Upload
shifa-syahidatul-wafa
View
213
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Plagiarism
Citation preview
Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012
ImamiNR-FIKUI 1
Scientific Misconduct what it is and how to avoid it
Presented by:
Imami Nur Rachmawati
1ImamiNR
Session Overview
What It Is
Terminology
Legal Implications
Four Types of Plagiarism
How to Avoid It
Methods
Proper Quotations
Proper Citations
Q & A Time!
2ImamiNR
Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012
ImamiNR-FIKUI 2
Scientific Misconduct
3ImamiNR
Terminology-Research misconduct
Fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research result Fabrication: making up data or results & recording or
reporting them
Falsification: manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing, or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record
Plagiarism is the appropriation of anothers ideas, processes, results or words without giving appropriate credit
Research misconduct does not include honest error or difference opinion
4ImamiNR
Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012
ImamiNR-FIKUI 3
Fabrication
Membuat data yg sebenarnya tidak ada
menjadi ada
Contoh
John Darsee
William Summerlin
Woo Suk Hwang
ImamiNR5
Falsification
Mengubah data
Fabrikasi & falsifikasi
sering dilakukan bersama
ImamiNR6
Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012
ImamiNR-FIKUI 4
Kesalahan yg jujur
Scientific misconduct honest error
Akibat: ketidaktahuan peneliti, bukan
ketidakjujuran yg disengaja
Kurang pemahaman metodologi
Penggunaan uji statistik yg keliru
Kesalahan interpretasi
ImamiNR7
Terminology: Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the act of stealing someone else's work and attempting to "pass it off" as your own. This can apply to anything, from term papers to photographs to songs, even ideas!
Plagiarism is the act of presenting the words, ideas, images, sounds, or the creative expression of others as your own.
8ImamiNR
Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012
ImamiNR-FIKUI 5
Terminology: Copyright
Di Indonesia, masalah hak cipta diatur dalam Undang-undang Hak Cipta, yaitu, yang berlaku saat ini, Undang-undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2002. Dalamundang-undang tersebut, pengertian hak cipta adalah"hak eksklusif bagi pencipta atau penerima hak untukmengumumkan atau memperbanyak ciptaannya ataumemberikan izin untuk itu dengan tidak mengurangipembatasan-pembatasan menurut peraturanperundang-undangan yang berlaku" (pasal 1 butir 1).
9ImamiNR
Klasifikasi Plagiarism
Berdasarkan aspek yg dicuri: plagiarism ide,
isi/ data, kata, kalimat, paragraf, total
Berdasarkan kesengajaan: sengaja atau tidak
sengaja
Berdasarkan proporsi yg dibajak: ringan
(30%), sedang (30-70%), total (>70%)
angka kepantasan
Berdasarkan pola: kata demi kata, mosaik
Auto-plagiarism/ self-plagiarism
ImamiNR10
Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012
ImamiNR-FIKUI 6
Tipe Plagiarisme: Copying
The most well-known and,
sadly, the most common
type of plagiarism is the
simplest: copying you
copy someone else's work
and put your name on it,
you have plagiarized.
11ImamiNR
Copying: An Example
"Children are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness; it is the rare child who labels a parent shy [...] This is understandable, since parents are in positions of control and authority in their homes and may not reveal their shy side to their children. Also, since shyness is viewed as undesirable by many children, it may be threatening to think of parents in these terms. At this young age, the parent is still idealized as all-knowing and all-powerful - -not dumb, ugly, or weak."
Zimbardo, Philip G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do about it. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books.
12ImamiNR
Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012
ImamiNR-FIKUI 7
Copying: An Example
This one is pretty straightforward. If a writer had
copied, word for word, the text from Dr.
Zimbardo's book and not acknowledged in any
way that it was Dr. Zimbardo's work, the writer
would have committed plagiarism.
13ImamiNR
Tipe: Patchwork Plagiarism
The second most common type of plagiarism: patchwork plagiarism. This occurs when the plagiarizer borrows the "phrases and clauses from the original source and weaves them into his own writing without putting the phrases in quotation marks or citing the author.
