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PL/SQLPL/SQL

• &t is a 'o(ammin( lan()a(e *+ic+ is )sed to define o) o*n lo(ics.

• &t is )sed eec)te block of statements at a time and incease t+e 'efomance.

• &t s)''ots aiables and conditional statements and loo's.

• &t s)''ots obect oiented 'o(ammin( and s)''ots com'osite data t/'es.

• &t s)''ots +andle t+e eo +andlin( mec+anism.



• Block

o &t is one of t+e aea *+ic+ is )sed to *ite a 'o(ammin( lo(ic.

o +is block is +ae 3 sections.

eclaation $ection

2ec)table $ection

2ce'tion $ection

o eclaation $ection

&t is one of t+e section *+ic+ is )sed declae aiables, c)sos and

ece'tions and so on.

&t is o'tional section.

o 2ec)table $ection

&t is one of t+e section *+ic+ is )sed to *ite a 'o(am codin(.

&t is mandato/ section.

o 2ce'tion $ection

&t is one of t+e section *+ic+ is )sed to +andle t+e eos at )ntime.

&t is o'tional section.

o +ee ae t*o t/'es of blocks ae s)''oted b/ 'l#sl.

non/mo)s lock

amed lock

Anonmo!s Block

+ese blocks does not +ae a name and also not stoed in database.

Example :

Declare



-------------

Begin

-------------

-------------

End;

Example 1:

Begin

Dbms_Output.Put_Line(‘elc!me t! E Business S!luti!ns" #;

End;

"am#$ Block

+ese blocks ae +ain( a name and also stoed in database.

E$amples % Pr!cedures & 'uncti!ns& Pacages and )riggers etc..

Va%ia&l#

&t is one of t+ememo/ location *+ic+ is )sed to

stoe t+e data.

7eneall/ *e aedeclae t+e aiables in declaation

section.

+ese ae s)''oteddefa)lt and not n)ll.Syntax :*ariable_+ame Datat,pe ( Sie #;

Example :

Declare

+umber ( #;

B +umber ( # n!t null %012;



3 +umber ( # de4ault 12;

Example 1:

Declare

*arc5ar6(62#;

Begin

%0 ‘7ell! EBS";

Dbms_Output.Put_Line( #;

End;

Sto%in a (al!# into (a%ia&l#

sin( assi(nment o'eato : ; *e stoin( a al)e

into aiable. Syntax :*ariable_+ame %0 8alue;

Example : a %02;

Dis)la M#ssa# * o% + Va%ai&l# Val!#

<e +ae one 'e defined 'acka(e *+ic+ is )seddis'la/ t+e messa(e o al)e in a 'o(am.Syntax : dbms_!utput.put_line ( ‘message" #;dbms_!utput.put_line ( 8ariable_name #;

S#l#ct ,,,,,, Into ,,,,,, Cla!s#

+is cla)se is )sed to etiee t+e data fom table =

stoin( into 'l#sl aiables.Syntax : select c!l1& c!l6 int! 8ar1& 8ar6;

o

DataT)#s

1. > /'e

!. > ?o*/'e

3. ?ecod/'e o ; "l#sl ?ecod



4. &nde/ able o ; "l#sl able

-T)#:

&t is one of t+edatat/'e *+ic+ is )sed to assi(n t+e col)mn datat/'e

to a aiable.

&t is )sed to stoeone al)e at a time.

&t is not 'ossibleto +old moe t+an one col)mn al)es o o*

al)es.Syntax : 8ariable_name table_name.c!lumn_name9t,pe;

Example 1:

Declare

*n! emp.empn!9t,pe%0:n;

*name emp.ename9t,pe;

Begin

Select

ename int! 8name 4r!m emp 5ere empn!08n!;

Dbms_!utput.put_line ( ‘ empl!,ee name is % ‘ ‘ ‘ 8name #;

End;

- Ro.T)#

&t is one of t+edatat/'e *+ic+ is )sed assi(n all t+e col)mn

datat/'es of table to a aiable.

&t +olds entieecod of t+e same table.

2ac+ of t+e time it oeide onl/ one ecod.

&t is not 'ossibleto ca't)e t+e moe t+an one table data.Syntax :8ariable_name table_name9r!t,pe;

Example 1:



Declare

*r! emp9r!t,pe;


Begin

Select < int! 8r! 4r!m emp 5ere empn!08n!;

Dbms_!utput.put_line ( 8r!.ename ‘ ‘ 8r!.sal #;

End;

R#co%$ T)# * o% + Pl/Sl R#co%$

&s is one of t+e )se defined tem'oa/ data t/'e *+ic+ is )sed to

stoe moe t+an one table data o ; to assi(n moe t+an one col)mn

datat/'es.

+e/ m)st at least contain one element.

"in'oint of data is not 'ossible.Syntax : ),pe ),pename is =ec!rd ( *al-1 Datat,pe& *al-6 Datat,pe&>..#;

*ar ),pename

Example :

Declare

),pe =ec is rec!rd ( 8name emp.ename9t,pe&

*sal emp.sal9t,pe&

*L!c dept.l!c9t,pe#;

*rec =ec;


Begin



Select ename&sal&l!c int! 8rec 4r!m emp&dept 5ere

emp.deptn!0dept.deptn! and emp.empn!08n!;

Dbms_!utput.put_line(8rec.8name"&"8rec.8sal"&"8rec.8l!c#;

End;

o Con$itional Stat#m#nts

1. &f ondition

!. &f 2lse ondition

3. 2lsif ondition

4. ase ondition

1. &f onditionSyntax :?4 c!nditi!n t5enStatements;End i4;

6. Example 1:

@. Declare

A. +umber ( A # %0:n;

. B 35ar ( 1 #;

. Begin

C. ?4 a62 t5en

. B%0"Fes";

G. End i4;

12. Dbms_!utput.put_line ( B #;

End;

11. &f 2lse onditionSyntax : ?4 c!nditi!n t5enStatements ;



ElseStatements ;End i4;

16. Example 1:

1@. Declare

1A. +umber ( A # %0:n;

1. B 35ar ( 12 #;

1.Begin

1C. ?4 a62 t5en

1. B%0")=HE";

1G.Else

62. B%0"'LSE";

61.End i4;

66. Dbms_!utput.put_line ( B #;

End;

!3. 2lsif onditionSyntax : ?4 c!nditi!n-1 t5enStatements;Elsi4 c!nditi!n-6 t5enStatements;Elsi4 c!nditi!n-@ t5enStatements;ElseStatements;End i4;

6A. Example 1:

6. Declare

6. +umber ( A # %0:n;

6C. B 35ar ( 1 #;

6.Begin



6G. ?4 a62 t5en

@2. B%0"L! *alue";

@1. Elsi4 aI62 and a122 t5en

@6. B%0"7ig5 *alue";

@@.Else

@A. B%0"?n8alid *alue";

@.End i4;

@. Dbms_!utput.put_line ( B #;

End;

3A. ase onditionSyntax : 3ase ( c!lumn name #J5en c!nditi!n t5enStatements;J5en c!nditi!n t5enStatements;ElseStatements;End 3ase;

@. Example 1:

@G.DE3L=E

A2. *SL +HKBE=(12#%0:+;

A1.BE?+

A6.3SE

A@. J7E+ *SL6222 )7E+

AA. DBKS_OH)PH).PH)_L?+E(M*SL ?SMM MMLOJM#;

A. J7E+ *SLI6222 )7E+

A. DBKS_OH)PH).PH)_L?+E(M*SL ?SMM MM7?7M#;

AC. ELSE



A. DBKS_OH)PH).PH)_L?+E(M*SL ?SMM MM?+*L?DM#;

AG. E+D 3SE;

E+D;

!. Loo)s

1. $im'le Loo'

!. <+ile Loo'

3. Bo Loo'

1. $im'le Loo'

Syntax :L!!pStatements;End l!!p;Syntax :L!!p3!de;E$it 5en c!nditi!n;End l!!p;

6. Example 1:

@. Begin

A. L!!p

. Dbms_!utput.put_line ( ‘Jelc!me t! -!nlines.c!mM #;

. End l!!p;

End;

Example 2 :

Declare

+ number(#%01;

Begin



L!!p

Dbms_!utput.put_line ( n #;

E$it 5en nI012;

+%0nN1;

End l!!p;

End;

Example 3 :

Declare

+ number(#%01;

Begin

L!!p

Dbms_!utput.put_line ( n #;

?4 nI012 t5en

E$it;

End i4;

+%0+N1;

End l!!p;

End;

A. <+ile Loo'Syntax : J5ile ( 3!nditi!n #L!!pStatements;

End l!!p;

. Example 1:

G. Declare



12. + +umber(A#%01;

11.Begin

16. J5ile nI012

1@. L!!p

1A. Dbms_!utput.put_line ( + #;

1.+%0+N1;

1. End l!!p;

End;

1A. Bo Loo'Syntax : '!r 8ariable_name in l!erb!und..!uterb!undL!!pStatements;End l!!p;

1. Example 1:

1G. Declare

62. + number(#;

61.Begin

66. '!r n in 1..12

6@. L!!p

6A. Dbms_!utput.put_line ( + #;

6. End l!!p;

End;

Example 2 :

Declare

+ number(#;



Begin

'!r n in re8erse 1..12

L!!p

Dbms_!utput.put_line ( + #;

End l!!p;

End;

!. Bin$ Va%ia&l#

1. +ese aiables ae session aiable.Syntax : 8ariable a number;

6. Example 1:

@. slI *ariable * +umber;

A. SlI Declare

. number(#%022;

. Begin

C. %8%0a/6;

. End;

G. SlI Print *;

o CURSORS

1. )so is a b)ffe aea *+ic+ is )sed to 'ocess m)lti'le ecods and also ecod b/ecod b/ 'ocess.

!. +ee ae t*o t/'es

&m'licit )sos

2'licit )sos



Im)licit C!%so%s

$l statements et)ns a sin(le ecod is called im'licit

c)sos

&m'licit c)so o'eations done b/ t+e s/stem.

