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Themed session: Demography and the vulnerability of populations THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POPULATION GEOGRAPHIES 10-13 July 2007, Hong Kong. Theme: Vulnerability at stages in the migration process: departure, arrival, settlement and integration. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Place, Culture and Vulnerability in the Place, Culture and Vulnerability in the Metropolis: Conflicts and Implications for Metropolis: Conflicts and Implications for
migrantsmigrants
Eduardo Marandola Jr.Institute of Geosciences, State University of Campinas, Brazil. [email protected]
Daniel Joseph HoganPopulation Studies Center, State University of Campinas, Brazil. [email protected]
Theme: Vulnerability at stages in the migration process:departure, arrival, settlement and integration
Themed session: Demography and the vulnerability of populationsTHE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POPULATION
GEOGRAPHIES10-13 July 2007, Hong Kong
Population Population Vulnerability and Vulnerability and Vulnerability of Vulnerability of PlacePlace
• The conjunctive perspective (holistic approach) includes space-society relationships: there is no population vulnerability without vulnerability of place
• Because population vulnerability is configured from situations (population conditions) and position (relative localization), it is impossible to separate vulnerability from its spatiality
• Place is key to a comprehensive perspective on vulnerability, because it is in place that the materialization of multi-dimensional phenomena occurs
Mobility, Culture Mobility, Culture and Placeand Place
• Mobility is an ambiguous phenomenon because it can produce or diminish vulnerability, involving both short and longer movements– Movements may be of short
distances from home and immediate life spaces
– Movements may also be to destinations farther from home (protection place par excellence)
• Mobility-generated risks are ambivalent– Risks related to mobility
(traffic, pollution, stress) may increase
– Risks of isolation from the fragmented social fabric may be diminished, allowing maintenance of relations and strengthening social capital
An example for discussion:An example for discussion:migrants in Sumaré, São Paulo, migrants in Sumaré, São Paulo,
BrazilBrazil
Source: IBGE, 2000.
CMR
SPMR
BSMR
Sumaré, Campinas Metropolitan Sumaré, Campinas Metropolitan Region (CMR), São Paulo State, BrazilRegion (CMR), São Paulo State, Brazil
Campinas Campinas Metropolitan Metropolitan Region – Region – Urban Plan, Roads Urban Plan, Roads and Railwaysand Railways
Spatial mobility of Spatial mobility of population and population and migrationmigration
• Spatial mobility can both increase and diminish vulnerability
• The same is true of immobility; it may represent organic relations (cultural and identity links) as well as the impossibility of mobility to search for better conditions
• Metropolitan spaces, as in Sumaré/Campinas, allow people to use these possibilities in varied forms: the number of options for daily mobility is continually greater.
• Choices of migrants and non-migrants are based on different elements, affecting vulnerability directly
Population dinamic Population dinamic – 1970-2000– 1970-2000
0
23.074
0
101.834
85.859
141.011
115.720
168.058
151.669
196.055
201.795
237.900
0
50.000
100.000
150.000
200.000
250.000
300.000
350.000
400.000
450.000
1970 1980 1991 1996 2000 2006*
Sumaré (and Hortolândia) population1970-2006
Sumaré
Hortolândia
Source: IBGE. * Estimativa.
Taxa de Crescimento da População - Sumaré, São Paulo, Brazil - 1970-2000
0 0
6,53
16,01
3,732,533
3,5
6,49
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1970-1980 1980-1991 1991-2000
Hortolândia
Sumaré
CMR
Source: IBGE.
Percentage of the migrants for number of years of uninterrupted residence in the city in
relation to the total population - Sumaré, São Paulo, Brazil - 1970-2000
16%
28%
17%
39%
2000
1991
1980
1970
Population and migrants per number of years of ininterrupted residence in the city - Sumaré, São Paulo, Brazil - 1970-2000
196.055
141.011
101.834
23.07417.187
3.784
74.754
39.853
0
30.000
60.000
90.000
120.000
150.000
180.000
210.000
2000 1991 1980 1970
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
70.000
80.000População total
Migrantes no período*
Migrants per year of Migrants per year of residence in relation residence in relation to the populationto the population
Source: IBGE.
