Plan for theNuclear Symmetry Energy Measurements at RAON,

LAMPS Facility

Byungsik Hong(Korea University)

3rd International Symposium on Nuclear Symmetry Energy (NuSYM13)NSCL/FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, U.S.A.

22-26 July, 2013

22-26 July 2013 NuSYM13 1

Outline1. Introduction to RISP

− Rare Isotope Science Project in Korea− RAON rare isotope beam facility

2. KOBRA− Broad acceptance recoil spectrometer at low-

energy experimental area3. LAMPS

− Large-acceptance multipurpose spectrometer− A dedicated system for symmetry energy at

high-energy experimental area− In addition, low-energy LAMPS will be also

built and used at KOBRA for symmetry energy4. Summary

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RAON

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ECR-IS (10keV/u,12 pμA)LEBT

RFQ (300keV/u, 9.5 pμA)

MEBT

SCL1 (18.5MeV/u, 9.5 pμA)

SCL2 (200MeV/u, 8.3 pμA for U+78)(600MeV, 660 μA for p)

SCL3 (18.5MeV/u)

ECR-IS

RFQ

MEBT CB

HRMS

RFCooler

ISOLTarget

IF Target

Fragment Separator

ChargeStripper

Driver LINAC

Post Accelerator

IF system

ISOL system

μSRMedical research

Atom/Ion Trap

Cyclotron (p, 70 MeV, 1 mA)

Low-Energy Experimental

AreaHigh-Energy

Experimental Area

RAON is a unique facility that has both IF and ISOL systems.

IF and ISOL systems can run independently, serving more users at the same time.

IF and ISOL can be combined for more variety of RI beams at higher energies.

Beam Parameters of RAON

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Driver Linac Post Acc. Cyclotron

Particle H+ O+8 Xe+54 U+79 RI beam proton

Beam energy (MeV/u)

600 320 251 200 18.5 70

Beam current (pμA)

660 78 11 8.3 - 1000

Power on target (kW)

>400 400 400 400 - 70

ISOL Design

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DriverCyclotron 70 MeV proton500 A + 500 A (2 ports)low-density (2.5~5 g/cm3),

porous, thin multi-disk UCx target

RI Yield Estimation

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• BERTINI-ORNL model for 2.5 g/cm3 target • Assuming overall efficiency of ~0.5 %

10 kW 35 kW

Deposited power (kW) 5.1 32.2

In-target fission rate (s-1) 1.6 x 1013 7.3 x 1013

In-target 132Sn production rate (s-1) 2.3 x 109 9.7 x 109

132Sn release rate (s-1) 2.2 x 109 8.2 x 109

Experimental hall (s-1) 1.1 x 107 4.1 x 107

132Sn intensities for 10 kW and 35 kW ISOL targets

YISOL = ΦP σf Ntargetεreleaseεionizationεcoolerεtransportεcharge-breedingεacceleration.

B.-H. Kang at RISP/IBS

IF Design

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Pre Separator

Main Separator

High radiation region

Matching Section

Target

High radiation region:- 6 HTS quadrupoles, 1 HTS dipole

Other region:- 15 LTS quadrupole magnet triplets- 7 LTS (or resistive) dipole magnets

Degrader type: Wedge@F3, F6, F8Production target at F0: Be, Graphite

Main Parameters of IF Separator

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Parameter Design Goal

Angular acceptance 90 mrad (H), 100 mrad (V)

Momentum acceptance 8%

Maximum rigidity 10 Tm

Momentum dispersion 2.7 cm/% @F6 & F8

Resolving power (p/p) 1,350 @F6 & F8

C. C. Yun, RISP/IBS

Production of More Exotic RIB

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r-process

LISE++ calculation• EPAX2 model• dp /p = 2.23%• Target thickness and beam line parameters

are optimized for each nuclide

N =82

N =50

Z = 28

Z =50

nuclide Estimated Intensity (pps)

110Y 1.8110Zr 1.8114Nb 1.1116Mo 3.8118Tc 1.4

RAON can reach new n-rich isotope with rates of 10-3 ~10 pps.

142Xe (ISOL) post-accelerator Driver Linac IF target Fragment separator Experiment

Note that ~103 times higher than 136Xe (350 MeV/u, 10 pnA)+Be.