C'en b/ t+e s/stem.

Betc+ t+e ecods b/ t+e s/stem

lose b/ t+e s/stem.

Example :

Declare

emp9r!t,pe;

Begin

Select < int! 4r!m emp 5ere empn!0C@G;

Dbms_!utput.put_line($.empn!"&"$.ename#;

End;

E0)licit C!%so%s

$l statements et)n a m)lti'le ecods is called e'licit

c)sos

2'licit c)so o'eations done b/ t+e )se.

eclae b/ t+e )se

C'en b/ t+e )se

Betc+ t+e ecods b/ t+e )se

lose b/ t+e )se

Example 1:



Declare

3urs!r c1 is select ename&sal 4r!m emp;

*_+ame 8arc5ar6(12#;

*_Sal number(12#;

Begin

Open 31;

'etc5 c1 int! 8_name&8_sal;

Dbms_!utput.put_line(8_name"&"8_sal#;

3l!se 31;

End;

Example 2 :

Declare

3urs!r c1 is select ename&!b 4r!m emp;

*8name 8arc5ar6(12#;

R!b 8arc5ar6(12#;

Begin

Open c1;

'etc5 c1 int! 8name&!b;

Dbms_!utput.put_line(8nameM&M!b#;

'etc5 c1 int! 8name&!b;

Dbms_!utput.put_line(8nameM&M!b#;

3l!se c1;

End;

Example 3 :



Declare

3curs!r c1 is select ename&!b 4r!m emp;

*name 8arc5ar6(12#;

*!b 8arc5ar6(12#;

Begin

Open c1;

L!!p

'etc5 c1 int! 8name&8!b;

Dbms_!utput.put_line(8nameM&M8!b#;

End l!!p;

3l!se c1;

End;

o CURSOR Att%i&!t#s

a. 2e/ e'licit c)so +ain( follo*in( fo) attib)tes

a. >otBo)nd

b. >Bo)nd

c. >&so'en

d. >?o*co)nt

!. ll t+ese c)so attib)tes )sin( alon( *it+ c)so name onl/ Syntax :curs!rname9 attributenameNote : E$cept 9r!c!unt all !t5er curs!r attribute rec!rds B!!lean 8alue return

eit5er true !r 4alse 5ere as 9r!c!unt return number datatupe.

1. >otBo)nd

a. ?et)ns &DL&E?$C? if c)so is declaed, b)t not o'en o if c)so

+as been closed.

b. ?et)ns LL if c)so is o'en, b)t fetc+ +as not been eec)ted.



c. ?et)ns BL$2 if a s)ccessf)l fetc+ +as been eec)ted.

d. ?et)ns ?2 if no o* *as et)ned.

6. Example 1:

@. Declare

A. 3curs!r c1 is select ename&!b 4r!m emp;

. *name 8arc5ar6(12#;

. *!b 8arc5ar6(12#;

C. Begin

. Open c1;

G. L!!p

12. 'etc5 c1 int! 8name&8!b;

11. E$it 5en c19n!t4!und;

16. Dbms_!utput.put_line(8nameM&M8!b#;

1@. End l!!p;

1A. 3l!se c1;

1.End;

1.

>Bo)nd


+as been closed.

b. ?et)ns LL if c)so is o'en, b)t fetc+ +as not been eec)ted.

c. ?et)ns ?2 if a s)ccessf)l fetc+ +as been eec)ted.

d. ?et)ns BL$2 if no o* *as et)ned.

Example 1:



Declare

3urs!r c1 is select < 4r!m emp;

? emp9r!t,pe;

Begin

Open c1;

L!!p

'etc5 c1 int! i;

?4 c194!und t5en

Dbms_!utput.put_line(i.empn!M&Mi.ename#;

Else

E$it;

End i4;

End l!!p;

3l!se c1;

End;

>&sC'en

a. ?et)ns ?2 if t+e c)so is o'en,

b. ?et)ens BL$2 if t+e c)so is closed.

Example 1:

Declare


? emp9r!t,pe;



Begin

Open c1;

?4 c19is!pen t5en

Dbms_!utput.put_line(Mcurs!r is !penM#;

L!!p

'etc5 c1 int! i;

?4 c194!und t5en

Dbms_!utput.put_line(i.ename#;

Else

E$it;

End i4;

End l!!p;

3l!se c1;

?4 n!t c19is!pen t5en

Dbms_!utput.put_line(Mcurs!r is cl!sedM#;

End i4;

End i4;

End;

>?o*co)nt


+as been closed.

b. ?et)ns t+e n)mbe of o*s fetc+ed b/ t+e c)so.

Example 1:



Declare


? emp9r!t,pe;

Begin

Open c1;

L!!p

'etc5 c1 int! i;

E$it 5en c19n!t4!und;

Dbms_!utput.put_line(i.empn!M&Mi.ename#;

End l!!p;

Dbms_!utput.put_line(M)!tal n! !4 empl!,ee% M c19r!c!unt#;

3l!se c1;

End;

b. PARAMETER CURSOR

"assin( a 'aamete in c)so is call it as a 'aamete c)so.

Syntax : 3urs!r curs!r_name ( parameter_name # is select < 4r!m table_name 5erec!lumn_name0parameter_name

Example 1:

Declare

3urs!r c1 (p_deptn! number# is select < 4r!m emp 5ere deptn!0p_deptn!;

? emp9r!t,pe;

Begin

Open c1(12#;

L!!p



'etc5 c1 int! i;


Dbms_!utput.put_line(i.ename#;

End l!!p;

3l!se c1;

End;

Example 2 :

Declare

3urs!r c1 ( p_!b 8arc5ar6# is select < 4r!m emp 5ere !b0p_!b;

? emp9r!t,pe;

Begin

Open c1(MK+E=M#;

L!!p

'etc5 c1 int! i;


Dbms_!utput.put_line(i.empn!M&Mi.enameM&Mi.!b#;

End l!!p;

3l!se c1;

Open c1(M3LE=M#;

L!!p

'etc5 c1 int! i;


Dbms_!utput.put_line(i.empn!M&Mi.enameM&Mi.!b#;

End l!!p;



3l!se c1;

End;

o CURSOR 1IT2 FOR Loo)

&n c)so fo loo' no need to o'en, fetc+, close t+e c)so. Bo loo' it self

a)tomaticall/ *ill 'efom t+ese f)nctionalities

o Example 1:

o Declare

o 3urs!r c1 is select < 4r!m emp;

o

? emp9r!t,pe;

o Begin

o '!r i in c1 l!!p

o Dbms_!utput.put_line(i.empn!M&Mi.ename#;

o End l!!p;

o End;

o "ESTED CURSOR 1IT2 FOR Loo)

o Example 2 :

o Declare

o 3urs!r c1 is select < 4r!m dept;

o 3urs!r c6(p_deptn! number# is select < 4r!m emp 5ere deptn!0p_deptn!;

o

Begin

o '!r i in c1

o L!!p

o Dbms_!utput.put_line(i.deptn!#;



o '!r in c6(i.deptn!#

o L!!p

o Dbms_!utput.put_line(.empn!M&M.enameM&M.sal#;

o End l!!p;

o End l!!p;

o End;

o CURSOR 1IT2 DML O)#%ations

o Example 1:

o Declare

o 3urs!r c1 is select < 4r!m emp;

o Begin

o '!r i in c1

o L!!p

o ?nsert int! t1 8alues (i.ename&i.sal#;

o End l!!p;

o End;

o Example 2 :

o Declare

o 3urs!r c1 is select < 4r!m t1;

o Begin

o '!r i in c1

o L!!p

o Delete 4r!m t1 5ere sal0@222;

o End l!!p;



o End;

o Example 3 :

o Declare

o 3urs!r c1 is select < 4r!m unc5am;

o Begin

o '!r i in c1

o L!!p

o ?4 i.!b0M3LE=M t5en

o Hpdate unc5am set sal0i.salN1111 5ere empn!0i.empn!;

o Elsi4 i.!b0MK+E=M t5en

o Hpdate unc5am set sal0i.salN6666 5ere empn!0i.empn!;

o End i4;

o End l!!p;

o End;

o

R#3 C!%so%

?ef )sos ae )se define t/'es *+ic+ is )sed to 'ocess m)lti'le

ecods and also t+is is ecod b/ ecod 'ocess

7eneall/ t+o)(+ t+e static c)sos *e ae )sin( onl/ one select statement

at a time fo sin(le actie set aea *+ee as in ef c)sos *e ae eec)tin( no of

select statements d/namicall/ fo sin(le actie set aea.

+ats *+/ t+ese t/'e of c)sos ae also called as d/namic c)sos.

/ )sin( ef c)sos *e et)n la(e amo)nt of data fom oacle database

into client a''lications.

+ee ae ! /'es

a. $ton( ?ef )so



b. <eak ?ef )so

$ton( ?ef )so

&t is one of t+e ef c)so *+ic+ is +ain( et)n t/'e.

<eak ?ef )so

&t is one of t+e ef c)so *+ic+ does not +ae a et)n t/'e.

"ot# : &n ef c)so *e ae eec)tin( select statements )sin( o'en .... fo statement.

