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Showing newest posts with label Piping Questions. Show older posts
What is orifice (in piping term) and what is the function of orifice in pipes? Posted by: ANTONY in Piping Questions, QUESTIONNAIRE, Site Map
06 oct
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Dimensional, WEIGHT and Piping Design Information.
An orifice, in general is an
opening. I'll just leave it at that.
In piping it is usually a special
device used primarily to measure
or restrict the flow of a fluid.
These are called metering
devices.
Here is an example of one type.
A flat metal disc with a known
diameter hole is called an orifice
plate. It is clamped between
special flanges in a section of
straight pipe and centered in the
pipe so that the fluid flowing
through the pipe also passes
through the hole and then
proceeds on down the pipe.
The two special flanges both have
a small hole ( called a tap) drilled
thru the sides and on into the
pipe opening where the flow is
passing. The pressure from the
upstream side or "tap" of the
orifice plate is compared to the
downstream pressure.
Since it is known that pressure
drop and velocity are related the
measured pressure drop across
the known orifice is used in the 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0
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Industrial application of venturi meter and orifice?
flow calculation.
Other orifice-type metering
devices are used to limit a flow
within a certain range. This is
common in variable orifice control
valves where a tapered plug
changes the size of the orifice
opening.
Another less common orifice plate
application in piping is in flow
restriction in the event of a
pipeline rupture.
In refrigeraton a common
metering device called a capillary.
This is actually a smaller diameter
tube which does the same as a
hole in a flat plate, but does it
better.
i would be glad if the answer be in detail , and anybody can explain me the application of
orifice in the car?
Venturies and Orifice plates are widely used in industries to measure the flow rate of
gases and liquids. The working principle is simple and flow is measured using the
differential pressure principle.
Even for a wind to blow, there has to be a low pressure and a high pressure. Hence if
there is a flow (created naturally or artificially), there is a high pressure upstream and
low pressure down stream.
Differential pressure transmitters (DPT's) utilize this principle to measure this pressure
difference and transmit the pressure difference signal to a process indicator or controller.
This signal is processed by the indicator (meter) and scaled or integrated to engineering
parameters like flow rate, totalisation, speed, volume etc., using specific formulas for the
particular type of application and medium (gas or fluid).
To summarize, venturies and orifices generate a differential pressure which if integrated
with time, can then be used to convert into any engineering parameter like flow rate,
quantity, speed etc. and can be used in any industrial, automotive, aeronautical,
domestic or just about any field - which comes to imagination.
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QUESTIONS FOR PIPING ENGINEER Posted by: ANTONY in Design basis, Piping Book, Piping Design system, Piping
Questions, Site Map
01 oct
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TYPICAL QUESTIONS FOR PIPING
ENGINEER’s
KNOWLEDGE TESTING
Please help to answer this
Examination?
1. Can you explain in detail three
or more major differences
between code ANSI B31.1
and code ANSI B31.3?
2. There is a power plant inside a
Process refinery. Where exactly
the ANSI B31.1 &
ANSI B31.3 scope break occurs?
3. Which of the following piping system is more health hazardous. A) Fuel oil piping b)
Process piping with Caustic c) process piping with HF acid d) Sulphuric acid piping.
4. There is a steam piping with low pocket but without steam trap. What will be worst
consequence of this layout?
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5. In what circumstance, the reducer of a pump suction piping will be in bottom flat
position. Explain why the reducer should be so.
6. A P&ID shows a spec break (at Flange) between carbon steel & stainless steel
specification. What additional arrangements you have to make for that dissimilar material
flange joint?
7. A stainless steel piping specification mentions Galvanized carbons steel bolts. What is
your first reaction ti this and how do you rectify it?
8. How many types of piping speciality items do you know? Why it is called a piping
special? Why not we include them in standard piping specification.
9. Draw a typical steam trap station layout and explain why the existence of a by-pass
line around the trap is not a good idea, when the condensate is returning to a condensate
header?
10. Explain what is a “Double block & Bleed” valve? Why we need a bleed valve? When
do we use this?
11. In a typical tie-in where should the spectacle blind be inserted? a) after block valve
and towards existing plant b) before block valve and towards new plant. Explain why.
12. “Stress intensification factor (SIF)” Where do we use this? Explain this term. How
many types of these SIF’s exist?
13. When all design parameters are same, whose thermal expansion is higher among the
following? A) Carbon steel b) Stainless steel c) Duplex steel d) Cast Iron e) Galvanized
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PROCESS PLANT / UTILITY TERMINOLOGY Posted by: ANTONY in Piping Design system, Piping Questions, Process plant Layout,
QUESTIONNAIRE, Site Map
03 jun
PROCESS PLANT TERMINOLOGY
Process Plant Terms
Refinery
A refinery is a plant that takes
crude oil as its feed or charge
stock and converts it into the
many petroleum products that
people use; Some of these are
gasoline, jet-fuel, kerosene,
butane, propane, fuel oil and
asphalt.
Hydrocarbon
The hydrocarbon compound contains hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbon compounds are
numerous and form the basis for petroleum products. They exist mostly as vapors and
liquids but may also be solid. In general, piping systems refineries and gasoline plants
transport hydrocarbons or utilities.
Gasoline Plant
The gasoline plant takes natural gas (a vapor) as its charge stock and separates the
vapor’s heavier products out and re-injects the lighter gas (methane) into a pipeline or
perhaps into the gas field it came from. Again gasoline, propane and butane are
extracted as products. But, since a gasoline plant starts with a vapor, the heavier
hydrocarbons do not exist in its charge stock; so heavier products cannot be made.
Asphalt s one of the products that is classified as a heavy hydrocarbon and is not
produced in a gasoline plant.
Chemical Plant
The chemical plant takes semi-refined products from refineries and gasoline plants and
reprocess them, in this case it is also act as a Petrochemical plant. Sometimes blending
in other products and converts them into certain chemicals which may be sold as a
finished consumer product. One such product widely demanded today is plastic. Chemical
plants make many ingredients in modern medicines.
Tank Farm
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gasoline or chemical plants. The tanks are usually isolated from the main processing
units in case of fire. They may be 200° or more in diameter and will contain the plant’s
charge stock for several days. The tanks also store the plant’s products, until the
shipment goes to the consumer.
Flare Systems
The flare system transports vapors (via a piping system) to a flare stack which is very
tall and has a flame burning at the top. This system burns waste gases and also collects
and burns relief valve discharges. At night the flare stack usually stands out -sending
flames high into the air. This is waste gas burning. if it did not burr, it would pollute the
air.
Instruments
Instruments tell the operator what is happening inside a vessel or pipe. There are four
basic groups of instruments, namely temperature, pressure, flow and level.
Fluid
Most students may think of fluid as liquid, but it can also be a vapor. Fluid means
something that will flow-something not solid. Piping directs fluid flow.
Process Plant Utilities:
The utility is a refinery’s service portion. While a home has water, gas and electricity, a
refinery or other plant has many more, some of which are below.
Steam
Steam services many plant items. Heat generates steam in fired boilers or heater which
will make many different steam pressures and temperatures. They apply heat and
convert condensate (pure water) to steam (a vapor). The steam then goes to the
different plant units in the piping systems which use the steam.
Many students think they have seen steam, but they haven’t. They cannot actually see
steam: it is invisible. What they have seen is the condensate condensing out of the
steam. That is where the term condensate” comes from.
Condensate
As the energy in steam is used, the steam turns to condensate. Another piping system
collects this condensate, which is returned under a row pressure to a collection point and
is pumped through the boiler tubing and converted to steam again. So the condensate is
in a constant cycle from steam to condensate to steam.
Fuel Oil
Fuel oil is another utility that refineries make and partially consume. It is also sold as a
product to heat homes and fires furnaces in private business.
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Instrument Air
A utility that operates the plant instruments is instrument air. A piping system distributes
this air, which has been compressed and dried to remove, all its moisture, as the
moisture would harm the instruments.
Utility Air
Utility air drives air motors and blow air on objects to clean them, such as some barbers
blow cut hair off customers with air hoses.
