered views on the question of the measure of control to be
exercised by the Government of Burma over non-Burman troops. They welcome the accpetance of His Majesty's Governmentin principle that the G.O.C.-in-C. Burma Commads, should become subordinate to the Governor and the Government of Burmaat the earliest moment practicable, but they would urge that in the mean time a practical approximatin towards this positionshould be made by close colaboration between the Governor, the Government of Burma, and the authorities concerned. TheDelegation would likewise suggest a similar close collaboration in respect of the control exercised over no-Burman troopsemployed in Burma.
7. External Affairs.The Delegation desire to take this further opportunity of expressing the importance which they attach to the immedi-
ate advancement of Burma's international status which could be secured by her diplomatic representation abroad. The Delega-tion are unable to accept any proposal which denied Burma a full and immediate opportunity of external relations throughaccredited diplomatic representations of her own and hold that nothing short of this would be in line with the assurance of HisMajesty's Government that the Interim Government will approximate to a Dominion Government to the greatest possible extent.The Delegation await the further communication on this subject promised by His Majestys' Government.
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8. The United Nations Organisation.The Delegation cannot pretend that they are satisfied with the position reached in respect of the proposal for seeking
Burma's admission to the U.N.O. Arising from the immediate task reconstruction, Burma has certain claims of internationalscope which she cannot advance effectively without membership of the U.N.O. One such claim is that of repartions from Japan.There are other claims arising from the widespread destruction and devastation she has suffered as the result of a war foughtfor four years over the country, and from the entire repudiation by the allies of the Japanese currency held by the Burmese inexchange for labour, commodities and other real wealth supplied by them. The Delegation would therefore urge His Majesty'sGovernment again to do everything possible for the admission of Burma into the U.N.O. at the earliest possible date thoughthey are constrained at the moment to accept the advice tendered on this point by His Majesty's Government.
9. The Frontier Areas.The Delegation feel that there has been a misunderstanding of the implicationsf of their proposal for the appointment
of a member of the Frontier races to the charge of a new portfolio of Frontier Areas in the Governor's Executive Council. This hasbeen taken by His Majesty's Government as being in effect the administrative unification of Burma proper and the FrontierAreas. It was never intended by the Delegation that the Executive Council, thus augmented should in anyway interfere with theinternal administration of the Frontier Areas and it was intended chiefs, other rulers and councils in these Areas would functionas before. The Executive Council would administer in respect of the Frontier Areas only subjects of common interest to BurmaProper and these Areas. This, the Delegation believe, will be a distinct gain to the people of the Frontier Areas as, at present,participation in the administration of subjects of common interest like Defence, External Affairs, Tariff policy, the administrationof Customs, and income-tax etc. is confined to the leaders and representatives of the people of Burma Proper. The creation ofa representative of these races in the substantial measure of self-government already attained by the Burmese.
The Delegation are of strong opinion that they should share such freedom as the Burmese have obtained with thepeople of the Frontier Areas. To the Delegation it is inconceivable that these people would not agree to so substantial animprovement in their constitutional position. From a position of complete subordination to the Governor, acting through theofficers of the Burma Frontier Service, the Frontier races will have a share in the Executive Council which will administer thewhole of Burma and the Frontier Areas Executive Council will not only have direct access to the Governor but become theofficial superior of the Director of the Frontier Areas Administartion. The Delegation also demur to the statement that there hasbeen a conflict of evidence in regard to the wishes of the people of the Frontier Areas. Among the documents copies of whichhave been shown to the Delegation, none contains anything which indicates that the steps they have proposed will beunacceptable to the people of the Frontier Areas. What was made clear in these documents is that the future of the FrontierAreas should not be settled at the present conferecne at which their people are not represented. The Delegation submit thattheir proposal in reagard to a Frontier Areas portfolio does not constitute a settlement of the future of the Frontier Areas.
The diffculty in regard to seeking the views of the people of the Frontier Areas lies in the fact that a free expression ofopinion is unlikely so long as the Frontier Areas and the Chiefs are administered, as at present, through the Frontier Areasadministration. The Chiefs are under the close control of the Frontier Service offiecers and such Burmese officers as wereappointed to this Service in the past have, as far as possible been diverted into posts of comparative unimportance so that thevery ideas of the Frontier Chiefs and leaders are moulded to a large extent by the British officers of the Frontier Service. Thereare no fixed rules of succession to vacant Chieftain-ships and the recommedation of the Frontier officer is the decisive factorin the choice between several possible heirs. On the death of a Chief in the Shan States, the post is usually kept vacant and theState administered by a British officer till a selection can be made of the claimant likely to be most amenable to the influence ofthe British officers of the Frontier Service. Also, the continuance in office of the chief depends a great deal on the report of theFrontier officer under whose advice he is placed. In these circumstaces, the Delegation have serious reason to apprehend thatan expression of free opinion. The Delegation cannot, however, without appearing to lack confidence in the acceptability oftheir own proposal, object to the proposal by His Majesty's Government that the Frontier Areas Chiefs and leaders should besounded at the Panglong Conference to be held next month. The Delegation do not however, know precisely who have beeninvited to the Conference and they must therefore make a stipulation that the selection of the Panglong Conference as the placeand time for the sounding of opinion must be subject to the attendance at the Conference being sufficiently representative andthat, if it is not, the sounding of opinion should take place at a conference specially convened for the purpose.
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ukefajym&vQif pmMunfhwdkufuav;udkyif vGwfvyfpGm rwnf
axmifEkdifyg/
raeY (20-1-46) nDvmcHwGif tqkdrsm;zwfjy&mü
(z,fxkwfxm;aome,frsm; yl;aygif;a&;tqkdwpf&yf ygvm
onfudk awGY&ygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY 0rf;ajrmuftm;wufjcif;
tm;twkdif;rodawmh/
Armacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;? igwkdYwkdif;&if;om;vlenf;
pkrsm;udk *&kjyKvmNyD? ta&;,lvmNyD[k auseyfaysmf&TifjyKH;Mu
&ygonf/
vlrsKd;a&;udk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifh? qE´tavsmuf cGJxGuf
vkdu cGJxGufEkdifcGifhudk rlwnfxm;onf[k od&aomtcg 1946
ck? ArmrsKd;cspfBuD;rsm; igwkdYwkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;tay:
oabmxm;BuD;ygayonf/ jrifhjrwfygayonf/ tjrifus,f
0ef;ygayonf[k tifrwefrStm;&ESpfouf pdwfwuf<ujcif;
jzpfMuygonf/
þtqkdrsKd;udk uRefawmfwkdY wkdif;&if;om;udk,fwkdifom
wifoGif;vkduf&vQif b,favmufaumif;rvJ? uRefawmfwkdYvl
enf;pkawG ukd,fwkdifaxmufcH&vQif b,favmufaumif;rvJ?
aemufqufwGJ(i)aemufqufwGJ(i)aemufqufwGJ(i)aemufqufwGJ(i)aemufqufwGJ(i)
uRefawmfwkdYawmifay:om;awG ukd,fwkdifom twnfjyKvdkuf
&vQif b,favmufaumif;rvJ/
odkYaomf uRefawmfwkdYtm; jynfolYt"dutcGifhta&;
rsm; r&&SdMuí ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;r[kwfEkdifaomaMumifh tifr
wefonf;cHcsKyfwnf;atmifhtnf;aeMu&ygonf/ ta&;um;
uRefawmfwkdY\wkduf&kdufta&;yif jzpfygonf/
þtqkdrsKd;wifoGif;jcif;? axmufcHjcif;jyK&efudk rqkd
xm;ESifh/ þnDvmcHobifudk uRefawmfwkdY wufa&mufaMumif;
tmPmykdifrsm; od&SdcJhygvQif uRefawmfwkdYtm; tdrftjyefwGif
tb,fud aESmifh,SufcsKyfcs,fMuOD;rnfrodyg/ xkdYaMumifh uRef
awmfwkdY nDvmcHBuD;udk wdwfwdwfuav;wufa&mufí NidrfNidrf
uav; em;axmifMu&ygonf/
uRefawmfwkdYESifhwkduf&kdufoufqkdifaeaomtqkd ygvm
íom þpmtm;jzifh vlBuD;rif;rsm;xH wdwfwdwfuav; ay;ydkY
axmufcH&jcif;jzpfygonf/ vm&usKd; enf;enf;eyfonf[k
vnf; ,lqygonf/ odkYaomf uRefawmfwkdYum; þrQavmufESifh
rwif;wdrfao;yg/
uRefawmfwkdY\b0atmufusaemufus jzpf&ykHudk vl
BuD;rif;rsm;tm; pkHpkHvifvif tpD&ifcHvkdygao;onf/ &Srf;jynf
\vGwfvyfwkd;wufBuD;yGm;rI vrf;pudk b,fvkd&SmMuH&rnfudk
vnf; vlBuD;rif;rsm;xHrS tMuHÓPftultnDukd &,lvkdygao;
onf/
&Srf;-Arm wu,f&if;ESD;yl;aygif;a&;twGuf rnfuJh
odkY a&SUqufaqmif&GufMu&rnfudkvnf; odvkdygao;onf/
nDvmcHESifhywfoufí vlBuD;rif;rsm; rtm;rvyf
atmiftvkyfawG zdpD;aeaMumif; aumif;pGmod&Sdyg\/ odkYaomf
xkdrtm;rvyfonfhMum;xJu tcsdeftenf;i,f xkwfEkwfí
awmifukef;a'orS vma&mufMuaom uRefawmfwkdYtm; axmuf
xm;ojzifh wkdif;jynftwGuf aqmif&Gufcsifaompdwf"mwfom
vQif &Sdí b,fupí bmudk aqmif&Guf&rSef; aocsma&&mpGm
rodMuaom uRefawmfwkdYtm; vrf;jya&SUaqmiforI jyKMuyg
rnfhtaMumif; av;jrwfpGm awmif;yefygonf/
av;pm;pGmjzifh-
1/ wif{? tif;om;? anmifa&T? awmifydkif;/
2/ cGefxD;? &Srf;? yifvkH? awmifydkif;/
3/ xGef;jrifh? &Srf;? [J[kd;/
4/ oef;az? &Srf;? [dkykef;/
5/ bwif? awmifol? [kdykeff;/
6/ tkef;az? &Srf;? awmifBuD;/
7/ pHaz? tif;om;? awmifBuD;/
8/ okw? "Ek? yif;w,/
9/ {ausmf? &Srf;? ausmufrJ(ajrmufydkif;)/
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aOD;azcif
78
&Srf;jynfvli,frsm;u (20-2-46)aeYpGJjzifh
z?q?y?vtzGJYcsKyfodkY ay;pm
rS? odkY?
