PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK … itu, peneliti juga menemukan beberapa kata bahasa Inggris yang diadopsi penuh ke da lam Bahasa Indonesia. Dari hasil penelitian, peneliti menyarankan

ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING IN INDONESIAN WOMAN MAGAZINES

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By Emmanuella Swastika Datu

Student Number: 05 1214 004

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

2009

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii


iii


iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that the thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, 24 June 2009

The Writer

Emmanuella Swastika Datu 05 1214 004


v

ABSTRACT

Datu, Emmanuella Swastika. (2009). English Code-switching in Indonesian Woman Magazines. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University. Code-switching is one of the phenomena in sociolinguistics. Code-switching normally occurs in a multilingual community. People from different backgrounds and languages may switch to each other’s language. One of the purpose is to smooth communication. Code-Switching is also a popular phenomenon in language learning. Both language teachers and learners use code-switching in the learning process. In the development, code-switching may support and hinder second language acquisition. This study was aimed at accomplishing three major objectives: (1) to analyze the types of code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines; (2) to identify the possible reasons for code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines and (3) to identify the possible implication of code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines towards English language learning in Indonesia. In order to accomplish the research objectives, the researcher conducted descriptive study in which qualitative data analysis was employed. To answer the first question, the researcher used document analysis. The researcher used library study to answer the second and third question. First, the researcher organized and prepared data for analysis. Second, the researcher read through all the data. Third, detailed analysis with a coding process was completed. The next, the researcher described and categorized the data into qualitative narrative. Finally, the researcher made interpretation of the data. After perusing all necessary data and going through in-depth analysis, the researcher found 4 findings. First, the answer to the first question was there were six major types of code-switching which occurred in the Indonesian woman magazines namely, diglossic code-switching, single-word code-switching, phrase code-switching, clause code-switching, whole sentence code-switching and integrated loanwords code-switching. Second, the answer to the second question was there were four possible reasons for code-switching namely the topic under discussion, the writer quotes others’ expression, formality and efficiency. Third, the answer to the third question was to language learning, grammatical code-switching may support learning but ungrammatical code-switching may obstruct learning. Besides, the researcher also found some English words were fully adopted to Indonesian language. From the research findings, the researcher would like to suggest the future researcher to conduct further study on code-switching. The researcher also suggested the readers of the magazines to be more critical of the code-switching phenomenon so that they can make the best use of it. Keywords: sociolinguistics, code-switching, Indonesian woman magazine


vi

ABSTRAK

Datu, Emmanuella Swastika. (2009). English Code-switching in Indonesian Woman Magazines. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Alih kode adalah salah satu fenomena sosiolinguistik. Alih kode biasanya terjadi di masyarakat multilingual. Orang dari berasal dari latar belakang berbeda dan bahasa ibu yang berbeda dapat mengalihkan bahasa satu sama lain untuk memperlancar komunikasi. Alih kode juga merupakan fenomena popler di pembelajaran bahasa. Dalam perkembangannya, alih kode dapat membantu dan menghambat pembelajaran bahasa asing. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencapai tiga tujuan utama: (1) untuk menganalisa tipe alih kode di majalah wanita; (2) untuk mengidentifikasi alasan yang memungkinkan dari alih kode di majalah wanita Indonesia dan (3) untuk mengidentifikasi dampak dari alih kode di majalah wanita Indonesia terhadap pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris di Indonesia. Untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian, peneliti menggunakan penelitian deskriptif dimana analisis data kualitatif diterapkan. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan pertama, peneliti menggunakan dokumen análisis. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan kedua dan ketiga, peneliti menggunakan studi pustaka. Pertama, peneliti mengorganisasi dan menyiapkan data untuk analisis. Kedua, peneliti membaca keseluruhan data. Ketiga, analisa secara detail dengan proses coding dilakukan. Selanjutnya, peneliti mendeskripsikan dan mengkategorisasikan data ke dalam naratif kualitatif. Dan terakhir, peneliti membuat intepretasi dari data tersebut. Setelah membaca dengan seksama seluruh data yang dibutuhkan dan melakukan analisa yang mendalam, peneliti menemukan 4 penemuan. Pertama, jawaban dari pertanyaan pertama adalah ada enam tipe alih kode yaitu diglossic code-switching, alih kode yang berupa satu kata, alih-kode yang berupa frasa, alih kode yang berupa klausa, alih kode yang berupa kalimat penuh and integrated loanwords code-switching. Kedua, jawaban dari pertanyaan kedua adalah ada empat alasan yang alih kode: topik yang dibahas, penulis mengutip ekspresi lain, esisiensi dan keresmian. Ketiga, jawaban atas pernyaan ketiga adalah pada pembelajaran bahasa, grammatical code-switching dapat mendukung pembelajaran tetapi ungrammatical code-switching dapat menghambat pembelajaran. Selain itu, peneliti juga menemukan beberapa kata bahasa Inggris yang diadopsi penuh ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Dari hasil penelitian, peneliti menyarankan pada peneliti lain untuk melakukan studi lebih mendalam tentang alih kode. Peneliti juga menyarankan pada pembaca majalah untuk lebih kritis terhadap fenomena alih-kode supaya dapat menggunakannya dengan maksimal. Kata kunci: sosiolinguistik, alih kode, majalah wanita Indonesia


vii

Dedicated to

My beloved father and mother Sedya Wibawa & Lusia Sartini For love, care and prayer

Mr. Ouda and All PBI lecturers For kindness, guidance and knowledge

All my friends in PBI For friendship, laughter, warmth and every moments we shared

My Future Life

To the dream I pursue To be with the one to love and to be loved

To dream the impossible dream

To fight the unbeatable foe To bear with unbearable sorrow

To run where the bare dare not go

To right the unrightable wrong To be better far than you are

To try when your arms are too weary To reach the unreachable star

This is my quest

To follow that star No matter how helpless

No matter how far


viii

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama : Emmanuella Swastika Datu

Nomor Mahasiswa : 05 1214 004

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

English Code-Switching In Indonesian Woman Magazines

Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata

Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain,

mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan

mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis

tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya

selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta,

Pada tanggal:

Yang menyatakan


ix

Emmanuella Swastika Datu

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It has been high and low moments that I had to face during the process of

making this thesis. I believe this work would not finish without support and help

from people around me.

So here I am giving my gratitude and thankfulness to each person who

directly – indirectly, consciously – unconsciously strengthen me in the long-

winded journey to achieve my Sarjana Pendidikan degree.

I thank to my Jesus Christ and Mother Mary whose smile always

accompany each time I sit and stare at my computer doing this thesis. I thank for

every word that I surprisingly and accidentally found which made me stronger in

accomplishing this thesis.

I owe so much to the professor wanna be Fx. Ouda Teda Ena, S.Pd.,

M.Pd., my sponsor, for giving me attention, suggestions, guidance, and

motivation during the finishing process of my thesis. I thank him for being so

patient and kind to reply our sms, for being such a good friend and teacher for us.

We wish him luck for your on-going study.

I thank Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd. who helped me so much in the

beginning of my study. I thank Ag. Hardi Prasetyo, S.Pd., M.A. the head of the

study program. I also thank to all EESP lecturers who have given me inspirations

in the process of my study.

I thank my mother Dra. Lusia Sartini, the coolest mom ever, and my father

Drs. Sedya Wibawa. Thank them for being the people who I can always count on.


x

To them, I could never reply back the care, warmth, support, laughter and feeling

of being at home. To my little-big size brother Andreas Agra Phrabaswara and my

little sister Klara Kanya Maitreya for being a fun distraction.

I would also express my gratitude to Romo Nano whose homily inspired

me that “This shall too pass…” and Sr. Benedict who gave me advice in my hard

times. I thank also all my friends in Syantikara Dormitory.

I thank to all my friends for friendship during my four-year study. The

group of Lizanzuzip: Listyan, Lita, Uti, Intan, Sedik, Endru, Sophia, Ima, Disty

for sharing the best moments in Love Her Still; my Microteaching II-mates: Mega,

Ella, Itok, Nita, Ari for laughter and joke and y classmates Ncrut, Devy, Peppy,

Ririth, Sekar, Andre, Wahyu, Ganis and Betty.

I thank Vivi, Dea, Fidel and the other missing people who at the very

beginning worked on this thesis. Thank them for the motivational sms-es and at

one critical point made me realized I had to start again – which unpredictably

moved me to go on.

I also thank Luci, Linda, Ellen and Ikke for being so helpful. My

roommate, Tina – please accept my deep apology for the shipwrecked room we

live in during the last one month.

June 2009

Emmanuella Swastika Datu


xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………. i

APPROVAL PAGES ……………………………………………………… ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ………………………….… iv

ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………... v

ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………..…. vi

PAGE OF DEDICATION …………………………………………………. vii

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ………………………………...….

viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………….. ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………….….. xi

LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………………. xiv

LIST OF FIGURE ………………………………………………………..... xvi

LIST OF APPENDICES …………………………………………………... xvii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background …………………………….……. 1

B. Problem Formulation …………………………….……. 4

C. Problem Limitation ……………………………………. 4

D. Research Objective ……………………………………. 4

E. Research Benefits ………………………………….….. 5

F. Definition of Terms …………………………………..... 5

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Theoretical Description ………………………………… 7

1. Linguistics ……………………………………………… 7


xii

2. Sociolinguistics ………………………………………… 8

3. Code-switching ………………………………………… 9

a. Definition of Code-switching …………………………. 9

b. Types of Code-switching ………………………….…… 10

c. Reasons of Code-switching ………………………..…… 13

d. Code-switching and Language Learning …………….… 14

B. Theoretical Framework ……………………………….... 17

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY

A. Research Method ………………………………………. 20

B. Research Data Source ………………………………….. 21

C. Research Instrument ………………………………….… 23

D. Data Gathering Technique ……………………………... 26

E. Data Analysis Technique ………………………………. 27

F. Research Procedure …………………………………..… 30

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

A. Types of Code-switching

1. Diglossic Code-switching ……………………………… 31

2. Single-word Code-switching …………………….……... 33

3. Phrase Code-switching ……………………………….… 39

4. Clause Code-switching ………………………………… 44

5. Whole Sentence Code-switching ……………………..... 47

6. Integrated Loanwords Code-switching ………………... 51

B. Possible Reasons of Code-switching

1. The Topic Under Discussion …………………………… 56

2. The Writer Quotes Others’ Expression ………………… 58

3. Formality ……………………………………………….. 59

4. Efficiency ………………………………………………. 60

C. Implications to English Language Learning


xiii

1. Code-Switching as One Way to Support English

Language Learning ……………………………………..

60

2. Incorrect Code-Switching Application as a Barrier n

English Language Learning Process …………….……..

61

D. Other Findings ………………………………………..... 65

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions …………………………………………….. 64

B. Suggestions …………………………………………….. 66

REFERENCES …………………………………………………………….. 68

APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………... 70


xiv

LIST OF TABLE

Table Page

3. 1 Sample of Check-list of Code-switching Cases in Indonesian Woman Magazines ……………………………...…..

26

3. 2 Sample of Table of the Number of Code-switching Cases……...…. 27 3. 3 Sample of Table of the Most Frequent Code-switching Cases…….. 28 4. 1 The Number of Diglossic Code-switching Cases

in Indonesian Woman Magazines…………...………….………….. 31

4. 2 The Number of Single-Word Code-switching Cases

in Indonesian Woman Magazines ………………...……………….. 33

4. 3 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching

in Advertisement ………………………………………...………… 34


in Feature ………………………………………………………...… 35


in News …………………………………………………………….. 35


in Opinion ………………………………………………………….. 36

4. 7 The Number of Phrase Code-switching Cases ………….……….... 38 4. 8 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching

in Advertisement ………………………………………...………… 39

4. 9 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Feature ……………. 39 4. 10 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in News ……………… 40


xv

4. 11 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Opinion …................ 41 4. 12 The Number of Clause Code-switching Cases ………...………….. 43 4. 13 The Number of Whole Sentence Code-switching Cases …............... 46 4. 14 The Number of Integrated Loanwords

Code-switching Cases …………………………………………...… 49

4. 15 Integrated Loanwords Cases Code-switching

in Advertisement………………………………………………….... 50

4. 16 The sample of Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in Feature …. 51 4. 17 The sample of Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in News …… 52 4. 18 The sample of Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in Opinion … 53 4. 19 The sample of Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in Fiction..... 54 4. 20 Table of English Phrases

which Implemented to Indonesian Context ………………………... 60

4. 21 Table of Wrong Code-switching Construction

and Its Correction ………………………………………………….. 62

4. 22 Table of Miss-typed English Words ………………………………..