14ImamiNR
Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012
ImamiNR-FIKUI 8
Patchwork: An Example
With regard to children, they are totally insensitive
to their parents' shyness. Rare is the child who
labels a parent shy. It is easy to understand this,
since the parents are in positions of control and
authority in their own homes and may not
necessarily show their shy side to their children.
Moreover, since shyness is viewed as unfavorable
by most children, it may be threatening for them to
think of their parents in that light. During the
formative years, the parent is idealized as all-
knowing and all-powerful -- not dumb, ugly, or
weak.
15ImamiNR
Patchwork: An Example
Now, had the "author" of this passage put the colored
phrases in quotation marks and added a citation after
the quotation, like (Zimbardo 62), the "author" would
have been safe. Without the quotation marks and the
proper citation, the "author" has committed plagiarism.
16ImamiNR
Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012
ImamiNR-FIKUI 9
Tipe: Paraphrasing Plagiarism
This occurs when the plagiarizer paraphrases or summarizes another's work without citing the source. Even changing the words a little or using synonyms but retaining the author's essential thoughts, sentence structure, and/or style without citing the source is still considered plagiarism.
17ImamiNR
Paraphrasing: An Example
Children are completely insensitive to their parents' shyness and rarely label their parents as shy. Because the parents are the authority and controlling figures in the home, they may not feel shy and therefore not show their shy side. Moreover, during the formative years, parents are seen as omnipotent and omniscient and not stupid, unattractive, or pathetic; it may be frightening for children to view their parents in terms of shyness.
18ImamiNR
Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012
ImamiNR-FIKUI 10
Paraphrasing: An Example
Now, had the "author" of this paragraph used footnotes
or parenthetical citations to acknowledge Dr.
Zimbardo's work, he or she would have been in the
clear. However, since the "author" acts like these ideas
are his or her own, and does not acknowledge Dr.
Zimbardo, it's plagiarism.
19ImamiNR
Tipe plagiarisme
Intentional
Copying a friends work
Buying or borrowing papers
Cutting and pasting blocks of text from electronic sources without documenting
Media borrowing without documentation
Web publishing without permissions of creators
Unintentional
Careless
paraphrasing
Poor documentation
Quoting excessively
Failure to use your
own voice
20ImamiNR
Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012
ImamiNR-FIKUI 11
Excuses
Its okay if
I dont get caught!
My teachers expect
too much!
Ive got to get into??? U.!
My parentsexpect As!
This assignment
was BORING!
Everyone does it!
21ImamiNR
I was too busy to write that paper!(Job, big game, too much homework!)
Rationale for academic integrity
(as if it were necessary!)
When you copy you cheat yourself. You limit your own learning.
The consequences are not worth the risks!
It is only right to give credit to authors whose ideas you use
Citing gives authority to the information you present
Citing makes it possible for your readers to locate your source
Education is not an us vs. them game! Its about learning to learn!
Cheating is unethical behavior
Is your academic
reputation valuable
to you?
22ImamiNR
Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012
ImamiNR-FIKUI 12
Real life consequences:
Damaged the reputation of two prominent historians, Stephen Ambrose and Doris Kearns Goodwin,
Kearns left television position and stepped down as Pulitzer Prize judge for lifting 50 passages for her 1987 book The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys (Lewis)
Senator Joseph Biden dropped his 1987 campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination. (Sabato)
Copied in law school and borrowed from campaign speeches of Robert Kennedy
Boston Globe journalist Mike Barnicle forced to resign for plagiarism in his columns (Boston Columnist . . .)
Probe of plagiarism at UVA--45 students dismissed, 3 graduate degrees revoked
CNN Article AP. 26 Nov. 2001
Channel One Article AP. 27 Nov. 2002
23ImamiNR
Possible school consequences 0 on the assignment
Parent notification
Referral to administrators
Suspension or dismissal from school activities--sports and extracurricular
Note on student record
Loss of reputation among the school community
ImamiNR24
Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012
ImamiNR-FIKUI 13
Is this important?