Example 1 :

Declare

),pe t1 is re4 curs!r;

8_t t1;

i emp9r!t,pe;

begin

!pen 8_t 4!r select < 4r!m emp 5ere salI6222;

l!!p

4etc5 8_t int! i;

e$it 5en 8_t9n!t4!und;

dbms_!utput.put_line(i.enameM Mi.sal#;

end l!!p;

cl!se 8_t;

end;

Example 2 :

Declare

t,pe t1 is re4 curs!r;

8_t t1;



i emp9r!t,pe;

dept9r!t,pe;

8_n! number(#%0:n!;

begin

i4 8_n!01 t5en

!pen 8_t 4!r select < 4r!m emp;

l!!p

4etc5 8_t int! i;


dbms_!utput.put_line(i.enameM Mi.deptn!#;

end l!!p;

cl!se 8_t;

elsi4 8_n!06 t5en

!pen 8_t 4!r select < 4r!m dept;

l!!p

4etc5 8_t int! ;


dbms_!utput.put_line(.deptn!M M.dname#;

end l!!p;

cl!se 8_t;

end i4;

end;

Example 3 :

create !r replace pacage pg1



is

t,pe t1 is re4 curs!r return emp9r!t,pe;

t,pe t6 is re4 curs!r return dept9r!t,pe;

pr!cedure p1 (p_t1 !ut t1#;

pr!cedure p6 (p_t6 !ut t6#;

end;

create !r replace pacage b!d, pg1 is

pr!cedure p1 (p_t1 !ut t1#

is

begin

!pen p_t1 4!r select < 4r!m emp;

end p1;

pr!cedure p6 (p_t6 !ut t6#

is

begin

!pen p_t6 4!r select < 4r!m dept;

end p6;

end;

E$ecuti!n

8ariable a re4curs!r

8ariable b re4curs!r



e$ec pg1.p1(%a#;

e$ec pg1.p6(%b#;

print a b;

o 14#%# C!%%#nt o3 an$ Fo% U)$at# Cla!s#

7eneall/ *+en *e ae )sin( )'date, delete statements a)tomaticall/ locks

ae (eneated in t+e data base.

&f /o) *ant to (eneate locks befoe )'date, delete statements t+en *e ae

)sin( c)so lockin( mec+anism in all data base s/stems.

&n t+is case *e m)st s'ecif/ fo )'date cla)se in c)so definition.

Syntax : 3urs!r 3urs!r_+ame is select < 4r!m )able_+ame 5ere c!nditi!n 4!rupdate

&f /o) ae s'ecif/in( fo )'date cla)se also oacle see does not (eneate

t+e lock i.e *+enee *e ae o'enin( t+e c)so t+en onl/ oacle see intenall/

)ses ecl)sie locks.

fte 'ocessin( *e m)st elease t+e locks )sin( commit statement.

*+ee c)ent of cla)se )ni)el/ identif/in( a ecod in eac+ 'ocess

beca)se *+ee c)ent of cla)se intenall/ )ses ?C<&.

<+enee *e ae )sin( *+ee c)ent of cla)se *e m)st )se fo )'date

cla)se.

Example :

Declare

curs!r c1 is select < 4r!m 4!r update;

i emp9r!t,pe;

begin

!pen c1;

l!!p



4etc5 c1 int! i;

e$it 5en c19n!t4!und;

i4 i.!b0M3LE=M t5en

update set sal0i.salN1222 5ere current !4 c1;

end i4;

end l!!p;

c!mmit;

cl!se c1;

end;

o E5CEPTIO"S

2ce'tion is one of t+e actiit/ *+ic+ is )sed to +andle t+e eos at

)ntime.

+ee ae 3 t/'es of ece'tions

"edefined 2ce'tion

sedefined 2ce'tion

nnamed 2ce'tion

1. "edefined 2ce'tion

&t is one of t+e ece'tion *+ic+ ae defined b/ oacle.

+ee ae !0 ece'tions aailable.Syntax : 5en e$cepti!n1 t5enstatements;

5en e$cepti!n6 t5enstatements;5en !t5ers t5enstatements;

"edefined 2ce'tions ae

noEdataEfo)nd



tooEman/Eo*s

inalidEc)so

c)soEalead/Eo'en

inalidEn)mbe

al)eEeo

FeoEdeide

ot+es

etc.....

oEataEBo)nd

<+en a 'l#sl block contains select ------into cla)se

and also if e)ested data not aailable in a table

oacle see et)ns an eo.

2o is oa-01403 : no data fo)nd

o +andle t+is eo *e ae )sin( noEdataEfo)nd

ece'tion.

Example :

Declare

8_ename 8arc5ar6(62#;

8_sal number(12#;

begin

select ename&sal int! 8_ename&8_sal 4r!m 5ere

empn!0:n!;

dbms_!utput.put_line(8_enameM M8_sal#;

end;



Example :

Declare


8_sal number(12#;

begin

select ename&sal int! 8_ename&8_sal 4r!m 5ere

empn!0:n!;


e$cepti!n

5en n!_data_4!und t5en

dbms_!utput.put_line(Mempl!,ee d!es n!t e$itM#;

end;

ooEMan/E?o*s

<+en a select ------into cla)se t/ to et)n moe

t+an one ecod o moe t+an one al)e t+en oaclesee et)n an eo.

2o is oa-014!! : eact fetc+ et)ns moe t+an

e)ested n)mbe of o*s.

o +andle t+is eo *e ae )sin( tooEman/Eo*s

ece'tion

Example :

Declare




8_sal number(12#;

begin

select ename&sal int! 8_ename&8_sal 4r!m ;


end;

Example :

Declare


8_sal number(12#;

begin

select ename&sal int! 8_ename&8_sal 4r!m ;


e$cepti!n

5en t!!_man,_r!s t5en

dbms_!utput.put_line(Mpr!gram return m!re t5an !ne

r!M#;

end;

&nalidE)so

<+enee *e ae 'efomin( inalid o'eations on

t+e c)so see et)ns an eo i.e if /o) ae t/ toclose t+e c)so *it+ o)t o'enin( c)so t+en oacle

see et)ns an eo.

2o is oa-01001 : inalid c)so

o +andle t+is eo *e ae )sin( inalidEc)so

ece'tion.



Example :

Declare

curs!r c1 is select < 4r!m emp;

i emp9r!t,pe;

begin

l!!p

4etc5 c1 int! i;


dbms_!utput.put_line(i.enamei.sal#;

end l!!p;

cl!se c1;

end;

Example :

Declare


i emp9r!t,pe;

begin

l!!p

4etc5 c1 int! i;



end l!!p;

cl!se c1;

e$cepti!n



5en in8alid_curs!r t5en

dbms_!utput.put_line(MTrst ,!u !pen t5e curs!rM#;

end;

)soElead/EC'en

<+en *e ae t/ to eo'en t+e c)so *it+o)t

closin( t+e c)so oacle see et)ns an eo.

2o is oa-06511 : c)so alead/ o'en

o +andle t+is eo *e ae )sin(

c)soEalead/Eo'en ece'tion

Example :


i emp9r!t,pe;

begin

!pen c1;

l!!p

!pen c1;

4etc5 c1 int! i;



end l!!p;

cl!se c1;

end;

Example :

Declare




i emp9r!t,pe;

begin

!pen c1;

l!!p

!pen c1;

4etc5 c1 int! i;



end l!!p;

cl!se c1;

e$cepti!n

5en curs!r_alread,_!pen t5en

dbms_!utput.put_line(Mcurs!r alread, !penM#;

end;

&nalidE)mbe

<+enee *e ae t/ to conet stin( t/'e to

n)mbe t/'e oacle see et)n eo.

2o is oa-01A!! : inalid n)mbe

o +andle t+is eo *e ae )sin( inalidEeo

ece'tion

Example :

Begin



insert int! emp(empn!&sal# 8alues (111&MabcdM#;

end;

Example :

Begin

insert int! emp(empn!&sal# 8alues (111&MabcdM#;

e$cepti!n

5en in8alid_number t5en

dbms_!utput.put_line(Minsert pr!per data !nl,M#;

end;

Dal)eE2o

<+enee *e ae t/ to conet stin( t/'e to

n)mbe t/'e based on t+e condition t+en oacle seeet)ns an eo

<+enee *e ae t/ to stoe la(e amo)nt of data

t+an t+e s'ecified data t/'e siFe in aaible declaationt+en oacle see et)n same eo

2o is oa-0650! : n)meic o al)e eo:

c+aacte to n)mbe conesion eo

o +andle t+is eo *e ae )sin( al)eEeo

ece'tion

Example :

Declare

number(12#;

begin

%0M:$MNM:,M;

dbms_!utput.put_line(#;



end;

Example :

Declare

number(12#;

begin

%0M:$MNM:,M;


e$cepti!n

5en 8alue_err!r t5en

dbms_!utput.put_line(MEnter t5e pr!per data !nl,M#;

end;

Example :

Declare

number(@#;

begin

%0MabcdM;


end;

GeoEeide

<+enee *e ae t/ to diide b/ Feo t+en oacle

see et)n a eo

2o is oa-014A6 : diiso is e)al to Feo

o +andle t+is eo *e ae )sin( FeoEdiide

ece'tion



Example :

Declare

a number(12#;

b number(12#%0:b;

c number(12#%0:c;

begin

a%0b/c;

dbms_!utput.put_line(a#;

end;

Example :

Declare

a number(12#;

b number(12#%0:b;

c number(12#%0:c;

begin

a%0b/c;


e$cepti!n

5en er!_di8ide t5en

dbms_!utput.put_line(Mc d!es n!t c!ntain er!M#;

end;

2H2"&C "?C"7&C

2ce'tions ae also aised in



eclaation $ection

2ec)table $ection

2ce'tion $ection

&f t+e ece'tions ae aised in eec)table section t+ose

ece'tions ae +andled )sin( eit+e inne block o an o)te

block.

<+ee as if ece'tion ae aised in declaation section o in

ece'tion section t+ose ece'tions ae +andled )sin( o)te

blocks onl/.

Example :

Begin

declare

8arc5ar6(@#;--%0MabcdM;

begin

%0MabcdM;


e$cepti!n


dbms_!utput.put_line(Min8alid string leng5tM#;

end;

e$cepti!n


dbms_!utput.put_line(Mt5e leng5t is m!reM#;

end;



sedefined 2ce'tion

<e can also ceate o) o*n ece'tion names and also aise

*+enee it is necessa/. t+ese t/'es of ece'tions ae called )se definedece'tions.