Cooling Water
Cooling water cool various streams in a plant. The water starts at a cooling tower and is
pumped through a piping system to exchangers, which exchange heat. it comes out
boner-much like water from a hot water heater in a home. This water then returns to the
cooling tower, which cools the water. and then is ready for more circulation into the unit.
Like the steam and condensate system above, this is a constantly c system.
Drains
An underground utility collects drains from funnels or catch basins and, in a separate
piping system, transports them to a disposal point. Since no pressure is in this drain
piping, the pipes must slope to cause flow. This slope is usually 1 foot per 100 feet of
tine or greater.
It can be very difficult to design drain systems. Since they run underground, they must
miss all other underground items. The drainage system must twist and turn to miss all
the process equipment foundations.
Most plants also have more than one drain system. They may have an oily water sewer a
storm water sewer and an acid sewer. The oily water sewer handles the oily drips and
drains. The storm water sewer collects surface runoffs from rains. The acid sewer collects
acid drains and drips. There may be many other types of separate drain systems.
Piping Questions and Answers
You May like these too
Piping Components - Explanation
PIPING QUIZ & ANSWERS
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PIPING INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE Posted by: ANTONY in Download, Piping Book, Piping Design system, Piping Hand Book,
Piping Questions, QUESTIONNAIRE, Site Map
28 may
PIPING INTERVIEW
QUESTIONNAIRE
1. What factors to consider for
site selection?
Ans : District classification,
Transportation facilities,
Manpower
availability, industrial
infrastructure, community
infrastructure, availability
of raw water, effluent disposal,
availability of power, availability
of
industrial gas, site size and
nature, ecology and pollution.
2. What are different standards?
Ans : Most commonly use
standards are as follows:
Sr. Standard Description
1. ANSI B18.2 Square and
hexagola head bolts and nuts
2. ANSI B16.3 Malleable iron
threaded fittings
3. ANSI B16.4 Cast iron threaded
fittings.
4. ANSI B16.9 Steel buttwelding 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0
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fittings
5. ANSI B16.11 Forged steel
socketwelding and threaded
fittings
6. ANSI B16.25 Buttwelding ends
7. ANSI B16.28 Short elbow
radius and returns
8. MSS-SP-43 Stainless steel
buttweld fittings
9. MSS-SP-83 Pipe Unions
10. API 605 Large diameter
carbon steel flanges
11. ANSI B16.1 Cast iron pipe
flanges and flanged fittings
12. ANSI B16.5 Steel pipe flanges
and flanged fittings
13. ANSI B16.47 Large diameter
steel pipe flanges and flanged
fitts.
14. ANSI B16.20 Ring joint
gaskets and grooves for pipe
flanges
15. ANSI B16.21 Non metallic
gaskets for pipe flanges
16. API 601 Metallic gasket for
refinery piping.
17. API 5L Specification for line
pipe.
18. ANSI B16.10 Welded and
seamless wrought steel pipes
19. ANSI B36.19 Welded and
seamless austenitic stainless steel
pipe
20. ANSI B16.10 Face to face and
end to end dimensions of valves
21. ANSI B16.34 Steel valves,
flanged and buttwelding ends.
3. What are various temporary
closures for lines?
Ans : Line blind valve, line blind,
spectacle plate, double block and
bleed,
blind flanges replacing a
removable spool.
4. Where jacked screwed flange is
used ?
Ans : For spectacle discs, one
flange is jacked screw flange. This
flange
has two jacked screws 180
degree apart which are used to 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0
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create
sufficient space between flange
for easy removal and placement
of line
blind or spectacle blind.
5. What is double block and
bleed?
Ans : Two valves with bleed ring
in between with a bleed valve
connected
to the hole of bleed ring.
6. Where blind flange is used ?
Ans : It is used with view to
future expansion of the piping
system, or for
cleaning, inspection etc.
TOWERS
7. What are crude oil ranges?
Ans : Crude oil BP Range: 100F-
1400F, lightest material: Butene
below
100F, Heavier materials- upto
800F, Residue above 800F.
8. What is batch shell process?
Ans : feed, heat,condense,heat
more,condense, low quality.
9. What are types of towers?
Ans : Stripper, Vacuum tower,
trayed, packed towers.
10. What is chimney tray?
Ans : It’s a solid plate with central
chimney section, used at drawoff
sections of the tower.
11. What factors to consider while
setting tower elevation?
Ans : NPSH, Operator access,
Maintenance access, Minimum
clearance,
reboiler type , common area, type
of support, Tower dimensions,
type of
head, bottom outlet size,
foundation details, minimum
clearances. 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0
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12. How to located tower
maintenance access nozzles ?
Ans : At bottom, top and
intermediate sections of tower,
must not be at
the downcomer section of tower
and in front of internal piping.
13. How to located feed nozzle ?
Ans : Must be oriented in specific
area of tray by means of internal
piping.
14. How to located temperature
and pressure instruments ?
Ans : Temperature in liquid
space, at downcomer side and
pressure in
vapor space, in area except
downcomer sector.
SEE ALSO:
PIPING QUESTIONNAIRE - VALVE (PART 1 OF 3)
PIPING QUESTIONNAIRE - VALVE (PART 2 OF 3)
COMPRESSORS & DRUMS PIPING INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE Posted by: ANTONY in Download, Drum, PDF Download, Piping Questions,
QUESTIONNAIRE, Site Map
05 may
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PIPING INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE
COMPRESSORS
1. What are the types of
compressors?
Ans : Positive Displacement,
Centrifugal and Axial, rotary
screw, rotary
vane, rotary lobe, dynamic, liquid
ring compressors.
2. What are types of compressor
drives?
Ans : Electric motor, gas turbine,
steam turbine and gas engine.
3. How Centrifugal compressors work ?
Ans : Highspeed impellers increase the kinetic energy of the gas,
converting this energy into higher pressures in a divergent outlet passage
called a diffuser. Large volume of gas at moderate pressure.
4. What are types of steam turbine and why are they popular?
Ans : Condensing and non-condensing, Popular because can convert
large amounts of heat energy into mechanical work very efficiently.
5. Where gas turbine drive is used ?
Ans : Desserts and offshore platforms where gas is available, for gas
transmission, gas lift, liquid pumping, gas re-injection and process
compressors.
6. What are the auxillary equipments of compressor?
Ans : Lube oil consoles, Seal oil consoles, Surface condensers,
Condensate pump, Air blowers, Inlet air filters, Wast heat system,
compressor suction drum, knock out pot, Pulsation dampner, volume
bottles, Inter and after coolers.
7. What are the types of seal oil system?
Ans : Gravity and pressurized.
8. What factors to be considered while designing compressor housing?
Ans : Operation, Maintenance, Climate conditions, Safety, Economics.
9. What are the compressor housing design points?
Ans : Floor elevation, building width, building elevation, hook centerline
elevation.
10. What are the types of compressor cases?
Ans : Horizontal split case, Vertical split case.
11. What are compressor suction line requirements ?
Ans : Minimum 3D straight pipe between elbow and inlet nozzle,
increases based on inlet piping layout. 4D
12. What are necessary parts of inlet line of compressor?
Ans : Block Valve, Strainer, Break out flanges in both inlet and outlet to 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0
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remove casing covers, Straightening vane in inlet line if not enough
straight piece in inlet line available, PSV in interstage line and in
discharge line before block valve.
13. What points to be considered for reciprocating compressor piping
layout?
Ans : High pulsation, simple line as low to grade as possible for
supporting, analog study, all branches close to line support and on top,
Isolate line support from adjacent compressor or building foundations
14. What are the types of compressor shelters?
Ans : On ground with no shelter, Open sided structure with a roof,
Curtain wall structure (Temperate climates), Open elevated installation,
Elevated multicompressor structure.
DRUMS
15. What are drum internals?
Ans : Demister pads, Baffles, Vortex breakers, Distribution piping.
16. What are drum elevation requirements?
Ans : NPSH, minimum clearance, common platforming, maintenance,
operator access.
17. What are drum supports?
Ans : Skirt for large drums, legs, lugs, saddles for horizontal drums.
