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TO: Management and Board of Pioneer Petroleum (PP) FROM: Corporate Finance Consultants – Gal Gabriel, Lina Fedirko, Tara Patel DATE: March 20, 2012 RE: Cost of Capital: Methods and Approach to Divisional Discount Rates MEMORANDUM Recommendation: Pioneer Petroleum (PP) should use multiple divisional hurdle rates in evaluating projects, because the operations of each division vary in risk and thus should be discounted at appropriate rates reflecting the industry. Further, when computing a firmwide Weighted Average Cost of Capital, Pioneer should: (1) use dividend growth rate when using dividend growth model approach for cost of equity, (2) the firm should also compute cost of equity using Capital Asset Pricing Model to account for market risk, (3) final cost of equity should reflect an average rate from both approaches. Pioneer Petroleum Weighted Average Cost of Capital In terms of calculating cost of debt, we found your approach to be reasonable, assuming three things will stay constant: (1) tax rate, (2) debt to equity ratio, and (3) debt rating. Given those three assumptions, cost of debt equates to 7.9%, using standard cost of debt computing technique 1 . In order to arrive at the cost of equity, PP employed the dividend growth model. Using this technique, the company has to look at its dividend per share, and in this case PP used earnings per share. In addition, the cost of equity calculation should employ projected dividends for 1991, the year when new investments are discussed. If we apply the 10% dividend growth (g) assumption, a stock price of $63 and project a $2.70 dividend per share for 1991, the cost of equity is as follows: R(e) = Div. projected/Price of stock + g = $2.70/ $63 + 10% = 14.28%. Therefore, using the dividend growth model approach, the average weighted cost of capital is 11.1%. (Table 1) Table 1 1991 Weighted Average Cost of Capital Dividend Growth Model Approach with a 10% growth Source Estimated Proportions of Future Funds Sources Estimated Future After Tax Cost Weighted Cost Debt 0.50 7.92% 3.96% Equity 0.50 14.28% 7.14% WACC 11.10% Also, we’d like to point out that It is worth taking another look at the 10% measure for the dividend’s growth. The firm uses this percentage based on its commitment to its shareholders and actual dividends increase in 1990 and 1991. However, looking back at data given for previous years, PP’s dividend growth may not always stay at this rate. For example, between 1986 and 1989 there was no growth. The large 1 Cost of debt = interest rate to finance new debt x (1 – tax rate)

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TO:   Management  and  Board  of  Pioneer  Petroleum  (PP)  FROM:   Corporate  Finance  Consultants  –  Gal  Gabriel,  Lina  Fedirko,  Tara  Patel      

DATE:   March  20,  2012  RE:   Cost  of  Capital:  Methods  and  Approach  to  Divisional  Discount  Rates    

MEMORANDUM  

Recommendation:  Pioneer  Petroleum  (PP)  should  use  multiple  divisional  hurdle  rates  in  evaluating  

projects,  because  the  operations  of  each  division  vary  in  risk  and  thus  should  be  discounted  at  appropriate  rates  reflecting  the  industry.  Further,  when  computing  a  firm-­‐wide  Weighted  Average  Cost  of  Capital,  Pioneer  should:  (1)  use  dividend  growth  rate  when  using  dividend  growth  model  approach  for  

cost  of  equity,  (2)  the  firm  should  also  compute  cost  of  equity  using  Capital  Asset  Pricing  Model  to  account  for  market  risk,  (3)  final  cost  of  equity  should  reflect  an  average  rate  from  both  approaches.    

 Pioneer  Petroleum  Weighted  Average  Cost  of  Capital  

In  terms  of  calculating  cost  of  debt,  we  found  your  approach  to  be  reasonable,  assuming  three  things  will  stay  constant:  (1)  tax  rate,  (2)  debt  to  equity  ratio,  and  (3)  debt  rating.  Given  those  three  

assumptions,  cost  of  debt  equates  to  7.9%,  using  standard  cost  of  debt  computing  technique1.    

In  order  to  arrive  at  the  cost  of  equity,  PP  employed  the  dividend  growth  model.    Using  this  technique,  the  company  has  to  look  at  its  dividend  per  share,  and  in  this  case  PP  used  earnings  per  share.  In  addition,  the  cost  of  equity  calculation  should  employ  projected  dividends  for  1991,  the  year  when  new  

investments  are  discussed.  If  we  apply  the  10%  dividend  growth  (g)  assumption,  a  stock  price  of  $63  and  project  a  $2.70  dividend  per  share  for  1991,  the  cost  of  equity  is  as  follows:  R(e)  =  Div.  projected/Price  of  stock  +  g  =  $2.70/  $63  +  10%  =  14.28%.  Therefore,  using  the  dividend  growth  model  approach,  the  

average  weighted  cost  of  capital  is  11.1%.  (Table  1)  

Table  1      1991  Weighted  Average  Cost  of  Capital    Dividend  Growth  Model  Approach  with  a  10%  growth    