62


xvi

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure Page

3. 1 Steps in Conducting the Study …………………………………….. 30


xvii

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

1 The Observation Form of the Types of Analysis …………………….. 70 2 Sample of Code-switching in Feature Articles of Cita Cinta 25

February to 11 March 2009 …………………………………………... 71

3 Sample of Code-switching in Feature Articles of Femina 7 to 13

February 2009 …………………………………………………...…… 72

4 Sample of Single-word and Integrated loanwords Code-switching in

Opinion Articles of Cita Cinta 25 to 11 March 2009 ………………… 73

5 Sample of Diglossic and Single-word Code-switching in Feature

Articles of Cita Cinta 25 February to 11 March 2009 ……………….. 74

6 Sample of Phrase and Whole sentence Code-switching in Feature

Articles of Femina 7 to 13 February 2009 …………………………… 75



8 Sample of Diglossic Code-switching in Advertisement of Femina 14

to 20 February 2009 ………………………………………………….. 77

9 Sample of Phrase, Clause and Whole sentence Code-switching in

Feature Articles of Femina 7 to 13 February 2009 …………………... 78




1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the researcher elaborates six major underlying issues:

research background, problem formulation, problem limitation, research

objectives, research benefits and definition of terms. The introduction is intended

to provide the background information and rationale of the study.

A. Research Background

People who live in bilingual or multilingual community may switch to

either first or second language in order to smooth information exchange.

Consciously or unconsciously, this kind of code-change is a familiar phenomenon.

In a circumstance when English as a second language is being used by Indonesian

native speaker, he or she can juxtaposes words, phrase, clause even a whole

sentence to Indonesian in one communicative situation. That phenomenon is

called code-switching. Code-switching can be defined as “the juxtaposition of

elements from two (or more) languages or dialects” McCormick (1994: 582).

Code-switching happens when a speaker of one language switches to another

language or more within a conversation or text he or she produces. The speaker

may share thoughts or communicate by switching some terms to other languages.

The same is true for Indonesian native speaker who frequently uses

English language juxtaposed to Indonesian language context. Code-switching to

English language in Indonesian context does not only happen in a verbal


2

communication but also written expression. One of the examples is the common

use of English language in Indonesian mass media. Some words and phrases are

changed into English so frequent. As a result, this phenomenon becomes an

interesting language style in some printed mass media. A Filipino case study of

code-switching in the Media states “…code-switching is used in reported speech,

where the exact words of a speaker are being quoted.” (Lambert, 2005: 342). As a

result, in some parts of the newspaper like news, sport or features interviews,

code-switching in quotations is common as well as in the comics and letter to

editor. In that way, code-switching occurs in “…the language that the majority of

the populace can understand easily.” (Lambert, 2005: 341)

The occurrence of code-switching can also be found in Indonesian printed

mass media like newspapers, magazines or tabloids. Generally, code-switching

happens among Indonesian, English and some regional dialects. In many cases,

the English expression is more popular than the Indonesian expression. As a

result, the writer prefers the word print to cetak or dress-code to kode berpakaian.

Code-switching is also a familiar phenomenon in English language

learning. Both teachers and students may consciously or unconsciously aware of

the use of code-switching in learning second language. “Code-switching in

language classroom is not always a blockage or deficiency in learning a language,

but may be considered as a useful strategy in classroom interaction” (Sert, 2005:

5). A language teacher may switch to a native code when explaining grammar

instruction since it helps to transfer new content and make meaning clearer (Sert,

2005: 2). On the other side, code-switching can also be an obstacle for learning.


3

When teacher repetitively translate an instruction to the native language after he

or she uses the target language, students will have a tendency to pay attention to

the latest instruction. As a result, this will reduce students’ willingness to adjust to

the foreign language context. Consequently, “the teacher has a vital role for

preventing its long-term damages on foreign language learning process.” (Sert,

2005: 5). A language teacher, as a role model of second language user, should be

aware of the use of code-switching so he or she can anticipate the negative effects.

It will also be beneficial if the students also have the awareness to the use

of code-switching in language learning process. Students often switch to the first

language once they found difficult expression of a target language. It may seem

helpful in the initial effort but may lead into a “loss of fluency” (Sert, 2005: 4) in

the long run.

Not only teachers but also the students should be aware of the application

of code-switch. Therefore, both sides can cooperate to support a successful

achievement of second language teaching and learning. Code-switching is in line

with successful second language acquisition when its aim is to make meaning

understandable and to transfer the information to students efficiently.

Nevertheless, it can be a learning barrier in the long term which prevents “mutual

intelligibility” (Sert, 2005: 5).


4

B. Problem Formulation

The questions addressed in the research are:

1. What are the types of code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines?

2. What are the reasons for code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines?

3. What are the implications of code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines

towards English language learning in Indonesia?

C. Problem Limitation

This research is limited to elaborate the types, possible reasons and

implications of code-switching to English language learning in Indonesian woman

magazines namely Femina, Kartini and Cita Cinta. Those 3 Indonesian female

magazines are representative since they are familiar and popular among

Indonesian woman. In order to obtain adequate data and also considering the time

efficiency, the researcher used one-month sample of each magazine: 4 series of

Femina as weekly magazine, 2 series of Kartini and Cita Cinta as biweekly

magazine.

D. Research Objectives

The objectives of the study are to answer the three questions raised in the

problem formulation as follows:

1. to analyze the types of code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines

Femina, Kartini and Cita Cinta.


5

2. to identify the possible reasons for code-switching in Indonesian woman

magazines Femina, Kartini and Cita Cinta.

3. to find the implication of code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines

towards English language learning in Indonesia.

E. Research Benefits

This study will hopefully be beneficial for:

1. Future researchers to hold a more in depth study about code-switching

phenomenon.

2. English teachers to be aware of the use of code-switching in the language

learning process so that they can anticipate whether code-switching will

obstruct learning and are able to use it appropriately.

3. Students especially who learn English as a second language, so they have

awareness that code-switching can either help or hinder learning.

F. Definitions of Terms

This section presents the definition of terms which is intended to avoid

confusion and misconception.

1. Code-switching

According to Couplan and Jaworski (2007:361), code-switching can

be defined as the implementation of at least two or more languages in one time

conversation or utterance. In this study, code-switching refers to the


6

juxtaposition of English language to Indonesian language context in Indonesian

woman magazines Femina, Kartini and Cita Cinta.

2. Indonesian woman magazine

Indonesian woman magazines are magazines served in Indonesian

language whose targets are young women in Indonesia. The content of the

magazines are made according to what Indonesian woman interested in or will

probably need such as fashion, health, entertainment, beauty tips/ treatment,

etc. In this study, the researcher chose some representative Indonesian woman

magazines which prominently use English language as juxtaposition to

Indonesian language. They are Femina Magazine, Kartini Magazine and Cita

Cinta Magazine.


7

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is intended to review some theories related to the issue of

the study and to formulate the theoretical framework. For this reason, the

researcher divides this chapter into two major sub-headings, namely theoretical

description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description provides the

theoretical review of the issues whereas the theoretical framework explains the

thread of the theories to formulate the orientation of the study.

A. Theoretical Description

To obtain thorough understanding about code-switching, this theoretical

description is presented. This section elaborates the definition of code-switching,

types, reasons and how it relates to the language learning.

1. Linguistics

There are different definitions of what linguistics is which are proposed by

various linguists. Those definitions are changing from isolated structured context

to a wider scope or language in society.

Linguistics thus addresses itself to the fundamental areas of human experience – the mental and the social. Linguists are interested in how language is organized in the human mind and in how the social structures of human communities shape language to their own purposes, reflecting social structures in language use. (Finegan: 1992 in Emmitt & Pollock, 2002: 76). The aim of linguistics is therefore to study language systematically. Its

purpose is to study language objectively and explain language as it is. It has


8

twofold aim: “to cover general principles underlying human language and to

provide reliable descriptions of individual languages.” (McArthur, 1992: 608).

Linguistics has three classic subdivisions: (1) Phonology the study of sound

patterns; (2) Morphology and syntax the composition of words and sentences; (3)

Semantics the study of meaning. In the later development, some areas have

become increasingly important namely pragmatics, sociolinguistics,

psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, linguistic typology, computational linguistics,

stylistic linguistic and applied linguistics (McArthur, 1992: 609).

In language teaching and learning, it is essential for teachers to have

“explicit knowledge of grammar” to aid students. Teachers should firstly be aware

and critical of the language and then help students to develop a critical awareness

of language, of how power relationship influence language use and how to use

language respectfully (Emmitt & Pollock, 2002: 90).

2. Sociolinguistics

According to Romaine (1994: 4005), “sociolinguistics is the subdiscipline

of linguistics which deals with the relationship between language and society.” It

also encompasses the study of “…attitudes to language and language change…”

Language users may act towards the language. The act depends on the

context, situation or people they communicate with. Sociolinguistics deals with

language and the society who use the language and social background of the

language user – the speaker and the listener. For that reason, the relationship

between speaker and addressee, the context and manner of the interaction are

important factors to maintain good communication.


9

In a social relationship, people modify their language so that message is

clearly understood by the addressee. The same is true in the context of language

teaching and learning. Language teachers modify the language they use in order to

achieve successfully transferred information. In other word, language teachers do

the teacher talk. Teachers may simplify or lengthen the utterance to make meaning

clearer. It is also normal to switch to the mother language to smooth the

communication.

3. Code-switching

In this part, the researcher elaborates the definitions of code-switching,

types of code-switching, reasons of code-switching and its implication to

language learning.

a. Definitions of Code-switching

In multilingual communities, large scale interactions between language

and society as a whole happen. One of the interactions is language shift. In this

phenomenon people use two or more languages at one time conversation or

context which is also known as code-switching.

Bokamba (1989) as cited in Ayeomoni (2006: 91) defines code-switching

as “the mixing of words, phrases and sentences from two distinct grammatical

(sub) systems across sentence boundaries within the same speech event…“ In a

multilingual community, code-switching is a common phenomenon. People who

are capable of speaking two or more languages consciously or unconsciously

substitute phrases or words of a language to another language. Code-switching

helps a speaker of one language to support his thinking and communication


10

(Duran, 1994: 8). When he could not find representative word to explain

something or is not able to utter particular expression in other languages, he may

borrow phrases or words from another language to smooth his communication.

Code-switching can also be defined as “a conversational strategy used to

establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke or change

interpersonal relations with their right and obligations” (Wardhaugh, 1992: 103).

In a circumstance where speakers of various languages have the same necessity

gather in one speech context, code-switching permits them to attain their purpose

effectively and understand each other better.

Nevertheless, when people use code-switching so frequently, it may raise

fears. Since speakers have little control over them, code-switching can be

aberrations to some purists (Duran, 1994:7). They fear that switch of the first to

the second language may interfere the first one from growing or degrade the

language itself.

b. Types of Code-switching

McCormick (1994:582) defines there are 6 major types of code-switching

namely (1) diglossia, (2) situational code-switching, (3) metaphoric code-

switching, (4) code-switching which consists of conversational code-switching,

style shifting and code mixing; (5) single-word code-switching; borrowing and (6)

integrated loanwords.

Diglossia is a feature of speech community rather than individuals

(Wardhaugh, 1992: 30). In diglossic situation, people use two distinct languages

in a society. The distinct languages being used are called “the H (high) and L


11

(low) codes are different languages, one of which has greater prestige than the

other.” (McCormick, 1994:582). Diglossia therefore happens in bilingual situation

where two varieties are required to cover domains of the community.