18. What are necessary nozzles for non-pressure vessel?
Ans : Inlet, outlet, vent, manhole, drain, overflow, agitator, temperature
element, level instrument, and steamout connection.
19. What are necessary nozzles for pressure vessel?
Ans : Inlet, outlet, manhole, drain, pressure relief, agitator, level guage,
pressure gauge, temperature element, vent and for steamout.
20. What is preferred location for level instrument nozzles?
Ans : Away from the turbulence at the liquid outlet nozzle, although the
vessel is provided with a vortex breaker, instrument should be set in the
quiet zone of the vessel for example on the opposite side of the weir or
baffle or near the vapor outlet end.
21. What is preferred location for process nozzles on drum?
Ans : Minimum from the tangent line.
22. What is preferred location for steam out nozzle on drum?
Ans : At the end opposite to the maintenance access.
23. What is preferred location for vent ?
Ans : AT the top section of drum at the end opposite the steam out
connecton.
24. What is preferred location for pressure instrument nozzle on drum?
Ans : Must be anywhere in the vapor space, preferable at the top section
of drum
25. What is preferred location for temperature instrument?
Ans : Must be in liquid space, preferably on the bottom section of drum.
26. What is preferred location for drain? 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0
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Ans : Must be located at the bottom section of drum.
See Also:
PIPING QUESTIONNAIRE - VALVE (PART 1 OF 3)
PIPING QUESTIONNAIRE - VALVE (PART 2 OF 3)
PIPING QUESTIONNAIRE - VALVE (PART 3 OF 3)
PIPING QUESTIONNAIRE - VALVE (PART 3 OF 3) Posted by: ANTONY in Download, Piping Book, Piping Questions, Site Map,
Valve
15 apr
51. What is regular pattern plug valve?
Ans : Rectangular port, area almost equal to pipe bore, smooth transition
from round body to rectangular port, for minimum pressure loss.
52. What are short pattern plug valve?
Ans : Valves with face to face dimension of gate valve, as a alternative to
gate valve.
53. What are ventury pattern plug valve?
Ans : Change of section through the body throat so graded to have
ventury effect, minimum pressure loss.
54. What are inverted plug design valve?
Ans : Plug valve with taper portion up of plug. For 8” and higher size.
55. What is pressure balanced plug valve?
Ans : With holes in port top and bottom connecting two chambers on top
and bottom of plug, to reduce turning effort.
56. What are Teflon sleeved plug valve? 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0
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Ans : PTFE sleeve between plug and body of valve, low turning effort,
minimum friction, temperature limitation, anti static design possible.
57. What are permasil plug valve?
Ans : Plug valves with Teflon seat instead of sleeves, for on off
applications, can handle clean viscous and corrosive liqiuids, Graphite seat
for high temperature applications. Drip tight shut off not possible.
58. What are eccentric plug valve?
Ans : Off center plug, corrosive and abrasive service, on off action,
moves into and away from seat eliminating abrasive wear.
59. What is dimensional standard for plug valve?
Ans : API 599.
60. What is pinch valve?
Ans : Similar to diaphragm valve, with sleeves of rubber or PTFE, which
get sqeezed to control or stop the flow, Cast iron body, for very low
service pressures like isolation of hose connections, manufacture
standard.
61. What is needle valve?
Ans :Full pyramid disc, same design as globe valve, smaller sizes, sw or
threaded, flow control, disc can be integral with stem, inside screw,
borged or barstock body and bonnet, manufacturers standard.
62. How to install a globe valve ?
Ans : Globe valve should be installed such that the flow is from the
underside of the disk, Usually flow direction is marked on the globe valve.
63. What are globe valve port types?
Ans : Full port: More than 85% of bore size, Reducer port: One size less
than the connected pipe.
64. What are globe valve disk types?
Ans :Flat faced type for positive shutoff, loose plug type for plug renewal
or needle type for finer control.
65. What are characteristics of globe valve stem?
Ans : Always rising design, with disk nut at the lower end and handwheel
at upper end.
66. What are types of globe valve?
Ans : Angle globe valve, plug type disc globe valve, wye-body globe
valve, composite disc globe valve, double disc globe valve.
67. What is angle globe valve?
Ans : Ends at 90 degree to save elbow, higher pressure drop. 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0
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68. Where plug type disc globe valve is used?
Ans : For severe regulating service with gritty liquids such as boiler
feedwater and for blow off service.
69. Where WYE body globe valve is used ?
Ans : In line ports with stem emerging at 45 degree, for erosive fluids
due to smoother flow pattern.
70. What is double disc globe valve ?
Ans : Has two discs bearing on separate seats spaced apart, on a single
shaft, for low torque, used for control valves.
71. What are port types for gate valves?
Ans : Full port and reduced port. Default is reduced bore. Full port has to
be specified in bom.
72. How to close a gate valve ?
Ans :Turn the handwheel in clockwise direction.
73. What is lantern ring?
Ans : It’s a collection point to drain off any hazardous seepages or as a
point where lubricant can be injected, it is in the middle of packing rings.
74. What are types of gate valves?
Ans : Solid plane wedge, solid flexible wedge, split wedge, double disc
paralles seats, double disc wedge, single disc single seat gate or slide,
single disc parallel seats, plug gate valve.
75. What are the types of bonnets?
Ans : Bolted bonnet, bellow sealed bonnet, screwed on bonnet, union
bonnets, A U-bolt and clamp type bonnet, breechlock bonnet, pressure
seal bonnet.
SEE ALSO:
PIPING QUESTIONNAIRE - VALVE (PART 1 OF 3)
PIPING QUESTIONNAIRE - VALVE (PART 2 OF 3)
PIPING QUESTIONNAIRE - VALVE (PART 2 OF 3) Posted by: ANTONY in Download, Piping Questions, Site Map, Valve
15 apr
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26. What is BlowDown Valve?
Ans Refers to a plug type disc
globe valve used for removing
sludge and
sedimentary matter from the
bottom of boiler drums, vessels,
driplegs
etc.
27. What is Breather Valve?
Ans: A special self acting valve
installed on storage tanks etc. to
release
vapor or gas on slight increase of
internal pressure ( in the region
of ½ to
3 ounces per square inch).
28. What is Drip Valve?
Ans: A drain valve fitted to the
bottom of a driplet to permit
blowdown.
29. What is Flap Valve?
Ans: A non return valve having a
hinged disc or rubber or leather
flap
used for low pressure lines.
30. What is Hose Valve?
Ans: A gate or globe valve having
one of its ends externally
threaded to
one of the hose thread standards
in use in the USA. These valves
are
used for vehicular and firewater
connections.
31. What is Paper-Stock Valve?
Ans: A single disc single seat gate
valve (Slide gate) with knife
edged or
notched disc used to regulate flow
of paper slurry or other fibrous
slurry.
32. What is Root Valve?
Ans: A valve used to isolate a
pressure element or instrument
from a line
or vessel, or a valve placed at the
beginning of a branch form the
header.
33. What is Slurry valve?
Ans: A knife edge valve used to
control flow of non-abrasive
slurries.
34. What is Spiral sock valve? 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0
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Ans: A valve used to control flow
of powders by means of a
twistable
fabric tube or sock.
35. What is Throttling valve?
Ans: Any valve used to closely
regulate flow in the just-open
position.
36. What is Vacuum breaker?
Ans: A special self-acting valve or
nay valve suitable for vacuum
service,
operated manually or
automatically, installed to admit
gas (usually
atmospheric air) into a vacuum or
low-pressure space. Such valves
are
installed on high points of piping
or vessels to permit draining and
sometimes to prevent siphoning.
37. What is Quick acting valve ?
Ans: Any on/off valve rapidly
operable, either by manual lever,
spring or
by piston, solenoid or lever with
heat-fusible link releasing a
weight which
in falling operates the valve.
Quick acting valves are desirable
in lines
conveying flammable liquids.
Unsuitable for water or for liquid
service in
general without a cushioning
device to protect piping from
shock.
38. What is diverting valve ?
Ans : This valve switch flow from
one main line to two different
outlets.
WYE type and pneumatic control
type with no moving part.