&Srf;vli,f taxGaxGtwGif;rSL;
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;? zqyvtzGJYcsKyf?
awmifBuD;/ &efukefNrdKU/
1946 ck? azaz:0g&Dv 20 &ufaeYpGJ/
udpö/ /8-2-46 &ufaeY aqG;aEG;yGJ xifjrifcsuf/
av;jrwfpGm tpD&ifcHygonfcifAsm;/
zqyvtzGJYcsKyf&kH;cef;ü usif;yaom zqyv 8-2-
46 tvkyftrIaqmifrsm;ESifhuRefawmfwkdY &Srf;vli,ff udk,fpm;
vS,frsm; aqG;aEG;yGJrS &&Sday:aygufvmaom uRefawmfwkdY\
xifjrif,lqcsufwkdYudk vlBuD;rif;rsm; od&Sdawmfrlyg&ef tpD&if
cHvkdygonf/
a&S;OD;pGm uRefawmfwkdYf wifjyxm;aom ar;cGef;rsm;
teuf-
(1) ESifhywfoufí zqyvu &Srf;jynfa&;&mepfem
csuf? vkdvm;csufrsm;ukdvnf;aumif;? aoG;pnf;a&;udkvnf;
aumif;? tjyifuaeNyD; 0g'jzefYay;rnfqkdojzifhvnf;aumif;/
(2)ESifhywfoufí >cif;csefxm;aom e,frsm;udk vTwf
NyD; 0g'jzefY&ef pnf;&kH;&ef BudK;pm;ygrnfqkdojzifhvnf;aumif;/
(3)ESifhywfoufí wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pkXmewpfck odkY
r[kwf yk*¾KdvfwpfOD;? xkdEkdifiHa&;XmeatmufwGif xm;ay;&ef
BudK;pm;rnfqkdojzifhvnf;aumif;/
(6)ESifhywfoufí vmrnfhESpf nDvmcHESifhwGJvsufjzpf
ap? ,ckESpftwGif;jzpfap >cif;csefxm;aome,fajrvlxknDvm
cHac:,lusif;yay;&ef pDpOfBudK;pm;rnfqkdojzifhvnf;aumif;/
(8)ESifhywfoufí uRefawmfwkdY awmifay:om;rsm;
ukd,fwkdifu qkdif&me,fESifhapmfbGm;wdkYESifhyl;aygif;um ukd,fxl
ukd,fx tepfemtyifyef; tzrf;tqD; toD;oD;'ku©cHNyD; pGrf;
pGrf;wrH BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&ef xufjrufpl;&Sí xda&mufvSaom
tMuHÓPf Mo0g'rsm;udk ay;urf;ojzifhfvnf;aumif;/
uRefawmfwkdYrSm rsm;pGmrSyif 0rf;omtm;&pdwfrmef
wuf<uMuygonf/ vdIufvIdufvSJvSJvnf; aus;Zl;Oyum&wif
&SdMuygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY tpGrf;ukef ÓPf&SdorQ BudK;pm;tm;
xkwfygrnf[kvnf; av;eufpGm uwdjyKMuygonf/
þodkY0rf;omNyD;aemuf aus;Zl;wifNyD;aemuf uwdjyK
NyD;aemuf tcsKdUtcsKdUaom yk*¾KdvfBuD;rsm;\ajymykHqkdykH? oabm
xm;ykHESifhywfoufí uRefawmfwkdY rauseyfcsufrsm;? rESpfouf
csufrsm;? rvkdvm;csufrsm;udk xifoavmuf jrifoavmuf wd
wdvif;vif; tpD&ifcHvkdygao;onf/ oabmxm;BuD;BuD;xm;
í vufcHzwf&IaphikqifjcifawmfrlMu&efvnf; awmif;yefyg
onf/
þodkYtpD&ifcH&mü uRefawmfwkdY\ArmjynfESifhaoG;
pnf;yl;aygif;NyD; e,fcsJUpepfudk wkdufzsufvkdaomt"duapw
emudk ,kHrSm;oHo,r&Sdapvkdyg/ *syefr0ifrD *syefvufxufu
*syefxGufNyD;aemuf &Srf;jynfvli,frsm;u apwemESifhvkyfief;
udk od&Sdaom yk*¾KdvfrSeforQ uRefawmfwkdY\&nf&G,fcsufukd ,kH
rSm;oHo,&Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/ ]]&Srf;? Arm wu,fhaoG;pnf;
yl;aygif;a&;}}rludk "r®"d|mefjyKvsuf uRefawmfwkdY a0zefoGm;yg
&ap/
uRefawmfwkdY\ar;cGef;(1)ESifh(2)udk ajzqkd&mü ]]tjyif
ty? 0g'jzefYay;ygrnf}} ]]vlvTwf&ef BudK;pm;ygrnf[kqkdjcif;
onf}} tvkyfavQmufxm;oltm; olaX;BuD;u ]]at;? igMunfh
OD;r,f}}qkdonfESifhwlygonf/ >cif;csefxm;aome,frsm;\t
a&;onf Armjynf\twGif;a&;r[kwf? tjyiftyta&;uJhodkY
t"duta&;r[kwf?omrnta&;uJhodkYzqyvu,lqaMumif;
xif&Sm;aeygonf/ xkdYaMumifh ayghayghqq ajymNyD; ayghayhgqq
vkyfMuonfESifhwlygonf/
ar;cGef;(7)ESifhywfoufí ]]>cif;csefxm;aome,frsm;
rygbJ ArmhvGwfvyfa&; &Ekdifonf[kyif zqyvu ,lqaeyg
onf/ þoabmxm;onf zqyv\]]rl}}jzpfaeygonf/ þ
uJhodkY ]]ukdf,fhta&;}}[k oabmrxm;bJ ]]olYta&;}}[k oabm
xm;jcif;aMumifh-
(1) tjyifyu 0g'jzefYay;rnf(ar;cGef; 1)/
(2) vlvTwf&ef BudK;pm;ygrnf (ar;cGef; 2)/
(3) ArmvlxkBuD;u vlrsKd;i,frsm;tay: rapmfum;&atmif
]]uREkfyfwdkYtpkd;&r[kwfvkdY}} xdxda&mufa&muf ta&;r,lEkdif
bl;(ar;cGef; 3)[kayghayghqq ajzMum;jcif;/
trSefrSm acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;u wef;wltcGifhta&;
ay;&rnf/ aoG;pnf;&rnf[k rnfuJhodkYyif atmf[pfa&;om;
aeapumrl Armvlxktapmfum; zdESdyfaernfqkdvQif trIdufup
jymom'frD;avmifqkdouJhodkY wu,fhppfrSefaom aoG;pnf;a&;
ukd &Ekdifrnfr[kwfyg/ trIdufudk omreftrIduftjzpffrxm;bJ
jymom'fudk rD;avmifapwwfonhfftrIduf[k oabmxm;NyD;
acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;u xdxda&mufa&mufav;eufpGm ta&;
,loifhygonf/
(4) wu,fhnDvmcHBuD;wGif tcsif;csif;acgif;aqmif
rsm;udk zdwfac:zkdY&ef *&krpdkufjcif;? zdwfí vmrvmrSm tzdwfcH
&aom olwkdY\tvkyf/ zdwfac:zkdY&efrSm zqyv\wm0efjzpfyg
onf/ vlenf;pkta&;udk ukd,fhta&;[k oabmrxm;cJhjcif;
aMumifhom rzdwfac:jcif;jzpf&monf/ tcsdefr&Sdí tvkyfrsm;
aeí rvmEkdifbl;xifí rzdwfaMumif; ajymvQif a&&maom t
Ä &Srf;jynfvli,frsm;u (20-2-46)aeYpGJjzifh zqyvtzGYJcsKyfudk ay;pm/ þpmrl&if;onf OD;xGef;jrifh(awmifBuD;)wGif&Sdonf[k od&ygonf/ ,if;udk rEÅav;0dZÆmodyÜHwuúokdvf?
orkdif;ygarmu©a'gufwmoef;xGef;onf ul;,lxm;NyD; rdwåLudk awmifBuD; t-x-u(3)rS txufwef;jyq&mOD;pkd;armiftm; ay;xm;onfudk wqifhul;,lygonf/ (awmifBuD;xGef;jrifh4)
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a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
79
aMumif;jycsufrjzpfEkdifyg/ uRefawmfwkdYwpfawG vma&mufMu
jcif;rSmf ukd,fhapwemESifhudk,fvma&mufMujcif;rQjzpfygonf/
&Sif;&Sif;ajym&vQif tqkdtrSwf 7-udk awmifBuD;rS udkazcifom
ra&muf&SdcJhvQif wifoGif;rS wifoGif;jzpfrvm;[k uRefawmfwkdY
u ,aeYwkdif oHo,jzpfaeMuygonf/ (ar;cGef; 4)
(5) wkdif;&if;om; vlenf;pkXmeoD;jcm;xm;&efukdyif
aiGukefoav; vlr&Sdoav;ESifhqifjcifay;aejcif;? aemufqkH;
ü EkdifiHa&;XmeatmufwGif xm;rvkdvkd aomifrwif a&rus
ajymvkdufjcif;rSm ]]udk,fhta&;}}[k oabmrxm;aMumif; xif
&Sm;ygonf/ (ar;cGef; 5)
(6) (State Peoples' Conference) ac:ay;&efudkyif aiG
odyffukefonf[k nOf;wGm;vkdufao;jcif;rSm aiGrukefoifhaom
ta&;[k ,lqxm;[ef wlygonf/ (ar;cGef; 6) odkYaomf BudK;
pm;í usif;yay;rnfqkdojzifhom aus;Zl;wif&ygonf/
(7) &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;\udpöESifhywfoufí *&kpkduf
oifhoavmuf rpdkufonfudk &ckdifffffudk,fpm;vS,fajymjycsuft&
Mum;od&jcif;? &ckdifjynfpkHprf;a&;oGm;&ef odyfMumrnf? odyfyif
yef;rnfponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd;taMumif;jyaejcif;? trSefrSm &
ckdifjynfonf uRefawmfwkdYuhJodkY cGJxkwfxm;aom e,fr[kwf?
ArmjynfxJrSmyif yg0ifaeygvsuf ]]ukd,fhta&;}}[k vIdufvIduf
vSJvSJ ta&;r,ljcif;onf uRefawmfwkdY pdwfudk tvGefxdckdufap
ygonf/
txufygtcsufrsm;ukd axmufxm;vsuf zqyvu
wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;i,frsm;\ta&;udk ]]ighta&;}}[k oabm
rxm;bJ]]olYta&;}}[k oabmxm;onf[k uRefawmfwkdY 0rf;
enf;aMuuGJpGm pGyfpGJygonf/ þoabmxm;rSm e,fcsJUorm;\
puúLjzLpmwrf;udk axmufcH&m a&muf ra&muf vlBuD;rif;rsm;
pOf;pm;awmfrlEkdifygonf/ nDvmcHqkH;jzwfcsuf]]y,fxm;aom
e,frsm; yl;aygif;a&;}}tqkdatmufwGif...
]]puúLjzLpmwrf;t& &Srf;jynf? ucsifawmif? csif;
awmifponfhe,frsm;pGmudk ArmjynfrS cGJxkwfxm;aMumif;? xkd
e,frsm;onf ArmjynfrBuD;ESifhyl;aygif;vkdu xkde,fole,fom;
rsm;\qE´twkdif;jzpf&rnf[lívnf; qkdxm;aMumif;/
þuJhodkY awmifwef;e,frsm;onf oD;oefYcGJxkwfxm;
jcif;udk þnDvmcHBuD;u uefYuGufaMumif; qkdxm;aomfvnf;
tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY\oabmxm;onf xkduefYuGufcsufukd
uefYuGufaeonf[kyif uRefawmf xifjrif,lqygawmhonf/
þae&mwGif oifhavsmfavsmufywfonf[k ,lqygo
jzifh tdEd,jynf apmfbGm;e,frsm;ESifhywfoufí tdEd,trsKd;
om;uGef*&uf\oabmxm;udk xkwfEkwfaz:jycGifjyKawmfrlap
vkdygonf/
"The integrity and unity of India was an essentialpart of the independence we worked for, and the same fullmeasure of political, social and economic freedom was to cometo the States as to the rest of India. There could be no
compromsie on this and the Congress declared afresh in favourof full responsible government and the guaranty of civil lib-erty in the States. Further it declared to be its right and privi-lege to work for the attainment of those objectives in the States.There was no question of non-intervention, the Congress, asrepresenting the will of the Indian people recognises no barswhich limits its freedom of activites in any matter pertaining toIndia and her people. It is its right and privilege and its duty tointervene any such matter whenever the interests of Indiademand it. Not to do so would be to deny its own function andto betray the cause which it seeks to represent.
........"The Congress know well that the backward-ness of the States hindered our national progress and thatthere can be no freedom for India unless the States cease to bewhat they are."