Situational code-switching is a kind of code-switching in which in a

society “the codes may be perceived as different but be equally valued, and

similarity the situations may be differentiated on grounds other than prestige.”

(McCormick, 1994: 582). For example the people in the district of Sauris who

speak dialects of Friulian and German and the national language, Italian. There is

a governing rule that German is used at home between spouse; Friulian is used in

informal setting such as in the market, neighbor, etc and Italian is used in a more

informal setting such as school, workplace (McCormick, 1994: 582). Thus, the

codes being used are distinguished through horizontal classification which can be

settings, context, topic or participants (McCormick, 1994: 583).

Metaphoric code-switching happens in “a whole conversation, each within

one role relationship.” (McCormick, 1994: 581). For instance, a political public

figure who tries to draw people’s voice uses more than one code. He uses two

codes: language of the people or local dialect to show “high solidarity, equal

status and friendly feelings” (Wardhaugh, 1992: 41) and language to represent

him as political figure that shows “social distance, status and the referential

information” (Wardhaugh, 1992: 41) political world.

Conversational code-switching occurs “within conversations and may take

place within one speaker’s turn” (McCormick, 1994: 583). A speaker may

exchange to another language in one turn conversation. For example, a


12

conversation between Indonesian students who learn English language frequently

use English juxtaposed to Indonesian. The second type of code-switching is style

shifting which takes place when one language with more than 1 style is used in

the society, for instance American people community who use Black English and

formal English. The last type is code mixing. It “suggests the speaker is mixing up

codes indiscriminately or perhaps because of incompetence (Wardhaugh, 1992:

42). This phenomenon normally occurs to second language learners. They may

mix the target language they learn with their mother tongue language to make

communication fluent.

Single word code-switching or borrowing is also called lexical borrowing.

“It involves single words – mainly nouns – and it is motivated by lexical need”

(Wardhaugh, 1992: 42). People use the borrowed words usually according to the

rules of the first language, as if they are part of the first language.

Integrated loanwords occur between morphemes (McCormick, 1994: 581).

It is the combination of two morphemes of different codes to express a word for

example men-download instead of mengunduh. “Download” is more familiar and

frequently used by Indonesian community although there is an official rule from

the government. Mengunduh is the representative word of download according to

Instruksi Presiden Nomor 2 Tahun 2001 about the English terms used in the

internet which are translated into representative Indonesian language.

Gumpers (1982 as cited in Gardner & Chloros, 2007: 361) identifies 2

main sub categories of code-switching: situational and conversational code-

switching. Situational code-switching deals with the alternation of “interlocutor,


13

setting or topic” (Gumpers: 1982 in Gardner & Chloros, 2007: 361). The language

is influenced by what kind of addressee the speaker is talking to, where the

conversation takes place and what subject matter under discussion. Conversational

code-switching is not prejudiced by any changes but motivated by factors inside

the conversation itself.

c. The Reasons for Code-switching

There are 2 reasons for code-switching according to Holmes (2001: 32):

social reason and topic. Social reason takes place when a speaker uses some

vernacular languages in his speech to indicate that he belongs to the community.

Often bilinguals switch to another code within a conversation to talk about a

particular topic. Particularly, in technical topic such as engineering, the engineers

are more familiar to say by-pass than mengalir tanpa halangan when it is

translated into Indonesian. Some topics “…are firmly associated with a particular

code and the topic itself can trigger a switch to the appropriate code” (Holmes,

2001: 37).

According to Poedjosoedarmo (1975 in Lumintaintang: 2003), code-

switching is one strategy of bilingual communication. Code-switching occurs

because of 8 reasons: (1) the speaker quotes sentences; (2) the changing of the

addressee; (3) the influence of the third person; (4) the influence of particular

intention; (5) acting; (6) the topic under discussion; (7) the previous stated

sentence/ expression and (8) situation.

Other researchers mentioned “modernization, westernization, efficiency,

professionalism and social advancement” (Kachru, 1989; Kamwangamalu, 1989


14

as cited in Ayeomoni, 2006:91) as some of reasons of code-switching. English

language as one of the most-widely used language may represent modernization

as well as westernization in Indonesia. For instance there are many international

schools which require English as the communication device in teaching learning

activities. This phenomenon makes English language popular to school-age

students.

Efficiency makes communication more efficient than using translated

version which probably takes longer explanation. Professionalism and social

advancement correlate more on working world. In a professional work, he or she

will take into more consideration than those who are less competitive in English.

As a result, it may affect his social advancement since he or she gets more chance

to deal with wider community.

d. Code-switching and Language Learning

Code-switching can be briefly defined as “a phenomenon of switching

from one language to another in the same discourse.” (Nunan and Carter: 2001 as

cited in Sert, 2005:1). In language learning, code-switching is used by both

teachers and students. A study of the implication of code-switching on language

acquisition right from childhood states that code-switching “correlates positively

with the educational attainment of individuals” (Ayeomoni, 2006: 94) but it is

English language teachers’ job to “devise the means of preventing the demerits

from the adversely affecting the language acquisition process…” (Ayeomoni,

2006: 94).


15

According to Sert (2005), there are differences between the function of

code-switching of teachers and students. In the teachers’ side, code-switching

functions as topic switch, affective function and repetitive function. Topic switch

means teachers convert his language to the topic being discussed. In teaching

language content, it is easier and understandable to switch to native language so

students comprehend the information.

Affective function means teachers use code-switching to build close and

intimate relationship to the students. Teachers may use emotive expression to

support the classroom atmosphere to learn second language. Repetitive function

means that code-switching is to clarify message from teacher to students so they

can comprehend the message efficiently (Mattson and Burenhult: 1999 as cited in

Sert, 2005: 3).

The functions of students’ code-switching are classified into equivalence,

floor-holding, reiteration and conflict control (Elridge: 1996 as cited in Sert, 2005:

3). Equivalence maintains fluent communication by being “defensive mechanism”

(Elridge: 1996 as cited in Sert, 2005: 3). Students alter a certain lexical item to

native language so eliminating gaps of the lack of proficiency in foreign language.

Floor-holding has approximately the same function as equivalence. It is to fill gap

of incapability of using foreign language when students cannot recall expression

in the target language. The last function is control conflict. Students switch to the

first language to avoid misunderstanding.

Nonetheless, those functions mentioned can also be obstacles in learning

foreign language. If students switch to native language too often, it may lead to


16

the lack of fluency in a long term. If teachers frequently use repetitive function to

repeat instruction, students may become dependable and less attentive to the

instruction in the target language.

Students also learn from the language the teacher uses. What the teacher

said will be an example of the real implementation of the target language. In

second language acquisitions theory, what the students received from teacher’s

talk is called input. Ellis (1997: 44) elaborates the role of input and how it may

affect the successful second language acquisition. A study of input modifications

through the phenomenon of foreigner talk shows that it takes into effect the kinds

of talk the foreigner use when communicating with non-native speakers. The

kinds of foreigner talk as the result of the study is ungrammatical and

grammatical. “Ungrammatical foreigner talk is characterized by the deletion of

certain grammatical features such as copula be, modal verbs and articles (Ellis,

1997: 45).”

Ungrammatical foreigner talk may help language learner comprehend the

message better. However, when it is not followed by the correct explanation,

learning can be obstructed.

The second type is grammatical foreigner talk. This type is the norm type

i.e. the use of correct talk according to the rule. There are several of “baseline

talks” (Ellis, 1997: 45). First, grammatical foreigner talk is communicated at slow

speed giving the addressee more time to understand the meaning. Second, the

input is simplified for instance using simpler constructions. The third baseline is

foreigner talk that uses full form rather than the constricted one to refer to the


17

basic form. The fourth is foreigner talk that sometimes lengthens the expression to

make meaning clearer.

Hence, teachers’ understanding and awareness towards code-switching

which can both support and hinder learning are therefore important in language

learning process. For language teachers are the those who are in charge to help the

development of learning, wise consideration of language use must be taken into

account.

B. Theoretical Framework

Based on the theoretical description, the researcher wraps up the

appropriate theories to accomplish the objectives of the study. Therefore, the

researcher uses the types of code-switching according to McCormick (1994:581),

2 reasons of code-switching as proposed by Poedjosoedarmo (1975 in

Lumintaintang: 2003), one reason by Crystal (1987) and one reason by Kachru

and Kamwangamalu (1989 as cited in Ayeomoni, 2006:91) and the role of input

in Second Language Acquisition according to Ellis (1997).

First, according to McCormick (1994:581), there are nine scope of terms

used to designate types of code juxtaposition. The researcher decided to refer to 6

adopted terms namely diglossic code-switching, single-word code-switching,

phrase code-switching, clause code-switching, whole sentence code-switching and

integrated loanwords code-switching. Situational and metaphorical code-

switching, were excluded since those types normally exist in oral communication.

Those six types were considered the most appropriate terms to explain the data

being investigated.


18

Second, there are four possible reasons which will be used to explain the

code-switching phenomenon in Indonesian woman magazines. Poedjosoedarmo

(1975 in Lumintaintang: 2003) proposed the topic under discussion and the

speaker quotes sentences as two of the eight reasons. The topic may affect the

language use. Terms from particular original language do not always have the

exact representative translation in another language. In order to avoid

misconception, original terms of specific topic are maintained.

The second reason, the writer adapted the speaker quotes sentences into

the writer quotes others’ expression since this study mostly dealt with document

analysis in which the writer tries to interpret the meaning of written expression.

Quoting others’ English expression is one way to maintain the sense of the

expression. Target language may be possible to replace the quotation.

Nevertheless, to sustain the meaning and avoid misunderstanding, quotation in the

original language is preserved.

Third, according to Ellis (1997: 45) input has a big role in second language

acquisition. The role of input can be identified through input modifications in the

study of foreigner talk. Foreigner talk refers to “the language that native speakers

use when addressing non-native speakers” (Ellis, 1997: 45). Two types of

foreigner talk are identified: ungrammatical foreigner talk and grammatical

foreigner talk.

The deletion of some grammatical features will make second language

learners understand message easily. Nonetheless, it may obstruct learning.

Learners may imitate the ungrammatical utterance and unconsciously learn the


19

incorrect form. The second type, grammatical foreigner talk, may support

language acquisition. As it is proposed by Krashen (as cited in Ellis, 1997: 45)

that second language acquisition happens when a learner grasp the grammatically

correct input that is transferred.


20

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter illuminates the process of gathering and analyzing the data.

The discussion consists of seven subdivisions, namely research method, source of

data, research instruments, data gathering techniques, data analysis techniques,

and research procedures.

A. Research Method

As has been mentioned in the problem formulation, the study was to

investigate to find out three major problems. First, the aim of the study was to

identify what types of code-switching are found in Indonesian woman magazines.

The second aim was to elaborate the possible reasons of code-switching found in

Indonesian woman magazines. The third aim was to analyze the possible

implications of code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines towards English

language learning in Indonesia.

To achieve the goal of the study mentioned above, the researcher

employed a descriptive study. According to Fraenkel and Wallen (1993: 11),

descriptive study describes something as it is. In other words, the researcher does

not have any control to manipulate what already existed.

In the descriptive study, the form of data can be qualitative—in verbal

symbols—or quantitative—in mathematical symbols (Dalen, Deobold D. Van,

1973: 195). In this study, qualitative data is employed.


21

Since, qualitative research is basically interpretive, the researcher made an

interpretation of the data through narrative description. Furthermore, it includes

analyzing data to their theme or category and at the last stage drawing conclusions

about the interpretation personally as well as theoretically (Wolcott: 1994 as cited

in Creswell, 2003: 182).

According to Hoepfl (1997:12) another source of data which is invaluable

to qualitative research is document analysis since “ it might include official

records, letters, newspaper account, diaries, and reports, as well as the published

data used in a review of literature.” For that reason, the researcher used document

analysis to answer the first question as it would describe the data in the best way.

To answer the second and third question, the researcher used library study. The

researcher analyzed some written sources to identify the possible reasons and

implications to English language learning.

