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20150228EMODOO
Oxford, United Kingdom25th May 2016
5th Interplanetary CubeSat WorkshopiCubeSat 2016
PIXE 2016: PocketSpacecraft.com Integrated exploration Environment
updateMichael Johnson
1Graphics courtesy: Alan Taylor kokogiak.com
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About JA
• Founded 2010• Ops in China, UK & USA• Creates, encourages, funds, manages or otherwise supports more than two dozen open source open access space exploration infrastructure projects
• Nine flight projects• Collaborate with academia, enthusiasts, government, industry and non‐profits
• >300 volunteers, >30 countries2
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goalsend spacecraft to orbit and/or land on the surface of every body in the solar system over the next 25 19 years
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goalsend spacecraft to orbit and/or land on the surface of every body in the solar system over the next 25 19 years
>101 > ~ 5000km radius>102 > ~ 100 km radius>104 > ~ 20 km radius>106 > ~ 0.5km radius asteroids alone
Graphics courtesy: Alan Taylor, kokogiak.com4
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The Solution?
Graphics courtesy: JA / PocketSpacecraft.com
personal space agethe era of exploration of space by private individuals for science, general interest and profit
pocket spacecrafta spacecraft that an individual can afford to buy, launch and operate with little or no technical expertise
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• science goals• be useful, be responsible• work within existing frameworks and systems where possible• enable many of the >95% of missions not down selected
• consumer goals• support 106 participating explorers• video game size quantum of exploration• instant gratification and mass customisation• appeal to everyone from collectors to citizen space engineers
• easy to use for everyone• point and click/touch design, collaboration and autonomous operation
• sustainable• fun, interactive, immersive for years or decades• spread risk, be comfortable not knowing where it may lead• legal, honest, decent and truthful• make affordable ‐ crowd source, fractionate and automate everything
• symbiotic and respectful• scientists need explorers, explorers need scientists• everyone needs engineers• all skill levels can contribute something – apps/money both ways 6
Modular Interplanetary Mission Architecture
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Video game metrics• Global video game market = $65 billion (NASA FY15: $18 billion)• >200 million games consoles (PlayStation, Wii, Xbox)• Console retail price (RP) $100 ‐ $300 (loss leader)• AAA video game RP = ~ $50
(cost to develop = $50‐$100 million)• Rule of thumb for consumer electronics:
Bill of Materials (BOM) = 20% RP• ∴ need $10 spacecraft including launch
Launch cost metrics• Cost of launch = ~ $10K‐$50K per payload kilo
(~ $20‐$100 million per entire rocket)• ∴ spacecraft mass <<1g
Show stopper? 7Data: Reuters, Wikipedia; Graphics: gameinformer.com
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KickSat
• Crowd sourced funding via 315 KickStarterbackers– 67 @ $25– 67 @ $75– 88 @ $300 – 26 @ $1000 – 0 @ $5000– 1 @ $10000
• NASA ELaNa 5 launch April 2014, CRS‐5 2016
• Student labour• Reuse existing open
source systems• Very inexpensive• Very short lived
88Graphics: KickStarter.com, Wikimedia
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99Graphics courtesy: JA / PocketSpacecraft.com, STFC
Thin‐Film Spacecraft/Lander/Rovers
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• Very thin (<50μm) low mass (<1g) self‐sufficient TF‐SLR probes designed for large scale (100s‐1000s) low overhead (<100g) deployment
• Up to 945mW @ 1AU from solar cells backed by thin film energy storage
• Integrated processing, storage, communications, sensors, imagers
• Can return data to traditional orbiters, deployment device, or each other using custom or CCSDS compatible UHF
• Robust, disposable, customisable• Designed for COSPAR Class IV PP processes• Ideal for high risk high return science• TRL8, path to TRL9 by end of year
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Resistance:– ‘They will never work’– ‘You can’t do anything useful’– ‘They are just for students’– ‘You can’t do real science’– ’You can’t fit real instruments’– ‘You can’t do useful imaging with such small apertures’– ‘They don’t have enough power’– ‘They’re unreliable’
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“It’s hard to imagine [ChipSats and TF‐SLRs] will be capable enough,but that’s exactly what people said about CubeSats.”
Therese Moretto Jorgensen, Program Director, National Science FoundationNature 508, 300‐301 (17 April 2014)
Graphics: Imperial College London
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Resistance:– ‘They will never work’– ‘You can’t do anything useful’– ‘They are just for students’– ‘You can’t do real science’– ’You can’t fit real instruments’– ‘You can’t do useful imaging with such small apertures’– ‘They don’t have enough power’– ‘They’re unreliable’
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“It’s hard to imagine [ChipSats and TF‐SLRs] will be capable enough, but that’s exactly what people said about CubeSats.”