(Unity of India P. 29 from the Presidential Address ofPandit Jawaharlal Nehru at the All India States Peoples Con-ference, February 1928. Ludhiana.)
wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;i,fta&;ESifhywfoufí *syef
r0ifrDacwfu ArmEdkifiHa&;ukd *kdPf;*PwkdYteuf wkdYArmtpnf;
t&kH;ESifhazbD,HygwDwkdYu vGJí b,folrS *&krjyKvmcJhyg/ odkY
aomf xkdtpnf;t&kH;wkdYrSm xkdpOfu wpfjynfvkH;udk MoZmay;
Ekdifaom tpnf;t&kH;rjzpfcJhojzifh ta&;rygcJhyg/ xkdpOfu Ekdif
iHa&;orm;fwkdYonf e,fcsJUorm;u 'De,fawG cGJxm;w,f? oGm;
rwdk;eJYqkdonfhtwkdif; rwdk;cJhMuacs/ *syefacwfuvnf; b,f
EkdifiHa&;orm;rS &Srf;jynfudk *&krpdkufacs/ yl;aygif;vkdufpOfu
vnf; Armtpkd;&\vkyfudkifyHkrSm ykdí aoG;uGJapcJhygonf/ t
us,f&Sif;jy&ef vkdtyfrnf rxifyg/
,ck t*Fvdyfffjyef0ifvmaomtcgüvnf; puúLjzLpm
wrf;u cGJxm;w,f? oGm;rwkd;eJYqkdonfhtwkdif; vkdufemaxmuf
cHovkdjzpfaeayonf/ tajymta[mtm;jzifh wkd;wufvmo
vkd&Sdaomfvnf; vufawGYvkyfief;tm;jzifh *syefr0ifacwfu
xuf rwkd;wufao;[k ,lq&ygrnf/
vlBuD;rif;rsm;cifAsm;? ,ck ta&;wumhta&;BuD;
qkH;tcsufudk uRefawmfwkdY nTefjy&ygap/
8-2-46 &ufaeY aqG;aEG;pOfu ]]&Srf;jynf[m (Land
Locked) (ukef;acgifacgif? acsmifydwf)jzpfaeí (AkdvfcsKyf)Arm
jynfreJYraygif;csifbl;[k acgif;rmae&if Armjynf(vGwfvyfa&;
wkdY? rqkdxm;ESifh)'dkrDeD,Havmufyif &onfhtcg pD;yGm;a&;pDrH
udef;vkyfvkduf&if wpfcgwnf; aygif;vm&rSmbJ[kvnf; ajym
vkdufygonf/ bdvyfpm;yGJ0kdif; uGefz&ifhwGif apmfbGm;wpfOD;
tm; OD;babu ]]&Srf;jynfu &xm;vrfawGjzKwfypfr,f? pm
wkdufawG? aMu;eef;wkdifawG jyefodrf;ypfvkdufr,f? tmvl;awG
r0,fbl;pojzifh (Economic Threat) vkyfEkdifonfhtaMumif;
ajcmufvefYvkdufaomtcg ¤if;apmfbGm;BuD;u ]][m-'Dvkdawmh
rvkyfygeJY}}[k awmif;yefonfhtaMumif; nTefMum;NyD; &,farm
ajymqkdvkdufygao;onf/ uRefawmfwkdY&Srf;rsm;tzkdY rnfrQpdwf
xdckdufoGm;onfudk vlBuD;rif;rsm; pOf;pm;rd[ef rwlyg/ þodkY
pD;yGm;a&;jzifh Ncdrf;ajcmufí aygif;apvkdjcif;xuf zufqpfqef
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80
aom t&m&SdEkdifygOD;rnfvm;/ ]][Jh-aumifrav;? eif ighudk
BudKuf? rBudKuf&if a[m'D "m;Munfh}}[k Ncdrf;ajcmufrk'drf;usifh
onfESifh bmrsm;xl;jcm;ao;ygovJ/ odyftcH& cufvSygonf/
Armjynfudk Armjynf&Sd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;toD;oD;
wkdYtm;vkH; oabmwl vGwfvyfpGm zGJYpnf;xm;aom wkdif;jynf
BuD; xlaxmif&ef þwnfaxmif&ef yg0ifaom vlrsKd;toD;oD;
tm; rdrdwkdYuHMur®mudk rdrdwkdYbmom zefwD;EkdifaomtcGifhta&;
ay;xm;&ef[k qkdxm;aomzqyv\&nf&G,fcsufESifhtvsOf;
rudkufnDawmhyg/
þodkY uRefawmfwkdYudk *&krpkduf? &,fumarmum pD;yGg;
a&;jzifh Ncdrf;ajcmufvkdufjcif;udk uRefawmfwkdY b,fvkdonf;cHNyD;
em;axmif&onfudk ukd,fcsif;pm Munfhawmfrlyg/ zqyv\w
u,fhacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;u þfvkdzufqpfqefqefoabmxm;
aevQif ArmhnDnTwfa&;um; cJ,Of;ygao;onf/ ArmhvGwfvyf
a&;um; a0;ygao;onf/
,ck 18-2-46 &ufaeYu anmifa&TapmfbGm;u tpkd;
&0kdif; xrif;pm;yGJwpfckrSm tckArmawGu usKyfwkdY&Srf;jynfudk
(Economic threat) vkyfw,fvkdY Mum;w,f? 'Dvkdomqkd&if usKyf
wkdYuvJ (Racial Threat) vkyf&vdrfhr,f/ ,kd;',m;? tif'kdcsKdif;
em;? w&kwfwkdYeJYusKyfwkdY qufoG,f&vdrfhr,f[k ajymaMumif;
Mum;od&ygonf/
xkdanmifa&TapmfbGm; b,fu Mum;onf rodyg/ xdk
apmfbGm;ESifhvnf; uRefawmfwkdy roifhjrwfyg/ odkYaomf &kwfw
&uftm;jzifh olESifhuRefawmfwkdY oabmcsif; wkdufqkdifaeyg
onf/
t*FvdyfwkdYu ArmhvGwfvyfa&;pum;udk rajymojzifh
t*Fvdyfxuf qkd;aom*syefukd ArmwkdY yl;aygif;cJhonf r[kwf
ygavm/ vlwpfrsKd; wpfrsKd;rSm rsKd;cspfpdwf&SdMupNrJyif/ rif;wkdY
udk pD;yGm;a&;eJYcsKyfcs,fEkdifw,fuG[k Ncdrf;ajcmufvkdufojzifh
bmyJjzpfjzpf ArmESifhraygif;awmhbl;[laom ykdif;jzwfcsufonf
rsKd;cspfpdwfukd ydwfzkH;oGm;apygonf/ ArmESifhyl;aygif;&ef tpOf
vkdvm;onfhjyif tm;vnf;tm;xkwfvmcJhaom uRefawmfwdkYt
zkdYyif þrQjyif;xefpGm cHpm;&aomf e*kduyif Armqkd&if aq;az:
aMumzufrS rvkyfvkdaom olrsm;tzkdY ajymp&m r&SdawmhNyD/
wpfcgrQ ratmifjrifbl;ao;aom uRefawmfwkYd t
vGeftusL; txl;vdkvm;onfh&Srf;-ArmaoG;pnf;a&;onf
,ckwpfcgvnf; zqyv\vuf&Sdoabmxm;rsKd;twkdif;qkd
vQif atmifjrifzG,f&m vrf;rjrifaomaMumifh 0rf;enf;pGmxkwf
az:ajymqkd&ygonf/
zqyvoabmxm;udk a0zefNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkdY
\oabmxm;udk ÓPfrDorQ ajym&rnfqkdvQif?
(1) wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pkawG ryg0ifbJ ppfrGefckdifNrJ
aom ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udk b,fenf;ESifhrQ r&&SdEkdifyg/ r&&SdEkdif
ojzifh Armvnf; epfemrnf/ vlenf;pkrsm;vnf; epfemrnf/
&Srf;udk oem;vkdYr[kwf? Armhta&;yif jzpf&rnf/
(2) wkdif;&if;om; vlenf;pkwkdY atmufusaemufus
jcif;onf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wkd;wufa&;udk zifhaES;av;uefap
onf/ xkdYaMumifh wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pk wkd;wufacwfrDa&;?
ArmESifhwef;wlvkdufEkdifa&;twGuf BudK;pm;&efonf wkdif;&if;
om;vlenf;pkrsm;\ta&;ESifhtvkyfvnf; jzpf? ArmwkdY\t
a&;ESifhtvkyfvnf;jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh ArmrsKd;cspfrsm;u
awmifay:odkYtwif;0if twif;wufí Ekd;Mum;a&; pnf;&kH;
a&;tm;udk xda&mufpGm aqmif&Gufoifhonf/ twGif;rS uRef
awmfwkdYvnf; pGefYpGefYpm;pm; vkyfMu&rnf/
(3) xkdokYd Armrsm;u vlenf;pkta&;udk 0ifpGufzuf
&mü xm;oifhonfhoabmxm;rsKd;/
(u) Armt&m&SdawG rsm;rsm; cefY&efrsKd;r[kwfbJ? &Srf;jynfudk
&Srf;? ucsifjynfukd ucsifponfjzifh rlxm;&ef/
(c) (Economic Threat) r[kwfbJ (Economic Cooperation) rsKd;?
jzpf&rnf/ ruao;? wwfEkdifvQif Armbufu tepfemcHNyD;
qufqH&rnf/ Oyrm - &Srf;jynfu aiGrvkHavmufvQif A[dkt
pdk;&u xkwfoHk;ay;&rnf/
(*) er®wl? armfcsD;owåKwGif;rsm;ESifh&Srf;jynf\tqDtESpfrsm;
udk Armu ydkifonfhtajymtqkdrsKd;rajymoifh/
,ckavmavmq,fyif apmfbGm;rsKd;EG,fynmwwfvl
i,fwcsKdUu ArmawGu &Srf;jynfudk twif;aygif;csifrSmaygh?
wu,fhtqDtESpfu wkdY&Srf;jynfrSmom&Sdwmudk;/ 'gawG t*F
vdyftpm; olwkdYtkyfcsKyfcsifvkdY aygif;zkdYajymaewm[k ajymqkd
pGyfpGJaeMuygonf/
(C) vlenf;pkrsm;udk umuG,fay;&ef/
(i) vlenf;pkrsm;u cGJxGufcsif&if cGJxGufEkdifcGifh&Sd&ef/
(p) acwfaemufusaewJhvlenf;pkrsKd;i,fawGudk acwfrD,Of
aus;vmatmif? BuD;yGm;vmatmif aqmif&Guf&ef/
þuJhodkY wef;wloabm? ukd,fydkifjy|mef;cGifhoabmukd
rlwnfNyD; aqmif&GufpGufzufrSomvQif yl;aygif;a&;vkyfief;
atmifjrifEkdifp&m taMumif;&Sdygonf/ þodYkr[kwf wkdYArmawG
uomw,f...rif;wkdYu ArmawGudk c,NyD; aygif;&r,fqkd&if
qefYusifbuftusKd;udk oufa&mufapygvdrfhrnf/
vmrnfhrwfv pwkw¬tywfavmufwGif &Srf;jynfyif
vkHNrdKUü usif;yrnfjzpfaom &Srf;jynfffffBuD;yGm;a&;? pD;yGm;a&;
aqG;aEG;yGJodkY zqyvvlBuD;rif;rsm;udkvnf; zdwfrEÅujyKMu
vdrfhrnf[k Mum;&ygonf/ xkdtcg vlBuD;rif;rsm;url rSefaom
oabmxm;rsKd;udk &Sif;jyEkdifvQif &Srf;-ArmaoG;pnf;a&;ppfyGJ
atmifNyD[k ,lq&ygvdrfhrnf/ pD;yGma&;Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsKd;ESifh
a[mvQif pGefvdrfhrnfr[kwfaMumif; twdtvif;yif? ynm&Sd
owdjzpfcJ qkdonfhtwkdif;? apwemaumif;aumif;ESifhowdyef
&ygonf/ &Srf;xJwGif uRefawmfwkdYxuf &Srf;-Armyl;aygif;a&;
ukd vkdvm;olr&SdaMumif; &J&JBuD; aMunmygonf/
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
81
&Srf;-Arm nDnTwfa&;rS &Srf;-ArmvGwfvyfrnfudk w
xpfcs ,kHMunfygonf/ &Srf;-ArmnDnTwfEkdifatmif &Srf;-Arm
wef;wla&;udk rlwnfrS &rnfudkvnf; ,kHMunfygonf/
8-2-46 &ufaeYu zqyv\oabmxm;rS wef;wl
a&;udk ra&S;&I[k qkdvkdygonf/
xkdYaMumifh &Srf;-Arm ppfrSefaom aoG;pnf;a&;&
atmif wpfaMumif;wnf;aom &kd;om;onfh&nf&G,fcsufjzifh þ
pmudk ay;ydkYygonf/
&Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&; wkd;wufa&;onf &Srf;vlxkvuf
xJrSm &SdaMumif;udkvnf; aumif;pGm oabmaygufygonf/ Opöm
&ifvkd Opöm&ifcJMu&rnfrSm rSefygonf/
wkdif;&if;om; vlenf;pkjyóemudk ajz&Sif;&eff rnfrQ
ta&;BuD;aMumif;udk vlBuD;rif;rsm;xuf ydkí rnfolrQ em;
vnfMurnf r[kwfyg/
xkdYaMumifh þuJhodkY ta&;BuD;aeaomtcsdefwGif zq
yvonf wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;tay:rSefuefaomoabm
xm;wpf&yfESifhaoG;pnf;yl;aygif;rIudk t&,lNyD; vGwfvyfa&;
yef;wkdiffodkY a&SUaqmifcsDwufoGm;Ekdifygapownf;/
av;pm;vSpGmjzifh
(ykH)
wif{
xGef;jrifh
pHaz
vli,frsm;ukd,fpm;
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
82
udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;u ta&;qkdaom *&dwfNAdwdef
ESifhjrefrmEkdifiHawmfwkdY\tem*wfqufqHa&;ESifhoufqkdifaom
udpöt00wkdYudk bk&ifrif;jrwftpkd;&ESifhjrefrmEkdifiHawmftrI
aqmifaumifpD\udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;aqG;aEG;wkdifyifNyD;vsuf
]]aumfarmf0Jvfof}}twGif;wGifjzpfap? tjyifrSjzpfap? aqmvsif
EkdiforQ aqmvsifpGm? jrefrmEkdifiHawmfolEkdifiHawmfom;rsm;wkdY
onf rdrdwkdYvGwfvyfa&;udk qGwfcl;Ekdifaprnfjzpfaom enf;
vrf;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í atmufygoabmwl tqkH;owfcsuf
rsm;udk a&muf&SdMuavonf/
wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf/
jrefrmEkdifiHawmfol EkdifiHom;wkdYonf rdrdwkdYEkdifiH\t
em*wftkyfcsKyfa&;udk aqmvsifEkdiforQ aqmvsifpGm qkH;jzwf
EkdifpdrfhaomiSm 1935-ckESpf? tufOya't& Oya'jyKtzJYGtpm;
wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfudk a&G;aumufwifajr§mufap&rnf/
þudpötwGuf 1935-ckESpf? tufOya'a&G;aumufenf;pufudk
tokH;jyKvdrfhrnf/
vlrsKd;oD;jcm;rxm;&Sdaomvlpk? u&iftrsKd;om;vlpk?