+ese ece'tions ae diided into 3 ste's

eclae 2ce'tion

?aise 2ce'tion

Iandle 2ce'tion

1. eclae 2ce'tion

&n declae section of t+e 'l#sl 'o(am *e ae definin( o) o*n ece'tion name )sin( ece'tion t/'e.

Syntax : userdeTnede$cepti!n_name e$cepti!n

Example :

Declare

a e$cepti!n;

?aise 2ce'tion

<+enee it is e)ied aise )se defined ece'tion eit+e

in eec)table section o in ece'tion section, in t+is case *e ae

)sin( aise ke/*od.

Syntax : raise userdeTnede$cepti!n_name

Example :

Declare

a e$cepti!n;

begin

raise a;



end;

Iandle 2ce'tion

<e can also +andle )se defined ece'tions as same as 'edefined ece'tion )sin( 'edefined +andle.

Syntax :5en userdeTnede$cepti!n_name1 t5enstatements;5en userdeTnede$cepti!n_name6 t5enstatements;--------------------5en !t5ers t5enstatements;

Example :

Declare

a e$cepti!n;

begin

i4 t!_c5ar(s,sdate&Md,M#0MsunM t5en

raise a;

end i4;

e$cepti!n

5en t5en

dbms_!utput.put_line(Mm, e$cepti!n raised t!da,M#;

end;

Ex:

Declare

8_sal number(12#;

a e$cepti!n;



begin

select sal int! 8_sal 4r!m 5ere empn!0CG26;

i4 8_salI6222 t5en

raise a;

else

update set sal0salN122 5ere empn!0CG26;

end i4;

e$cepti!n

5en a t5en

dbms_!utput.put_line(Msalar, alred, 5ig5M#;

end;

?&$&7 "edefined 2ce'tion

<e can also aise t+e ece'tion in ece'tion section

Example :

Ddeclare

a1 e$cepti!n;

a6 e$cepti!n;

begin

begin

raise a1;

e$cepti!n

5en a1 t5en

dbms_!utput.put_line(Ma1 5andledM#;



--raise a6;

end;

e$cepti!n

5en a6 t5en

dbms_!utput.put_line(Ma6 5andledM#;

end;

2??C? a''in( B)nctions

+ee ae t*o eo ta''in( f)nctions s)''oted b/ oacle.

$%L ode

$%L 2m

SQL Co$# : &t et)ns n)mbes

SQL E%%m : &t et)ns eo n)mbe *it+ eo messa(e.

Example :

Declare

8_sal number(12#;

begin

select sal int! 8_sal 4r!m emp 5ere empn!0C@G;

dbms_!utput.put_line(slc!de#;

dbms_!utput.put_line(slerrm#;

end;

?&$2 ""L&&C 2??C?

1. &f /o) *ant to dis'la/ /o) o*n )se defined ece'tion

n)mbe and ece'tion messa(e t+en *e can )se t+is aise a''licationeo



Syntax : raise_applicati!n_err!r ( err!r_number&err!r_message #;

E%%o%6"!m&#% : &t is )sed to (ie t+e eo n)mbes bet*een

-!0000 to -!0999

E%%o%6M#ssa# : &t is )sed to (ie t+e messa(e )'to 51! c+aactes.

Example :

Declare

8_sal number(12#;

a e$cepti!n;

begin

select sal int! 8_sal 4r!m 5ere empn!0C@G;

i4 8_sal 6222 t5en

raise a;

else

update set sal0salN122 5ere empn!0C@G;

end i4;

e$cepti!n

5en a t5en

raise_applicati!n_err!r ( -62GGG&Msalar, alreda, 5ig5M#;

end;

nnamed 2ce'tion

&f /o) *ant to +andle ot+e t+an oacle !0 'edefined eos *e ae

)sin( )nnamed met+od.

eca)se oacle define ece'tion names fo e()lal/ acc)ed eos

ot+e t+an !0 t+e/ ae not definin( ece'tion names.

&n t+is case *e ae 'oidin( ece'tion names and also associate

t+is ece'tion name *it+ a''o'iate eo no )sin( ece'tionEinit f)nction.



Syntax : pragma e$cepti!n_init ( userdeTned_e$cepti!n_name&err!r_number #;

Iee 'a(ma is a com'ile diectie i.e at t+e time of com'ilation

onl/ 'l#sl )ntime en(ine associate eo n)mbe *it+ ece'tion name.

+is f)nction is )sed in declae section of t+e 'l#sl block.

Example :

Declare

8_n! number(12#;

e e$cepti!n;

pragma e$cepti!n_init(e&-66G1#;

begin

select empn! int! 8_n! 4r!m emp 5ere empn!0:n!;

dbms_!utput.put_line(8_n!#;

e$cepti!n

5en e t5en

dbms_!utput.put_line(Mpragma err!rM#;

end;

!. SUB PRO7RAMS

$)b 'o(ams ae named 'l#sl blocks *+ic+ is )sed to sole 'atic)la

task.

+ee ae t*o t/'es of s)b 'o(ams s)''oted b/ oacle.

"oced)es

B)nctions

"oced)es

1. "oced)es ma/ o ma/ not et)n a al)e.



!. "oced)es et)n moe t+an one al)e *+ile )sin( t+e o)t

'aamete.

3. "oced)e can eec)te onl/ 3 *a/s

non/mo)s lock

2ec

all

b. "oced)e can not eec)te in select statement.

c. "oced)e intenall/ +ain( one time com'ilation 'ocess.

d. "oced)e ae )sed to im'oe t+e 'efomance of b)siness

a''lications

e. 2e/ 'oced)e is +ain( t*o 'ats

"oced)e $'ecification

&n 'oced)e s'ecification *e ae s'ecif/in( name

of t+e 'oced)e and t/'es of t+e 'aametes.

"oced)e od/

&n 'oced)e bod/ *e ae solin( t+e act)al task.

Example :

create !r replace pr!cedure p11(p_empn! number# is


8_sal number(12#;

begin

select ename&sal int! 8_ename&8_sal 4r!m emp 5ere empn!0p_empn!;

dbms_!utput.put_line(8_enameM&M8_sal#;

end;



f. 2ec)te +e "oced)e in 3 *a/s

M#t4o$ : 8 - 2ec "11 A90! ;

M#t4o$ : 9 - e(in

"11 A90! ;JendJ

M#t4o$ : - all "11 A90! ;

Example :

create !r replace pr!cedure p111(p_deptn! number# is

curs!r c1 is select < 4r!m emp 5ere deptn!0p_deptn!;

i emp9r!t,pe;

begin

!pen c1;

l!!p

4etc5 c1 int! i;


dbms_!utput.put_line(i.enameM&Mi.salM&Mi.deptn!#;

end l!!p;

cl!se c1;

end;

"aametes in "oced)es

"aametes ae )sed to 'ass t+e al)e into 'oced)es andalso et)n al)es fom t+e 'oced)e.

&n t+is case *e m)st )se t*o t/'es of 'aametes

Bomal "aametes

ct)al "aametes



Fo%mal Pa%am#t#%s

Bomal "aametes ae defined in 'oced)e

s'ecification

&n Bomal "aametes *e ae definin(

'aamete name = mode of t+e 'aamete

+ee ae t+ee t/'es of modes s)''oted b/

oacle.

a. & Mode

b. C Mode

c. &C Mode

a. & Mode :

/ defa)lt 'oced)e

'aametes +ain( & mode.

& Mode is )sed to 'ass t+e

al)es into 'oced)e bod/.

+is mode be+aes like a

constant in 'oced)e bod/,

t+o)(+ t+is & Mode *e canalso 'ass defa)lt al)es )sin(

defa)lt o K:K o'eato

Example :

3reate !r replace pr!cedure

P1 ( p_deptn! in number&

p_dname in 8arc5ar6&

p_l!c in 8arc5ar6#

is

begin



insert int! dept 8alues

(p_deptn!&p_dname&p_l!c#;

dbms_!utput.put_line(Mrec!rd

is inserted t5r!ug5pr!cedureM#;

end;

+ee ae t+ee t/'es of

eec)tion met+ods s)''oted b/ in 'aamete.

1. "ositional otations

!. amed otations

3. Mied otations

1. "ositional otations

Example : e$ec p1( 1&

MaM&MbM#;

!. amed otations

Example : e$ec p1

( p_dname0IM$M&

p_l!c0IM,M&

p_deptn!0I6 #

3. Mied otations

Example : e$ec p1 ( 1&

p_dname0IMmM&

p_l!c0IMnM #;



b. C Mode :

+is mode is )sed to et)n

al)es fom 'oced)e bod/.

C Mode intenall/

be+aes like a )ninitialiFed

aiable in 'oced)e bod/

c. Example :

d. 3reate !r replace pr!cedure p1 (a in

number& b !ut number# is

e. begin

4. b%0a<a;

g. dbms_!utput.put_line(b#;

5. end;

Note : ?n !racle i4 a subpr!gramc!ntains OH)& ?+OH) Parameters t5!sesubpr!grams are e$ecuted using4!ll!ing t! met5!ds.

Method - 1 : Hsing Bind

*ariable

Method - 2 : Hsingnn!n,m!us Bl!c

ind Daiable:

• +ese aiables ae

session aiables.

•

+ese aiables aeceated at +ost

enionment t+ats *+/t+ese aiables ae also

called as +ost aiables.

• +ese aiables ae not

a 'l#sl aiables, b)t



*e can also )se t+ese

aiables in "L#$%L to

eec)te s)b'o(ams+ain( C?

"aametes.