39. What is sampling valve?
Ans : Usually of needle or globe
pattern, placed in branch line for
the
purpose of drawing all samples of
process material thru the branch.
40. What are blow off valve?
Ans : It is a variety of globe valve
confirming with boiler code
requirements and specially 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0
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designed for boiler blowoff
service. WYE
pattern and angle type, used to
remove air and other gases from
boilers
etc.
41. What is relief valve?
Ans : Valve to relieve excess
pressure in liquids in situations
where full
flow discharge is not required,
when release of small volume of
liquid
would rapidly lower pressure.
42. What is safety valve?
Ans : Rapid opening(popping
action) full flow valve for air and
other
gases.
43. What is foot valve?
Ans : Valve used to maintain a
head of water on the suction side
of sump
pump, basically a lift check valve
with integrated strainer.
44. What is float valve?
Ans : Used to control liquid level
in tanks, operated by float, which
rises
with liquid level and opens the
valve to control water level. It can
also
remove air from system, in which
case, air flows out of system in
valve
open condition, but when water
reaches valve, float inside valve
raises to
close the valve and stop flow of
water. Used in drip legs.
45. What are flush bottom
valves?
Ans : Special type of valves used
to drain out the piping, reactors
and
vessels, attached on pad type
nozzles.
46. What are types of flush
bottom valves?
Ans : Valves with discs opening
into the tank and valves with
disks into
the valve. 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0
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47. What are the uses of three-
way valve?
Ans : Alternate connection of the
two supply lines to a common
delivery
vise versa, isolating one safety
valve, division of flow with
isolation
facility.
48. What are uses of four way
valve?
Ans : Reversal of pump suction
and delivery, By pass of strainer
or
meter, reversal of flow through
filter, heat exchanger or dryer.
49. What is metal seated
lubricated plug valve?
Ans : A plug valve with no plastic
material, where grease is applied
to
contacting surfaces for easy
operation.
50. What are three patterns of
plug valve design?
Ans : Regular pattern, short
pattern and ventury pattern.
SEE ALSO:
PIPING QUESTIONNAIRE -
VALVE (PART 1 OF 3)
PIPING QUESTIONNAIRE -
VALVE (PART 3 OF 3)
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PIPING QUESTIONNAIRE - VALVE (PART 1 OF 3) Posted by: ANTONY in Download, Piping Hand Book, Piping Questions, Site Map,
Valve
15 apr
PIPING INTERVIEW
QUESTIONNAIRE
1. What are the steps in selection
of valve?
Ans : What to handle, liquid, gas
or powder, fluid nature, function,
construction material, disc type,
stem type, how to operate,
bonnet type,
body ends, delivery time, cost,
warranty.
2. What are functions of valves?
Ans : Isolation, regulation, non-
return and special purposes.
3. What are isolating valves?
Ans : Gate, ball, plug, piston,
diaphragm, butterfly, pinch.
4. What are regulation valves?
Ans : Globe, needle, butterfly,
diaphragm, piston, pinch.
5. What are non-return valves?
Ans : check valve,
6. What are special valves?
Ans : multi-port, flush bottom,
float, foot, pressure relief,
breather.
7. What materials are used for
construction of valves?
Ans : Cast iron, bronze, gun
metal, carbon steel, stainless
steel, alloy
carbon steel, polypropylene and
other plastics, special alloys.
8. What is trim?
Ans : Trim is composed of stem,
seat surfaces, back seat bushing
and
other small internal parts that
normally contact the surface fluid.
9. Which standard specifies trim
numbers for valve ?
Ans : API 600.
10. What are wetted parts of
valve?
Ans : All parts that come in
contact with surface fluid are
called wetted
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11. What is wire drawing?
Ans : This term is used to indicate
the premature erosion of the
valve
seat caused by excessive velocity
between seat and seat disc, when
valve
is not closed tightly.
12. What is straight through
valve?
Ans : Valve in which the closing
operation of valve is achieved by
90degrees turn of the closing
element.
13. What pressure tests are
carried out on valves?
Ans : Shell-hydrostatic, seat-
hydrostatic, seat-pneumatic
14. What are available valve
operators?
Ans : Handlever, handwheel,
chain operator, gear operator,
powered
operator likes electric motor,
solenoid, pneumatic and hydraulic
operators, Quick acting operators
for non-rotary valves (handle lift).
15. What are two types of ball
valve?
Ans : Full port design and regular
port design, according to type of
seat,
soft seat and metal seat.
16. What are ball valve body
types?
Ans : Single piece, double piece,
three piece, the short pattern,
long
pattern, sandwitch and flush
bottom design.
17. Why ball valves are normally
flanged?
Ans : Because of soft seat PTFE
which can damage during
welding.
18. What are butterfly valve
types?
Ans : Double flange type, wafer
lug type and wafer type.
19. What are types of check
valve?
Ans : Lift check valves and swing
check valves. 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0
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20. What are non-slam check
valves?
Ans : Swing check valve,
conventional check valve, wafer
check valve,
tilting disc check valve, piston
check valve, stop check valve,
ball check
valve.
21. Where stop check valve is
used ?
Ans : In stem generation by
multiple boilers, where a valve is
inserted
between each boiler and the main
steam header. It can be
optionally
closed automatically or normally.
22. Where diaphragm valves are
used ?
Ans : Used for low pressure
corrosive services as shut off
valves.
23. What is Barstock Valve?
Ans: Any valve having a body
machined from solid metal
(barstock).
Usually needle or globe type.
24. What is BIBB Valve?
Ans: A small valve with turned
down end, like a faucet.
25. What is Bleed Valve?
Ans: Small valve provided for
drawing off liquid.
SEE ALSO:
PIPING QUESTIONNAIRE -
VALVE (PART 2 OF 3)
PIPING QUESTIONNAIRE -
VALVE (PART 3 OF 3)
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0 comments
PIPE RACK / WAYS & RACK PIPING Training Posted by: ANTONY in Download, PDF Download, Pipe Support, Piping Book, Piping
Hand Book, Piping Questions, Site Map
23 mar
INTRODUCTION
PIPE RACK Pipe Rack design criteria Shapes Future Space Width of Pipe Rack Clearance
Pipe Rack Loading
RACK PIPING
Positions of Lines (Process & Utilities) Hot Lines & Cold Lines Bigger Size Lines Pipe Spacing
Anchor Bay Unit Battery Limit Expansion Loops Pipe Route Trays Download the file
Technorati Tags: Pipe Rack,Rack Piping,pipe rack deisgn,width of pipe rack,expansion
loops,pipe route
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VALVE & PIPING Training Book Posted by: ANTONY in Download, PDF Download, Piping Book, Piping Design system,
Piping Hand Book, Piping Questions, Site Map
23 mar
Introduction
Piping materials:
Metallic & Non-metallic
Metallic piping manufacturing
process
Pipes specification:
Pipe size :Dimensions & Schedule
Numbers
Pipe fittings:
Types & functions of fittings
Pipe connections:
Threading, welding, flanges
Gasket
Piping symbols & drawing
Hydrostatic testing
VALVE AND PIPING
PIPING
Contents
Piping coating & insulation
Pipe Supports & restraints
Maintenance of piping system
Download The File Here
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0 comments
Technorati Tags: Valve & Piping Training Book,PDF Download,Piping book,Piping
training,Valve Selection,Piping download,Pipe fittings,Piping guide
ProEngineer Piping Fittings in Wildfire 3.0 Posted by: ANTONY in Piping Questions, Site Map, Software Tutorial
12 mar
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Pro Engineer Piping Fitting in Wildfire
Technorati Tags: pro engineer,wildfire 3.0,pipe fittings,3d model
Piping Stress Related Design Factors Posted by: ANTONY in Pipe Support, Piping Book, Piping Hand Book, Piping Questions,
Process plant Layout, Site Map, Stress training
11 mar
There are five basic factors that influence piping and therefore piping stress in the
process plant. There is temperature, pressure, weight, force and vibration. These factors
will come in many forms and at different times. Stress problems become all the more 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0
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Stress Related Design Factors
complex because two or more of these will exist at the same time in the same piping
system. The main objective of the focus when dealing with problems related to piping
systems is not normally the pipe itself. In a very high percentage of the time it is not the
pipe that is the weakest link. Note this: the pipe is normally stronger and/or less
vulnerable to damage than what the pipe is connected to. Pumps are just one examples
of equipment to which pipes are routinely connected. Misalignment problems caused by
expansion (or contraction) in a poorly designed system can result in major equipment
failure. Equipment failures can lead to the potential for fire, plant shutdown and loss of
revenue. At this point it should be emphasized that the success (or failure) of the plant’s
operation, years down the road can and will depend on what is done up front by all the
members of the design team during the design stage. An important point to remember,
“While analysis cannot create a good design, it can confirm a good design” (Improved
Pump Load Evaluation,” Hydrocarbon Processing, April 1998, By: David W. Diehl, COADE
Engineering Software, Inc Houston, TX). On the other hand, proper analysis will identify
bad design and potential problems in a piping system design.