Therese Moretto Jorgensen, Program Director, National Science FoundationNature 508, 300‐301 (17 April 2014)
Graphics: Imperial College London
20150228EMODOO Graphics courtesy: ASTRON, JA, LuxSpace, STFC
Communications and navigation
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Parametric subsystems
• Structures with integrated shielding– 0.5U → 6U– Parametrically defined– Combined structure with
spot shielding– PocketPayload to PC/104
• Deployable TF Solar arrays– Single 1U face:
100W @ 1AU ([email protected])– Single 6U face:
400W @ 1AU ([email protected])• + antennas, booms,
communications (UVSX), rad hard avionics, etc.
• TRL6, path to TRL9 end of year
Structures and avionics sized to accommodate up to 32mm Al spot shielding
80mm to 1200mm+ diameter thin‐film and flex/rigid solar arrays
Graphics: JA / PocketSpacecraft.com, Imperial College London
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• Rad‐hard open source Spacecraft on Chip (SpoC) IP core– Bit‐serial, optimised for very low power (ASIC: <0.1‐10 mW)– Variable size memory efficient micro architecture (1‐128 bit)– Parametrically defined processing, storage, communication, general purpose input/output and sensor(e.g. pH, temperature) capabilities
• Process independent – Compatible with GaAs, SOI, thin‐film & more– Suitable for ASIC, FPGA, MEMS, solar cell& thin‐film substrate integration + SMD
– Apply to existing devices / surfaces withfocused ion beam or materials printer
• TRL3 (FPGA), path to TRL9 (ASIC) by 2017 14Graphics courtesy: Imperial College London CfBIT, JA / PocketSpacecraft.com
Spacecraft‐on‐Chip (SpoC)
IC EEE CfBIT ISFET array
20150228EMODOO Graphics: Anon, Imperial College London, JA / PocketSpacecraft.com
• PocketRTG radioisotope thermoelectric generator– One to six <0.5g Americium 241 (preferred), Plutonium 238 or Strontium 90 pellets
– Up to 50mW electrical output for decades– <50x50x50mm, <500g– Configurable with direct or decoupled electrical and thermal payload interfaces
– Repackaging as RHU with substantial mass/volume savings viable
• Safety– designed to relevant ESA/NASA standards– penetrator mission concept parameters within design limits– potential for light touch regulation due to minimal fuel mass
• TRL4 (241Am) 2016, path to TRL9 TBD (?2018/19)
A 1974 Pu‐238 powered Medtronic 70mm Ø pacemaker (Pu removed)
Interplanetary CubeSat PocketRTGuse case concept
PocketRTG prototype components
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Citizen Explorers
16Photos courtesy: JA / OpenMissionControl.org
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Challenges – number of spacecraft
• 3881 payloads catalogued on orbit by U.S. Space Surveillance Network
• KickSat proof of concept low earth orbit mission 2014 (+ Q3 2016): 104 spacecraft
• Pocket Spacecraft interplanetary proof of concept mission 2017: >1000 spacecraft
• Potentially >1 million TF‐SLRs to come over next two decades
• Number of spacecraft may be unknown at launch and could vary by orders of magnitude
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
20002002200420062008201020121014
Graphics: Ben Bishop, JA
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Challenges – economics
• Current regulatory fees for spacecraft that can profitably be manufactured, launched and operated for less than $99 each can be disproportionate (>$10,000 per spacecraft)
• License application fee (no guarantee of success): UK: £6,500 per mission (£0 in China, USA, etc.)
• €60 million third party insurance cover per mission: UK: €600,000 per year indefinitely(£0 in China, USA, etc.)
Graphics: UKSA
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Challenges – international & fluid ownership
• Pocket Spacecraft interplanetary proof of concept mission has spacecraft backed by participants from >40 countries
• Spacecraft could be designed, manufactured, launched, deployed, managed or operated by different children and adults with multiple citizenships with ownership changing at every step and over time
Graphics: Twitter
20150228EMODOO Graphics courtesy: JA, Matt Bennett‐JPL
20Graphics courtesy: JA / PocketSpacecraft.com
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• A crowd sourced system for the rapid development, deployment and operation of millions of missions
• Design missions and spacecraft on the ground using easy to use web and iPadapps and library of spacecraft and mission components
• Upload design to Prepositioned Orbiting 3D Printer (POPs) and print it using Insulator, Conductor, Energy and Semiconductor (ICES) cartridges
• Launch and explore• Parabolic flight test planned 2016,
path to TRL 9 (LEO) 2017/18
Graphics courtesy: Anon, JA, N.Gabbani
Spacecraft‐on‐Demand
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[email protected]@mySpacecraft
Graphics: Twitter22
Graphics courtesy: iCubeSat.orgGraphics: NASA, ESA, H. Teplitz and M. Rafelski (IPAC/Caltech), A. Koekemoer (STScI), R. Windhorst (Arizona State University), and Z. Levay (STScI)
Where do you want to explore today?