Research Topics

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Nuclear Physics Exotic nuclei near the neutron drip line Equation-of-state (EoS) of nuclear matter

Material science Production & Characterization of new materials -NMR / SR

Nuclear Astrophysics Origin of nuclei Neutron stars and supernovae Nucleosynthesis Superheavies

Medical & Biosciences Advanced therapy technology Mutation of DNA New isotopes for imaging

Nuclear data with fast neutrons

Basic nuclear reaction data for future nuclear energy

Nuclear waste transmutation

Atomic/Particle Physics Atomic trap Fundamental symmetries

RIS

P

KOBRA

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F1

F2

F3

F4 F5

D1 D2

D3

W1

W2

F0

Korea Broad Acceptance Recoil Spectrometer

and Apparatusat low-energy

experimental area

Stage 1

Stage 2 High-performance spectrometer with detection systems

Main experimental facility for nuclear physics with low-energy beams up to 18.5 MeV/u

KOBRA

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F1

F2

F3

F4 F5

D1 D2

D3

W1

W2

F0 SCL1

SCL2

SCL3

ECR

ECR

ISOL

Stable ion beamsvia SCL1 or SCL3

RIB via ISOL+SCL3RI production target at F0

Experimental target and detection system

at F3

Focal plane detection system

at F5

Stage 1 (F0~F3): Production and separation of RIBs by in-flight method with high-intensity stable ion beams from ECRs

Experimental target at F3 (available space of ~3 m): In-beam -ray spectroscopy, Symmetry energy & charged particle spectroscopy, Spin dependence, etc.

Stage 2 (F3~F5): Big-bite spectrometer with Wien filter

Target and Detection Systems for KOBRA

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F1

F2

F3

F4 F5

D1 D2

D3

W1

W2

F0

Low-energy LAMPS

Gamma array

Si-CsI

Neutron array

Supersonic gas-jet target

JENSA, USA

HPGe array

NuSYM13

KOBRA

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F1

F2

F3

F4 F5

D1 D2

D3

W1

W2

F0

Stage 1: In-flight SeparatorF0~F3

{QQDQQ-QQDQQ-QQWQQ}

Stage 2: Large-Acceptance Spectrometer F3~F5

{QQWQQ-QQD}

Maximum magnetic rigidityMass resolution (M/M)DispersionMomentum acceptance @ stage1Angular acceptance @ stage2

~3 T∙m< 200

~2 cm/%14%

40 mrad (H)200 mrad (V)

D1 & D2: Gap 20 cm/Radius 1.5 m/Deflection angle 45º D3: Gap 20 cm/Radius 1.5 m/Deflection angle 60º

W1: Length 2 m/E. gap 20 cm/±300 kV W2: Length 4 m/E. gap 20 cm/±300 kV

F0, F2, F3 & F4: Achromatic focusingF1: Dispersive focus (D=2.03 cm/%)F5: Dispersive focus (D=2.05 cm/%)

KOBRA: Physics Program1. Nuclear structure

– Comparison of the nuclear structures for the isobaric mirror nuclei at drip lines (charge symmetry and/or independence)

– Resonant conditions of unbound nuclear states– Spin dependence of basic properties

2. Nuclear astrophysics– Capture reactions: (p,), (,), (n,)– Transfer reactions: (d,p), (,p), etc. – Resonant scattering: p and resonant elastic scattering

3. Rare events– Super-heavy elements– Decay spectroscopy

4. Nuclear symmetry energy– Charged particle and neutron productions in central collisions– Electric dipole excitations

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New Neutron-Rich Heavy Nuclei

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186

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178ErTmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTl

126120N

Z

116110

68

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191188 193 196 199 202 206205192 195 198190189 194 197 201200 204 208

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191188 193 196 199 202 206205 209

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191 193 196 199 202 206 210205 209192 195 198190189 194 197 201200 204 208203 207 211

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s-process

Sn + Pb => W132 208 200126

Xe + Pb => Yb144 208 196126

Sn + Pb => Pt132 208 210132

Xe + Pb => Pt144 208 220142

at E = 10A MeV

at E = 200A MeV

“High Intensity Stable Beams in Europe”NUPECC Report (July 2007)

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25Al

24Mg

23Na

22Ne21Ne20Ne

22Na

23Mg

24Al

21Na

22Mg

19F

18O

21Mg

20Na

19Ne

18F

17O

18Ne

17F

16O

15N

15O14O

13N

12C 13C

14N

Stable

Unstable

CNO cycle : T9 < 0.2 HCNO cycle: 0.2 < T9 < 0.5rp-process : T9 > 0.5

Hot-CNO ICNO cycle

Hot-CNO IIrp-process

Breakout paths to rp-process

15O()19Ne Reaction Experimental requirements for

direct measurement of − Beam intensity (15O) > 1010 pps− Target density (4He) > 1018/cm2

− Recoil det. efficiency > 40%⇒ >1 Count/hr

Nova models in nuclear astrophysics

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44Ti(p)47V Reaction

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The et al., Astrophys. J. 504 (1998)

44Ti(p)47V Reaction

Presently, TRIUMF, CERN, CNS CRIB are working on this reaction.

At RISP, the direct measurement will be possible with an active target in the IF mode of KOBRA.