Temperatures in piping systems may range from well over 1000o
F (537.8 C) on the
high side to below -200 o
F (-128.8 C) on the low side. Each extreme on the temperature
scale and everything in between brings its own problems. There will also be times when
both high and low temperatures can occur in the same piping system. An example of this
would be in piping that is installed in an arctic environment. The piping is installed
outdoors where it is subjected to -100 o
F (-73.3 C) over the arctic winter. Six to nine
months later it is finally commissioned started up and may operate at five or six hundred
degrees.
The problems that temperature causes is expansion (or contraction) in the piping
system. Expansion or contraction in a piping system is an absolute. No matter what the
designer or the stress engineer does they cannot prevent the action caused by heat or
cold. Expansion or contraction in a piping system it self is not so much a problem. As we
all know if a bare pipe was just lying on the ground in the middle of a dry barren desert it
will absorb a lot of heat from just solar radiation. In the hot sun piece of pipe can
reached 150 o
F (65.5 C). The pipe will expand and with both ends loose it would not be a
problem. However, when you connect the pipe to something, even if only one end is
connected you may begin to have expansion related problems. When the pipe is 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0
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anchored or connected to something at both ends you absolutely will have expansion
induced problems. Expansion induced problems in a piping system is stress. There are a
number of ways to handle expansion in piping systems. Flexible routing is the first and
by far the cheapest and safest method for handling expansion in piping systems. The
other way is the use of higher cost and less reliable flexible elements such as expansion
joints.
Stress will exist in every piping system. If not identified and the proper action taken,
stress will cause failure to equipment or elements in the piping system itself. Stress
results in forces at equipment nozzles and at anchor pipe supports. Two piping
configurations with the same pipe size, shape, dimensions, temperature and material but
with different wall schedules (sch. 40 vs. sch. 160) will not generate the same stress.
Force in piping systems is not independent of the other factors. Primarily, force (as
related to piping systems) is the result of expansion (temperature) and/or pressure
acting on a piping configuration that is too stiff. This may cause the failure of a pipe
support system or it may cause the damage or failure of a piece of equipment. Force,
and the expansion that causes it, is best handled by a more flexible routing of the piping.
Some people suggest that force can be reduced by the use of expansion joints. However
we must remember that for an expansion joint to work there must be an opposite and
equal force at both ends to make the element work. This tends to compound the problem
rather than lessen it.
Pressure in piping systems also range from the very high to the very low. Piping
systems with pressure as high as 35,000 psi in some plants are not unusual. On the
other hand piping systems with pressures approaching full vacuum are also not unusual.
The pressure (or lack of) in a piping system effects the wall thickness of the pipe. When
you increase the wall thickness of the pipe you do two things. First, you increase the
weight of the pipe. Second, you increase the stiffness of the pipe thus the stress
intensification affecting forces. Increasing the wall thickness of the pipe is the primary
method of compensating for increases in pressure. Other ways, depending on many
factors include changing to a different material. With low or vacuum systems there are
also other ways to prevent the collapse of the pipe wall. Among these the primary
method is the addition of stiffening rings. Stiffing rings may be added internally or
externally depending on the commodity type and the conditions.
Weight in a piping system is expressed normally as dead load. The weight of a piping
system at any given point is made up of many elements. These include the weight of the
pipe, the fittings, the valves, any attachments, and the insulation. There is also the test
media (e. g. hydrotest water) or the process commodity whichever has the greater
specific gravity. Piping systems are heavy, period. Everybody involved in the project
needs to understand this and be aware that this weight exists and it needs to be
supported. Ninety-nine times out of a hundred this weight will be supported from a
structural pipe support (primary pipe support system) of some kind. However there are
times when the piping (weight) is supported from a vessel or other type of equipment.
Vibrations will also occur in piping systems and come in two types. There is the basic
mechanical vibration caused by the machines that the piping is connected to. Then, there
is acoustic (or harmonic) vibration caused by the characteristics of the system itself.
Typically the only place severe vibrations will be found is in piping connected to
equipment such as positive displacement reciprocating pumps or high pressure multi-
stage reciprocating compressors and where there is very high velocity gas flows.
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Technorati Tags: Piping desing,piping stress,design factors,piping design factors
Author:James O. Pennock is a former Piper with more than 45 years experience
covering process plant engineering, design, training, pipe fabrication and construction.
He is now retired and lives in Florida, USA.
Original from http://www.pipingdesigners.com/
You may also interested in
Piping Designer - Stress Training
Piping Designer - Stress Training Posted by: ANTONY in Pipe Support, Piping Book, Piping Questions, Site Map, Stress
training
11 mar
Piping Designer Stress Training
What does the piping designer need to know? Piping design is more than just knowing
how to turn on the computer, how to find the piping menus and the difference between
paper space and model space. So, appropriately, what else does the designer need to
know about piping design besides how to connect a piece of pipe to a fitting?
Here is a list of some of the most basic of things that a good piping designer should
know. Thinking about every one of these items should be as natural as breathing for a
good piping designer.
� Allowable pipe spans – All designer need to know and understand the span
capabilities of pipe in the different schedules for a wide variety of common piping 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0
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materials. When a new project introduces a new material with severely reduced span
capabilities; supplemental training may be required.
� Expansion of pipe – All designers must understand that they need to treat a piping
system as though it is alive. It has a temperature and that temperature causes it to grow
and move. That growth and movement must be allowed for and incorporated in the
overall design. Not just of that specific line but for all other lines close by. The process of
expansion in a pipe or group of pipes will also exert frictional forces or anchor forces on
the pipe supports they come in contact with.
� Routing for flexibility – The piping designer must understand how to route pipe for
flexibility. Routing for flexibility can normally be achieved in the most natural routing of
the pipeline from its origin to its terminus. Routing for flexibility means (a) do not run a
pipe in a straight line from origin to terminus and (b) building flexibility into the pipe
routing is far cheaper and more reliable than expansion joints.
� Weight and loads (live loads and dead loads) – The piping designer needs to
understand the effects of weight and loading. They need to know and understand that
everything has a weight. They need to be able recognize when there is going to be a
concentrated load. They need to have access to basic weight tables for all the standard
pipe schedules, pipe fittings, flanges, valves for steel pipe. They also need to have the
weight tables for other materials or a table of correction factors for these other materials
vs. carbon steel. They need to be able to recognize when downward expansion in a
piping system is present and is adding live loads to a support or equipment nozzle.
� Equipment piping – The piping designer needs to know the right and the wrong way
to pipe up (connect pipe to) different kinds of equipment. This includes pumps,
compressors, exchangers, filters or any special equipment to be used on a specific
project.
� Vessel piping – The piping designer also needs to understand about the connecting,
supporting and guiding of piping attached to vessels (horizontal or vertical) and tanks.
They need to know that nozzle loading is important and does have limitations.
� Rack piping – The designer needs to understand that there is a logical approach to the
placement of piping in (or on) a pipe rack. It does not matter how wide or how high the
rack or what kind of plant, the logic still applies. Starting from one or both outside edges
the largest and hottest lines are sequenced in such a manner that allows for the nesting 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0
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Technorati Tags: Piping training,Piping stress training,piping flexibility
of any required expansion loops. The spacing of the lines must also allow for the bowing
effect at the loops caused by the expansion.