B. Research Data Source

The data of the study were taken from three representative Indonesian

woman magazines Femina, Kartini and Cita Cinta. This method of selecting

appropriate sample was purposive sampling. According to Leedy and Omrod

(2005: 145) the sample being chosen were not random. Instead the samples were

those which “yield the most information about the topic under investigation”

(Leedy and Omrod, 2005: 145). The researcher decided to take a one-month

sample for each magazine considering the time efficiency and to get the adequate

data. The researcher took four series of Femina Magazine since it is a weekly


22

magazine and 2 series of each of Kartini Magazine and Cita Cinta Magazine

because both were biweekly magazines. All the magazines were in the one-month

time range from7 February to 11 March of 2009.

1. Femina Magazine

Femina Magazine was one of popular Indonesian woman magazines. It

was published once in a week by PT Grafika Multi Warna. This magazine served

various kinds of rubrics for Indonesian young woman. The samples being studied

were: No. 6/ XXXVII 7 to 13 February 2009, No. 7/ XXXVII 14 to 20 February

2009, No. 8/ XXXVII 21 to 27 February 2009 and No. 10/ XXXVII 7 to 13

March 2009.

2. Kartini Magazine

Kartini Magazine was one of popular Indonesian woman magazines. It

was published twice a month by PT Ghalia Indonesia. The samples being studied

were No. 2237/ 5 to 19 February 2009 and No. 2238/ 19 February to 5 March

2009.

3. Cita Cinta Magazine

Cita Cinta Magazine was one of popular Indonesian woman magazines.

It was published twice in a month by Bina Favorit Press. This magazine served

various kinds of rubrics for Indonesian young woman. The samples being studied

were No. 04/ X 11 to 25 February 2009 and No. 05/ X 25 February to 11 March

2009.


23

The researcher also classified the data from each magazine into four kinds

of data category namely news, opinion, feature, advertisement and fiction. By

doing so, the researcher obtained a more various analysis.

News is “information that is published in newspapers and broadcast on

radio and television about recent events in the country or world or in a particular

area of activity” (Sinclair: 2001). In this research, a piece of writing was a news in

a magazine when it was consists of some parts of 5W + 1H (what, where, when,

why and how) to report an activity or events.

Opinion is advice or judgment of a subject one knows a lot (Sinclair:

2001). In this study, opinion was a piece of writing in a magazine which consisted

of one’s opinion about issues or daily life topics.

A feature is a special article in a newspaper or magazine, or a special

programme on radio or television (Sinclair: 2001). In this study, a feature was a

piece of writing in a magazine which dealt with profile of people, special articles

such as fashion and food recipe.

An advertisement is an announcement in a newspaper, on television, or

on a poster about something such as a product, event, or job (Sinclair: 2001). In

this study, advertisements were announcement of events, school programs and

products.

Fiction is books and stories about imaginary people and events (Sinclair:

2001). In this study, fiction was short stories.


24

C. Research Instruments

To conduct the document analysis, the researcher firstly used human

instrument. According to Leedy and Omrod (2005:31) human mind is an

important tool of a research since “Its functioning dwarfs all other gadgetry.

Nothing equals its powers of comprehension, integrative reasoning, and insight.”

Therefore, to gain construct validity of this research, the researcher developed

human instrument to elicit data of code switching in Femina, Kartini and Cita

Cinta Indonesian woman magazines. The researcher acted the primary instrument

to gain and analyze data. Through human instrument

the researcher can expand his or her understanding through nonverbal as well as verbal communication, process information (data) immediately, clarify and summarize material, check with respondents for accuracy of interpretation, and explore unusual or unanticipated responses (Merriam, 2002: 5).

D. Data Gathering Technique

This study emphasized content analysis of verbal communication.

Therefore, the data were collected through two major steps as Leedy and Omrod

(2005) proposed.

First, the researcher identifies the representative sampling of the Femina,

Kartini and Cita Cinta magazine to be analyzed. Those 3 magazines

approximately had the same characteristics supporting the uniformity of the data

source.

Second, the materials being gathered were coded “…in terms of

predetermined and precisely defined characteristics” (Leedy and Omrod, 2005:


25

144). Particularly, any code-switching phenomena in Femina, Kartini and Cita

Cinta magazine were highlighted.

E. Data Analysis Technique

The researcher used a generic step of data analysis by Creswell (2003)

with some adaptation. The process of analyzing data involves “making sense out

of text and image data” (Creswell, 2003: 190). In order to get a precise

interpretation, the researcher should organize an apt preparation for data analysis,

“moving deeper and deeper into understanding the data, representing the data and

making an interpretation of the larger meaning of the data” (Creswell, 2003: 190).

The first step was organizing and preparing data for analysis. This initial

step involved “optically scanning material and sorting or arranging the data into

different types depending n the source of information” (Creswell, 2003:191). In

this step the researcher typed the cases into the check-list.

The check-list was adapted from McCormick (1994: 581) which shows

“schematic representation of scope of terms used to designate types of code

juxtaposition.”

Table 3.1 Sample of Check-list of Code-switching in Indonesian woman magazine.

Types of Code-switching

Code-switching

Page No.

Code-switching in Indonesian woman magazine

D SW P C WS IL

1 …. v

D : Diglossic Code-switching

SW : Single-word


26

P : Phrase C : Clause WS : Whole sentence

IL : Integrated Loanwords The second step was reading through all the data. Reading through the data

was conducted to acquire “a general sense of the information and to reflect to its

overall meaning” (Creswell, 2003:191). In this step, the researcher analyzed and

classified the typed cases into six kinds of code-switching.

In the third step, the researcher went through detailed analysis with a

coding process. According to Rossman & Rallis (1998: 171) coding is “the

process of organizing the material into ‘chunks’ before bringing meaning to those

‘chunks’.” This step involved taking the classified code-switching data into

description based on each type. In order to obtain precise number of single-word,

the researcher used Concordance 3.2. Concordance 3.2. was a software produced

by LexisNesis (formerly Dataflight) which is helpful in studying text closely or

analyzing language in depth. In this study, the researcher used concordance to

count the frequency of the single-word code-switching occurrence in Indonesian

woman magazines.

The fourth step was describing and categorizing into qualitative narrative.

After, categorizing the data, the researcher described the data based on the theory.

In this step, the researcher used narrative passages to convey the findings of the

analysis. In this step, the researcher also used table of number and the most

frequent code-switching cases in order to make the findings clearer.


27

To analyze the total number of the code-switching cases found, tables were

needed. The numbers of code-switching cases found in each of the six

classifications and 5 categories were counted.

Table 3.2 Sample of the Number of Code-switching Cases Parts of the Magazine

Magazines Advertisement Feature News Opinion Fiction Cita Cinta … Femina Kartini Total number …

The researcher also classified the data into the most frequent code-

switching cases occurred. This included in the single-word code-switching and

phrase code-switching where most of phenomenon happened. The word or phrase

taken were those which in the 5 highest frequency.

Table 3.3 Sample of the Most Frequent Code-switching cases Magazine Example of

Single-word Occurrence

… … Cita Cinta Magazine Femina Magazine Kartini Magazine

Finally, the researcher made interpretation of the data. This was meant to

figure out ‘what lesson to be learned’ after the whole process of clarifying code-

switching. In this final step, the researcher used her own “personal interpretation,

couched in the individual understanding that the inquirer brings to the study from

her or his own culture, history and experiences.” (Creswell, 2003: 195). The data


28

interpretation also derived from “a comparison of the findings with information

gleaned from the literature or extant theories” (Creswell, 2003: 195). The

researcher used some proposed theories of possible reasons of code-switching and

the influence of input in Second Language Acquisition. The researcher also used

observations based on the theory of reasons for code-switching according to

Poedjosoedarmo (1975), Crystal (1987) and Kachru and Kamwangamalu (1989)

to determine the code-switching reasons. Being complete observer, the researcher

had first hand experience with the data being analyzed (Creswell, 2003: 186).

Observations were also conducted to answer the possible implication to

language learning based on theory on input in Second Language Acquisition.

According to Ellis (1997), input or “the samples of language to which a learner is

exposed” (1997: 5) that second language learners receive are influential factors to

support language learning. Ungrammatical input of foreigner talk will have

tendency to impede learning whereas grammatical input of foreigner talk will

support successful language learning.


29

F. Research Procedure

In this subsection, the researcher tried to explain the steps of conducting

the research. The steps were based on the typical stages on research in relation to

the study:

Figure 3.1: Steps in Conducting the Study

Step 1 Finding the topic

Conducting literature review about code-switching phenomenon and identifying problems

Step 4 Designing check‐list form

Making appropriate data table form to classify cases being studied

Step 7 Making Conclusion and Reporting findings

Step 6 Analyzing the data

Classifying the data into six types of code-switching and elaborating the possible reasons and implications

Step 5 Collecting the data

Typing the code-switching phenomena into the check-list

Step 2 Selecting Sample

Selecting representative sample of Indonesian woman magazines

Step 3 Identifying the code‐switching

Highlighting the code-switching phenomenon in the magazines


30

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter is to answer 3 research questions stated in the problem

formulation. They are types of code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines,

the possible reasons of code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines and the

implications to English language learning.

A. Types of Code-switching

After reading through the data, the researcher found a number of code-

switching phenomena. According to the types of code-switching that have been

proposed by McCormick (1994:582), there were six major types of code-

switching cases found in the Indonesian woman magazines: diglossic code-

switching, single-word code-switching, phrase code-switching, clause code-

switching, whole-sentence code-switching and integrated loanwords code-

switching.

1. Diglossic Code-switching

According to the length of juxtaposed utterances, the first type of code

juxtaposition is diglossic code-switching which means a whole discourse type

(Wardhaugh, 1992:30). In this research, diglossic code-switching was an English

expression or a whole page of English words in one theme. In the Indonesian

woman magazine, diglossic code-switching mostly happened in advertisement and

some in feature articles.


31

The highest frequency of discourse was found in Femina Magazine with

15 occurrences. In Cita Cinta Magazine, 14 cases of diglossic code-switching

cases were found. The least frequency was found in Kartini Magazine with 5

cases. Some of the cases found were slogans for advertisement products such as a

good day begins with Alba, Positive & Smart and Passion for fashion. Others

were song lyrics or poems to support fashion articles for instance a poem in a

fashion page of Cita Cinta Magazine:

The first thing I loved was the dew on a spring morning Giving me a thrill from the scent of fresh hay Sweetness tickling my nose giving me a faint feeling to sneeze Wondering if I could freeze time to enjoy the feeling Just a wee bit longer (Earth girl loves – Julie Lorentz)

Table 4.1 The Number of Diglossic Code-switching Cases in Indonesian Woman Magazines

Parts of the Magazine Magazines Advertisement Feature News Opinion Fiction Cita Cinta 14 9 - - -

Femina 15 - - - - Kartini 5 - - - -

Total amount 43

a. Advertisement

In this category, there were 15 cases which occurred in advertisement

category of Femina Magazine which made the biggest number of occurrence

among other magazines. Most of the diglossic code-switching cases were products

for woman such as perfume and cosmetics. Others are special events or programs


32

for ladies. There were 25 products with four the same discourse of perfume

advertisements.

b. Feature

Diglossic code-switching cases in feature articles only occurred in Cita

Cinta Magazine. There were nine cases of diglossic code-switching which existed

in feature articles. All of them were verses of song lyrics and poems which were

written to strengthen themes of fashion page.

c. News

Diglossic code-switching was rarely found in the magazines. Particularly,

there was no diglossic code-switching case found in news articles of the three

Indonesian woman magazines. Since the targets of the magazines were

Indonesian, all the news articles were in Indonesian language.

d. Opinion


there was no diglossic code-switching case found in opinion article of the three


Indonesian, all the opinion articles were in Indonesian language.

e. Fiction


there was no diglossic code-switching case found in fiction writing of the three


Indonesian, all the short stories were in Indonesian language.


33

2. Single-word Code-switching

According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2001), word

is “the smallest unit of language that people can understand if it is said or written

on its own.” In the three magazines being analyzed, the total number of single-

word code-switching was 3.946 cases. The highest amount was 814 cases in

feature articles of Femina Magazine. Femina Magazine generally led the amount

of frequency since there were 4 editions in the one-month time range of the

magazines being studied. Cita Cinta Magazine and Kartini Magazine were

biweekly magazines. Therefore, the number of occurrences was generally below

the numbers found in Femina Magazines. The smallest amount was found in

fiction category of Cita Cinta Magazine with zero result since there were no

fiction articles in the magazine. Many of the single-word code switching cases

were noun words such as film, blog, masker, deadline, motif, meeting, donor,

organ, cream and vitamin. Many words were English words which have been

fully adapted into Indonesian.