M#t4o$ , 8 : ind Daiable

Example : *ariable b number;

e$ec p1 ( 12& %b#;

M#t4o$ , 9 : nnon/mo)s

lock

Example :Declare

b number(12#;

begin

p1( & b #

dbms_!utput.put_line( b #;

end;

Example :De8el!p a pr!gram

4!r passing empl!,ee name as

in parameter return salar, !4

t5at empl!,ee using !ut

parameter 4r!m emp tableU

Prog :3reate !r replace

pr!cedure p1 ( p_ename in

8arc5ar6& p_sal !ut number #

is



begin

select sal int! p_sal 4r!m

emp 5ere empn!0p_ename;

end;

M#t4o$ , 8 :ind aiable

8ariable a number;

e$ec p1 ( M?+M& %a#;

M#t4o$ , 9 : nnon/mo)s

lock

Declare

a number(12#;

begin

e$ec p1( M LLE+ M& a #;

dbms_!utput.put_line( a #;

end;

Example :

De8el!p a pr!gram 4!r passing

deptn! as

a parameter return 5! man,

empl!,ees are !ring in a

dept 4r!m emp tableU

Prog :



3reate !r replace pr!cedure

pe6 ( p_deptn! in number& p_t

!ut number# is

begin

select c!unt(<# int! p_t 4r!m

emp 5ere deptn!0p_deptn!;

dbms_!utput.put_line(p_t#;

end;

b. & C Mode

+is mode is )sed to 'ass t+eal)es into s)b 'o(am =

et)n t+e al)es fom s)b 'o(ams.

c. Example :

d. 3reate !r replace pr!cedure

p1 ( a in !ut number # is

e. begin

4. a %0 a<a;

g. dbms_!utput.put_line ( a #;

5. end;

• M#t4o$ , 8 :ind

Daiable

*ariable a number;

e$ec %a %012;

e$ec p1 ( %a #;



• M#t4o$ ,

9 : nnon/mo)s lock

Declare

a number(12# %0 :n;

begin

p1( a #;

dbms_!utput.put_line

( a #;

end;

Example :

3reate !r replace

pr!cedure peA ( a in

!ut number# is

begin

select sal int! a 4r!m

emp 5ere empn!0a;

dbms_!utput.put_line(

a #;

end;

b. "?7M CCMC$ ?$&C

1. )tonomo)s tansactions ae inde'endent tansactions

)sed in eit+e 'oced)es o in ti((es.

!. 7eneall/ a)tonomo)s tansactions ae )sed in c+ild

'oced)es, +ese 'oced)es ae not effected fom



t+e main tansactions *+en *e ae )sin( commit o

ollback.

c. Example : 3reate table test ( name 8arc5ar6(12##;

d. Pr!gram % 3reate !r replace pr!cedure P1 is

e. pragma aut!n!m!us_transacti!n;

4. begin

g. insert int! ptest 8alues (MindiaM#;

5. c!mmit;

i. end;

.

. E$ecute )5e Pr!gram% Begin

l. insert int! ptest 8alues (MusaM#;

m. insert int! ptest 8alues (MuM#;

n. P1;

!. r!llbac;

p. end;

.

r. Jit5 !ut ut!n!m!us )ransacti!n

s. Pr!gram % 3reate !r replace pr!cedure P1 is

t. begin

u. insert int! ptest 8alues (MindiaM#;

8. c!mmit;

. end;

$. E$ecute )5e Pr!gram% Begin

,. insert int! ptest 8alues (MusaM#;



. insert int! ptest 8alues (MuM#;

aa. P1;

ab. r!llbac;

ac. end;

B)nctions

B)nction is a named 'l#sl block *+ic+ is )sed to sole

'atic)la task and b/ defa)lt f)nctions et)n a sin(le al)e.

B)nction is allo* to *ite m)lti'le et)n statements b)t it

eec)te onl/ fist et)n statement.

B)nction can eec)te in 4 *a/s

nnon/mo)s lock

$elect $tatement

ind Daiable

2ec

!. B)nction also +ain( t*o 'ats

B)nction $'ecification

B)nction od/

3. &n B)nction $'ecification *e ae s'ecif/in( name of t+ef)nction and t/'e of t+e 'aametes *+ee as in f)nction bod/ *e ae

solin( t+e act)al task.

Example : 3reate !r replace 4uncti!n 4un1( a 8arc5ar6#

return 8arc5ar6

is



begin

return a;

end;

Method - 1 : Select 3lause

Select 4un1(M5iM# 4r!m dual

Method - 2 :nn!n,m!us Bl!c

Declare

a 8arc5ar6(12#;

begin

a %04un1(M5iM#;


end;

Method - 3 : Bind *ariable

*ariable * *arc5ar6(62#;

Begin

%a%04un1(M5iM#;

end;

Method - 4 : E$ec

E$ec Dbms_!utput.put_line(4un1(M5iM##;

Example : 3reate !r replace 4uncti!n 4un6 (a number#



return 8arc5ar6

is

begin

i4 m!d(a&6#02 t5en

return Me8en numberM;

else

return M!dd numberM;

end i4;

end;

Note : Je can als! use user deTned 4uncti!n in insert statement.

Example : 3reate table t1(sn! number(12#& msg

8arc5ar6(12##;

?nsert int! t1 8alues ( 1& 4un6(##;

Select < 4r!m t1;

Example : Jrite a pl/sl st!red 4uncti!n 4!r passing empn! as

parameter return

gr!ss salar, 4r!m emp table based !n 4!ll!ing c!nditi!nU

3!nditi!n 0I gr!ss%0basicN5raNdaNp4;

5ra 0I 129 !4 Sal

da 0I 629 !4 Sal

p4 0I 129 !4 Sal



Prog : 3reate !r replace 4uncti!n 4un@ (p_empn! number#

return number

is

8sal number(12#;

gr!ss number(12#;

5ra number(12#;

da number(12#;

p4 number(12#;

begin

select sal int! 8sal 4r!m emp 5ere empn!0p_empn!;

5ra%08sal<2.1;

da%08sal<2.6;

p4%08sal<2.1;

gr!ss%08salN5raNdaNp4;

return gr!ss;

end;

Note : Je can als! use predeTned 4uncti!ns in user deTned

4uncti!ns and als! t5is user deTned

4uncti!ns in same table !r diVerent table.

Example : 3reate !r replace 4uncti!n 4m

return number



is

8sal number(12#;

begin

select ma$(sal# int! 8sal 4r!m emp;

return 8sal;

end;

Note : ?4 e ant t! return m!re number !4 8alues 4r!m 4uncti!n

e are using OH) Parameter.

Example : 3reate !r replace 4uncti!n 4unA

(p_deptn! in number

&p_dname !ut 8arc5ar6

&p_l!c !ut 8arc5ar6#

return 8arc5ar6

is

begin

select dname&l!c int! p_dname&p_l!c 4r!m dept 5ere

deptn!0p_deptn!;

return p_dname;

end;

*ariable a 8arc5ar6(12#;

*ariable b 8arc5ar6(12#;

*ariable c 8arc5ar6(12#;



Begin

%a%04unA ( 12& %b& %c#;

end;

Print b c;

Example : Jrite a pl/sl st!red 4uncti!n 4!r passing

empn!&date as

parameter return number !4 ,ears t5at empl!,ee is !ring

based !n date 4r!m emp tableU

Prog : 3reate !r replace 4uncti!n 4un(p_empn!

number&p_date date#

return number

is

a number(12#;

begin

select m!nt5s_beteen(p_date&5iredate#/16 int! a 4r!m emp

5ere empn!0p_empn!;

return (r!und(a##;

end;

Execution : Select empn!&ename&5iredate&

4un(empn!&s,sdate#MFearsM E$p

4r!m emp 5ere empn!0CG26



Example : Jrite a pl/sl st!red 4uncti!n 4!r passing empn! as

parameter&

calculate ta$ based !n 4!ll!ing c!nditi!ns b, using emp table.

3!nditi!ns%

1# i4 annual salar, I12222 t5en ta$0129

6# i4 annual salar, I62222 t5en ta$0629

@# i4 annual salar, I2222 t5en ta$0@29

Prog : 3reate !r replace 4uncti!n 4unC (p_empn! number#

return number

is

8sal number(12#;

asal number(12#;

ita$ number(12#;

begin

select sal int! 8sal 4r!m emp 5ere empn!0p_empn!;

asal%08sal<16;

i4 asalI12222 and asal01222 t5en

ita$%0asal<2.1;

elsi4 asalI1222 and asal06222 t5en

ita$%0asal<2.6;

elsi4 asalI62222 t5en

ita$%0asal<2.@;

else



ita$%02;

end i4;

return ita$;

end;

o Packa#s

1. "acka(e is a database obect *+ic+ is )sed enca's)late aiables,constants, 'oced)es, c)sos, f)nctions, t/'es in to sin(le )nit.

!. "acka(es does not acce'ts 'aametes, can not be nested, can not be

inoked.

3. 7eneall/ 'acka(es ae )sed to im'oe 'efomance of t+e a''lication beca)se *+en *e ae callin( 'acka(ed s)b 'o(am fist time total 'acka(e

a)tomaticall/ loaded into memo/ aea.

4. <+enee *e ae callin( s)bse)ent s)b 'o(am calls 'l#sl )n time

en(ine callin( t+ose s)b 'o(am fom memo/ aea.

5. +is 'ocess a)tomaticall/ ed)ces disk &#C t+ats *+/ 'acka(es im'oes 'efomance of t+e a''lication.

6. "acka(es +ae t*o t/'es.

"acka(e $'ecification

"acka(e od/

A. &n "acka(e $'ecification *e ae definin( (lobal data and also declaeobects, s)b 'o(ams *+ee as in "acka(e od/ *e ae im'lementin( s)b 'o(ams

and also 'acka(e bod/ s)b 'o(am intenall/ be+aes like a 'iate s)b 'o(am.