Source   Estimated  Proportions    of  Future  Funds  Sources  

Estimated  Future  After-­‐Tax  Cost  

Weighted  Cost  

Debt   0.50   7.92%   3.96%  

Equity   0.50   14.28%   7.14%  

WACC           11.10%      

Also,  we’d  like  to  point  out  that  It  is  worth  taking  another  look  at  the  10%  measure  for  the  dividend’s  

growth.  The  firm  uses  this  percentage  based  on  its  commitment  to  its  shareholders  and  actual  dividends  increase  in  1990  and  1991.  However,  looking  back  at  data  given  for  previous  years,  PP’s  dividend  growth  may  not  always  stay  at  this  rate.  For  example,  between  1986  and  1989  there  was  no  growth.  The  large  

                                                                                                                         1  Cost  of  debt  =  interest  rate  to  finance  new  debt  x  (1  –  tax  rate)    

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66.66%  of  dividend  per  share  growth  in  1986  must  have  happened  due  to  the  company  restructure,  so  we  can  ignore  it.  We  know  from  past  data  that  average  dividend  growth  can  be  low  as  5.34%.  (See  

Appendix  1)  With  an  assumption  of  a  lower  dividend  growth  rate,  the  cost  of  equity  decreases  to  9.85%.  The  resulted  WACC  is  8.88%.  (Table  2)  (R(e)  =  Div.  projected/Price  of  stock  +  g  =  $2.84/  $63  +  5.34%  =  9.85%)  

Table  2                1992  Weighted  Average  Cost  of  Capital  Calculation    Dividend  Growth  Model  for  average  dividend  growth    

Source   Estimated  Proportions    of  Future  Funds  Sources  

Estimated  Future  After-­‐Tax  Cost  

Weighted  Cost  

Debt   0.50   7.92%   3.96%  Equity   0.50   9.85%   4.92%  WACC           8.88%    

Moving  to  the  second  method  for  the  cost  of  equity  calculation,  the  Capital  Asset  Pricing  Model  (CAPM)  based  on  Security  Market  Line  (SML),  Pioneer  could  use  an  available  Beta  value  of  0.82,  a  risk  free  rate  of  7.8%3  and  6.84%  as  the  average  market  risk  premium  for  the  last  10  years  (calculation  shown  in  

appendix  2)  4.  In  this  case,  the  cost  of  equity  could  be  as  follows:  R(e)  =  7.8%  +  0.8  x  6.84%  =  13.27%.  Based  on  this  approach,  Pioneer  Petroleum’s  average  cost  for  capital  will  be  10.66%.  

Table  3            1990  Weighted  Average  Cost  of  Capital  Calculation  CAPM  SML      Source   Estimated  Proportions    

of  Future  Funds  Sources  Estimated  Future  After-­‐

Tax  Cost  Weighted  Cost  

Debt   0.50   7.92%   3.96%  Equity   0.50   13.27%   6.70%    WACC           10.60%      

If  PP  was  to  adopt  the  single  corporate  WACC  method,  it  should  compute  an  average  of  the  above  mentioned  two  methods,  which  is:  10.66%  +  8.88%  =  9.77%.  This  average  will  account  to  the  overall  

market  risks.    

Case  for  multiple  hurdle  rates  

Pioneer  should  use  multiple  divisional  hurdle  rates  to  evaluate  projects  and  allocate  investment  funds  among  divisions.  The  company  has  multiple  lines  of  business:  it  was  involved  in  the  exploration  and  production  of  crude  oil  and  marketing  refined  petroleum  products,  as  well  as  plastics,  agricultural  

                                                                                                                         2  Exhibit  1  3  Exhibit  2,  yield  on  T-­‐bills  4    This  rate  is  essentially  the  same  as  the  7%  estimate  for  a  market  risk  premium,  which  is  based  on  large  common  stocks  and  given  as  a  general  assumption  in  Fundamentals  of  Corporate  Finance  (FCF),  page  442  (Ross,  Westerfield,  Jordan  2010)  

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chemicals  and  real  estate  development;  the  company  was  later  restructured  and  now  concentrates  on  oil,  gas,  coal  and  petrochemicals.  Companies  that  are  involved  in  multiple  business  lines  should  utilize  

divisional  costs  of  capital  to  ensure  that  investments  are  measured  separately  and  accurately.  

Using  multiple  divisional  rates  provides  a  more  accurate  rate  of  investment  assessment,  because  a  single  weighted  average  cost  of  capital  is  not  an  adequate  tool  for  evaluation  as  it  is  a  standardized  rate.  This  can  skew  the  measure  of  profitability  or  riskiness  of  an  investment  as  projects  can  be  rejected  or  

accepted  in  comparison  to  WACC.  If  the  hurdle  rate  is  set  too  low,  less  high  risk  investments  could  be  accepted.  On  the  other  hand,  the  WACC  could  also  result  in  too  few  low  risk  investments  made.  Thus,  WACC  is  not  the  best  evaluation  method  for  Pioneer  because  it  can  both  accept  unprofitable  or  too  risky  

investments5.  

In  order  to  avoid  potentially  bad  investments  evaluated  by  WACC  and  to  capitalize  on  profits,  Pioneer  should  use  divisional  rates  to  select  successful  investments.  To  do  this,  the  cost  of  capital  needs  to  be  determined  for  each  division  using  CAPM,  which  allows  for  a  stronger  measure  of  risk  and  expected  

return,  and  a  diversified  portfolio  to  increase  profits.    