Table 4.2 The Number of Single-word Code-switching Cases in Indonesian Woman Magazines

Parts of the Magazine Magazines Advertisement Feature News Opinion Fiction Cita Cinta 99 191 163 469 - Femina 296 814 531 559 41 Kartini 228 357 26 168 4 Total number 3.946

a. Advertisement

In Cita Cinta Magazine, there were 99 single-word code-switching cases

emerged. Out of that number, the most frequent single-word cases that existed in


34

advertisement category were noun words. Femina Magazine had the biggest

amount of single-word code-switching cases. There were 296 cases which

occurred in the advertisement category. Most of them were noun words. Kartini

Magazine had almost the same cases with Cita Cinta Magazine with 228 cases. In

addition, the most frequent single-word cases that existed in advertisement were

noun words.

Table 4.3 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Advertisement

Magazine Example of Single-word Occurrence

soft 8 february 5 Cita Cinta Magazinenew 3 sms 8 new Femina Magazine styling 6

cream 14 trend Kartini Magazine vagina 6

The researcher took 5 most frequent occurrence to represent the most

frequent cases appeared. From the table 4.3, the researcher found that noun word

was placed as the word with highest frequency in the advertisement pages of the

Indonesian woman magazine. Only two adjective words were found. They are

new and soft.

b. Feature

In feature articles category, Femina Magazine had the highest frequency.

There were 814 cases found in feature articles. Out of that number, the most

frequent single-word code-switching cases that occurred were noun words. In Cita

Cinta Magazine, there were 191 code-switching cases. In addition, the most


35

frequent cases were dominated by noun words. The least frequent cases found by

Kartini Magazine. The single-word code-switching cases were 357 cases. Most of

the cases were noun words.

Table 4.4 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Feature


diving 6 fashion Cita Cinta Magazinesnack 4

outbound 30 editor 19 Femina Magazine weekend 16 mode 26 syndrome 20 Kartini Magazine incest 19

c. News

In the news articles category, the highest frequency of single-word code-

switching was 531 cases which occurred in Femina Magazine. Further, the most

frequent single-word code-switching cases that emerged in news articles were

noun words. In Cita Cinta Magazine, there were 163 cases of single-word code-

switching. Likewise, the most cases generally found were noun words. The least

amount of single-word code-switching cases was found in news articles of Kartini

Magazine with 26 cases since there was not much news article in the magazine. In

general, noun words dominated those number of cases appeared.

Table 4.5 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in News


band 7 seafood 5 Cita Cinta Magazinetopping 4

Continued to page 36


36

Continued from page 35 blog 55 t-shirt 27 Femina Magazine blogger 17 website 4 Kartini Magazine diaper 3

Generally, noun words dominated the single-word code-switching cases in

news articles of the three magazines. The word blog occurred more frequently

than the other words. The researcher did not include words with two or less

occurrence. It was because commonly the words were in two or one time of

occurrence. So it was not represent the high frequency.

d. Opinion

In the opinion article category, there were 1.196 single-word code-

switching cases appeared. The highest number of occurrence was in Femina

Magazine with 559 cases. In general, noun words emerged more often than other

kinds of words. In Cita Cinta Magazine, there were 469 cases of single-word

code-switching existed in opinion articles. Out of that number, most of the cases

were noun words. The smallest amount was in Kartini Magazine. There were 168

cases happened in opinion articles. Likewise, noun words dominated the number

of phenomena existed.

Table 4.6 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Opinion


weekend 14 styling 10 Cita Cinta Magazineafterplay 6

Continued to page 37


37

Continued from page 36 interior 18 cake 16 Femina Magazine shopaholic 12 incest 14 problem 6 Kartini Magazine coping 5

From the three Indonesian woman magazines being studied, only noun and

adjective words emerged. Noun words led with interior were the word with the

highest frequency.

e. Fiction

In fiction category, there was no single-word code-switching case found

since there was no fiction writing in Cita Cinta Magazine. In Femina Magazine

there were 41 cases dominated by noun words. In Kartini Magazine, there were

only 4 cases. Between the two magazines being compared, soulmate as noun word

appeared as the most frequent word with 8 times occurrence.

3. Phrase Code-switching

According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2001),

“phrase is a group of words that together have a particular meaning… without a

finite verb, especially when they are used to form part of a sentence.” In this

study, a phrase was group of English words without verb which have a meaning.

Most of the phrase code-switching found were noun phrase for instance talk show,

fashion show, customer service, anti ageing, blow dryer, supper brand, kitten

heels, stretch mark and flying fox.


38

Table 4.7 The Number of Phrase Code-switching Cases Parts of the Magazine Magazines Advertisement Feature News Opinion Fiction

Cita Cinta 159 108 120 214 - Femina 479 332 197 220 7 Kartini 239 143 13 99 2 Total number 1.527

The total numbers of phrase code-switching cases in the Indonesian

woman magazines being studied were 1.527 cases. Among the 5 categories of

articles inside the magazines, the highest frequency was in the advertisement

category of Femina Magazine with 479 cases. In addition, there were no code-

switching cases found in fiction writing of Cita Cinta Magazine since there was

no fiction writing in the magazines.

a. Advertisement

In advertisement category, the most high frequency of phrase code-

switching case was found in Femina Magazine with 479 numbers of occurrences.

Out of the numbers, noun phrases dominated the cases emerged. In Kartini

Magazine, there were 329 phrase code-switching cases appeared. In addition,

most of the phenomena were noun phrases. The smallest number of phrase code-

switching case frequency was in Cita Cinta Magazine. There were 159

occurrences. Most of them were in the form of noun phrases.

Table 4.8 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Advertisement

Magazine Example of Phrase Occurrence talk show fashion show 4 Cita Cinta

Magazine hotline service 3 Continued to page 39


39

Continued from page 38 kitten heels skin care 5 Femina

Magazine hotline service 4 hotline service 5 facial wash Kartini

Magazine beauty hotline 3

From the table 4.8, the researcher found that noun phrases dominated the

most frequent code-switching in advertisement. The phrase hotline service was the

phrase with the highest frequency among the highest phrases which occurred with

12 numbers of occurrences.

b. Feature

In feature articles, the most frequent cases were 270 phrase code-switching

cases in Femina Magazine. Moreover, the most frequent phrases emerged were

noun phrases. The least number of occurrences were in Cita Cinta Magazine.

There were 108 phenomena of phrase code-switching appeared. Out of the

number, the most frequent phrases happened were noun phrases. In Kartini

Magazine, the numbers of phrase code-switching emerged were 143 phrases. In

addition, the most frequent phrases appeared were noun phrases.

Table 4.9 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Feature

Magazine Example of Phrase Occurrence lip gloss your story Cita Cinta

Magazine high heels 3

flying fox 16 motif leopard 11 Femina

Magazine brown sugar 10 ice skating my body guard Kartini

Magazine baking powder 4


40

From the table 4.9 of most frequent phrase code-switching in feature

articles, the researcher found that noun phrases dominated the highest frequency

of code-switching cases. The second high was adjective phrases. There were 34

adjective phrases found.

c. News

In news article, a lot of phrase code-switching cases were found in Cita

Cinta Magazine. There were 120 cases of phrase code-switching happened in

news articles of Cita Cinta Magazine. In addition, the most frequent phrase code-

switching cases that appeared in news articles were noun phrases.

The biggest amount of phrase code-switching cases in news articles was

found in Femina Magazine. There were 197 phrase code-switching cases found in

this category. Out of that number, the most frequent phrase code-switching that

emerged in news articles were noun phrases.

Kartini Magazine contained the least number of phrase code-switching

cases in news articles. There were 13 cases found in news articles of Kartini

Magazine. Apart from the number of occurrences, the most frequent phrase code-

switching cases that occurred in news articles were noun phrases.

Table 4.10 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in News

Magazine Example of Phrase Occurrence talk show 3 film-film thriller 2 Cita Cinta

Magazine slow food 2 department store 7 fashion bloggers 6 Femina

Magazine dark chocolate 4 box office film-film box office

Kartini

Magazine single parent 1


41

After perusing the most frequent case of phrase code-switching data, the

researcher found out that noun phrases dominated the number of occurrence. The

highest frequent word was the word department store. Only four cases of

adjective phrases appeared. Apart from that, there was no repetition of phrase

code-switching found in news articles of Kartini Magazine.

d. Opinion

In opinion, a lot of phrase code-switching cases were found in Cita Cinta

Magazine. There were 214 cases of phrase code-switching happened in opinion

articles of Cita Cinta Magazine. In addition, the most frequent phrase code-

switching cases that appeared in opinion articles were noun phrases.

The highest frequency of phrase code-switching cases in opinion articles

was found in Femina Magazine. There were 220 phrase code-switching cases

found in this category. Out of that number, the most frequent phrase code-

switching that emerged in opinion articles were noun phrases.

Kartini Magazine contained the least number of phrase code-switching

cases in opinion articles. There were 99 cases found in opinion articles of Kartini

Magazine. Apart from the number of occurrences, the most frequent phrase code-

switching cases that occurred in opinion articles were noun phrases.

Table 4.11 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching cases in Opinion

Magazine Example of Phrase Occurrence long vest 5 sling bag Cita Cinta

Magazine knit vest 4 Continued to page 42


42

Continued from page 41 stretch mark 9 brand’s essence of chicken Femina

Magazine speed dating 6

donor organ high heels 13

Kartini Magazine arthritis gout 9

After perusing through the most frequent cases of phrase code-switching

in opinion articles, the researcher found out that noun phrases emerged more often

than other phrases. The highest frequent was the phrase high heels which occurred

15 times. The second highest frequency phrases were adjective phrase which

appeared 40 times.

e. Fiction

In fiction category, there was no phrase code-switching case found since

there was no fiction writing in Cita Cinta Magazine. In Femina Magazine, there

were 7 cases of noun words. On the other side, there were only 2 cases in Kartini

Magazine. Between the two magazines being compared, all of the phrases which

emerged in fiction writings were all noun phrases. The most frequent phrase was

lady parking which occurred twice.

4. Clause Code-switching


clause is “technical a group of words that contains a subject and a verb, but which

is usually only part of a sentence.” In this study, a clause was words that contain

verb which mostly part of sentences, an utterance without period, question or

acclamation mark in the end of the utterance.


43

Most of the cases found were imperative clauses such as bite a taste of

your future, go with the flow and unfolds your natural magic. Others were

adverbial clauses for instance where style meets substance, wherever I go and

whatever I do. Other code-switching clauses were clauses which began with

present participle for example getting closer with the revised standard, delighting

you always and connecting people.

Table 4.12 The Number of Clause Code-switching Cases Parts of the Magazine

Magazines Advertisement Feature News Opinion Fiction Cita Cinta 18 11 2 17 - Femina 22 6 2 2 2 Kartini 2 7 - 6 - Total number 97

The total numbers of clause code-switching cases in the Indonesian

woman magazines being studied were 97 cases. Among the 5 categories of articles

inside the magazines, the highest frequency was 22 cases in the advertisement

category of Femina Magazine. There were no code-switching cases found in

fiction writing of Cita Cinta Magazine and Kartini Magazine. Moreover, no

clause code-switching case emerged in News articles in Kartini Magazine.

a. Advertisement

In advertisement category, a number of clause code-switching cases were

found in Cita Cinta Magazine. There were 18 cases of clause code-switching

happened in advertisement category of Cita Cinta Magazine. In addition, the most

frequent clause code-switching cases that appeared in advertisement category

were imperative clause such as pay less get more.


44

The highest amount of clause code-switching cases in advertisement

articles was found in Femina Magazine. There were 22 clause code-switching

cases found in this category. Out of that number, the most frequent clause code-

switching that emerged in advertisement category were imperative clauses.