� Expansion loops – The designer needs to understand and be able to use simple rules
and methods for sizing loops in rack piping. This should include the most common sizes,
schedules and materials.
� Cold spring/Pre-spring – Designers should understand the basics rules of cold spring
and pre-spring. They need to understand what each one is along with when to and when
not to use each.
cheers..
Introduction to LNG Posted by: ANTONY in Download, Piping Book, Piping Questions, Site Map, Zip
Download
23 feb
This Presentation covers the basics of LNG. and lot of questions are answered. For
Sample initial few pages are pasted below.
What is LNG?
LNG is natural gas which has been condensed by cooling to approximately -160°
C and is stored at atmospheric pressure.
Why liquefy natural gas?
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Technorati Tags: LNG Guide,LNG Introduction,Natural Gas,LNG Book
Converting natural gas to a
liquid reduces its volume by
about 600 to 1. Liquefying
natural gas makes it feasible
to transport by tanker and to
store it in preparation for re-
gasification and delivery to
markets.
What is Acid Gas?
Acid gases are those that
produce acids when dissolved
in water and include both CO2
and H2S.
Note: Sour Gas is a gas stream containing significant quantities of H2S or CO2
or both.
For Download Click here
Piping Info Site Map Posted by: ANTONY in Download, PDF Download, Pipe Support, Piping Book, Piping
Design system, Piping Hand Book, Piping Questions, Process plant Layout, Site Map, Zip
Download
21 feb
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Technorati Tags: Piping Material,Download piping material,ebook,pdf download,Excel
download,Pipe fittings,Piping quiz,Piping hand book,Piping data book,Chemical defiition
book,engineering reference
1. Pipe Support Design and
Standards
2. Piping Hand Book Data
3. Design of Piping Systems-MW
Kellogg
4. Piping Hand Book - Mohinder L.
Nayyar
5. Process Plant Layout and Piping
Design-Roger Hunt
6. PIPING QUIZ & ANSWERS
7. Piping Questions and Answers
8. Piping Quiz
9. Chemical Industries Definition Book
10. Engineer's Hand Book
11. Engineering Reference Excel Book
12. Introduction to LNG
13. Pipes, Flanges and Fittings Dimensions in Excel
14. Piping Slide Chart
PDMS Commands
Piping Components - Explanation
PDMS Latest Commands
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Piping Quiz Posted by: ANTONY in Download, PDF Download, Piping Book, Piping Questions, Site
Map
16 feb
Piping Quiz... Useful piping quiz
What should be the radius of long
radius elbow?
Answer:
1.5D (Where “D” is the diameter
of the pipe)
Normally where do we use the
following?
i. Eccentric reducers ii)Concentric
reducers
Answer:
i. Eccentric reducers = Pump
suction to avoid Cavitation, To
maintain elevation (BOP) in
rack.
ii. Concentric reducers = Pump
discharge, vertical pipeline etc.
Concentric reducer is used in pump suction. (Yes / No). Explain.
Answer:
No. Air pockets may form if concentric reducer is used at pump suction, which results in
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Cavitation, and cause damage to Pump. To avoid this problem, Eccentric Reducer with
Flat Side Up (FSU)is used in Pump Suction.
Go to following link and download the file
http://tinyurl.com/cws2fj
You May be also interested in
PIPING QUIZ & ANSWERS
Piping Questions and Answers
Piping Questions and Answers Posted by: ANTONY in PDF Download, Piping Questions, Site Map
16 feb
Much awaited PIPING QUESTIONAIRE
Pls follow the link and download the PIPING QUESTIONAIRE pdf file.
http://tinyurl.com/bbmfyg
For example:
1. What is the ASME code followed for design of piping systems in Process piping
(Refineries
& Chemical Industries)? 1 Link Menu Translate Recent posts Random Share 0
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(i) B 31.1
(ii) B 31.3
(iii) B 31.5
(iv) B 31.9
Answer (II)
2. Which American institute standard does piping engineer refer?
Answer: -
A. The American Petroleum institute (API).
B. The American Iron & Steel institute (AISI).
C. The American Society for Testing and materials (ASTM).
D. The American National standard institute (AISI).
E. The American welding society (AWS).
F. The American Water Works Association (AWWA).
G. The American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME).
3. What is the different ASME 31 code for pressure piping?
Answer: -
A. ASME B31.1 - Power piping.
B. ASME B31.2 - Fuel Gas Piping.
C. ASME B31.3 - Process piping.
D. ASME B31.4 - Pipeline Transportation system for liquid hydrocarbon & other liquid.
E. ASME B31.5 - Refrigeration Piping.
F. ASME B31.8 - Gas transmission & distribution piping system.
G. ASME B31.9 - Building services piping.
H. ASME B31.11 - Slurry transportation piping system.
4. What are the different sections of ASME code? Where these sections are reffered?
Answer: -
A. ASME section I : - Rules for construction of power boiler.
B. ASME Section II : - Materials.
Part A – Ferrous materials.
Part B – Non-Ferrous materials.
Part C – Specification for electrodes & filler wire.
Part D – Properties.
C. ASME Section IV : - Rules for construction of Heating Boiler.
D. ASME Section V : - Non- destructive Examination.
E. ASME Section VI : - Recommended rules for care & operation of heating boiler.
F. ASME Section VII : - Recommended guidelines for care of power boiler.
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H. ASME Section VIII : - Rules for construction of pressure vessels. (Division I & II)
I. ASME Section IX : - Welding & Brazing qualification.
There are lot of questions and answers are available. Please make use of it.
See also
PIPING QUIZ & ANSWERS
PIPING QUIZ & ANSWERS Posted by: ANTONY in Piping Questions, Site Map
16 feb
Piping QA FLUOR DANIEL
PIPING QUIZ & ANSWERS
Piping QA
1. What is the pipe size range,
per Fluor Daniel standard, for
pipe spools that are to be shop
fabricated?
3” diameter and larger
<2.1/2” and larger>
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2. What is the pipe size range, per Fluor Daniel standard, for pipe spools that are to be
field fabricated?
2” diameter and smaller
3. Define what piping is considered field assembly.
Off-the-shelf components that make-up a piping assembly and do not require
cutting and / or welding
<If no field fabrication is required>
4. Define what piping is considered rack loaded, per Fluor Daniel standard, and what pipe
size ranges is involved.
Piping in the PIPERACK that crosses two or more supports.
3” and larger.
5. All shop fabricated piping spools (mark pieces) are shipped from the fabrication shop
in a geometry that is defined by length, width, and height. Assuming it to be a box, there
are two situations that you must avoid in regard to the box and the mark pieces within.
Describe these two situations and describe the undesirable result if you do not avoid
them.
Piece mark must fit within the shipping box otherwise it may not be
transported.
Skewed placement of the piece mark within the shipping box could result in
crowding out other piece marks.
<Press fit should be avoided to ensure piece mark fits shipping box>
6. Define a field weld (FW) and when it is used.
Field Weld is made somewhere other than the fabrication shop. Used to connect
two mark pieces (or components) together.
Describe three things you must consider when locating a field weld and why they must
be considered.
Accessibility:
The weld must be in a place that is accessible to the welder
Constructability:
The weld must be placed so the constructors can position the piece mark prior
to welding.
Size of spool piece to ensure it fits shipping box and can be transported.
Economics:
Made in a location that would lessen or eliminate the need for additional
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Piping QA
Self-supporting so temporary supports are not required during construction.
Made on the smaller side of a reducer.
Preferably made in the horizontal
8. Describe a field fit-up weld (FFW) and when it is used.
Field Fit Weld is a weld made somewhere other than the fabrication shop. The
fabrication shop adds additional length of material to the spool piece. This
additional length gives the field variance for adjustment when the location of
the connecting point is not known.
<May require field alteration>
9. Per Fluor Daniel standard, what is the construction (fitting type) of:
Pipe size range 2 ½” and larger? Butt-weld
Pipe size range 2” and smaller? Socket Welded
Pipe size range 2” and smaller? Screwed or Threaded
10. What is the minimum (not absolute minimum) distance between welds that Fluor
Daniel likes to use?