Calculating  divisional  discount  rates  

As  mentioned  before,  the  required  return  on  investment  should  be  based  on  cost  of  capital  derived  from  how  the  investment  is  financed.  Assuming  that  Pioneer  aims  to  retain  its  debt  to  equity  ratio,  each  new  investment  will  be  funded  based  on  that  ratio  (50%  from  equity  and  50%  from  debt).  Each  

subsidiary  would  need  to  establish  an  individual  required  return  on  investment,  by  computing  individual  WACC  using  CAPM.  The  variance  in  cost  of  equity  will  result  in  the  variance  of  beta.  The  subsidiaries  will  need  to  establish  individual  beta  rates  based  on  beta  rates  used  in  similar  or  highly  comparable  

industries  (industries  that  fall  within  same  ‘risk  class’).  So  essentially,  Pioneer  will  use  the  ‘pure  play’  approach,  to  determine  the  beta  for  subsidiaries  that  have  a  counterpart  in  the  industry.  In  terms  of  cost  

of  debt,  all  subsidiaries  can  use  the  firm’s  established  cost  of  debt,  assuming  that  firm  ability  to  issue  debt  at  a  certain  rate  remains  fairly  constant.  If,  however,  Pioneer’s  debt  rating  increases,  the  cost  of  debt  should  be  recalculated,  as  the  financing  interest  rate  is  likely  to  decrease.  

Once  each  subsidiary  establishes  its  own  WACC,  this  rate  will  serve  as  the  minimum  required  return  on  

investment.  This  means  that  an  estimated  IRR  for  an  investment  should  always  exceed  the  WACC  in  order  for  the  project  to  be  accepted.  Typically,  if  a  project  is  considered  less  risky,  the  beta  will  be  higher  than  firm’s  beta,  and  if  less  risky  beta  will  be  lower.  

Utilizing  different  betas  for  each  subsidiary  will  illustrate  their  level  of  sensitivity  to  market  fluctuations.  

Incorporating  it  into  cost  of  equity  calculation,  Pioneer  will  capture  the  level  of  risk  involved  in  investing  into  various  subsidiaries.  Further,  this  will  assure  that  Pioneer  is  not  lagging  behind  its  competitors  in  different  market  segments,  and  is  retains  its  competitive  edge.    

Environmental  Projects  

                                                                                                                         5  As  stated  in  the  class  text  

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Lastly,  we’ve  determined  that  Pioneer  should  use  separate  required  rate  of  return  on  environmental  projects  that  are  more  aligned  with  divisional  rates,  given  a  few  following  factors.  First,  environmental  

projects  vary  in  value  and  risk  across  divisions  (e.g  environmental  project  in  sustainable  resource  extraction  might  have  a  higher  risk  than  an  environmental  project  in  sustainable  transportation  of  the  products.)  Second,  Pioneer  is  a  front  runner  in  producing  cleaner  energy  than  competitors,  assuming  

that  the  firm  wants  to  retain  its  competitive  edge,  it  needs  to  review  environmental  project  within  each  division  with  a  primary  aim  of  following  new  regulations  while  making  profit6.  And  lastly,  due  unique  goals  of  environmental  projects  (not  just  profit-­‐motive),  those  projects  need  to  be  given  a  discount  rate  

that  reflects  not  just  quantitative  assessment  of  future  gains,  but  a  qualitative  analysis  of  future  value  that  will  be  created  (given  resource  depletion,  growing  regulation  constraints,  and  growing  market  for  sustainable  products).    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                                                                                         6  New  regulations  continue  to  be  passes  calling  for  higher  investment  into  environmental  projects  but  also  allowing  for  new  market  profit.  

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Appendix  1:  Percentage  change  in  the  dividend  -­‐  recent  years  average  calculation  

           

  Year    Dividend  per  

Share   Percent  Change      1   1986    $2.00     -­‐      2   1987    $2.00     0%      3   1988    $2.00     0%      4   1989    $2.20     10.00%      5   1990    $2.45     11.36%      

Current  Assumption     1991    $2.70     PP's  projection  based  on  10%  increase    Proposed     1992    $2.84     *Based  on  dividend-­‐increase  average  since  1986  

                       

*1986-­‐1991  average  dividend  growth     5.34%          

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.00  

0.50  

1.00  

1.50  

2.00  

2.50  

3.00  

1983  1984  1985  1986  1987  1988  1989  1990  1991  

Dividends  per  share  ($)  

Dividends  per  share  ($)  

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Appendix  2:  Market  Returns  –  10  years  average  calculation  

     

  Year    

500  index  (%)  of  common  

stocks  1   1981   -­‐4.9  2   1982   21.4  3   1983   22.5  4   1984   6.3  5   1985   32.2  6   1986   18.5  7   1987   5.3  8   1988   16.8  9   1989   31.5  

10   1990   -­‐3.2      

Average  for  10  years:   14.64%    

 

R  premium  =  R  market  –  R  free  risk  =  14.64%  -­‐  7.8%  =  6.84%