Kartini Magazine contained the least number of clause code-switching

cases in advertisement category. There were 2 cases found in advertisement

category of Kartini Magazine. The clause was unfolds your natural magic which

appeared twice.

b. Feature

A number of clause code-switching cases in feature articles were found in

Femina Magazine. There were 11 cases of clause code-switching happened in

feature articles of Cita Cinta Magazine. In addition, the most frequent clause

code-switching cases that appeared in feature articles were imperative clauses.

The lowest frequency of clause code-switching was found in Femina

Magazine. There were 6 clause code-switching cases found in this category. Out

of that number, the most frequent clause code-switching cases that emerged in

feature articles were imperative clauses.

Kartini Magazine contained the highest frequency of clause code-

switching cases in feature articles. There were 11 cases found in feature articles of

Kartini Magazine. In addition, the most frequent clause code-switching cases that

emerged in feature articles were imperative clauses.


45

c. News

In news articles category, there were four cases of clause code-switching

emerged. Two cases of imperative clause code-switching were occurred in

Femina Magazine and two other clauses code-switching in Cita Cinta Magazine.

Three of the four cases which happened were imperative clauses.

d. Opinion

In opinion articles, some clause code-switching cases were found in Cita

Cinta Magazine. There were 17 cases of clause code-switching happened in

opinion articles of Cita Cinta Magazine. In addition, the most frequent clause

code-switching cases that appeared in opinion articles were imperative clauses.

The lowest frequency of clause code-switching case was in Femina Magazine.

There were two cases of clause code-switching emerged. They are made in

Hollywood and move on. Kartini Magazine contained 6 clause code-switching

cases in opinion articles.

e. Fiction

Among the three Indonesian woman magazines being studied, only two

cases on clause code-switching emerged in Femina Magazine. The clauses

appeared were may be yes, may be not and exciting to explore the Island of God.

In addition, no clause code-switching cases existed in both Cita Cinta Magazine

and Kartini Magazine.

5. Whole sentence Code-switching


sentence is “a group of words that usually contains a subject and a verb, expresses


46

a complete idea or asks a question, and that, when written in English, begins with

a capital letter and ends with a full-stop.” In perusing the data, whole sentences

were utterances or constructions with period, acclamation or question mark after

the last letter of each construction.

Most of the whole sentence code-switching cases found were affirmative

sentences for instance Find new excitement in this remarkable thing, Detailed

specifications are subject to change, without prior notice and Life is a puzzle,

solve it Others were negative sentences such as Ce on honey I’m not your patient

and He’s just not that into you. There were also interrogative sentences for

example Have you found your second skin, your second wind?, What’s Hair Got

to Do with Feminity? and imperative sentences like Fill your day with colors! and

Spend less get more!

Table 4.13 The Number of Whole Sentence Code-switching Cases Parts of the Magazine Magazines

Advertisement Feature News Opinion Fiction Cita Cinta 31 24 9 30 - Femina 69 23 12 7 - Kartini 11 4 - - - Total number 220

The total numbers of whole sentence code-switching cases in the

Indonesian woman magazines being studied were 220 cases. Among the 5

categories inside the magazines, the highest frequency was 69 occurrences in the

advertisement category of Femina Magazine. There was no whole sentence code-

switching cases found in fiction writing of the three Indonesian woman

magazines. Moreover, no clause code-switching case emerged in News article and

opinion articles in Kartini Magazine.


47

a. Advertisement

In advertisement category, a number of whole sentence code-switching

was found in Cita Cinta Magazine. There were 31 cases of whole sentence code-

switching happened in advertisement category of Cita Cinta Magazine. In

addition, the most frequent cases that appeared in advertisement category were

imperative sentences.

The highest frequency of whole sentence code-switching cases in

advertisement articles was found in Femina Magazine. There were 69 whole

sentence code-switching cases found in this category. Out of that number, the

most frequent whole sentence code-switching that emerged in advertisement

category were imperative sentences.

Kartini Magazine contained the least number of whole sentence code-

switching cases in advertisement category. There were 11 cases found in

advertisement category of Kartini Magazine.

b. Feature

In feature articles, Cita Cinta Magazine contained the highest number of

whole sentence code-switching cases. There were 24 cases found in feature

articles of Cita Cinta Magazine. In addition, the most frequent whole sentence

code-switching that emerged in feature articles were affirmative sentences.

There was a number of whole sentence code-switching cases in Femina

Magazine. There were 23 cases of whole sentence code-switching happened. In

addition, the most frequent whole sentence code-switching cases that appeared in

feature articles were affirmative sentences.


48

The least frequency of whole sentence code-switchingcases were found in

Kartini Magazine. There were 4 whole sentence code-switching cases found in

this category. Out of that number, the most frequent whole sentence code-

switching that emerged in feature articles were imperative sentences.

c. News

In news articles, some whole sentence code-switching cases were found in

Cita Cinta Magazine. There were 9 cases of whole sentence code-switching

happened in news articles of Cita Cinta Magazine. In addition, the most frequent

whole sentence code-switching cases that appeared in news articles were

imperative sentences.

The highest frequency of whole sentence code-switching cases in news

articles was found in Femina Magazine. There were 12 whole sentence code-

switching cases found in this category. Out of that number, the most frequent

whole sentence code-switching that emerged in news articles were affirmative

sentences. Among the three magazines, Kartini Magazine was the only magazine

which did not contain whole sentence code-switching cases in news articles.

d. Opinion

In opinion articles, a lot of whole sentence code-switching cases were

found in Cita Cinta Magazine. There were 30 cases of whole sentence code-

switching happened in opinion articles of Cita Cinta Magazine. In addition, the

most frequent whole sentence code-switching cases that appeared in opinion

articles were affirmative sentences.


49

Several whole sentence code-switching cases in opinion articles were

found in Femina Magazine. There were 7 whole sentence code-switching cases

found in this category. Out of that number, the most frequent whole sentence

code-switching that emerged in opinion articles were affirmative sentences. In

Kartini Magazine, there were no whole sentence code-switching cases found in

opinion articles.

e. Fiction

Code-switching cases in fiction writings were rarely found. Most of the

time, short stories used Indonesian language with several code-switching cases.

Among the three Indonesian woman magazines being studied, there was no

occurrence of whole sentence code-switching in the fiction writings.

6. Integrated Loanwords Code-switching-switching


loanwords means “a word taken into one language from another”. In this study,

integrated loanwords means combination of Indonesian and English language

which is used mostly in Indonesian context.

Table 4.14 The Number of Integrated Loanwords Code-switching Cases Parts of the Magazine Magazines

Advertisement Feature News Opinion Fiction Cita Cinta 10 13 9 29 - Femina 7 50 38 20 4 Kartini 8 25 3 45 1 Total number 262

The total numbers of integrated loanwords code-switching cases in the

Indonesian woman magazines being studied were 262 cases. Among the 5

categories inside the magazines, the highest frequency was 50 cases in the feature


50

articles of Femina Magazine. Furthermore, there were no integrated loanwords

code-switching cases found in fiction writing of Cita Cinta Magazine. The

researcher took five samples of integrated loanwords which in the five highest

frequency.

a. Advertisement

In advertisement category, a number of integrated loanwords code-

switching cases were found in Cita Cinta Magazine. There were ten cases of

integrated loanwords code-switching cases which happened in advertisement

category of Cita Cinta Magazine. Several integrated loanwords code-switching

cases in advertisement articles was found in Femina Magazine. There were 7

integrated loanwords code-switching cases found in this category. Kartini

Magazine contained a number of integrated loanwords code-switching cases in

advertisement category. There were 8 cases found in advertisement category of

Kartini Magazine.

Table 4.15 Sample of Integrated Loanwords Cases Code-switching in Advertisement

Magazine Example of Integrated Loanwords Occurrence

di-styling 2 love bites-nya innocent-mu mem-flush-nya

Cita Cinta Magazine

di-download

1

ngeblow Stepnya Energizernya moisturizer-nya

Femina Magazine

Berstamina

1

normalnya 2 mengoptimalkan natural-mu naturalnya

Kartini

Magazine diimport

1


51

b. Feature

In feature articles, there was a number of integrated loanwords code-

switching cases found in Femina Magazine. There were 13 cases of integrated

loanwords code-switching happened in feature articles of Cita Cinta Magazine.

The highest frequency of integrated loanwords code-switching cases was found in

Femina Magazine. There were 50 integrated loanwords code-switching cases

found in this category. Kartini Magazine contained a lot of integrated loanwords

code-switching cases in advertisement category. There were 25 cases found in

feature articles of Kartini Magazine.

Table 4.16 Sample of Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in Feature

Magazine Example of Integrated Loanwords Occurrence

ber-valentine fun-kami nge-band cool-nya

Cita Cinta Magazine

inputnya

1

powerful-nya ber-zipper 4

Host-nya meng-install

Femina Magazine

Highlight-nya

1

bodyguard-nya gentle-nya chef-nya bodyguard-lah

4 Kartini Magazine

di-reject 2

c. News

In news articles, several integrated loanwords code-switching cases were

found in Cita Cinta Magazine. There were ten cases of integrated loanwords code-

switching happened in news articles of Cita Cinta Magazine. The highest


52

frequency of integrated loanwords code-switching cases in news articles was

found in Femina Magazine. There were 38 integrated loanwords code-switching

cases found in this category. Kartini Magazine contained the least number of

integrated loanwords code-switching cases in news articles. There were 3 cases

found in news articles of Kartini Magazine.

Table 4.17 Sample of Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in News Magazine Example of

Integrated Loanwords Occurrence

image-nya di-blend bucklenya muse-nya

Cita Cinta Magazine

ngegym

1

blog-nya 12 meng-update 3 shopping-nya 2 blazernya

Femina Magazine

pastry-nya 1

ber-high heels sense of humor-nya Kartini

Magazine di-make over

1

d. Opinion

In opinion articles, a number of integrated loanwords code-switching cases

was found in Cita Cinta Magazine. There were 29 cases of integrated loanwords

code-switching happened in opinion articles of Cita Cinta Magazine. Several

integrated loanwords code-switching cases in opinion articles were found in

Femina Magazine. There were 20 integrated loanwords code-switching cases

found in this category. The most frequent integrated loanwords code-switching

cases were found in Kartini Magazine. There were 45 cases which occurred.


53

Table 4.18 Sample of Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in Opinion Magazine Example of

Integrated Loanwords Occurrence

nge-date 4 di-styling 2 nge-pink mem-forward-nya

Cita Cinta Magazine

effect-nya 1

di-roller 2 soulmate-nya Meng-apply return-nya

Femina Magazine

Flavor-nya

1

Pendonor 19 mendonorkan 10 men-coping stress praline-nya 3

Kartini Magazine

railing-nya 1 e. Fiction

In fiction category, there were 5 cases of integrated loanwords code

switching cases. Four cases were found in Femina Magazine, one case in Kartini

Magazine and no cases in Cita Cinta Magazine. Most of the cases which occurred

were English words which integrated with Indonesian possessive suffix “-nya”.

Table 4.19 Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in Fiction

Magazine Example of Integrated Loanwords

Occurrence

Cita Cinta Magazine - -

scarf-nya ter-update feature-nya

Femina Magazine

steak-nya

1

Kartini Magazine SMS-nya 1

In conclusion, the researcher found 6.095 code-switching cases in the three

Indonesian woman magazines. The highest frequency was 3.946 single-word


54

code-switching cases and the least frequency was 43 diglossic code-switching

cases.

B. Possible Reasons for Code-switching

After classifying the types of code-switching which occurred in Cita

Cinta, Femina and Kartini Indonesian woman magazines, the researcher found

some possible reasons of the phenomena based on several experts in the review of

literature.

1. The Topic Under Discussion

One of the reasons for code-switching proposed by Poedjosoedarmo (1975)

is the topic under discussion. The researcher found three degree of the use of

code-switching because of the topic being discussed. First, the writer intentionally

used the terms to get a more impressive expression than using the original

Indonesian word. Second, there was still possibility to find the Indonesian

translated version. However, English terms are more familiar and widely used to

the topic being discussed. Third, it was hard or almost impossible to translate into

Indonesian word.