3 inches
11. What is the absolute minimum distance between welds (used only as a last choice)?
Pipe Size (NPS) Min. distance b/w welds
1/8” 3/16
1 /4” 1/4
3/8" 5/16
1/2" 7/16
3/4" 1/2
1" 11/16
1 1/4" 13/16
1 1/2" 15/16
2" 1 3/16
2 1/2" 1 9/16
3" 1 3/4
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4" 2 1/4
5" 2 3/4
Half the outside diameter of pipe (6” and larger)
12. What do the letters HAZ mean?
Heat Affected Zone
Kavimagi Page 3 of 13 13. What is the effect of the HAZ?
Weakens the material (pipe wall)
Piping QA
14. How far from the weld, is the HAZ?
¼” or 1”
15. Why do piping designers care about the HAZ?
If two HAZ’s overlap each other it may result in failure of the pipe
16. When is the HAZ considered in threaded construction?
When threaded connection is seal welded
17. What are the pressure ratings of forged steel Socket Weld Fittings?
3000#
6000#
18. What are the pressure ratings of forged steel threaded fittings?
2000#
3000#
6000#
19. What are the pressure ratings of malleable iron threaded Fittings?
150#
300#
20. What are the pressure ratings of cast iron threaded fittings?
125#
250#
List the wall thickness for pipe, starting with the thinnest wall to the heaviest wall:
Carbon Steel & Alloy steel (13 schedules)
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Sch 10,
Sch 20,
Sch 30,
Sch 40,
Std Wt,
Sch 60,
Sch 80,
XS,
Sch 100,
Sch 120,
Sch 140,
Sch 160,
XXS
Stainless Steel (4 schedules)
Sch 5S,
Sch 10S,
Sch 40S,
Sch 80S
Piping QA
22. What is the technical term used for the sag in pipe caused by gravity and how does
affect piping design?
Deflection
It govern the amount of pipe span
<causes leakage at flanges>
<causes stress on pipe>
23. If one 4” carbon steel pipe is schedule 40 and another 4” carbon steel pipe is
schedule 80….
Which has the greater sag and why?
4" sch 40 has the greater sag because its wall thickness is less than the wall
thickness of the sch 80 - the thinner the wall, the shorter the length the line will
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Which weighs more and why?
4" sch 80 because it's wall thickness is more than that of the sch 40, more
material= more weight
Which requires fewer support point and why?
4" sch 80 because it's thicker wall allows it to span farther, reducing the
number of times support is needed.
<more rigid / stiffer>
24. Pipeway/Piperack loading/stuffing drawings.
Which lines qualify for loading/stuffing
Lines 3" and larger that cross two or more pipe supports.
Why is loading/stuffing done (the advantages)?
It provides an early start for construction.
It reduces the amount of ground area taken by storage of pipe
25. Line size changes
When is swage used for a line size change?
When reducing from or to socket welded or threaded construction on at least
one end.
When is a butt-weld reducer used for a line size change?
When reducing from or to butt welded construction on both ends.
When/where do you use eccentric, bottom flat swages or reducers and why?
In any horizontal run of pipe, that has two or more supports within that run.
To maintain a common bottom of pipe elevation for the two line sizes.
When/where do you use eccentric, top flat swages or reducers and why?
Used at the final reduction on a pump end suction line.
Piping QA
To prevent cavitation of the pump.
When/where do you use eccentric, side flat swages or reducers and why?
Used when two equipment connections are so close that the two connecting,
adjacent lines interfere with each other after the line size change.
If they are side flat toward each other, the lines may clear.
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When do you use butt-weld reducing 90 degree elbows and why?
Normally it is not FLUOR piping practice to use reducing butt-weld 90 degree
reducing elbows.
If they are used, it will be where a size change is required and there is
insufficient space available for an elbow and a reducer or an elbow and a
reducing flange - or if the client requires it.
Why would a short radius butt-weld 90-degree ell be used?
To adhere to FLUOR piping practice 000 250 2650 where it states 10" and larger
elbows at a nozzle of a vertical vessel are short radius (decreases the "l"
dimension so a standard vessel pipe support can be used).
<Space limitations>
Why would a short radius butt-weld 90-degree ell not be used?
It is easy to "lose" a short radius elbow if shipped to the jobsite or fabrication
shop with long radius elbows of the same size.
Additional tracking effort may result to keep the short radius elbow from being
"lost" or used inadvertently where it was not intended to be used.
Often the use of a short radius elbow requires client approval, or process
review, or stress approval - all taking time that would not be taken for a long
radius elbow.
<when pressure drop is a concern – short radius elbow has more pressure drop.
26. What is a trimmed ell and when is it used?
A trimmed elbow is a butt weld 90 degree long radius elbow that is cut and
beveled to match the original bevel, the resulting change of direction is no
longer 90 degrees but is a non-standard angle suited for the piping geometry
requiring it.
Trimmed elbows are used when a line routing must have a change of direction
that is not satisfied by a 90 or 45-degree elbow or by elbows being rolled or
offset.
Describe a stub-on connection and when it is used?
A stub-on connection is a branch connection made to a header without the use
of fittings - the connection is made from pipe. the branch pipe is contoured (fish
-mouthed) to match the curvature of the header to which it will be connected (a
fillet weld). A hole is made in the header that should match the inside diameter
of the branch pipe. The stub-on connection is not the same construction as a
Piping QA
stub-in connection - but the resulting geometry is the same as a stub-on. Stub-
on connections are generally 90 degree, but can be other angles.
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28. Describe a stub-in connection and when it is used?
Fluor piping does not use the stub-in construction. A stub-in connection is the
same as a stub-on connection as far as the resulting geometry and material
goes, but the construction is different. The branch pipe may or may not be
contoured to match the inside diameter of the header - if it is not, then it is a
straight cut. The header will have a hole cut in it that nearly matches the
outside diameter of the branch pipe. The branch pipe is inserted into the hole in
the header and is connected via a fillet weld. Like the stub-on, the stub-in is
generally 90 degree and other angles are possible.
Client request
29. Describe a reinforcing pad and when it is used?
Reinforcing pads are made from the same size, wall thickness and material as
the pipe header to which they are welded.
Reinforcing pads are used at stub-on and stub-in branch connections and
occasionally at support trunnions when specified by the stress sketch, if
required per the line list or if required per the branch chart in the piping
material specification.
30. What document (name and 5-diget number) does a piping designer refer to
determine what branch connection to use?
Piping material specification
31. What are the two documents (not specifications) that will tell a piping designer when
branch reinforcement is required?
Stress sketch
Line list
<Branch chart>
32. What is the pipe size range in which all flanges are standard?
24 inch and smaller
33. What is the pipe size range in which all flanges are not?
26 inch and larger
List the information to be placed on the isometric that will fully describe a non-standard
flange and what is the reason we would include this information?
Reason for including the information.
To guarantee, without failure, the flanges are compatible.
Information to be placed on ISO.
Piping QA
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ANSI number or other industry number (API, MSS)
Size
Rating
Facing
Outside diameter of flange
Bolt circle diameter
Bolt hole diameter
Number of bolt holes
Flange bore
Material
Bolt hole orientation
Flange thickness
35. What facing is required on a steel flange that will be bolted to a cast iron flange and
why?
Flat Face
There is a risk of breaking the cast iron flange if it is bolted to a raised face
steel flange.
36. What are two pressure ratings of cast iron flanges and what are the ratings of
compatible steel flanges?
125# Cast iron to 150# steel,
250# cast iron to 300# steel.
37. How is cast iron flange attached to steel pipe?
The flange is threaded on.
38. What are two reasons for using lap joint construction?
To reduce the cost of components - a less expensive carbon steel flange may be
used in lieu of a stainless steel flange.
Flange can be rotated to aid in bolthole alignment.
39. What fitting (not flange) must be used in lap joint construction and what are the
names of two the types of these fittings?