t*Fvdyf-jrefrmujym;vlpkrsm;twGuf? a&G;aumufyGJukd {NyDv
wGif usif;yvdrfhrnf/ vlpktoD;oD;twGuf tzGJY0ifESpfOD;pD a&G;
aumufwifajr§muf&rnf/ txufwGif az:jycJhaom vlpkwpkpk
rS tjcm;jzpfaom vlrsKd;oD;jcm;rxm;aomvlpkwpkwGif pm&if;
oGif;NyD;aom«aemufqufwGJ (u)wGif &Sif;vif;az:jyonfht
wkdif;» jrefrmEkdifiHvlrsKd;wOD;udk vlrsKd;oD;jcm;rxm;&Sdaom vlpk
pm&if;wGif wifoGif;&vdrfhrnf/
2/ acwfajymif;csdeftpkd;&trsKd;tpm;/
acwfajymif;csdefumvtwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&
onf ,cktwkdif;uJhodkYyif 1935-ckESpf tufOya'tydk'f 139
t& tyfESif;xm;aomtxl;tmPmrsm;ESifh1945-ckESpf? ,m
,DpDrHcsuf tufOya'ESifhwuG ,if;Oya't& aumifpDwGif
xkwfjyefvkdufaom trdefY[lorQtwkdif; aqmif&GufoGm;vdrfh
rnf/
tpkd;&wOD;wbuf\oabmwGif txl;aqmif&Guff&ef
vkdonf[k xifjrifaom xl;jcm;onfhtaMumif;tcsufrsm;ay:
aygufvQiff xkdtaMumif;tcsufrsm;udk vkdufavsm&ef ajymif;
vJEkdifcsuf&SdvQif rnfokdYaomajymif;vJEkdifcsuf jyKvkyfEkdifonfudk
bk&ifrif;jrwftpkd;&u pOf;pm;vdrfhrnf/
3/ Mum;jzwfOya'jyKtzJGY/
Mum;jzwfumvtwGif; 1945-ckESpf? tufOya'jy
|mef;onfhtwkdif;jzpfaom Oya'jyKaumifpDwck&Sdvdrfhrnf/ t
cGifhjyKxm;aomOD;a&udk 50 rS 100 okdY wkd;jr§ifh&ef tmPmudk
bk&ifrif;jrwftpkd;&u aumifpDwGif xkwfjyefaomtrdefYjzifh azG
&Smvdrfhrnf/
wkdif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmftwGuf a&G;aumufwif
ajr§mufjcif;rsm; NyD;qkH;onfESifhwNydKifeuff bk&ifcHrif;BuD;onf
OD;a& 100 yg0ifaom Oya'jyKaumifpDwckudk trnfwyfcefY
tyfvdrfhrnf/ xkdaumifpDtzGJYwGif wkdif;&if;r[kwfaomvlenf;
pkrsm;\udk,fpm;aqmif&Guf&ef vlOD;a&tenf;i,fudk yg0ifap
vsuf wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmffodkY a&G;aumufwifajr§mufvkduf
aomolrsm;xJrS a&G;cs,fvdrfhrnf/
Oya'jyKaumifpD\tmPmrsm;rSm rMumao;rDu
zsufodrf;vkdufaomOD;a& 50 yg0ifonfhOya'jyKaumifpD&&Sd
xm;aom tmPmrsm;ESifhfxyfwlxyfrQ jzpfvdrfhrnf/
4/ Mum;jzwftpkd;&/
bk&ifcHrif;BuD;\trIaqmifaumifpDonf jrefrmEkdifiH
awmf\Mum;jzwftpdk;&jzpfvdrfhrnf/ txufyg tykd'f 2 wGif
az:jycJhaom tjzLxnfabmiftwGif;wGif qufvuffwnf&
rnfjzpfaom trIaqmifaumifpDf odkYr[kwf bk&ifcHrif;BuD;\
w&m;0iftmPmrsm;udk rajymif;vJap&ef rjzpfEkdifaomfjim;
vnf; Mum;jzwftpkd;&onf ,cktcg tdE´d,Mum;jzwftpkd;&
enf;wl a,bk,stm;jzifh aqmif&GufoGm;vdrfhrnfjyif txl;o
jzifh-
(u) trIaqmifaumifpDukd 'kdrDeD,Htpdk;&rsm;tm; &if;ESD;pGm
wkdifyifESD;aESm tav;*&kjyKbdouJhodkY jyKrlvdrfhrnfhtjyif trI
aqmifaumifpDonf EkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;aqmif&GufNrJ wm0efrsm;
udk aqmif&Guf&mü tBuD;EkdifqkH;aomvGwfvyfcGifhudk&&Sdvdrfhrnf/
0efBuD;tzGJYtpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;wGif bk&ifcHrif;BuD;u
Ouú|tjzpfjzifh aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifhywfoufí 1935 ckESpf tuf
Oya'wnfqJoabmtwGif; tokH;jyKaom "avhxkH;pHudk trI
aqmifaumifpDESifhoufqkdif&mwGifyif qufvufusifhokH;vdrfh
rnf/
(c) jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&onf udk,fydkifb@ma&;tkyfcsKyffrI
«aemufqufwGJ(c)udk Munfhyg» ukd&&Sdaprnf[k rltm;jzifh bk&if
rif;jrwff\tpdk;&u oabmwlnDonf/
(*) umuG,fa&;ESifhEkdifiHjcm;a&;qkdif&mudpörsm;udk trIaqmif
aemufqufwGJ(p)
atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyf/
bk&ifrif;jrwf\tpdk;&ESifhjrefrmEkdifiHawmf bk&ifcHrif;BuD;\trIaqmif
aumifpDrS ukd,fpm;vS,fawmffwkdY aqG;aEG;wkdifyif&mrS a&muf&SdcJhaom tqkH;owfcsufrsm;/
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
83
aumifpDwGif wifoGif;vdrfhrnf/ trIaqmifaumifpDonf þt
a&;udpörsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif tjynfhtpkH wGJbufaqmif&Guf
vdrfhrnf/
(C) xkdudpörsm;aqmif&GufNrJwm0efudk bk&ifcHrif;BuD;u um
uG,fa&;ESifhEkdifiHjcm;a&;twkdifyifcH0efBuD;tm; wm0efvTJtyf
vdrfhrnf/
w&m;0iftajctaewGif oufa&mufaom uefYowf
csufrsm;rSty trIaqmifaumifpDtzGJYonf pDrHudef;ESifhtkyfcsKyf
rIe,fy,fwGif ay:aygufaom udpö[lorQukd ta&;qkd&ef pOf;
pm;&ef¤if;? aqG;aEG;&ef¤if;? qkH;jzwf&ef¤if; vkH;0vGwfvyfcGifh
&Sdvdrfhrnf/
5/ EkdifiHjcm;a&;udpörsm;/
vef'efNrdKUawmfwGif jrefrmtpkd;&ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf
aqmif&Guf&ef jrefrmEkdifiHawmftwGuf r[mrif;BuD;wyg;cefY
xm;apvdrfhrnf/ jrefrmEkdifiHawmfu wkdif;a&;jynfrI aphpyfajym
qkdolukd,fpm;vS,fvJvS,fvkdaomEkdifiHrsm;\tpkd;&rsm;tm;
xkduJhodkY vJvS,fjcif;udk oabmwl&ef bk&ifrif;jrwftpkd;&u
awmif;qkdvdrfhrnf/
6/ jynfaxmiftcsif;csif; tzGJYtpnf;rsm;\tzGJY0iftjzpf/
urÇmhukvor*¾tzGJYwGif tzGJY0ifwOD;tjzpf yg0if&ef
jrefrmEkdifiHawmf\avQmufxm;csufudk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf\wkdif;
jyKjynfjyKa&;tajctaeonf xkdavQmufxm;csufrsKd;ukd vuf
cHEkdifavmufatmifjzpfonfESifhwNydKifeuf bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&
uvkH;0axmufcHcsufay;vdrfhrnf/ þtawmtwGif;wGif urÇmh
ukvor*¾tzGJYu BuD;rSL;aom tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif jrefrm
EkdifiHawmfu rnfrQavmuff yg0ifaqmif&GuffEkdifonfudk urÇmh
ukvor*¾\taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;ESifhpkHprf;nd§EIdif;vdrfhrnf/
jrefrmEkdifiHawmfu csOf;uyfqufoG,fapvdkaom t
jcm;tjcm;aom jynfaxmiftcsif;csif; tzGJYtoif;rsm;odkY
vnf; xkdtzJGYrsm;\tvkyfwGif tzGJY0ifEkdifiHtjzpfjzifh odkdYr[kwf
tjcm;enf;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHawmfu yg0ifaqmif&GufEkdif rEkdifukd
axmufvSrf;ppfa&SmufaomoabmESifhcsOf;uyf qufoG,fvdrfh
rnf/
7/ umuG,fa&;/
(u) wnfNrJvsuf&Sdaom vkyf&kd;vkyfpOftwkdif; jrefrmEkdifiHawmf
wGif csxm;aom NAdwdoQppfonfawmfrsm;tm;vkH;onf bk&if
rif;jrwftpkd;&\tqkH;pGeffaomtkyfcsKyfrIvufatmufwGif ae
vdrfhrnf/
(c) jrefrmppfonfawmftm;vkH;wkdYrSm jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpkd;&\
tkyfcsKyfrIvufatmufodkY csufcsif; a&muf&Sdvdrfhrnf/
(*) jrefrmEkdifiHawmf ppfAkdvfcsKyfBuDonf apmEkdiforQ apmapm
jzpfEkdifaomtcsdefü bk&ifcHrif;BuD;ESifhjrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&
vufatmufcHjzpfap&rnf[lonfudk rltm;jzifh bk&ifcHrif;jrwf
tpkd;&u oabmwlnDaMumif;/ odkY&mwGif ,cktckduftwefYrSm
EkdifiHaygif; rsm;pGmwGif yg0ifvsuf&Sdaom r[mrdwftcsif;csif;
ppfbufqkdif&m tkyfcsKyfrItpDtpOfrsm;udk r&kyfodrf;ao;orQ
jrefrmEkdifiHawmfppfAkdvfcsKyfBuD;onf ta&SUtm&Swkduffawmif
ydkif; ukef;wyfrsm; vufatmufcHjzpfaevdrfhrnf/ þumvt
wGif; fjrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&ESifhqkdif&m tmPmydkifwkdYonf "r®wm
twkdif;yif &if;ESD;pGm yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvdrfhrnf/
a&wyf? avwyfrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;ívnf; tvm;wl
oifhwifavsmufywfaom tpDtpOfrsm;udk owfrSwfxm;vdrfh
rnf/