Some articles with a particular topic have already had their own English

terms although Indonesian words can still be placed to represent the terms. For

example there were some pages of articles about the recent fashion style of distro

or distribution outlet in Femina Magazine. Eventhough the word T-shirt was

possible to be replaced by Indonesian word kaos, T-shirt was recognized to be

more impressive. The writer also used the word branding, department store and

full print which still possible to be replaced by the Indonesian words.


55

In particular cases, some words were difficult to be replaced by the

representative Indonesian words. Moreover, the readers were more familiar to the

English terms since the terms were already widely used in the society. This case

was mostly found in woman’s product such as eyeliner, lipgloss, lipbalm, eye

shadow, shading and blush on.

The third case, where it was almost impossible to replace the English terms

into Indonesian, can be recognized by the following utterances:

Film yang dianggap underdog, menjadi box-office dunia dan Berjaya di festival film utama. (1st Femina Magazine, page 17)

The word underdog and box office if they are translated into Indonesian, the

meaning will be far unrepresentative. Other phenomena existed in words such as

make over, kitten heels and hotline service.

In addition, there were some English terms which directly followed by

explanation in Indonesian language. The writer might be trying to introduce or

explaining unfamiliar English expression to the reader. The researcher found this

phenomenon which can be one of the reasons of code-switching. In this

phenomenon, it was the writer effort to help readers understand the terms. These

can be recognized by the following utterances in one advertisement about

chocolate product:

….truffle (permen cokelat mini) dari ramuan 70% dark chocolate Valrhona, ganache (krim cokelat), dan minyak truffle (minyak dari jamur hutan yang harganya sangat mahal). (2nd Femina Magazine, page 96) Ciri khas desain saya memang cute, tapi juga avant garde (terdepan dalam tren). (4th Femina Magazine, page 51)


56

In such cases, the writer might be aware and realize that not all readers

could grasp the meaning of each term he used. Thus, to avoid misunderstanding or

confusion to the reader, the writer deliberately provided the meaning of the terms

he used.

2. The Writer Quotes Others’ Expression

Another possible reason of code-switching proposed by Poedjosoedarmo

(1975) was direct quotation. In the cases found in the three Indonesian woman

magazines, there were some direct quotations from the important person being

interviewed such as “No… no interview.” (1st Femina Magazine, page 46),

“Obama lived there!” (1st Femina Magazine, page 47). In such direct quotations

from the informant, the writer wanted to improve reliability of the news he

reported.

Other direct quotations were song lyrics and wise words. In some articles,

direct saying from an expert Speak when you are angry, and you’ll make the best

speech, you’ll ever regret. Dr. Lawrence J. Pete (2nd Cita Cinta Magazine, page

98) were emerged. In this way, the writer quoted an expert’s saying to strengthen

particular articles.

And I feel barenaked And I just can’t take it I’m getting jaded No I just can’t take it anymore (Barenaked – Jennifer Love Hewitt)

(2nd Cita Cinta Magazine, page 75)

Song lyrics were also found in some part of the magazines. Translation

from the writer of such lyrics may also affect the meaning itself since there may

be no exact translation for barenaked. In this way, the writer tried to express the


57

natural message of what the singer wanted to convey as informative as possible.

The writer did not want to make the meaning of the lyrics less or more

meaningful.

3. Formality

The third reason was the use of informal or unstandard form of English to

build intimate relationship with the reader. According to Crystal (1987 in Skiba:

1997), code-switching can also be a way to share solidarity with others. Cita

Cinta Magazine, Femina Magazine and Kartini Magazine were magazines

specially publish to give information for Indonesian women. The magazine tried

to provide the information that generally Indonesian women would mostly need

and therefore built a close relationship between the writer and the readers was

essential. One way to get closer to the reader was the use of ‘woman’s word’ and

informal form of language.

The existence of the informal English words babe, wanna, ur, frame n’

famous and ilfil could be a way to make a casual writings which was more

attractive to the reader. Another effort to build intimate relationship to the reader

was by combining English words with Indonesian such as nge-pink, nge-fans,

nge-date’s must have item even modified the English words such as fun-tastic,

Abstract – licious, Beautylicious and Fashionista. Those expressions would

entertain more for readers and effective to avoid boredom. As magazines are kind

of readings to entertain, the existence of such unstandard English terms can be a

breeze.


58

4. Efficiency

One of the code-switching reason proposed by Kachru and

Kamwangamalu (1989 as cited in Ayeomoni, 2006:91) is efficiency. The presence

of English terms was more efficient than using the representative Indonesian word

which could be a long explanation. For instance the word one night stand, flying

fox, bungee jumping, blow dryer which possible to use the translated Indonesian

word. Nevertheless, in order to make the utterance more efficient, English term

was used.

C. Possible Implications to English Language Learning

After classifying the types of code-switching which occurred in Cita

Cinta, Femina and Kartini Indonesian woman magazines and analyzing some

possible reasons, the researcher elaborates how code-switching may imply to the

English language learning especially to Indonesian English language learners. The

implications are based on the theory of the influence of input in second language

acquisition (Ellis, 2003:45).

1. Code-switching as One Way To Support English Language Learning

Code-switching may prop up learners understanding in a way that it is

used in the right grammatical form (Ellis, 2003:45). The presence of English

terms in the Indonesian woman magazines can develop learners’ store of English

vocabulary and expressions. In some cases where the writer put explanation to

some English terms might be useful for learners. By reading such kind of

magazines, learners will obtain two advantages. First, information and

entertainment from the content of the magazines and second, learners


59

unconsciously learn English language. Ayeomoni (2006:94) states that code-

switching “correlates positively with the educational attainment of individuals”.

Nevertheless, it is crucial that learners are understand that the juxtaposed word is

applied grammatically and contextually correct.

2. Incorrect Code-switching Application as a Barrier in English Language

Learning Process.

The incorrect form of code-switching application gives the

“ungrammatical input” (Ellis, 2003:45) to learners. Deleted grammatical features

such as be, verb, articles make utterance easily transferred. This, indirectly, will

expose learners to wrong implementation of English language.

Although code-switching may improve learners vocabulary but it is

essential to help them to be aware and critical of the misused English expression

in Indonesian context. The following are English expressions that put into

Indonesian context which should be well-recognized for teachers as well as

learners.

a. Ssst.....sesekali hunting baju second di Pasar Senen, Jakarta atau Pasar Gede Bage, Bandung, boleh juga tuh.

The underlined word is implemented incorrectly. Hunting in English is

considered as noun. However, the above expression shows that hunting is used as

a verb in Indonesian context.


60

b. ..., bulan madu itu penting sebagai refreshing setelah pesta pernikahan yang melelahkan,” sambung Romeo

The right expression should be refreshment. Sebagai in Indonesian language or as

in English language is normally followed by noun. Refreshing can be correct if it

is followed by noun for instance time and moment.

c. era global

There were some English adjective phrases which were implemented in

Indonesian context. The correct phrase should be global era. Other examples of

English phrases which put into Indonesian context can be analyze through table

4.20.

Table 4. 20 Table of English phrases which implemented to Indonesian context

English construction Correction

tank top motif leopard leopard motif tank top image prince charming prince charming image shelter busway busway shelter pink cream inner blush on pink inner blush on cream cream inner blush on inner blush on cream voucher facial treatment facial treatment voucher eye shadow nude nude eye shadow

d. “Sorry, ponselku low batt,”jawab Panji.

The underlined phrase is incorrect. Low batt is a false English phrase since

there is no batt word in English. One possible reason is that it is often misused by

Indonesian to indicate low battery.


61

e. Pementasan musik History of a Journey A Music for Love karya Yusup Oeblet & nada sambung terpadu 11 Maret, pukul 20.00 (4th Femina Magazine, page 19)

The underlined construction is grammatically wrong. It actually consists

of two phrases which should be separated by a comma or conjunction and to make

meaning clear. Nevertheless, the writer put it in one construction.

f. SWEET MEMORABLE, GREAT EXPERIENCE (1st Femina Magazine, page 111)

The phrase sweet memorable is grammatically wrong. Both words are

adjectives which should be followed by noun. The construction will be correct if

comma is added or the writer put another noun to follow the phrase.

g. Buruan speak Up! Bikin Cupid give up! (2nd Cita Cinta Magazine, page 37)

The underlined construction is grammatically wrong. The word cupid is a

singular subject. Therefore, the verb follows should be in –s/-es form. The capital

letter U should not also exist in the middle of the sentence. The correct phrase is

Buruan speak up! Bikin Cupid gives up!

h. BUY2GET 50%2ND BOX (2nd Cita Cinta Magazine, page 29)

The shortened construction will create confusion to readers. Its actual

sentence is if you buy two items, you will get 50 percent discount for the second

box. However, a full sentence will probably not as attractive as the shortened one

especially in advertisement.

The researcher also found some English words which should be

considered as two words but they were joined as one word in some articles of the

magazines. Other English words which should be put as one were, in the contrary,


62

written separately. The corrections were based on Longman Dictionary of

Contemporary English (2001).

Table 4.21 Table of Wrong Code-switching Constructions and Its Corrections

Wrong Code-switching Construction

Correction

Talkshow talk show Lipgloss lip gloss hang out hangout lay out layout make over makeover Bodysuit body suit Banknotes bank note

Other phenomena which probably took place incidentally were English

words which were miss-typed. Some words were mistakenly typed which might

make meaning different from the intended meaning. Moreover, the construction

became meaningless.

Table 4.22 Table of Miss-typed English Words English construction Correction

Ski jumping Sky jumping Hydrating complek Hydrating complex Anti Shine Power Anti Shine Powder cut, color, clariy, carat Cut, color, clarity, carat

It becomes English language teachers’ job to prevent “…the demerits from

the adversely affecting the language acquisition process…” (Ayeomoni, 2006:94).

Teachers can provide learners with the ungrammatical or uncontextual used of

English in the magazines to be analyzed in class. This kind of real proof will help

students to understand the correct form of the misused and at last students

understand the positive and negative side of code-switching phenomena. Both


63

English language teachers and learners should respect the new language they learn

and therefore minimize the language raping.

D. Other Findings

From the analyzed data, the researcher found other findings besides the

answer to the three research questions. There were some English words that were

fully adopted into Indonesian language. Words such as film, trauma, status,

program, spiritual, album, diet, modern, interior, motif, organ, donor, detail,

model and mental. If such words can be found in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia,

those words have been fully adopted into Indonesian language.

There was also inconsistency in the magazines in typing the English

words. In some articles, the English terms were in italic form as to identify that

the terms were foreign languages. However, the terms were not in the italic form

in other articles. General people who read the magazines would recognize the

terms as part of Indonesian language. In fact, the terms are still foreign language.


64

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter is aimed to conclude and give suggestions based on the study

that have been done by the researcher. The final results of this study were to

answer the three research questions. First, the kinds code-switching occurred in

Cita Cinta, Femina and Kartini Indonesian woman magazines. Second, there are

four possible reasons for the occurrence of code-switching phenomena inside the

three Indonesian woman magazines being studied. And last, there are two

implications of the code-switching occurrence to the English language learning.

A. Conclusions

After perusing the whole data, the researcher found six major kinds of

code-switching. Diglossic code-switching was the first type. The juxtaposed

element of diglossic code-switching was a whole discourse context. Single-word

code-switching was the second type. The juxtaposed element of it was single

word. Phrase code-switching was the third type. The juxtaposed element of phrase

code-switching was phrase. Clause code-switching was the fourth type. The

juxtaposed element of this kind of code-switching was a clause. Whole-sentence

code switching was the fifth typ. The juxtaposed element of whole-sentence code

switching was a sentence. Last, integrated loanword code-switching was the sixth

type. The juxtaposed element consists of English and Indonesian language

morphemes which integrated to form a meaningful expression.


65

There were four possible reasons for the occurrence of code-switching in

Cita Cinta, Femina and Kartini Indonesian woman magazines. The first reason

was the topic under discussion. The use of English words or terms in a particular

topic discovered to be more prestigious and representative than replacing the

terms with the representative Indonesian words. Moreover, the readers are also

more familiar with the English terms rather than use the Indonesian term. Other

findings were that it was almost impossible to translate to the native language and

the writer wanted to explain or introduce unfamiliar expression to readers by

giving additional information following the terms.