Packa# S)#ci3ication Snta0 :

Syntax :

3reate !r =eplace Pacage Pacage_+ame

?s/s

l!bal *ariable Declarati!n;



3!nstant Declarati!n;

3urs!r Declarati!n;

),pes Declarati!n;

Pr!cedure Declarati!n;

'uncti!n Declarati!n;

End;

Packa# Bo$ Snta0 :

Syntax :

3reate !r =eplace Pacage B!d,

Pacage_+ame

?s/s

Pr!cedure ?mplementati!ns;

'uncti!n ?mplementati!ns;

End;

&nokin( "acka(ed $)b'o(ams

1. 2ec "acka(eEame."oced)eEame ct)al "aametes ;J

!. $elect "acka(eEame.B)nctionEame ct)al "aametes ; fom d)alJ

Package Specifcation

Example : 3reate !r replace pacage pac1 is

pr!cedure pr1;

pr!cedure pr6;

end;

Package ody

Example : 3reate !r replace pacage b!d, pac1 is

pr!cedure pr1



is

begin

dbms_!utput.put_line(MTrst pr!cedureM#;

end pr1;

pr!cedure pr6

is

begin

dbms_!utput.put_line(Msec!nd pr!cedureM#;

end pr6;

end;

E$ec Pac1.pr1;

E$ec Pac6.pr6;

!. 7lo&al Va%ia&l#

1. &t is one of t+e aiable *+ic+ is )sed to define in 'acka(e s'ecificationand im'lement in 'acka(e bod/ t+at aiables ae call it as a (lobal aiables.

o Local Va%ia&l#

1. &t is one of t+e aiable *+ic+ is )sed to define in 'o(ams "oced)e,

B)nction ; and im'lement *it+ in t+e 'o(am onl/.


Example : 3reate !r replace pacage pc6 is

g number(#%022;

pr!cedure p1;

4uncti!n 41 ( a number # return number;

end;

Package ody

Example : create !r replace pacage b!d, pc6 is

pr!cedure p1

is

number(#;



begin

%0g/6;


end p1;

4uncti!n 41( a number # return number

is

begin

return a<g;

end 41;

end;

o P%oc#$!%#s O(#%loa$in

1. Celoadin( efes to same name can be )sed fo diffeent ')'oses i.e *e

ae im'lementin( oeloadin( 'oced)es t+o)(+ 'acka(es onl/, t+ose 'oced)es+ain( same name and also diffeent t/'es of a()ments.


Example : 3reate !r replace pacage pc@ is

pr!cedure p1(a number& b number#;

pr!cedure p1($ number& , number#;

end;

Package ody

Example : 3reate !r replace pacage b!d, pc@ is

pr!cedure p1 (a number& b number#

is

c number(12#;

begin

c%0aNb;

dbms_!utput.put_line(c#;

end p1;

pr!cedure p1 ($ number& , number#

is

number(12#;



begin

%0$N,;


end p1;

end;/

E$ec Pac.p1 ( a0I12& b0I62 #;

E$ec Pac.p1 ( $0I122& b0I622#;

o Fo%.a%$ D#cla%ation

1. <+enee *e ae callin( 'oced)es into anot+e 'oced)e t+en onl/ *e

ae )sin( fo*od declaation i.e *+enee *e ae callin( local 'oced)e into

(lobal 'oced)e fist *e m)st im'lement local 'oced)es befoe callin( ot+e*ise)se a fo*ad declaation in 'acka(e bod/.


Example : 3reate !r replace pacage pac1A is

pr!cedure p1;

end;

Package ody

Example : 3reate !r replace pacage b!d, pac1A is

pr!cedure p6;

pr!cedure p1

is

begin

p6;

end;

pr!cedure p6

isbegin

dbms_!utput.put_line(Ml!cal pr!cedureM#;

end p6;

end;



o T%i#%s

1. i((e is also same as stoed 'oced)e = also it *ill a)tomaticall/

inoked *+enee ML C'eation 'efomed a(ainst table o ie*.

!. +ee ae t*o t/'es of ti((es s)''oted b/ "L#$%L.

$tatement Leel i((e

?o* Leel i((e

&n $tatement Leel i((e, i((e bod/ is eec)ted onl/ once fo ML

$tatements.

&n ?o* Leel i((e, i((e bod/ is eec)ted fo eac+ and ee/ ML

$tatements.

o Syntax :

o create W !r replace X trigger trigger_name

o be4!re / a4tertrigger e8ent

o insert / update / delete !n table_name

o W 4!r eac5 r! X

o W 5ere c!nditi!n X

o W declare X

o 8ariable declarati!ns& curs!rs

o begin

o -----

o end;

2ec)tion ode in i((es

efoe $tatement Leel

efoe ?o* Leel

fte ?o* Leel



fte $tatement Leel

$tatement Leel i((e

&n $tatement Leel i((e, i((e bod/ is eec)ted onl/ once fo

eac+ ML $tatement. +ats *+/ (eneall/ statement leel ti((es )sed todefine t/'e based condition and also )sed to im'lement a)ditin( e'ots.

+ese ti((es does not contain ne*, old )alifies.

Q+ 1%it# a )l/sl stat#m#nt l#(#l t%i#% on #m) ta&l# not to )#%3o%m DML

O)#%ations in sat!%$a an$ s!n$a;

Program : 3reate !r replace trigger tr1 be4!re insert !r update !r delete !n tt

begin

i4 t!_c5ar(s,sdate&MDFM# in (MS)M&MSH+M#

t5en

raise_applicati!n_err!r(-6216@&Me can n!t per4!rm DKLs !n sat and sunda,M#;

end i4;

end;

Q+ 1%it# a )l/sl stat#m#nt l#(#l t%i#% on #m) ta&l# not to )#%3o%m DML

O)#%ation on last $a o3 t4# mont4;

Program : create !r replace trigger tt6 be4!re insert !r update !r delete !n tt

begin

i4 s,sdate0last_da,(s,sdate# t5en

raise_applicati!n_err!r (-62111&Me can n!t per4!rm dml !perati!ns !n lastda, M#;

end i4;

end;

T%i#% E(#nt * o% + T%i#% P%#$icat# Cla!s#sT%i#% E(#nt * o% + T%i#%

P%#$icat# Cla!s#s



&f /o) *ant to define m)lti'le conditions on m)lti'le tables t+en

all database s/stems )ses ti((e eents.

+ese ae insetin(, )'datin(, deletin( cla)ses

+ese cla)ses ae )sed in eit+e o* leel o statement leel

ti((es.

Syntax : i4 inserting t5enstatements;elsi4 updating t5enstatements;elsi4 deleting t5enstatements;end i4;

Q + 1%it# a )l/sl stat#m#nt l#(#l t%i#% on #m) ta&l# not to )#%3o%m an $ml

o)#%ation in an $as !sin t%i#%in #(#nt;

Program : create !r replace trigger tr@ be4!re insert !r update !r delete !n tt

begin

i4 inserting t5en

raise_applicati!n_err!r (-62161&Me can n!t per4!rm inserting !perati!nM#;

elsi4 updating t5en

raise_applicati!n_err!r (-62166&Me can n!t per4r!m update !perati!nM#;

elsi4 deleting t5en

raise_applicati!n_err!r (-6216@&Me can n!t per4!rm deleting !perati!nM#;

end i4;

end;

Example : 3reate table test ( msg 8arc5ar6(122##;

create !r replace trigger trA a4ter insert !r update !r delete !n tt

declare

a 8arc5ar6(2#;

begin



i4 inserting t5en

a %0 Mr!s insertedM;

elsi4 updating t5en

a %0 Mr!s updatedM;

elsi4 deleting t5en

a %0 Mr!s deletedM;

end i4;

insert int! testt 8alues (a#;

end;

?o* Leel i((e

&n ?o* Leel i((e, i((e bod/ is eec)ted fo eac+ o* fo

ML $tatement, +ats *+/ *e ae )sin( fo eac+ o* cla)se in ti((es'ecification and also data intenall/ stoed in ! ollback se(ment )alifies

ae CL = 2<

+ese )alifies ae )sed in eit+e ti((e s'ecification o in ti((e

bod/. *+en *e ae )sin( t+ese modifies in ti((e bod/ *e m)st )se colon

'efi in t+e )alifies.

Syntax : !ld.c!lumn_name ( !r # %ne.c!lumn_name.

<+en *e ae )sin( t+ese )alifies in *+en cla)se *e ae not

allo* to )se colon infont of t+e )alifies.

%)alifie &nset 'date elete

:ne* 2$ 2$ C

:old C 2$ 2$

&n efoe i((es, i((e bod/ is eec)ted befoe ML

$tatements ae effected into database.



&n fte i((es, i((e bod/ is eec)ted afte ML $tatements

ae effected into database.

7eneall/ if *e *ant to estict inalid data ent/ al*a/s *e ae

)sin( befoe ti((es, *+ee as if *e ae 'efomin( o'eation on t+e one

table t+ose o'eations ae effected in anot+e table t+en *e ae )sin( afteti((e.

<+enee *e ae insetin( al)es into ne* )alifies *e m)st )se

befoe ti((e ot+e*ise oacle see et)ns an eo.

Q: 1%it# a PL/SQL Ro. L#(#l T%i#% on #m) ta&l# .4#n#(#% !s#% ins#%tin

$ata into a #m) ta&l# sal s4o!l$ &# mo%# t4an <===;

Program : 3reate !r replace trigger tG2 be4!re insert !n tb

4!r eac5 r!

begin

i4 %ne.sal222 t5en

raise_applicati!n_err!r (-6216@&Msalar, s5!uld be m!re t5an 222M#;

end i4;

end;

Q : 1%it# a PL/SQL Ro. L#(#l T%i#% on #m)> $#)t ta&l#s .4il# im)l#m#nt on$#l#t# casca$# conc#)t .it4o!t !sin on $#l#t# casca$# cla!s#;

Program : 3reate !r replace trigger t1

a4ter delete !n dept

4!r eac5 r!

begin

delete 4r!m emp 5ere deptn!0%!ld.deptn!;

end;

Q : 1%it# a PL/SQL Ro. L#(#l T%i#% on $#)t ta&l# .4#n#(#% !)$atin

$#)tno's in $#)t ta&l# a!tomaticall t4os# $#)tno's mo$i3i#$ into #m) ta&l#;

Program : 3reate !r replace trigger t1G



a4ter update !n dept

4!r eac5 r!

begin

update emp set deptn!0%ne.deptn! 5ere deptn!0%!ld.deptn!;

end;

Q : 1%it# a PL/SQL Ro. L#(#l T%i#% .4#n#(#% !s#% ins#%tin $ata into

#nam# col!mn a3t#% ins#%tin $ata m!st &# con(#%t#$ into !))#%cas# ;

Program : create !r replace trigger t61

be4!re insert !n emp

4!r eac5 r!

begin

%ne.ename%0upper(%ne.ename#;

end;

Q + 1%it# a PL/SQL Ro. L#(#l T%i#% on #m) ta&l# & !sin &#lo.

con$itions;

*+enee )se insetin( data t+ose al)es stoed in anot+e table

*+enee )se )'datin( data t+ose al)es stoed in anot+e table

*+enee )se deletin( data t+ose al)es stoed in anot+e table

Program : 'irst e create @ tables 5ic5 are 5a8ing t5e same structure !4 emp

table.