Stub end <Lap joint stub end>
ANSI & MSS
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40. What is the difference between a van stone flange and a slip on flange?
The shape of the contact point where the face of flange contacts the lip of the
stub end is rounded on the van stone flange and is square on the slip on flange.
41. In lap joint construction, how many welds are on a slip flange?
Zero.
In lap joint construction, how many welds are on a van stone flange?
Zero.
Piping QA
43. List the types of steel flanges.
Weld neck
Slip on
Threaded
Socket welded
Van stone
Reducing
Expanding
Blind
<Lap joint>
<Orifice>
<Slip on reducing>
44. List the faces of steel flanges.
Raised face
Flat face
Ring joint
Tongue and groove
Male & Female
45. List the ratings of steel flanges.
150#
300#
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400#
600#
900#
1500#
2500#
46. How are flange boltholes oriented on flanges on vertical line?
Boltholes straddle the north-south-east-west flange centerlines
47. How are flange boltholes oriented on flanges on horizontal line?
Boltholes straddle the vertical and horizontal flange centerlines
Valves are used for three basic flow functions (not control valves or pressure safety
valves). List three functions and the type of valve used for each function.
Function
BLOCK THROTTLE CHECK
<Start / stop> <prevent back flow>
Type
GATE/BALL/PLUG/BUTTERFLY <needle> – BLOCK
GLOBE <plug or butterfly or needle> – THROTTLE
CHECK – CHECK
Piping QA
49. What are the two styles of butterfly valves in flanged piping and their associated type
of bolt?
A. WAFER - STUD BOLT/MACHINE BOLT
B. LUG TYPE - CAP SCREW
50. What are the two main styles of check valves in flanged piping and their associated
type of bolt?
A. SWING - STUD BOLT/MACHINE BOLT
B. WAFER/SPLIT DISC - STUD BOLT/MACHINE BOLT
51. Not using a ladder or platform, how is a valve operated that is:
Too high - CHAIN OPERATOR
Too low - EXTENSION STEM
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52. What is the minimum clearance between the outside diameter of a valve hand wheel
and the next obstruction?
Three inches
53. If a valve hand wheel projects into an aisle way, to what elevation must the bottom
of the hand wheel be raised above HPFS (High Point Finished Surface) or platform?
6'-6" plus or minus 3" (6'-3" to 6'-9")
54. What manually operated item is added to a valve that is either to large or is to high a
pressure to operate and how do you know it will be required (give the name of the
specification)?
- A GEAR OPERATOR
- MATERIAL SPECIFICATION
55. If a pressure safety valve has a block vale upstream of it, what note must appear on
the P&ID relating to this block valve and why?
• CSO (car sealed open) or LO (locked open).
• To help ensure that the valve is open during normal plant operation so that if
a condition resulting in overpressurization occurs, the valve is open and the
relief valve can function properly.
56. If a pressure safety valve downstream of it, what note must appear on the P&ID
relating to this block valve and why?
• CSO (car sealed open) or LO (locked open)
• To help ensure that the valve is open during normal plant operation so that if
a condition resulting in overpressurization occurs, the valve is open and the
relief valve can function properly.
57. The piping downstream of a pressure safety valve that discharges to a closed system
must be routed in a specific direction, what is this direction and why?
• Routed in such a manner as to free drain into the collection header.
So no liquid can collect and possibly obstruct the free release of pressure.
Piping QA
58. If a pressure safety valve has a downstream block valve, excluding accessibility, how
is the vale hand wheel to be oriented and why?
• The handwheel is to be located within the lower 180 degrees - horizontal to
horizontal. <horizontal or downward>
• This is to prevent the disc falling into the port if the stem corrodes - thereby
closing the valve and preventing the free release of pressure.
59. If a pressure safety valve has a rupture disc upstream, what is the purpose of the
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The rupture disc isolates the relief valve from the potentially corrosive
atmosphere of the system to be protected - protecting the stem from corrosion.
60. When a pressure safety valve discharges vertically to atmosphere, what must be
added to the lowest part of the tail pipe, what size is it and why is it added?
• A weep hole.
• 1/4" diameter
• To drain the collection of rain water in the open tailpipe that if allowed to
collect could obstruct the free release of pressure
61. What is the end preparation for the end tailpipe of a pressure safety valve
discharging vertically to atmosphere and why?
• Square cut/plain end
• There is no need to bevel or 45-degree chamfer because it is unnecessary
cost.
62. What is the formula for calculating the free standing (unguided) length of a tailpipe of
a pressure safety valve discharging vertically to atmosphere?
1.67 x outside diameter (in inches) of the Tail Pipe = the height in feet.
63. If a pressure safety valve has a small, valved and plugged connection in the area
between the block valve and the pressure safety valve, describe the purpose and
operation of this valve.
For bleeding pressure and venting any trapped commodity so, the relief valve
can be safely removed for maintenance.
64. Per Fluor Daniel Standard, what is the rule for establishing the height of a tailpipe of
a pressure safety valve that discharges to atmosphere?
The top of a tailpipe discharging to atmosphere must be a minimum of 8'-0"
above any platform within a 25'-0" radius of the tailpipe.
65. The spring on a pressure safety valve must be oriented in which direction and why?
• Vertically upward.
To keep the spring out of any liquid that could corrode the spring.
Piping QA
66. Cooling water piping at the channel side of a shell and tube heat exchanger that is
located outside in the sunlight will typically have a THERMAL RELIEF VALVE located
between the exchanger nozzle and the block valve. Why is this done?
To protect the tubes of the exchanger from splitting due to overpressurization
of the system when the valves upstream and downstream of the exchanger are
closed. Sunlight can cause a temperature rise of the trapped liquid, causing a
rise in pressure.
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67. What is the most common body style for control valves?
Globe
68. In a control valve manifold with block valves upstream and downstream of the
control valve, what is placed between the upstream block valve and the control valve and
what is its purpose?
• 3/4" valved & plugged bleed valve.
• To drain and depressurize the volume of trapped liquid for the safe removal of
the control valve for maintenance.
69. If a control valve manifold has a bypass line what is the distance between the bypass
valve and the main line and why?
• Minimum distance.
• To prevent a dead leg in the bypass line.
70. What is the minimum clearance between the top of the diaphragm on a control valve
and the nearest obstruction above it?
1’-0” (12 inches)
71. In a control valve manifold with upstream and down stream block valves
A. What is the breakout spool piece for?
Easy removal of the control valve.
B. What is the preferred configuration of the breakout spool piece and why?
• Preferred configuration is with an elbow.
• It is easier to remove than a straight spool piece that requires a flange
spreader. The "l" shape allows gravity to aid in its removal.
72. Who determines the size of the control valve?
Process
73. Who determines the size of the bypass valve?
Process
Who determines the upstream and downstream block valves?
Process
Piping QA
75. If you are establishing the overall length of a control valve main fold for allocation of
space and you do not have a vendor drawing giving the face to face dimension of the
control valve, what valve will you use as a substitute face to face dimension (assume the
control valve is 6”-3003RF)?
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• A 6"-300# GLOBE VALVE OR PIPING PRACTICE 000 250 2701
• <17 ½ inches>
76. When a control valve and its downstream block valve are the same size and rating,
they can be bolted together. What possible problem can occur when these two valves are
bolted together?
The handwheel of the block valve may interfere with the topworks of the
control valve.
Also give me two solutions that could correct the problem.
• If the boltholes permit - rotate the block valve so the interference is gone.
• Add two flanges back to back, and, if necessary add a spool piece to give the
necessary clearances.
• <place valve in the vertical>
77. There are three things that establish the height of a valued drain (bottom of drain top
of finished surface). One thing that sets this height is Fluor Daniel standard (6”), what
are two others?
• Clearance for rodding out the drain.
• Clearance required for the addition of a bucket to catch the liquid.
78. What are two industry terms when a threaded connection is also welded?
Seal welding
Back welding
79. What must be used on a threaded connection if it is to receive the weld referred to in
question 69, and why should it not be used?
• Thread compound or "pipe dope."
If thread compound/pipe dope is present and the connection is to be seal
welded, the heat could cause a small explosion, injuring the welder.
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