What if:
Your architect cheated his way through math class. Will your new home be safe?
Your lawyer paid for a copy of the bar exam to study. Will the contract she wrote for you stand up in court?
The accountant who does your taxes hired someone to write his papers and paid a stand-in to take his major tests? Does he know enough to complete your tax forms properly?
25ImamiNR
Do I have
to cite everything?
Common Knowledge
NO!
Facts that are widely known, or
Information or judgments considered common knowledge
Do NOT have to be documented.
Hooray for commonknowledge!
26ImamiNR
Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012
ImamiNR-FIKUI 14
Examples of common knowledge
Soekarno was our first president
The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on
December 7, 1941
If you see a fact in three or more sources,
and you are fairly certain your readers
already know this information, it is likely to
be common knowledge.
But when in doubt, cite!
27ImamiNR
No need to document when:
You are discussing your own
experiences, observations, or reactions
Compiling the results of original
research, from science experiments, etc.
You are using common knowledge
28ImamiNR
Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012
ImamiNR-FIKUI 15
Whats the big deal?
29ImamiNR
Avoiding Plagiarism
Avoiding plagiarism is quite simple. The best method for
avoiding it is to simply be honest; when you've used a
source in your paper, give credit where it's due.
Acknowledge the author of the original work you've used.
30ImamiNR
Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012
ImamiNR-FIKUI 16
Use these three strategies
Quoting
Paraphrasing
Summarizing
To blend source materials in with your own,
making sure your own voice is heard.
31ImamiNR
Quoting
Quotations are the exact words of an author, copied directly from a source, word for word. Quotations must be cited!
Use quotations when:
You want to add the power of an authors words to support your argument
You want to disagree with an authors argument
You want to highlight particularly eloquent or powerful phrases or passages
You are comparing and contrasting specific points of view
You want to note the important research that precedes your own
32ImamiNR
Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012
ImamiNR-FIKUI 17
Proper Quotations
In order to properly quote your sources, you should
consult the style manual that would be appropriate for
the research. In most cases, your professor will tell you
which style manual would be preferred. If your
professor doesn't indicate which manual to use, be
sure to ask.
33ImamiNR
APA or Chicago Quotations
Indirect: Some researchers note that "children are
totally insensitive to their parents' shyness"
(Zimbardo, 1977, p.62).
Direct: Zimbardo (1977) notes that Children are
totally insensitive to their parents shyness (p. 62).
Paraphrasing: Some researches have observed that
children seem oblivious to their parents bashfulness
(Zimbardo, 1977).
34ImamiNR
Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012
ImamiNR-FIKUI 18
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing means rephrasing the words of an author, putting his/her thoughts in your own words. When you paraphrase, you rework the sources ideas, words, phrases, and sentence structures with your own. Like quotations, paraphrased material must be followed with in-text documentation and cited on your Works-Cited page.
Paraphrase when:
You plan to use information on your note cards and wish to avoid plagiarizing
You want to avoid overusing quotations
You want to use your own voice to present information
35ImamiNR
Summarizing
Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) of one or several writers into your own words, including only the main point(s). Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material. Again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to their original sources.
Summarize when:
You want to establish background or offer an overview of a topic
You want to describe knowledge (from several sources) about a topic
You want to determine the main ideas of a single source
36ImamiNR
Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012
ImamiNR-FIKUI 19
As you take notes:
Include any direct quotes or unique phrases in
quotation marks or mark with a big Q and
make sure the speakers /writers name is
identified.
Make sure you note a paraphrase with the
writers name and mark it with a big P
Include page numbers and source references
so you can go back and check for accuracy as
you write.
37ImamiNR
Q & A Time!
38ImamiNR
Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012
ImamiNR-FIKUI 20
Resources
Presentation URL
http://www.ulm.edu/~lowe/plagiarism.ppt
The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/
Book
Mengurai & merajut tesis & disertasi -
Sastroasmoro
My Email: [email protected]
39ImamiNR