Source: IBGE.
Time of the Time of the residence residence ininterrupted in the ininterrupted in the curretily city - curretily city - Sumaré, São Paulo, Sumaré, São Paulo, Brazil - 2000Brazil - 2000
13%3%
29%55%
0-10 anos11 a 20 anos
21 a 30 anos31 ou mais
17%3%
13%
24%
14%
29%
0-2 anos3-5 anos6-10 anos11 a 20 anos21 a 30 anos31 ou mais
City of residence of the migrants originaded of other cities of Campinas Metropolitan Region in
July, 1st 1995 - Sumaré, São Paulo, Brazil
64%
9%
27%
Metropolitan Center
Micro-region
Other cities
Migrants city residence in July 1st 1995 - Sumaré, São Paulo, Brazil
9%3%
6%32%
8%
40%
2%
NorteNordesteCentro-OesteSudesteSulEstado de São Paulo*Região Metropolitana de Campinas
Migration origin Migration origin (in July 1st 1995)(in July 1st 1995)
Urban plan of Sumaré - Urban plan of Sumaré - fragmentation and areasfragmentation and areas
CommutingCommuting
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
16.000
18.000
20.000
22.000
MetropolitanCenter
Microregion Other citiesCMR
Other cities
Migrants and non-migrants commuting per city of origin - 2000
Migrant commuting
Non-migrant commutin
Migrants and non-migrants commuting - 2000
87%
13%
Migrant commuting
Non-migrant commuting
CommutingCommuting
Migrants commuting per years of residence in Sumaré - 2000
15%
27%
31%
1%
14%
12%
0-2 anos3-5 anos6-10 anos11-20 anos21-30 anos31 ou mais anos
Migrants commuting per city of origin - 2000
68%
6%8%
18%
Metropolitan CenterMicroregion
Other cities CMROther cities
Places and risks: Places and risks: differences differences between migrants between migrants and non-migrantsand non-migrants
• This intense spatial mobility of the population, both migration and commuting, makes integration with the local systems of security difficult, and mobility (work, study, entertainment, family interactions) becomes part of a lifestyle, producing vulnerabilities beyond those of the city
• Both migrants and the city itself are always evolving, since there are many interruptions and discontinuities
• The relation with places is different from the relations established and maintained outside of the city (greater or lesser mobility)
Especific Especific vulnerabilities the vulnerabilities the migrants in migrants in fragmentation fragmentation spacespace
• For upper and upper middle income migrants, the most significant vulnerability is existential: lifestyle choices, mobility, violence, culture and leisure
• For lower and lower middle migrants, besides existential vulnerability, social vulnerability is very important: where to work, cost of living, conditions of life, violence, poverty
• High mobility is put into motion in order to maintain relations with the place of origin or with other migrants from the same origin, as well as to satisfy the necessities of existential security
Commuting and Commuting and vulnerability of vulnerability of the citythe city
• Commuting is an ambivalent element in the promotion of the existential security/insecurity: it adds and it disaggregates in the same movement
• However, it increases the vulnerability of places, promoting new cultural and political ties which weaken involvement with places, and reduces their scope (housing is limited to the house itself, neighborhood and city diminishing in importance)
• Hyper-mobility makes cities and populations more vulnerable
Perspectives and Perspectives and conclusions – conclusions – theoretical and theoretical and conceptual waysconceptual ways
• It is necessary to comprehend and investigate mobility-vulnerability relationships, in their multiple aspects
• Differences between migrants and non-migrants influence individual and collective vulnerability as vulnerability of place, since they interact with social and cultural dimensions in the production of space
• It is necessary to incorporate commuting in vulnerability studies, including other movements besides work and study, since in the contemporary metropolis all dimensions of the life of families are involved