3reate !r replace trigger te1

a4ter insert !r update !r delete !n t21

4!r eac5 r!

begin

i4 inserting t5en



insert int! e1(empn!&ename# 8alues (%ne.empn!&%ne.ename#;

elsi4 updating t5en

insert int! e6(empn!&ename# 8alues (%!ld.empn!&%!ld.ename#;

elsi4 deleting t5en

insert int! e@(empn!&ename# 8alues (%!ld.empn!&%!ld.ename#;

end i4;

end;

Q : 1%it# a PL/SQL T%i#% on #m) ta&l# .4#n#(#% !s#% $#l#tin %#co%$s 3%om

#m) ta&l# a!tomaticall $is)la %#mainin n!m&#% o3 #0istin %#co%$ n!m&#%

in &ottom o3 t4# $#l#t# statm#nt;

Program : 3reate !r replace trigger tp1 a4ter delete !n emp

declare

a number(12#;

begin

select c!unt(<# int! a 4r!m emp;

dbms_!utput.put_line(Mremaining rec!rds are% Ma#;

end;

!. M)tatin( i((e

@. Example :

A. 3reate !r replace trigger tp1 a4ter delete !n emp

. 4!r eac5 r!

. declare

C. a number(12#;

. begin



G. select c!unt(<# int! a 4r!m emp;

12. dbms_!utput.put_line(Mremaining rec!rds are% Ma#;

11. end;

&nto a ?o* Leel i((e based on a table ti((e bod/ can not

ead data fom same table and also *e can not 'efom ML C'eations on

same table.

&f *e ae t/in( to t+is oacle see et)ns an eo is table is

m)tatin(.

+is 2o is called M)tatin( 2o

+is i((e is called M)tatin( i((e

+is able is called M)tatin( able

M)tatin( 2os ae not acc)ed in $tatement Leel i((e

eca)se t+o)(+ t+ese $tatement Leel i((e *+en *e ae 'efomin(

ML C'eations a)tomaticall/ data ommitted into database.

<+ee as in ?o* Leel i((e *+en *e ae 'efomin(

tansaction data is not committed and also a(ain *e ae eadin( t+is datafom t+e same table t+en onl/ m)tatin( eo is acc)ed.

o aoid t+is m)tatin( eo *e ae )sin( a)tonomo)s tansaction

in ti((es.

16. Example : 3reate !r replace trigger tp1 a4ter delete !n t21

1@. 4!r eac5 r!

1A. declare

1. pragma aut!n!m!us_transacti!n;

1. a number(12#;

1C. begin

1. select c!unt(<# int! a 4r!m t21;

1G. dbms_!utput.put_line(Mremaining rec!rds are% Ma#;



62. c!mmit;

61. end;

L i((es

<e can also ceate ti((es on sc+ema leel, database leel. +ese

t/'es of ti((es ae called L i((es o $/stem i((es.

+ese t/'es of ti((es ae ceated b/ database administato.

Syntax :3reate !r replace trigger trigger_nameBe4!re / 4ter3reate / lter / Dr!p / )runcate / =enameOn Hsername.Sc5ema

Q : 1%it# a PL/SQL T%i#% on scott sc4#ma not to $%o) #m) ta&l#;

Program : 3reate !r replace trigger td

be4!re dr!p !n apps.sc5ema

begin

i4 !ra_dict_!b_name 0 M)122M and

!ra_dict_!b_t,pe 0 M)BLEM t5en

raise_applicati!n_err!r(-62161&Me can n!t dr!p t5is tableM#;

end i4;

end;

Coll#ctions

1. Cacle see s)''ots follo*in( t/'es

"L#$%L ?ecod o ; ?ecod /'e

&nde b/ table o ; "L#$%L table o ; ssociatie

a/s.

ested tables



Daa/s

?ef )sos

1. &nde / able

+is is an )se defined t/'e *+ic+ is )sed to stoe

m)lti'le data items in to a sin(le )nit. asicall/ t+is is an

)nconstaint table

7eneall/ t+ese tables ae )sed to im'oe

'efomance of a''lications beca)se t+ese tables ae stoed inmemo/ aea t+ats *+/ t+ese tables ae also called as memo/

tables.

asicall/ t+ese table contains ke/ al)e 'ais i.e

al)e field is stoed in act)al data and ke/ field stoed inindees.

Ne/ field al)es ae eit+e inte(e o c+aacte and

also t+ese al)es ae eit+e -e o Oe.

+ese indees ke/ be+aes like a 'ima/ ke/ i.e

does not acce't d)'licate and n)ll al)es. basicall/ t+is ke/

datat/'e is bina/Einte(e.

&nde b/ table +ain( follo*in( collection met+ods.

eists

fist

last

'io

net

co)nt

delete an(e of indees ;

6. Example 1 :



@. declare

A. t,pe t1 is table !4 number(12#

. inde$ b, binar,_integer;

. 8_t t1;

C. begin

. 8_t(1#%012;

G. 8_t(6#%062;

12. 8_t(@#%0@2;

11. 8_t(A#%0A2;

16. 8_t(#%02;

1@. dbms_!utput.put_line(8_t(@##;

1A. dbms_!utput.put_line(8_t.Trst#;

1. dbms_!utput.put_line(8_t.last#;

1. dbms_!utput.put_line(8_t.pri!r(@##;

1C. dbms_!utput.put_line(8_t.ne$t(A##;

1. dbms_!utput.put_line(8_t.c!unt#;

1G. dbms_!utput.put_line(8_t(##;

62. end;

61. Example 2:

66. declare

6@. t,pe t1 is table !4 number(12#

6A. inde$ b, binar,_integer;

6. 8_t t1;

6. begin



6C. 8_t(1#%012;

6. 8_t(6#%062;

6G. 8_t(@#%0@2;

@2. 8_t(A#%0A2;

@1. 8_t(#%02;

@6. dbms_!utput.put_line(8_t.c!unt#;

@@. 8_t.delete(6&@#;

@A. dbms_!utput.put_line(8_t.c!unt#;

@. 8_t.delete;

@. dbms_!utput.put_line(8_t.c!unt#;

@C. end;

Q : 1%it# a PLSQL )%o%am to #t all #m)lo## nam#s 3%om #m)

ta&l# an$ sto%# it into in$#0 & ta&l# an$ $is)la $ata 3%om in$#0

& ta&l#;

Program :

declare

t,pe t1 is table !4 8arc5ar6(12#

inde$ b, binar,_integer;

8_t t1;

curs!r c1 is select ename 4r!m emp;

n number(#%01;

begin

!pen c1;

l!!p

4etc5 c1 int! 8_t(n#;




n%0nN1;

end l!!p;

cl!se c1;

4!r i in 8_t.Trst..8_t.last

l!!p

dbms_!utput.put_line(8_t(i##;

end l!!p;

end;

Program :

declare



8_t t1;

begin

select ename bul c!llect int! 8_t 4r!m emp;


l!!p


end l!!p;

end;

Program :

declare

t,pe t1 is table !4 date




8_t t1;

begin

4!r i in 1..12

l!!p

8_t(i#%0s,sdateNi;

end l!!p;


l!!p


end l!!p;

end;

Q : 1%it# a PLSQL P%o%am to %#t%i#(# all ?oinin $at#s 3%om

#m) ta&l# an$ sto%# it into in$#0 & ta&l# an$ $is)la cont#nt

3%om in$#0 & ta&l#;

Program :

declare

t,pe t1 is table !4 date


8_t t1;

begin

select 5iredate bul c!llect int! 8_t 4r!m emp;


l!!p




end l!!p;

end;

Example :

declare


inde$ b, 8arc5ar6(12#;

8_t t1;

$ 8arc5ar6(12#;

begin

8_t(MaM#%0 M=H+M;

8_t(MbM#%0 MRFM;

8_t(McM#%0 MB7?M;

$ %0MaM;

l!!p

dbms_!utput.put_line(8_t($##;

$ %0 8_t.ne$t($#;

e$it 5en $ is null;

end l!!p;

end;

Example :

declare

t,pe t1 is table !4 emp9r!t,pe


8_t t1;



$ number(#;

begin

select < bul c!llect int! 8_t 4r!m emp;

$%01;

l!!p

dbms_!utput.put_line(8_t($#.empn!M&M8_t($#.ename#;

$%08_t.ne$t($#;

e$it 5en $ is null;

end l!!p;

end;

( O= #

Example :

declare



8_t t1;

begin

select < bul c!llect int! 8_t 4r!m emp;


l!!p

dbms_!utput.put_line(8_t(i#.empn!M&M8_t(i#.ename#;

end l!!p;

end;



!. ested ables

+is is also )se defined t/'e *+ic+ is )sed to stoe

m)lti'le data items in a sin(le )nit b)t befoe *e ae stoin(act)al data *e m)st initialiFe t+e data *+ile )sin( const)cto.

Iee const)cto name is same as t/'e name.

7eneall/ *e ae not allo* to stoe inde b/ tables

'emanentl/ into database, to oecome t+is 'oblem t+e/ aeintod)ce ested ables to etension of t+e inde b/ tables.