(C) jrefrmEkdifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wyfrsm; zGJYpnf;jcif;wGif ul
nDaxmufyHh&ef jyóemonf ESpfOD;aomtpdk;&udk aqG;aEG;&ef
udpöjzpfayvdrfhrnf/ bk&ifrif;jrwftpkd;&u þudpöwGif jrefrm
EkdifiHawmftpkd;&tm; tpGrf;ukef ulnD&ef qE´&Sdaomfvnf;
urÇmay:&Sd tjcm;&yfuGufa'orsm;wGif ,lNyD;aom BuD;av;
onfhwm0efrsm;udkvnf; *&kxm;&ayOD;rnf/
(i) tkyfcsKyfa&;opf jzpfxGef;oufa&mufvmonfhaemuf jref
rmEkdifiHawmf&Sd NAdwdoQwyfrsm;udk qufvufxm;&Sd&ef odkYr[kwf
tokH;jyK&ef jyóemrSm bk&ifrif;jrwftpkd;&ESifhjrefrmEkdifiHt
pkd;&wkdY oabmwl&ef udpöjzpfayvdrfhrnf/
8/ e,fjcm;a'orsm;/
e,fjcm;a'orsm;ESifh0efBuD;rsm;tkyfcsKyfaomjrefrm
EkdifiHawmfudk xkda'orsm;wGif aexkdifaom olrsm;\vGwfvyf
aomoabmwlcsufESifhtcsdefraESmif; aygif;pnf;jcif; atmif
jrif&efrSm bk&ifrif;jrwftpkd;&ESifhjrefrmukd,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;
ESpfOD;ESpfbuf\oabmwlNyD;aom &nf&G,fcsufjzpfonf/ þ
tawmtwGif; e,fjcm;&Sdvlrsm;onf ESpfOD;ESpfbuftusKd;&Sd
aom udpörsm;ESifhywfoufí ESpfOD;ESpfbufvufcHEkdifaomenf;
jzifh jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpdk;&wkdYESifh&if;ESD;pGm aygif;oif;wGJbuf
&monf/ þonfwkdYudk ajr§mfudk;í oabmwlnDMuonfrSm-
(u) e,fjcm;a'ovlrsm;ESifh0efBuD;csKyfrsm; tkyfcsKyfaom jref
rmEkdifiHawmfvlrsm;onf twm;tqD;r&SdbJ vGwfvyfpGm ul;vl;
qufqHjcif;&Sdap&rnf/
(c) (1) e,fjcm;udpörsm;ay:wGif bk&ifcHrif;BuD;udk tMuHÓPf
ay;&efESifhtrIaqmifaumifpDESifh&if;ESD;pGm qufqH&ef e,fjcm;
udk,fpm;vS,fcefYxm;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? odkYr[kwf
(2) e,fjcm;udpörsm;udk tkyfcsKyfaomff trIaqmif0efBuD;tjzpf
jzifh e,fjcm;a'oudk,fpm;vS,fwOD;cefYxm;jcif;jzifhvnf;
aumif;? odkYr[kwf
(3) tjcm;enf;jzifhvnf;aumif;? acwfajymif;acwfvTJumv
twGif;? vufcHEkdifrnf[k rdrdwkdYxifjrifaom jrefrmEkdifiHawmf
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84
tpdk;&ESifhyl;wGJaygif;bufykHESifywfoufí rdrdwkdYxifjrifcsufrsm;
udk xkwfaz:ajymqkdEkdif&ef aemufvqef;wGiff usif;yrnfjzpf
aom 0efBuD;uGefz&ifhwGifvnf;aumif;/ odkYr[kwf þudpöt
wGuf usif;yaom txl;uGefz&ifhwGifvnf;aumif;? e,fjcm;
a'o&Sd vlrsm;\acgif;aqmifrsm;? udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk ar;
jref;&rnf/
(*) yifvkHtpnf;ta0;? odkYr[kwf txl;uGefz&ifhtpnf;t
a0;NyD;qkH;onfhtcgwGif bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&ESifhjrefrmEkdifiH
awmftpkd;&wkdYonf e,fjcm;vlrsm; xkwfaz:ajymqkdaomxif
jrifcsufrsm;ESifhvkdufavsmnDpGm trsm;oabmwlvkdvm;csuf
rsm;udk jznfhpGrf;&ef taumif;qkH;aomenf;pHepfrsm;udk oabm
wlnDcsuf ,lvdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif;/
(C) jrefrmEkdifiHawmftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'opftwkdif; aqmif&Guf
&mü e,fjcm;om;rsm; aygif;pnf;qufqHEkdif&ef taumif;qkH;
aom enf;pHepf&SmazG&eftwGuf pkHprf;a&;aumfrwDwckudk csuf
csif;wnfaxmif&ef 0efBuD;rsm;tkyfcsKyfaom jrefrmEkdifiHawmf
&yfuGufa'orS trIaqmifaumifpDtzGJYu wifajr§mufaomt
zGJY0ifrsm;ESifhe,fjcm;a'oacgif;aqmifrsm; wkdifyifESD;aESmvsuf
wifajr§mufaomtzGJY0ifrsm;? xkdaumfrwDwGif OD;a&tnDtrQ
yg0ifvdrfhrnfjyif? oabmwla&G;cs,faom jrefrmEkdifiHawmft
jyif Mum;aeyk*¾KdvfwOD;udk Ouú|cefYxm;rnfjzpfaMumif;/ þ
aumfrwDu wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;rprD tpD
&ifcHpm wifoGif;&ef awmif;qkdrnf/
9/ b@ma&;/
b@ma&;jyóemrsm; tawmftwef pOf;pm;cJhNyD;í
þudpörsm;udk rnfodkYpDrHcefYcGJ&ef oabmwlnDcsufwck qkduf
a&mufcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ oabmwlcsufudkrl yl;wGJyg aemufqufwGJ
wGif az:jyxm;onf/
aemufqufwGJ (u)/
vmrnfha&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif rJqE´ay;a&G;aumuf
jcif;cHEkdiffcGifhtvkdYiSm jrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif arG;zGm;í 1942-ck?
ZEé0g&Dv 1 &uf odkYr[kwf 1947 ck? ZEé0g&Dv 1 &ufaeY ra&S;
raESmif;jzpfaom 10 ESpftwGif;wGif pkpkaygif; 8 ESpfxufrenf;
jrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif aexkdifcJhaom NAdwdoQvufatmufcH odkY
r[kwf tdEd,e,fvufatmufcHEkdifiHom;ukd jrefrmtrsKd;om;
[k t"dyÜg,faz:jyonf/
aemufqufwGJ(c)/
b@ma&;/
1/ jrefrmEdkifiHawmfonf ukd,fydkifb@ma&;tkyfcsKyf
cGifh&Sdoifhonfudk bk&ifrif;jrwftpkd;&wkdYu oabmwlNyD;jzpf
onf/
2/ ]]EkdifiHcsif;csif; aiGaMu;&efykH}}ESifh]]EkdifiHcsif;csif;
bPf}}wGif yg0ifvkdu avQmufxm;&ef tajctae&SdonfESifh
wNydKifeuf ckdifvkHaom tzGJY0ifwOD;tjzpfudk &pdrfhaomiSg bk&if
rif;jrwftpkd;&wkdYu pGrf;tm;&Sdoavmuf aqmif&Guf&ef wm0ef
,lNyD;jzpfonf/
3/ 1945-ck? atmufwkdbmvrS 1946-ck? pufwif
bmvtxd jrefrmEkdifiHawmf b@ma&;ESpftwGif; jrefrmEkdifiH
awmfu twkd;vGwfa&T'*Fg;aygif; 8ç000ç000 cefY(tom;wif)
&&SdcJhNyD/ xkdYjyif 1946 ck? atmufwkdbmvrSpí 1947 ck? puf
wifbmvtxd b@ma&;ESpftwGif; aemufxyf 75 oef;(t
om;wif)&&Sd&eftwGuf oabmwlNyD;jzpfonf/ e,fjcm;a'o
rsm;twGuf axmufyHhaMu;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;í &kd;&kd;
bwf*sufwGif ,ckESpfavsmhaomaiGtwGuf xyfrHaxmufyHhrnf
[k ,ckbk&ifrif;jrwfftpdk;&u oabmwlNyD;jzpfonf/
4/ (tpkd;&wkdY\ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;
ESifha,bk,stm;jzifh oufqkdifaom)y&kd*sufpDrHudef;qkdif&m
bwf*sufESifhpyfvsOf;í bk&ifrif;jrwfu bdvyfEkdifiHrS tcsKyf
tcs,fr&Sdaomfvnf; tjyeftvSef tjynfhtpkH taMumif;Mum;
enf;ESifhowfrSwfxm;aom aiGacs;a&;udpöjyKvkyffffffEkdifrnf rvkyf
Ekdifrnfudk bk&ifrif;jrwfftpdk;&u pkHprf;ppfaq;vdrfhrnf/
5/ b@ma&;tajcrSefrsm;udk xyfrHwGJbuf ppfaq;í
&aomwGufudef;rsm;ukd owdrlNyD;vQif twkd;vGwfacs;iSm;aom
aiGwpdwfwa'oudk tNyD;tNidrf; axmufyHhaiGtjzpfodkYajymif;
vJEkdifonfudk rltm;jzifh oabmwl&ef bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&u
tqifoifh&Sdonf/
6/ wOD;tay:wOD; wm0efrxm;bJ b@ma&;tajc
rSeffudk jrefrmEkdifiHwGif xyfrHwGJbufppfaq;&ef oabmwlnD
aMumif;? tykd'fi,f 3? tykd'fi,f 4 wGif az:jyxm;aom oabm
wlnDfcsufxuf ydkrkdí bk&ifrif;jrwftpkd;&xHrS xyfrHtultnD
tvkd&Sdojzifh xkdodkYaom tultnDay;cJhvQif oabmwlnDxm;
aom pnf;urf;csufrsm;twkdif; jzpffvdrfhrnf/
10/ tjcm;udpörsm;/
jrefrmEkdifiHawmf\tqifhtwef;ajymif;vJjcif;ESifh pyf
vsOf;í bk&ifrif;jrwf\tpdk;&ESifhjrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&wkdY
oabmwlqkdufa&muf&ef tjcm;jyóemrsm; ay:aygufvdrfh
rnff/ þjyóemrsm;udk ay:aygufvmffffonfhfftavsmuf vufcH
í ,ckaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif xif&Sm;cJhaom rdwfaqG&if;csmorm
0g,rESvkH;xm;jzifh aqmif&Guffvdrfhrnf/
bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&ESifhfjrefrmtrIaqmifaumifpD\f
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf wkdifyifESD;aESmjcif;ESifhulnD,kdif;yif;jcif;?