The second reason was direct quotation from informants or written

sources. Direct quotation from important person being interviewed is more

reliable and factual than translate the saying into Indonesian. Quoting someone

else work like song lyrics or wise words was also deliberately done by the writers.

That was to maintain the sense and meaning of the expression so as not to make

more or less meaningful.

The third reason was formality. The use of informal words which

considered less formal was analyzed as a way to shorten distance between the

writer and the reader. Informal words or unstantard form of English expression

were to get the reader closer to the language the writer used, avoid boredom of

using standard form and entertain the reader.

The last reason was efficiency. Some English expressions were more

efficient than using the explanation in Indonesian language since direct translation

was not representative.


66

After perusing some code-switching phenomena, the researcher found two

possible implications that might affect the language learning. Code-switching can

be one way to support English language learning when it is in the grammatically

correct form. Code-switching which occurred in Indonesian woman magazines

can be entertaining as well as improve learners/ readers’ store of English

vocabulary.

Incorrect code-switching application may become as a barrier in English

language learning process. The incorrect implementation of code-switching may

obstruct learning process when English expressions are mistakenly put into

Indonesian context.

B. Suggestions

After accumulating, analyzing data and discovering meaningful findings,

the researcher would like to give some suggestions to other researchers who are

interested in code-switching phenomena and to readers of the magazines.

Other researchers may conduct study on code-switching in wider scope

for instance using more various kinds of magazines with more samples or other

kinds of written text. The researcher may also analyze the reasons and opinion of

writers and readers about code-switching phenomenon. The readers of the

magazines should be critical to the code-switching phenomena in the magazines

whether it will contribute positively to their language learning.


68

REFERENCES

Ali Lukman, et al. 1995. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Cetakan Kedua. Jakarta:

Balai Pustaka. Ayeomoni, M.O. 2006. Code-Switching and Code-Mixing: Style of Language

Use in Childhood in Yoruba Speech Community. Nordic Journal of African Studies 15(1): 90–99

Creswell, J. W. 2003. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed

Methods Approaches. 2nd Ed. California: Sage Publications. Ellis, R. 2003. Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Crystal, D. 1997. The Reasons for Code-switching. In Richard Skiba. Code

Switching as Countenance of Language Interference. http://iteslj.org/Articles/Skiba-CodeSwitching.html (accessed at February 6, 2009)

Dalen, D. B. V. 1973. Understanding Educational Research: An Introduction;

Third Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill.

Duran, L. 1994. Toward A Better Understanding of Code Switching and Interlanguage in Bilinguality: Implications for Bilingual Instruction. The Journal of Educational Issues of Language Minority Students, vol. 14 p. 69-88.

Emmitt, M. and J. Pollock. 2002. Language and Language Learning an

Introduction for Teaching. 2nd Ed. Victoria: Oxford University Press. Fraenkel, J. R & Wallen, N. E. 1993. How to Design and Evaluate Research in

Education. New York: McGraw-Hill. Gardner, P. and Chloros. 2007. Code-Switching: Language Selection in Three

Strasbourg Department Stores. In N. Coupland and A. Jaworski. Modern Linguistics: Sociolinguistics a Reader & Course Book. New York: Palgrave.

Holmes, J. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. New York: Addison Wesley

Longman Inc. Hoepfl, M. C. 1997. Choosing Qualitative Research: A Primer for Technology

Education Researchers. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JTE/v9n1/hoepfl.html (accessed at February 6, 2009)


69

Leedy, P. D. and Ormrod, J. E. 2005. Practical Research: Planning and Design. 8th

Ed. New Jersey: Pearson. Lambert, N. 2005. Code-Switching in the Media; A Filipino Case Study. Journal

of Regional Development Studies. Lumintaintang, M. B. Y. 2003. Tuntutan Hadirnya Produk Alih Kode (Code-

Switching) sebagai Strategi Verbal Antarpenutur Bilingual di Indonesia dalam Bahan Ajar BIPA. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.

(http://www.ialf.edu/kipbipa/abstracts/yayahbmlumintaintang.htm accessed on February 6, 2009)

McArthur, T. 1992. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford:

Oxford University Press. McCormick, K.M. 1994. Code-switching and Mixing. In R.E. Asher. The

Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Meriam, S.B. and Associates. 2002. Qualitative Research in Practice: Example

for Discussion and Analysis. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass. Romaine, S. 1994. The Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics. Vol. 7. Oxford:

Pergamon Press. Sert, O. August 2005. The Functions of Code Switching in ELT Classroom. The

Internet TESL Journal, Vol. XI, No. 8. (http://iteslj.org/Articles/Sert-CodeSwitching.html accessed at February 6, 2009 )

Sinclair, J. 2001. Collins Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. 3rd

Ed. Glasgow: Harper Collins Publisher. Summers, D. 2001. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Wardhaugh, R. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd Ed. Oxford:

Blackwell Publishers.


70

Appendix 1: The Observation Form of the Types of Analysis

Types of Code-switching

Code-switching

Page No.


D SW P C W

S

IL

1 …. v

D : diglossia Code-switching

SW : Single-word P : Phrase C : Clause WS : Whole sentence

IL : integrated loanwords


71

Appendix 2: Sample of Code-switching in Feature Articles of Cita Cinta 25 February to 11 March 2009

Page No. Code-switching in Indonesian woman magazine

Warna Fluorescent mulai meredup, digantikan warna-warna netral yang lebih lembut, dreamy dan romantis …. Warna Fluorescent mulai meredup, digantikan warna-warna netral yang lebih lembut, dreamy dan romantis ….

70

The age of Innocence On the day you were born

71 And so it was later, as the miller told his tale that her face at first just ghostly turned a whiter shade of pale. The different skin Have you found your second skin, your second wind? 72 Ooh you could have been born to swim. You could have been born to camouflage It’s warm & bare Flash it in fashion with me 73 Skin to skin, body to body, dare to bare, let me, let me see Nu-di-ty Wrap in the light In the cold light of morning the party gets boring, you’re high As your skin starts to scratch and wave yesterdays action goodbye Forget past indiscretions and stolen possessions

74

You’re high, in the cold night


72

Appendix 3: Sample of Code-switching in Feature Articles of Femina 7 to 13 February 2009


Kayaknya saya lebih cocok di posisi lain, seperti fund raiser atau event organizer, bukan seorang yang harus menjadi patron banyak orang.


Bersama Kalyana, Melisa juga terlibat dalam proses pembuatan film documenter berjudul Pertaruhan (At Stake).

Salah satu penggalan film ini bercerita tentang kekerasan hidup para wanita pemecah batu merangkap bekerja sebagai penjaja seks komersil di kawasan Gunung Bolo, Jawa Tengah.

Selain membuat film, Kalyana membuka rekening untuk dana pendidikan anak-anak wanita tersebut.

Istilahnya, meminjam hidup orang lain untuk ide membuat film.

He’s my comfort zone.

67

Tidak go with the flow seperti dulu lagi.


73

Appendix 4: Sample of Code-switching in Opinion Articles of Cita Cinta 25 to 11 March 2009


Yakin, nih, si dia masih single? Cari tahu dulu statusnya – beneran, nih, dia masih single? Cari tahu dulu statusnya – beneran, nih, dia masih single? Weekdays + weekend Nggak usah geer kalau si dia rajin jemput kita di kampus, tapin setiap weekend mendadak susah dihubungi. Kalau sudah sebulan lebih pdkt dan setiap weekend si dia menghilang, coba tes dengan mengajaknya jalan di malam minggu. Soalnya, playboy kelas kakap nggak pernah lupa mengaktifkan fitur silent saat jalan sama seorang cewek. Soalnya, playboy kelas kakap nggak pernah lupa mengaktifkan fitur silent saat jalan sama seorang cewek. Untuk tahu apakah ponselnya di-silent atau nggak, coba pas lagi berduaan telepon ke ponselnya - Luangkan waktu untuk membaca wall yang ditulis teman-temannya. Dari situ, kita bisa menyimpulkan apakah si dia masih single atau nggak. Bisa jadi kita malah menemukan wall dari pacarnya, he he he.

58

Tapi seandainya single pun, jangan lantas girang.


74

Appendix 5: Sample of Diglossic and Single-word Code-switching in Feature Articles of Cita Cinta 25 February to 11 March 2009

Types of code-switching

Code-switching

Page No.


D SW P C WS IL

Warna Fluorescent mulai meredup, digantikan warna-warna netral yang lebih lembut, dreamy dan romantis ….

V

Warna Fluorescent mulai meredup, digantikan warna-warna netral yang lebih lembut, dreamy dan romantis ….

V

70

The age of Innocence V On the day you were born V

71 And so it was later, as the miller told his tale that her face at first just ghostly turned a whiter shade of pale.

V

The different skin V Have you found your second skin, your second wind? V

72 Ooh you could have been born to swim. You could have been born to camouflage

V

It’s warm & bare V Flash it in fashion with me V

73 Skin to skin, body to body, dare to bare, let me, let me see Nu-di-ty

V

Wrap in the light V In the cold light of morning the party gets boring, you’re high

V

As your skin starts to scratch and wave yesterdays action goodbye

V

Forget past indiscretions and stolen possessions V

74

You’re high, in the cold night


75

Appendix 6: Sample of Phrase and Whole sentence Code-switching in Feature Articles of Femina 7 to 13 February 2009


Code-switching

Page No.


D SW P C WS IL


V


V

Bersama Kalyana, Melisa juga terlibat dalam proses pembuatan film documenter berjudul Pertaruhan (At Stake).

V

Salah satu penggalan film ini bercerita tentang kekerasan hidup para wanita pemecah batu merangkap bekerja sebagai penjaja seks komersil di kawasan Gunung Bolo, Jawa Tengah.

V

Selain membuat film, Kalyana membuka rekening untuk dana pendidikan anak-anak wanita tersebut.

V

Istilahnya, meminjam hidup orang lain untuk ide membuat film.

V

He’s my comfort zone. V

67

Tidak go with the flow seperti dulu lagi. V


76

Appendix 7: Sample of Single-word and Integrated loanwords Code-switching in Opinion Articles of Cita Cinta 25 to 11 March 2009


Code-switching

Page No.


D SW P C WS IL

Yakin, nih, si dia masih single? V Cari tahu dulu statusnya – beneran, nih, dia masih single? V

Cari tahu dulu statusnya – beneran, nih, dia masih single? V

Weekdays + weekend V Nggak usah geer kalau si dia rajin jemput kita di kampus, tapin setiap weekend mendadak susah dihubungi.

V

Kalau sudah sebulan lebih pdkt dan setiap weekend si dia menghilang, coba tes dengan mengajaknya jalan di malam minggu.

V

Soalnya, playboy kelas kakap nggak pernah lupa mengaktifkan fitur silent saat jalan sama seorang cewek.

V

Soalnya, playboy kelas kakap nggak pernah lupa mengaktifkan fitur silent saat jalan sama seorang cewek.

V

Untuk tahu apakah ponselnya di-silent atau nggak, coba pas lagi berduaan telepon ke ponselnya -

V

Luangkan waktu untuk membaca wall yang ditulis teman-temannya.

V

Dari situ, kita bisa menyimpulkan apakah si dia masih single atau nggak.

V

Bisa jadi kita malah menemukan wall dari pacarnya, he he he. V

58

Tapi seandainya single pun, jangan lantas girang. V


77

Appendix 8: Sample of Diglossic Code-switching in Advertisement of Femina 14 to 20 February 2009


78

Appendix 9: Sample of Phrase, Clause and Whole sentence Code-switching in Feature Articles of Femina 7 to 13 February 2009


79

Appendix 10: Sample of Single-word and Integrated loanwords Code-switching in Opinion Articles of Cita Cinta 25 to 11 March 2009


Documents

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK … itu, peneliti juga menemukan beberapa kata bahasa Inggris yang diadopsi penuh ke da lam Bahasa Indonesia. Dari hasil penelitian, peneliti menyarankan