+ese )se defined t/'es stoed 'emanentl/ into

database )sin( sl.

&n &nde b/ tables *e can not add o emoe t+e

indees. *+ee as in ested tables *e can add o emoe t+e

indees )sin( 2tend, im collection met+ods.

&n ested tables *e can allocate t+e memo/

e'licitl/ *+ile )sin( 2tend met+od

S,nta$ % ),pe t,pe_name is )able !4 datat,pe( sie #;8ariable_name t,pe_name( #; Y 3!nstruct!r_+ame

Example :

Declare

t,pe t1 is table !4 number(12#;

8 t1%0t1(#;

begin

8.e$tend(122#;

8(122#%012;

dbms_!utput.put_line(8(122##;

end;

Example :

Declare




81 t1%0t1(12&62&@2&A2&2#;

begin

dbms_!utput.put_line(81.Trst#;

dbms_!utput.put_line(81.last#;

dbms_!utput.put_line(81.pri!r(@##;

dbms_!utput.put_line(81.ne$t(@##;

dbms_!utput.put_line(81.c!unt#;

dbms_!utput.put_line(81(@##;

4!r i in 81.Trst..81.last

l!!p

dbms_!utput.put_line(81(i##;

end l!!p;

end;

Example :

Declare


81 t1;

86 t1%0t1(#;

begin

i4 81 is null t5en

dbms_!utput.put_line(M81 is nullM#;

else

dbms_!utput.put_line(M81 is n!t nullM#;



end i4;

i4 86 is null t5en

dbms_!utput.put_line(M86 is nullM#;

else

dbms_!utput.put_line(M86 is n!t nullM#;

end i4;

end;

Example :

Declare


8 t1%0t1(#;

begin

8.e$tend;

8(1#%0;

dbms_!utput.put_line(8(1##;

end;

Q : 1%it# a PLSQL )%o%am to #t all #m)lo## nam#s 3%om #m)

ta&l# an$ sto%# it into "#st#$ Ta&l# an$ $is)la $ata 3%om "#st#$

Ta&l#;

Program

declare

t,pe t1 is table !4 8arc5ar6(12#;

8 t1%0t1(#;

curs!r c1 is select ename 4r!m emp;

n number(12#%01;



begin

4!r i in c1

l!!p

8.e$tend(#;

8(n#%0i.ename;

n%0nN1;

end l!!p;


l!!p


end l!!p;

end;

( O= #

Program :

declare

t,pe t1 is table !4 8arc5ar6(12#;

8 t1%0t1(#;

begin

select ename bul c!llect int! 8 4r!m emp;


l!!p


end l!!p;

end;



Program :

declare

t,pe t1 is table !4 emp9r!t,pe;

8 t1%0t1(#;

begin

select < bul c!llect int! 8 4r!m emp;


l!!p

dbms_!utput.put_line(8(i#.empn!M&M8(i#.enameM&M8(i#.!b#;

end l!!p;

end;

Daa/s

+is is also )se defined t/'e *+ic+ is )sed to stoe

m)lti'le data items in a sin(le )nit b)t befoe *e ae stoin(act)al data *e m)st initialiFe t+e data *+ile )sin( const)cto.

+ese )se defined t/'es stoed 'emanentl/ into

database )sin( sl.

asicall/ *e ae )sin( t+e Daa/s fo etiein( t+e

+)(e data.

S,nta$ % ),pe t,pe_name is 8arra,( ma$sie # !4datat,pe( sie #;*ariable_name ),pe_name %0 ),pe_name( #;

Program :

Declare

t,pe t1 is 8arra,(2# !4 emp9r!t,pe;

8 t1%0t1(#;

begin



select < bul c!llect int! 8 4r!m emp;


l!!p

dbms_!utput.put_line(8(i#.empn!M&M8(i#.enameM&M

8(i#.!b#;

end l!!p;

end;

iffeence b#* &nde b/ able, ested able,

Daa/s

In$#0 & Ta&l# "#st#$ Ta&l# Va%%as

&t is not stoed 'emanentl/

in database.

<e can not add o emoe

indees.

&ndees statin( fom

ne(atie to 'ositien)mbes and also +ain(

ke/ al)e 'ais.

&t is stoed 'emanentl/

in database b/ )sin(

sl.

<e can add o emoeindees )sin(

etend, timmet+od.

&ndees statin( fom 1.

&t is stoed

in datab

sl.

<e can addindees

etend,

&ndees sta

)lk Mec+anism

)lk is one of t+e met+od *+ic+ is )sed to im'oe

t+e 'efomance of t+e a''lications.

Cacle intod)ce b)lk bind 'ocess )sin( collection

i.e in t+is 'ocess *e ae ')ttin( all sl statement elated

al)es into collection and in t+is collection *e ae 'efomin(

inset, )'date, delete at a time )sin( fo all statement.



&n t+is b)lk *e +ae t*o actions

1. )lk ollect

!. )lk ind

1. )lk ollect

1. &n t+is cla)se *e ae )sed to fetc+ t+e data fom

eso)ce into collection

!. +is cla)ses )sed in

1. $elect ...........into............cla)se

!. )so...........Betc+...........$tatement

3. ml............?et)nin(.........la)ses

1. )lk ollect )sed in select .....into.....cla)se Syntax : select < bul c!llect int!c!llecti!n_name 4r!m table_name.

6. Program :

@. Declare

A. t,pe t1 is table !4 emp9r!t,pe

. inde$ b, binar,_integer;

. 8 t1;

C. begin

. select < bul c!llect int! 8 4r!m emp;

G. 4!r i in 8.Trst..8.last

12. l!!p

11. dbms_!utput.put_line(8(i#.empn!M&M

8(i#.enameM&M8(i#.!b#;

16. end l!!p;



1@. end;

14. )lk ollect )sed inc)so......fetc+.......statement Syntax : 4etc5curs!r_name bul c!llect int! c!llecti!n_8ariable.

1. Program

1. Declare

1C. t,pe t1 is table !4 8arc5ar6(12#

1. inde$ b, binar,_integer;

1G. 81 t1;

62. 86 t1;

61. curs!r c1 is select ename&!b 4r!m emp;

66. begin

6@. !pen c1;

6A. 4etc5 c1 bul c!llect int! 81&86;

6. cl!se c1;

6. 4!r i in 81.Trst..81.last

6C. l!!p

6. dbms_!utput.put_line(81(i#M&M86(i##;

6G. end l!!p;

@2. end;

ime "o(am *it+ o)t LN

Declare



8r! 8arc5ar6(2#;

curs!r c1 is select !bect_name 4r!m

all_!bects;

1 number(12#;

6 number(12#;

begin

1%0dbms_utilit,.get_time;

!pen c1;

l!!p

4etc5 c1 int! 8r!;


end l!!p;

cl!se c1;


dbms_!utput.put_line(1#;


dbms_!utput.put_line(6-1#;

end;

ime "o(am *it+ LN

Declare

t,pe t1 is table !4 8arc5ar6(2# inde$ b,

binar,_integer;

81 t1;



curs!r c1 is select !bect_name 4r!m

all_!bects;

1 number(12#;

6 number(12#;

begin


!pen c1;

l!!p

4etc5 c1 bul c!llect int! 81;


end l!!p;

cl!se c1;




dbms_!utput.put_line(6-1#;

end;

31. )lk ollect )sed in ML..........?et)nin(

cla)ses. Syntax : dml statement returningc!lumn_name int! 8ariable_name;

@6. Example :

@@. *ariable a 8arc5ar6(12#;

@A. Hpdate emp set sal0salN122 5ere ename

0M?+M returning !b int! %a;

@. Print a;



% : <ite a "L$%L $toed "oced)e modif/ salaies

of t+e clek fom em' table and also t+ese modified

al)e immediatel/ stoed into inde b/ table b/ )sin(dml ...et)nin( cla)se and also dis'la/ content fom

inde b/ tableP

Program :

3reate !r replace pr!cedure p1 is



81 t1;

begin

update emp set sal0salN122 5ere

!b0M3LE=M

returning

empn!&ename&!b&mgr&5iredate&sal&c!mm&deptn!

bul c!llect int! 81;

dbms_!utput.put_line(Mupdated n!%!4 clers

are%Msl9r!c!unt#;


l!!p

dbms_!utput.put_line(81(i#.enameM&M

81(i#.!bM&M81(i#.sal#;

end l!!p;

end;

!. )lk ind

1. &n b)lk bind 'ocess *e ae 'efomin( b)lk of

o'eations )sin( collection i.e in t+is 'ocess *e ae

)sin( b)lk )'date, b)lk delete, b)lk inset )sin( foallstatement.



!. efoe *e ae )sin( b)lk bind 'ocess *e ae fetc+in(

data fom database into collections )sin( b)lk collect

cla)se.

Syntax : 4!rall inde$8ar in c!llecti!n8ar.4rist..c!llecti!n8ar.last

Example :

Declare

t,pe t1 is 8arra,(12# !4 number(12#;

81 t1%0t1(12&62#;

begin

4!rall i in 81.Trst..81.last

update emp set sal0salN122 5ere deptn!081(i#;

end;

B!lk U)$at#

Program :

Declare

t,pe t1 is table !4 number(# inde$ b, binar,_integer;

81 t1;

begin

select empn! bul c!llect int! 81 4r!m emp;


update emp set sal0salN111 5ere empn!081(i#;

end;

B!lk D#l#t#

Program :

Declare



t,pe t1 is 8arra,(12# !4 number(12#;

81 t1%0t1(62&@2&A2#;

begin


delete 4r!m emp 5ere empn!081(i#;

end;

B!lk Ins#%t

Program :

Declare

t,pe t1 is table !4 number(12# inde$ b, binar,_integer;

81 t1;

begin

4!r i in 1..122

l!!p

81(i#%0i;

end l!!p;


insert int! bt 8alues (81(i##;

end;



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