,ckenf;ukdqufvufapaomtm;jzifh NAdwdoQ]aumfarmf0Jvfof}
twGif;wGifjzpfap? tjyiftyrSjzpfap? ukd,fydkifvGwfvyfaom
jrefrmEkdifiHawmfb0odkY a&mufapvkdaom ESpfOD;ESpfbuf&nf&G,f
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ukd,fawGYyifvkH
85
csufudk acsmarmvsifjrefpGm wkd;wufatmif jyKvkyfEkdifvdrfhrnf
[k wxpfcs,kHMunfMuonf/ odkYtwGufaMumifh jrefrmEkdifiHawmf
\tkyfcsKyfa&;opfra&mufrD acwfajymif;acwfvTJwavQmuf
ay:aygufvdrfhrnfjzpfaomfff tem*wfudpörsm;udk oabmwlqkduf
a&mufa&;wGif wOD;udk wOD; ,dkif;yif;ulnD&ef oabmwlMu
avonf/
pD? tm&f? tufwvD? atmifqef;/
10 a'gif;eif;vrf;/
ZEé0g&Dv 27 &uf? 1947 ck/
0efBuD;ocifApdefESifh0efBuD;OD;apmwkdYonf þtqkH;
owfcsufrsm;wGifff bufpyf&ef rwwfEkdifMuacs/
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86
THE PANLONG AGREEMENT. 1947A conference having been held at Panlong, attended by cer-tain members of the Executive Council of the Governor ofBurma, all Saohpas and representatives of the Shan States,the Kachin Hills and the Chin Hills:
The members of the Conference, believing that freedom willbe more speedily achieved by the Shans, the Kachins and theChins by their immediate cooperation with the interim Bur-mese Government:
The members of the Conference have accordingly, and with-out dissentions, agreed as follows:
1. A representative of the Hill peoples, selected by the Gover-nor on the recommendation of representatives of the SupremeCouncil of the United Hill peoples (S.C.O.U.H.P), shall be ap-pointed a Counsellor to the Governor to deal with the FrontierAreas.
2. The said Counsellor shall also be appointed a member ofthe Governor's Executive Council without portfolio, and thesubject of Frontier Areas brought within the purview of theExecutive Council by Constitutional Convention as in the caseof Defence and External affairs. The Counsellor for FrontierAreas shall be given executive authority by similar means.
3. The said Counsellor shall be assisted by two Deputy Coun-sellors representing races of which he is not a member whilethe two Deputy Counsellors should deal in the First instancewith the affairs of their respective areas and the Counsellorwith all the remaining parts of the Frontier Areas, they shouldby Constitutional Convention act on the principle of jointresponsibility.
4. While the Counsellor, in his capacity of Member of theExecutive Council, will be the only representative of the Fron-tier Areas on the Council, the Deputy Counsellors shall beentitled to attend meetings of the Council when subjects per-taining to the Frontier Areas are discussed.
5. Though the Governor's Executive Council will be augmentedas agreed above, it will not operate in respect of the FrontierAreas in any manner which would deprive any portionf ofthese areas of the autonomy which it now enjoys in internaladministration. Full autonomy in internal administration forthe Frontier Areas is accepted in principle.
6. Tough the question of demarcating and establishing aseperate Kachin State within a Unified Burma is one whichmust be relegated for decision by the Constituent Assembly,it is agreed that such a State is desirable. As a first step to-wards this end, the Counsellor for Frontier Areas and theDeputy Counsellors shall be cousulted in the administrationof such areas in the Myitkyina and the Bhamo Districts as arepart II scheduled Areas under the Government of Burma Actof 1935.
7. Citizens of the Frontier Areas shall enjoy rights and privi-leges which are regarded as fundamental in democratic coun-tries.
aemufqufwGJ(q)aemufqufwGJ(q)aemufqufwGJ(q)aemufqufwGJ(q)aemufqufwGJ(q)
1947-ckESpf? yifvkHpmcsKyf
jrefrmjynfbk&ifcH\trIaqmifaumifpDrStzGJY0ift
csKdUESifhp0fzrsm;tm;vkH;wkdYtjyif? &Srf;jynfe,frsm;? ucsifjynf
e,ffawmifwef;a'orsm;ESifhcsif;awmifwef;a'owkdYrS udk,f
pm;vS,frsm; wufa&mufaom yifvkHNrdKUwGif usif;yonfht
pnf;ta0;BuD;wpf&yfwGif-
Mum;jzwfjrefrmtpkd;&ESifhcsufcsif;yl;aygif;jcif;tm;
jzifh &Srf;jynf? ucsifESifhfcsif;wkdYonf vGwfvyfa&;udk ydkrkdívsif
jrefpGm &&Sdvdrfhrnf[k tpnf;ta0;wufa&muffol tzGJY0ifwkdYu
,kHMunfMuonfhtwkdif; tpnf;ta0;wufa&mufoltzGJY0iffwkdY
onf uefYuGefol r&SdbJ atmufygtwkdif; oabmwlMuav
onf/
1/ awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vkH;nDnTwfa&;tzGJY(w-p-n-
z)\BudK;udkiftzGJ Yukd,fpm;vS,frsm;u axmufcHcsuft&
awmifwef;om;rsm;\ukd,fpm;vS,ffwpfOD;udk bk&ifcHu a&G;
cs,fí e,fpyfa'orsm;udpöESifhywfoufí aqmif&Guf&eft
wGuf bk&ifcH\twkdifyifcHyk*¾Kdvftjzpf cefYxm;&rnf/
2/ þtwkdifyifcHyk*¾Kdvfukd bk&ifcH\trIaqmifaumifpDwGif
Xmevufukdifr&Sd? aumifpD0ifwpfOD;tjzpf cefYxm;í umuG,f
a&;ESifhjynfyudpö&yfrsm;wGif xkH;enf;Oya't&? trIaqmif
aumifpD\tmPmpufatmufodkY a&muf&Sdonfhenf;wl e,fpyf
a'oudpörsm;udkvnf; trIaqmifaumifpD\tmPmatmufokdY
a&muf&Sdap&rnf/ þenf;vrf;rsm;twkdif; e,fpyfa'oqkdif
&mtwkdifyifcH yk*¾Kdvftm; tkyfcsKyfcGifhtmPmudk ay;tyf&rnf/
3/ tqkdyg twkdifyifcHyk*¾Kdvfudk ¤if;vlrsKd;jcif;rwlaom'kwd,
twkdifyifcHyk*¾Kdvf(2)OD;u ulnDap&rnf/ a&S;OD;pGm 'kwd,t
wkdifyifcHyk*¾Kdvf(2)OD;wkdYonf ¤if;wkdYtoD;oD; oufqkdifonfhe,f
rsm;\udpö&yfrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&efjzpfí twkdifyifcHyk*¾KdvfrSm
tjcm;e,fpyfa'otm;vkH;wkdY\udpö&yfrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef
vnf;jzpfonf/ ¤if;wkdYonf xkH;enf;Oya't& wGJbufwm0ef
,l&onfhrltwkdif; aqmif&Gufap&rnf/
4/ twkdifyifcHyk*¾Kdvfonf trIaqmifaumifpDwGif tzGJY0ifvl
BuD;taejzifh e,fpyfa'orsm;\wpfOD;wnf;aomudk,fpm;
vS,ftjzpf yg0if&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; 'kwd,twkdifyifcHyk*¾Kdvf
rsm;onf e,fpyfa'orsm;ESifhoufqkdifaomudpö&yfrsm;ukd aqG;
aEG;Muonfhtcg trIaqmifaumifpDwGiff wufa&mufEkdifcGifhf&Sdap
&rnf/
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87
8. The arrangements accepted in this Agreements are withoutprejudice to the financial autonomy now vested in the Feder-ated Shan States.
9. The arrangements accepted in this Agreement are withoutprejudice to the financial assistance which the Kachin Hillsand the Chin Hills are entitled to receive from the revenues ofBurma, and the Executive Council will examine with the Fron-tier Areas Counsellor and Deputy Counsellors the feasibilityof adopting for the Kachin Hills and the Chin Hills financialarrangements similar to those between Burma and the Feder-ated Shan States.
&Srf;aumfrwD
1/ cGefyef;pdef - awmifydkifp0fzvkH
2/ p0fa&Tokduf - anmifa&Tp0fzvkH
3/ p0f[kHz - ajrmufodEéDp0fzvkH
4/ p0fEGH - vJcsm;p0fzvkH
5/ p0fpHxGef; - rkdif;yGefp0fzvkH
6/ p0fxGef;at; - omrkdif;crf;p0fzvkH
7/ OD;jzL - oxkHNrdKUpm;ukd,fpm;vS,f
8/ cGefyef; - vlxkukd,fpm;vS,f
9/ OD;wif{ - vlxkukd,fpm;vS,f
10/ OD;xGef;jrifh - vlxkukd,fpm;vS,f
11/ p0f,dyfz - vlxkukd,fpm;vS,f
12/ OD;cGefxD; - vlxkukd,fpm;vS,f
13/ OD;Mumyk - vlxkukd,fpm;vS,f
14/ OD;cGefapm - vlxkukd,fpm;vS,f
ucsifaumfrwD
1/ qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif (jrpfBuD;em;)
2/ 'l;0g;aZmf&pf (jrpfBuD;em;)
3/ OD;'if;&wef(jrpfBuD;em;)
4/ aZmfv (Aef;armf) (vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;jcif;r&Sd)
5/ 'l;0g;aZmfvGef;(Aef;armf)
6/ vAef*a&mif;(Aef;armf)
csif;aumfrwD
1/ OD;vTmrkef; (zvrf;)
2/ OD;aomifZmckyf (wD;wif)
3/ OD;uG,fref; ([m;cg;)
5/ txufwGif oabmwlnDonfhtwkdif; bk&ifcH\trIaqmif
aumifpDudk csJUrnfjzpfaomfvnf; e,fpyfa'orsm;\e,fwGif;
tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif ,ckcHpm;&aomudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk rnf
onfhenf;ESifhrqkd wpkHw&mvufvGwfap&ef tqkdygaumifpDu
jyKvkyfjcif;r&Sdap&/ e,fpyfa'orsm;twGuf e,fwGif;tkyfcsKyf
a&;wGif udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; &mckdifEIef;tjynfh&Sdap&rnf[l
aomrludk oabmwlnDMuonf/
6/ yl;aygif;xm;NyD;onfhjrefrmjynftwGif; oD;oefYucsifjynf
e,fwck? e,fedrdwfowfrSwfíwnfaqmuf&ef jyóemrSmwkdif;
jynfjyKvTwfawmfu qkH;jzwf&efjzpfaomfvnf; þuJhodkYoD;jcm;
jynfe,fwpfckxm;&SdoifhaMumif;udk oabmwlnDMuonf/ þ
&nf&G,fcsuftxajrmuf&eftvkdYiSg yxrajcvSrf;taejzifh