EOS & Symmetry Energy

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L.W. Chen et al., PRL 94, 032701 (2005)

)(ρsymE(M

eV)

(fm-3)

, , 0 ⋯

where and

Symmetry Energy

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A.W. Steiner, M. Prakash, J.M. Lattimer and P.J. Ellis, Physics Report 411, 325 (2005)

Symmetry Energy & Neutron Stars

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Neutron star stability against gravitational collapse Determine stellar density profile and internal structure Observational consequences

− Cooling rates of proto-neutron stars − Stellar masses, radii & moment of inertia from temperatures

& luminosities of X-ray bursters M vs. R relationship

− Uncertainty of softness of EOS and influence of

Need to provide additional laboratory constraints at specific densities

P. Krastev, B.A. Li, and A. Worley, Astrophys. J. 676, 1170 (2008)

Experimental Observables

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1. Particle ratios of mirror nuclei and pions− n/p, 3H/3He, 7Li/7Be, -/+, etc.

2. Collective flow− Directed (or sideward) and elliptic flow

parameters of n, p, and heavier fragments

3. Various isospin-dependent phenomena− Isoscaling in nuclear multifragmentation− Isospin transport/diffusion

4. Electric dipole resonances− Energy spectra of the excitation energy

and/or gammas− PDR~the size of n-skin for unstable nuclei

Experimental Requirements

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1. We need to accommodate– Large acceptance– Precise measurement of momentum (or energy)

for variety of particle species, including +/- and neutrons, with high efficiency

– Gamma detection for electric dipole resonances– Keep flexibility for other physics topics

2. This leads to the design of LAMPS– Large-acceptance Multipurpose Spectrometer– Low-energy LAMPS at F3 of KOBRA– High-energy LAMPS

LAMPS

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Central and peripheral collisions 132Sn+112Sn, 132Sn+118Sn, 132Sn+124Sn 124Sn+112Sn, 124Sn+118Sn, 124Sn+124Sn 112Sn+112Sn, 112Sn+118Sn, 112Sn+124Sn 106Sn+112Sn, 106Sn+118Sn, 106Sn+124Sn

etc.

Time Projection Chamber

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Simulation with triple GEM readouts at both ends by Garfield++− Gas mixture: Ar 90%+CO2 10%, Voltage for each foil: 450 V− <Gain>~1.4Χ106, <Drift velocity>~50 mm/s− <Dispersion> after 60 cm (maximum drift distance) < 3 mm

300 mm

900 mm

500 mm

400 mm53.1° 24.0°

=-0.7 (127o) =1.6 (24o)

Beam

150 mm

Target

Genie Jhang(Korea Univ.)

Time Projection Chamber

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Central Au+Au at 250 AMeV(IQMD)

Genie Jhang (Korea Univ.)

Color scale: the number of electrons in each pad

Pad− Shape: hexagonal− Total number

90,000 for 2.5 mm20,000 for 5 mm

Signal processing− GET: General

Electronics for TPC 2.5 mm

Si-CsI

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1.6 < < 2.1(14o < Lab < 24o)

Suhyun & Songkyo Lee(Korea Univ.)

Si-CsI

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Suhyun & Songkyo Lee(Korea Univ.)

E=E1+E2+E3Etot=E+Ec

E=E1+E2+E3 is preferred at high energies

E=E1 is preferred at low energies

Neutron Detector Array

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Kisoo Lee & Eunah Joo (Korea Univ.)

veto

Cross section of each bar:10Χ10 cm2

Construction of the prototype and test with radiation sources− Dimension: 0.1Χ0.1Χ1.0 m3

− Sources: 60Co and 252Cf − Time resolution: 488 ps, Position resolution: ~8 cm for CFD

Neutron Detector Array

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Kisoo Lee & Benard Mulilo (Korea Univ.)

252Cf

Watt spectrum: ⁄ ∝ sinhwith =0.88 MeV-1 and =2.0 MeV-1

Ref) B. Watt, Physical Review 87, 1037 (1952)

Dipole Spectrometer

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Songkyo Lee (Korea Univ.)Chong Cheoul Yun (RISP/IBS)

Ion optics calculation by the matrix method

(GICOSY code)

Dipole Spectrometer

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Songkyo Lee (Korea Univ.) & Chong Cheoul Yun (RISP/IBS)

Large angular acceptance75 mrad (H)100 mrad (V)

Coulomb Breakup & Transfer Reactions

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NeutronDetector

Array

Dipole Spectrometer-Array

- Photoabsorption measurements• PDR/GDR measurements via

124,130,132Sn+208Pb, 68,70,72Ni+208Pb, 50,54,60Ca+208Pb, etc. • 1n and 2n removal cross sections for unstable nuclei• Measuring E* from beam fragment, n’s, and ’s

- For example, 2n transfer reaction is important for the structure

Summary1. RAON

– First large-scale facility for nuclear physics in Korea2. KOBRA

– Broad acceptance recoil spectrometer at low-energy experimental area

– To cover nuclear structure, nuclear astrophysics, super-heavy elements, and nuclear symmetry energy

3. LAMPS– Large-acceptance multipurpose spectrometer at high-

energy experimental area (Low-energy version of LAMPS at KOBRA)

– Primary purpose is to measure the nuclear symmetry energy at sub- and supra-saturation densities

– Useful also to study various photoabsorption processes and transfer reactions

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