1935-ckESpf? jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&tufOya't&aemufquf
wGJpm&if;tykdif;(2)a'orsm;uJhodkY jrpfBuD;em;ESifhAef;armfc&kdif
wkdY\tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif e,fpyfa'otwkdifyifcHyk*¾KdvfESifh'kwd,
twkdifyifcHyk*¾KdvfwdkYtm; aqG;aEG;wkdifyif&rnf/
7/ e,fpyfa'orsm;\e,fol om;rsm;wkdYonf 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiH
rsm;wGif tajccHrsm;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKxm;aomtcGifht
a&;wkdYudk cHpm;EkdifcGifh&Sdap&rnf/
8/ þpmtkyfwGif oabmwlnDMuonfhtpDtpOfwkdYrSm - ya'
o&mZf&Srf;jynfe,fajrpkwGif ,cktyfESif;xm;NyD;jzpfaomb@m
a&;ESifhywfouffonfhudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ukd xdckdufjcif;r&Sdap
&/
9/ þpmcsKyfwGif oabmwlnDMuonfhtpDtpOfwkdYrSm jrefrm
jynf tcGefawmfaiGrsm;rS ucsifawmifwef;e,frsm;ESifhcsif;
awmifwef;e,frsm;u &oifh&xkduffffaomb@ma&;tultnDukd
xdckdufjcif; r&Sdap&/ jrefrmjynfESifhya'o&mZf&Srf;jynfe,fajr
pk\b@ma&;tpDtpOfrsm;uJhodkY ucsifawmifwef;ESifhcsif;
awmifwef;rsm;ftwGuf tvm;wl tpDtpOfrsm;ffudk xm;&Sdusifh
okH;&ef jzpfEkdifrnf rjzpfEkdifrnfudk bk&ifcH\trIaqmifaumif
pDu e,fpyfa'orsm;\twkdifyifcHESifh'kwd,twkdifyifcHyk*¾Kdvf
wkdYESifhtwl ppfaq;Munhf&I&rnf/
jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
12-2-47/
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&efukefc&kdif
1/ OD;atmifqef; - (,ck a':cifMunf)/
2/ a':apma&T/
3/ a':cifvS/
4/ Akdvfrif;acgif - (,ck AkdvfvSat;)/
5/ ocifvGef;abmf - (EkwfxGufonf)/
6/ OD;baz - (,ck OD;ukdudkBuD;)/
7/ ocifvSauR/
8/ OD;oef;pdef/
tif;pdefc&kdif/
9/ ocifausmfxGef;/
10/ ocifOD;cif/
11/ Akdvfwkdufpkd;/
12/ q&mqmxl;/
[Hom0wDc&kdif/
13/ OD;bcsKd - (,ck a':cifyk)/
14/ OD;wif - (jrefatmif)/
15/ OD;bwif/
16/ Akdvfxdef0if;/
17/ ocifarmifarmifBuD;/
18/ Akdvfatmifjrifh - (,ckAkdvfAwif)/
om,m0wDc&kdif/
19/ ocifjr/
20/ AkdvfpdefrSef/
21/ ocifcspfarmif/
22/ ocifausmfNidrf;/
23/ ociffxGef;tHh/
24/ OD;azoef;nTefY/
25/ OD;armifarmif/
26/ ocifjrav;/
jynfc&kdif/
27/ OD;ausmfNidrf;/
28/ OD;vSarmif/
29/ ocif0wif/
30/ AdkfvfatmifBuD;/
31/ AdkvfuGef;aZmf/
32/ OD;xGef;a&T/
yJcl;c&kdif/
33/ OD;om'if/
34/ OD;pHjrifh/
35/ Akdvfat;az/
36/ Adkvfcifarmif/
37/ Akdvfwifatmif - (,ck Akdvfvif;)/
38/ AkdvfMumnTefY/
[if;omwc&kdif/
39/ OD;wifxG#f/
40/ OD;jrif ([oFmw)
41/ OD;xGef;0if;/
42/ OD;xGef;az/
43/ Adkvfpdefbef;/
44/ ocifcspfarmif/
45/ OD;oef;wif/
46/ Akdvfatmifaz/
47/ OD;bodef;/
48/ OD;xGef;Munf/
ykodrfc&kdif/
49/ OD;jrpdef/
50/ AkdvfxGef;vif; (EkwfxGufonf/)
51/ ocifpdef/
52/ OD;atmifausmf/
53/ OD;pdefarmif/
54/ AkdvfvSjrifh/
55/ Akdvfbkef;atmif/
56/ OD;ausmfwifh/
zsmykHc&kdif/
57/ OD;0if;/
58/ apmausmf&if/
59/ OD;wifnTefY/
60/ ocifbouf/
ajrmif;jrc&kdif/
61/ ocifwif/
62/ OD;cifarmifvwf/
63/ OD;xGef;&if/
64/ AkdvfnTefYarmif/
aemufqufwGJ(Z)
1947 ckESpf? {NyDvwGif a&G;aumufwifajrmufvkdufaom wkdif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmftrwfrsm;/
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
89
rtlyifc&kdif
65/ a':vS&Sif/
66/ AkdvfpdefxGef;/
67/ ocifcspf/
68/ OD;jrarmif/
usKdu©rDc&kdif/
69/ ocifatmifbGifh/
70/ Akdvfausmfoef;/
71/ Akdvfatmifabmf/
72/ rGefOD;cifarmif/
73/ OD;oef;jrifh/
74/ ocifckd/
75/ ocifoif;vIdif/
76/ ocifpHa0/
oxkHc&kdif/
77/ Akdvfat;BudKif/
78/ ocifatmifwif/
79/ ocifxGef;jrifh/
80/ rGefxGef;&if/
awmifilc&kdif/
81/ OD;oef;az/
82/ Akdvfodef;'ef/
83/ Akdvfzkd;uGef;/
84/ OD;ausmfaZmf/
xm;0,fc&kdif/
85/ OD;qifuGKdif/
86/ OD;azpdef/
87/ OD;ba&T/
88/ Akdvfae0if;/
Nrdwfc&kdif/
89/ ocifEk/
90/ AkdvfxGef;pdef/
ppfawGc&kdif/
91/ OD;csufzg;/
92/ OD;a&TapmOD;/
93/ OD;xGef;0if;/
94/ OD;ausmfOD;/
95/ OD;pHxGef;atmif/
96/ AkdvfndKxGef;/
97/ OD;armifarmifxGef;atmifausmf/
98/ rpöwmplvweftmruf/
99/ rpöwmtyÜ'l*zg;/
100/ OD;atmifZHa0/
ausmufjzLc&kdif/
101/ OD;omxGef;/
102/ Akdvfbapm/
103/ OD;a&TeD/
104/ OD;rJausmfOD;/
105/ OD;atmifjr/
106/ AkdvfbvIdif/
rauG;c&kdif/
107/ AkdvfwifOD;/
108/ ocifapmvif;/
109/ OD;ÓPf&Sdef/
110/ ocifAoef;/
111/ OD;xGef;a&TOD;/
112/ ocifvGif/
113/ OD;b0if;/ (,ck OD;vSarmif)
114/ OD;atmifoef;/
rif;bl;c&kdif/
115/ ocifAouf/
116/ AkdvfpHxGef;/
117/ Akdvfva&mif/
118/ OD;odef;az/
o&ufc&kdif/
119/ Akdvfatmif/
120/ AkdvfNidrf;armif/
121/ AkdvfxGef;pdef/
122/ OD;ausmfjrifh/
yckuúLc&kdif/
123/ OD;ausmf&Sdef/
124/ OD;bkd;atmif/
125/ OD;uGef;/
126/ Akdvfodef;armif/
127/ Akdvfbmbm/
128/ OD;Arl/
129/ OD;pdk;Ekdif/
130/ OD;aomif;az
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
90
jrif;jcHc&kdif/
131/ ocifoefY/
132/ AkdvftkH;wif/
133/ OD;oef;xGef;/
134/ OD;pkd;armif/ (,ck OD;jrifhaqG)
135/ OD;qif/
136/ OD;b*srf;/
rEÅav;c&kdif/
137/ rpöwmat-&mZwf(,cka':cifcif)
138/ OD;boD/
139/ Akdvfcifarmifuav;/
140/ Akdvfxdefvif;/
141/ AkdvfvSaz/
142/ Akdvfwifarmif/
143/ ocifarmifarmifav;/
144/ OD;vSaz/
145/ OD;oef;nTefY/
146/ ocifAodef;/
ausmufqnfc&kdif/
147/ Akdvfrif;EG,f/
148/ OD;xGef;pdef/
rdw¬dvmc&kdif/
149/ OD;xGef;ZH/
150/ AkdvfudkudkBuD;/
151/ AkdvfatmifnTefY/
152/ OD;aiG/
a&Tbkdc&kdif/
153/ AkdvfArif;/
154/ OD;b<u,f/
155/ Akdvfapmarmif/
156/ OD;jr&D/
157/ ocifqk/
158/ ocifausmf
&rnf;oif;c&kdif/
159/ OD;jr (aysmfbG,f)
160/ OD;rkd;/
161/ ocifwifxGef;/
162/ ocifazwifh/
163/ OD;armifarmif/
164/ OD;azcif/
ppfudkif;c&kdif/
165/ OD;pdefxGm;/
166/ AkdvfxGef;Munf/
167/ OD;usifapm/
168/ Akdvfpdefouf/
txufcsif;wGif;c&kdif/
169/ ocifcifarmifBuD;/
170/ AkdvfwifarmifOD;/
atmufcsif;wGif;c&dkif/
171/ AkdvfAodef;/
172/ ocifcspfpdef/
173/ AkdvfwifvIdif/
174/ OD;atmifaz/
uomc&dkif/
175/ ocifAodef; (EkwfxGufonf/)
176/ ocifAxGef;/
177/ ocifapm,Gef;/
178/ OD;bMurf; (ykodrf)/
Aef;armfc&kdif/
179/ AkdvfvSBudKif/
180/ OD;bOD;/
jrpfBuD;em;c&dkif/
181/ OD;barmif/
182/ ocifjyef/
t*Fvdyfjrefrmujym;/
183/ rpöwm tD; bm;e'f/
184/ rpöwm at pD a&mh'&'f/
185/ rpöwm at-a&;Ag;(pf)/
186/ rpöwm tdyf(csf)trf(rf)zpf&Sm;/
u&iftrsKd;om;trwfrsm;/
187/ apmomZif/
188/ q&mvSrif;/
189/ OD;bkd;ZH ac: AkdvfndKcif/
190/ ref;0if;armif/
191/ q&mtab;/
192/ apmarmifa'guf/
193/ apmatmify/
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
91
194/ ref;xGef;&if/
195/ OD;omqif/
196/ OD;aygvl/
197/ OD;barmif/
198/ ref;uHat;/
199/ ref;atmif&dSef/
200/ ref;xGef;&kH/
201/ AkdvfatmifNrdKif/
202/ OD;omvIdif/
203/ OD;pHnTefY/
204/ OD;b&if/
205/ apmtkef;nTefY/
206/ apm0if;wif/
207/ apm*Refqif 'Dzkd;rif;/
208/ apmaemfwifbGm;/
209/ ref;bckdif (,ck ref;bqkdif)
210/ apmpHbkd;oif/
e,fpyfa'o (&Srf;trwfrsm;)
211/ usKdif;wkHapmfbGm;BuD;/
212/ anmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD;/
213/ awmifydkifapmfbGm;BuD;/
214/ odEéDawmifydkif;apmfbGm;BuD;/
215/ rkd;rdwfapmfbGm;BuD;/
216/ okdif;b[ef/
217/ rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;/ (,ck pum;apmfbGm;BuD;)
218/ apmxGef;&if/ (EkwfxGufonf)
219/ apma&TrGef/
220/ OD;jzL/
221/ omrkdif;crf;apmfbGm;BuD;/
222/ yifrSDapmfbGm;BuD;/
223/ OD;pHvl/
224/ OD;ausmf'Gef;/
225/ OD;xGef;jrifh/
226/ OD;bkd;cif/
227/ OD;bZH/
228/ OD;xGef;tkH/
229/ OD;pHjrwf/
230/ OD;xGef;at;/
231/ OD;cifarmifvwf/
232/ OD;oef;armif/
233/ OD;pHckdif/
e,fpyfa'o(ucsiftrwfrsm;)
234/ qrm;'l;0gqif0gaemif/
235/ vbef;*a&mif;/
236/ OD;BuD;xifeef;/
237/ r&pfatmifb/
238/ 'l0gaZmvGrf/
239/ 0gabmfaZmf&pf/
240/ qvefuGrfr&if*rf/
e,fpyfa'o(csif;trwfrsm;)
241/ OD;0rfukd[ef/
242/ OD;q0pf/
243/ uyÜwdefrefwkH;Ekef;/
244/ OD;iGefwkd;/
245/ OD;xyfvkdif;/
246/ OD;0rfol;armif;/
247/ OD;,0rf/
u&ifeDftrwfrsm;/
248/ apmodef;/
249/ OD;bDwl&D/
e,fjcm;a'oqkdif&mtjcm;trwfrsm;/
250/ apm0D&Dausmf/ (,ck apmvlvl)
251/ apmbDbkd;ul;/
252/ &HMunfqkdif/
253/ aZmfb/
254/ av&SD0rf;/
255/ OD;bom/
tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;aumfrDwD/
(1) AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;(,ck ocifEk)/ (2) ocifjr (,ck [oFm
wOD;jr/ (3) OD;ausmfNidrf;/ (4) OD;jr(aysmfbG,f) (5) OD;bcsKd
(,ck OD;jrpdef) (6)rpöwm&mZwf(,ck OD;oef;jrifh) (7) OD;wif
xG#f/ (8) OD;b0if; (,ck apmausmf&if) (9) OD;b*srf;/ (10)
Akdvfatmif/ (11) OD;ausmfjrifh/ (12) ocifvGef;abmf/ (13)
OD;wif(jrefatmif)/ (14) ocifwif/ (15) AkdvffpdefrSef/ (16)
AkdvfatmifBuD;/ (17) OD;0if;/ (18) OD;xGef;0if;([oFmw)/
(19) OD;oD/ (20) OD;om'if/ (21) OD;xGef;az/ (22) OD;pdefbGm;/
(23) OD;cifarmifvwf(ajrmif;jr) (24) AkdvfxGef;vif;/ (25)
ocifvGif/ (26) ocifcspfarmif/ (27) OD;azcif/ (28) OD;cif
armifuav;/ (29) OD;pHxGef;atmif/ (30) AkdvfndKxGef;/ (31)
OD;atmifoef;/ (32) ocifpHa0/ (33) OD;b*srf;(uom) (34)
OD;usifapm/ (35) Akdvfzkd;uGef;/ (36) ocifwifxGef;/ (37)
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
92
rpöwmtD; bm;? e'f/ (38) ref;bckdif(,ck apmaemfwifbGm;)/
(39) apmpHbkd;oif;/ (40) ref;0if;armif/ (41) apmb&if (42)
q&mat;bD/ (43) 0D&Dausmf/ (44) qrm;'l0gqif0gaemif/
(45) 0gabmfaZmf&pf/ (46) 'l0gaZmfvGef;/ (47) OD;0rfudk[ef/
(48) OD;q0pf/ (49) uyÜwdefref;wkH;Ekef;/ (50) rkdif;yGefapmf
bGm;BuD;/ (,ck omrkdif;crf;apmfbGm;BuD;)/ (51) rkd;rdwfapmf
bGm;BuD;/ (52) anmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD;/ (53) OD;xGef;tkH (54)
OD;ausmf'Gef;/ (55) OD;xGef;jrifh(awmifBuD;)/
xyfjznfhtrwfrsm;/
(56) OD;vbef;*a&mif;/ (57) apm*Refqif'Dzkd;rif;/ (58) OD;
atmifNrdKif/ (59) okdif;b[ef/ (60) AkdvfvSBudKif/ (61) a':
cifvS/ (62) OD;0rfol;armif;/
xyfjznfhtjyiftyyk*¾Kdvfrsm;/
(63) OD;wif{/ (64) w&m;0efBuD;qmbOD;/ (65) qmjrbl;/
(66) w&m;0efBuD;OD;at;armif/ (67) qmarmifBuD;/ (68)
OD;pdk;nTefY (69) rpöwm trf?at?&m&Spf/ (70) rpöwmZkd&mqif/
vrf;nTeffaumfrDwD/
(1) OD;atmifqef; (,ckocifEk)/ (2) ocifjr(,ck
ocifvGef;abmf)/ (3) ref;bckdif(,ck OD;jrif aysmfbG,f)/ (4)
OD;pHxGef;atmif/ (5) OD;azcif/ (6) OD;ausmfjrifh (7) OD;0if;
(8) ref;0if;armif/ (9) apmaemfwifbGm; (10) AkdvfxGef;vif;/
(11) rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;/ (,ck rkd;rdwfapmfbGm;BuD;)/ (12)
OD;xGef;jrifh (13) OD;0rf;ukd[ef/ (14) qrm;'l0gqif0gaemif/
tajccHOya'tacsmudkif aumfrDwD/
(1) vTwfawmfOuú|(obmywd) (2)ocifEk/ (3) OD;
wifxG#f/ (4) ocifvGef;abmf/ (5) ocifwif/ (6) ocifwif
xGef;/ (7) ref;0if;armif/ (8) OD;boD/ (9) OD;ausmfjrifh/ (10)
rpöwmat? a&;Ag;(pf) (11) AkdvfxGef;vif;/ (12) apmaemfwif
bGm;/ (13) rkd;rdwfapmfbGm;BuD;/ (14) OD;vbef;*a&mif;/ (15)
OD;0rf;udk[ef/ (16) OD;wif(jrefatmif)/
xyfjznfhtrwf/
(17) OD;xGef;az/
xyfjznfhtjyifty yk*¾Kdvfrsm;/
(18) qmjrbl;/ (19) qmarmifBuD;/ (20) qmbOD;/
(w&m;0efBuD;)/ (21) OD;at;armif(w&m;0efBuD;)/ (22) rpö
wm? trf(rf)at&m&Spf/ (23) OD;0ef(wuúokdvfausmif;) (24)
OD;rsKd;rif;(wuúokdvffausmif;)/ (25) OD;odef;[ef(wkdif;jynfjyK
vTwfawmftxl;t&m&Sd)/
jrefrmEkdifiHawmf tvHoDcsif;ESifhwHqdyfaumfrDwD/
(1) OD;bcsKd(,ck ocifwif)/ (2) OD;atmifZHa0/ (3)
AkdvfrSL;atmif/ (4) rGefxGef;&if/ (5) AkdvfatmifBuD;/ (6) a':
cifvS/ (7) q&mvSrif;/ (8) rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD; (,ck rdk;rdwf
apmfbGm;BuD;)/ (9) OD;aZmfvGrf/ (10) OD;0rf;udk[ef/
xyfjznfhfftjyiftyyk*¾Kdvfrsm;/
(11) OD;aiGckdif/ (12) OD;tkH;vGif/ (13) '*kefq&mwif
(14) OD;boef;/ (15) OD;cifaZmf/ (16) OD;xifzwf/ (17) OD;
odef;[ef (wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmftxl;t&m&Sd)/
jrefrmEkdifiHwkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmft&m&Sdrsm;/jrefrmEkdifiHwkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmft&m&Sdrsm;/jrefrmEkdifiHwkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmft&m&Sdrsm;/jrefrmEkdifiHwkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmft&m&Sdrsm;/jrefrmEkdifiHwkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmft&m&Sdrsm;/
Ouú| - anmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD; apma&Todkuf/
t&Hobmywdrsm; - ref;uHat;? OD;pHxGef;atmif?
OD;cifarmifvwf? qrm'l0gqif0gaemif? OD;0rf;udk[ef?
OD;ausmfNidrf;? Akdvfzkd;uGef;? awmifydkifapmfbGm;BuD;?
tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'tMuHay;t&m&Sd - OD;csefxGef;?
twGif;0ef - OD;xGef;wif? 'kwd,twGif;0ef - OD;pdef?
vufaxmuftwGif;0efrsm; - OD;baomif? OD;cifarmifoef;?
OD;eef;EG,f? OD;aomif;?
vTwfawmftxl;t&m&Sd - OD;odef;[ef/
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
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orkdif;0if
"mwfykHrSwfwrf;rsm;
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
(1) anmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD; (2) OD;azcif (3) OD;b&if (4) odEéDapmfbGm;BuD;
(5) OD;apm (6) awmifydkifapmfbGm;BuD; (7) OD;Ek (8) ref;bckdif (9) rkd;rdwfapmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGefcsKd (10) OD;b*srf;/
yxryifvkHtpnf;ta0;
(1946 ckESpf)
a&SUwef; (0JrS,m) _ ? _ ? _ ? ocifEk? awmifykdifapmfbGm; p0fcGefyef;pdef? 'l;0g;aZmfvGef;? OD;apm? anmifa&TapmfbGm;? rdw¬dvmOD;b&if? _ ? _ ? _ ?
omrkdif;crf;apmfbGm; p0fxGef;at;? yifrSDapmfbGm;/
aemufwef; (0JrS ,m) _ ? _ ? ref;bckdif? ajrmufodEéDapmfbGm;? OD;b*srf;? _ ? _ ? OD;azcif? rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;p0fpHxGef;? _? _ ? _ ? _ ? _ ? _ ? _ ?
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
yxryifvkHtpnf;ta0;wGif
0J rS ,m - (1) OD;b&if? (2) OD;apm? (3) OD;azcif? (4) OD;Ek?
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ 1946 ckESpf? &Srf;jynfc&D; uavmü em;pOf
a&SUwef; (0JrS,m) - omrkdif;crf;apmfbGm;? rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;? anmifa&TapmfbGm;? _ ? _ ? _ ? _ ?
aemufwef; (0J rS ,m) - OD;azcif(azmhOD;xkyfjzifh)? AkdvfxGef;vS (ppf,leDazmif;jzifh)/
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
AkdvfcsKyf\ 1946 ckESpf? &Srf;jynfwpfcGif c&D;pOf (anmifa&Tü)
0J rS ,m - (1) OD;azcif? (2) AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;? (3) anmifa&TapmfbGm;? (4) rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;/
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
1947 ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 12 &ufaeY/
'kwd, yifvkHnDvmcH
0J rS ,m - (1) OD;azcif? (2) bm;ewfvuf'0pf (jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m 0efBuD;&kH;t&m&dS)? (3) rpöwmabmfwGrfav? (4) AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;/
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
1947 ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 12 &uf ]]'kwd, yifvkHnDvmcHwGif yifvkHpmcsKyf vufrSwfa&;xkd;MupOf}}
vGwfvyfa&;vIyf&Sm;rIwGif yg0ifaom &Srf;ausmif;om;rsm;
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
yifvkHNrdKU&Sd ]]awmifwef;jynfr yl;aygif;a&;pmcsKyf txdrf;trSwf ausmufwkdif}} ,cif (12-2-47)
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
aOD;azcif
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;
(0J rS ,m) yxracgif;aygif;ESifhyk*¾KdvffrS pí- (1) 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd? (2) qmarmifBuD;? (3) OD;csefxGef;? (4) AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;?
(5) OD;pdef (vTwfawmftwGif;0ef)? (6) OD;azcif (aq;wHjzifh)? (7) ocifjr/
jrefrmjynfESifhu&ifeDjynf rdwfquftzGJY &efukefNrdKU
1946 - ckESpf? {NyDv 30 &uf/
a&SUwef; 0J rS ,m odkY - apmodef;? p0fv0D? apma&T? OD;pdef (u&ifeDya'gifaumifpDOuú|)? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;(zqyvtzGJYcsKyfOuú|)? OD;atjrav;
OD;baz? okdif;b[ef? apmZde? OD;jr/
tv,fwef; 0J rS ,m odkY - ocif0wif? OD;vGdZD? apm0Dc0g;? OD;A*srf;? OD;wif? ref;bckdif? ocifoef;xGef;(uGefjrLepfygwDtwGif;a&;rSL;)? OD;wif?
OD;baomif;? OD;azcif? ocifcspf/
aemufwef; 0J rS ,m odkY - OD;ausmfjrifh? OD;atmif0if;? OD;bqkdif? OD;atmifZHa0? OD;ndrf;? OD;odrf;atmif? apmbOD;BuD;(autif(ef),ltzGJYcsKyfOuú|)
OD;xGef;vS? apmcvlv,f? OD;wifarmif/
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
a
ukd,fawGYyifvkH
]]awmifwef;jynfr yl;aygif;a&; txdrf;trSwf vuf&Sdausmufwkdif}}
E-bo
ok is
cre
ated
by
shan
yom
a
1947 ckESpf? arv 19 &ufrS 23 &uftxd *sLAvDa[mwGif usif;yaom zqyvtzGJYcsKyf yPmrjyifqifrI nDvmcH
1/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;? 2/ ocifEk? 3/ ocifjr? 4/ OD;AaqG? 5/ OD;xGef;tkH(jrLrif;BuD;a[mif;)? 6/ OD;wif(jrefatmif)
7/ 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd? 8/ OD;wif(jrefrmhtvif;) 9/ ref;bckdif? 10/ q&mBuD;OD;&mZwf? 11/ OD;azcif? 12/ ocif0wif/