Upload
others
View
5
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
PLANETARY INSTRUMENTATION
REMOTE SENSING
Luigi Colangeli Head, ESA Solar System Missions Division
and Coordinator, ESA Solar System Missions
ESA-ESTEC/SRE-SM, Postbus 299 2200 AG Noordwijk (The Netherlands) Tel: +31 - 71 565 3573 Fax: +31 - 71 565 4697 [email protected]
1
Outline
1. WHAT => Targets to observe
a. Terrestrial planets
b. Small bodies
2. WHY => Scientific objectives
a. Atmospheres => Composition, physical status
b. Surface => Geo-chemistry/geology
c. Sub-surface => Geology
3. HOW => Methodologies
a. Imaging
b. Spectroscopy
c. Radar sounding
d. Others...
4. (Some) results from flying missions
a. Mars
b. Venus
c. Mercury
5. (Some) expectations from future missions
a. Mars
b. Mercury
c. Comets – asteroids
6. Conclusions? 2
Outline
1. WHAT => Targets to observe
a. Terrestrial planets
b. Small bodies
2. WHY => Scientific objectives
a. Atmospheres => Composition, physical status
b. Surface => Geo-chemistry/geology
c. Sub-surface => Geology
3. HOW => Methodologies
a. Imaging
b. Spectroscopy
c. Radar sounding
d. Others...
4. (Some) results from flying missions
5. (Some) expectations from future missions
6. Conclusions?
3
WHAT
4
1. WHAT => Targets to observe The ESA fleet in the Solar System
Proba-2 Carries solar observation and space weather experiments
The ESA Science Programme has consistently allowed European scientists to score key “firsts”
Europe today has leadership in a number of fields in Space Science
ESA aims at maintaining this leadership
5
1. WHAT OBJECTIVES for 2013-2015
-2013: Launch of GAIA To create the largest and most precise three dimensional chart of our Galaxy by providing unprecedented positional and radial velocity measurements for about one billion stars in our Galaxy and throughout the Local Group
-2014: Launch of LISA Pathfinder LISA Pathfinder is to demonstrate the key technologies to be used in future missions for gravitational wave detection
-2015: Launch of BepiColombo
6
1. WHAT COSMIC VISION (2015-2025) Step 1
Proposal selection for assessment phase in October 2007 3 M missions concepts: Euclid, PLATO, Solar Orbiter 3 L mission concepts: X-ray astronomy, Jupiter system science,
gravitational wave observatory 1 MoO being considered: European participation to SPICA
Selection of Solar Orbiter as M1 and Euclid as M2 in 2011. Selection of Juice as L1 in 2012.
Euclid Solar Orbiter
JUICE
7
1. WHAT COSMIC VISION (2015-2025) Step 2
Second “Call for Missions” issued in 2010 Only M mission proposals solicited ECHO, MarcoPolo-R, LOFT, STE-QUEST selected for assessment
with PLATO (possibly) retained from previous round. Selection planned for 2013.
LOFT EChO
MarcoPolo-R
STE-QUEST
PLATO
8
1. WHAT => Targets to observe
1. Terrestrial planets
a. Mars and Mars Express
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=9
b. Mercury and BepiColombo
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=30
c. Venus and Venus Express
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=64
2. Small bodies
• Comets, Giotto and Rosetta
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=15
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=13
• Asteroids and MarcoPolo-R
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=126
MarcoPolo-Science Requirements Document
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=49579
9
Mercury (not true-color), Venus (stripped of its atmosphere), Earth (true-color), and Mars (stripped of its atmosphere), and dwarf planet Ceres (true-color). Sizes to scale
1. WHAT => Targets to observe Terrestrial planets Mars and Mars Express
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=9
10
1. WHAT => Targets to observe Terrestrial planets Mars and Mars Express
11
1. WHAT => Targets to observe Terrestrial planets Mars and Mars Express
12
1. WHAT => Targets to observe Terrestrial planets Venus and Venus Express
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=64
13
1. WHAT => Targets to observe Terrestrial planets Venus and Venus Express
14
1. WHAT => Targets to observe Terrestrial planets Mercury and BepiColombo
htt
p:/
/sci.esa.int/
scie
nce-e
/ww
w/a
rea/i
ndex.c
fm?fa
reaid
=30
15
1. WHAT => Targets to observe Terrestrial planets Mercury and BepiColombo
16
1. WHAT => Targets to observe Terrestrial planets Mercury and BepiColombo
17
1. WHAT => Targets to observe Small Bodies Comets and Giotto
18
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=15
1. WHAT => Targets to observe Small Bodies Comets and Giotto
19
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=15
1. WHAT => Targets to observe Small Bodies Comets and Rosetta
20
htt
p:/
/sci.esa.int/
scie
nce-e
/ww
w/a
rea/i
ndex.c
fm?fa
reaid
=13
1. WHAT => Targets to observe Small Bodies Comets and Rosetta
21
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=13
1. WHAT => Targets to observe Small Bodies Comets and Rosetta... and Asteroids
22
1. WHAT => Targets to observe Small Bodies Asteroids... and MarcoPolo-R (study)
23
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=126
WHY
24
2. WHY COSMIC VISION “Grand Themes”
1. What are the conditions for planetary formation and the emergence of life ?
2. How does the Solar System work?
3. What are the physical fundamental laws of the Universe?
4. How did the Universe originate and what is it made of?
25
2. WHY => Targets to observe
26
2. WHY => Scientific objectives
1. Mars and Mars Express
• Background Science
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31483
• ESA SP-1291: Mars Express - The Scientific Investigations
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=47218
• ESA SP-1240: Mars Express - The Scientific Payload
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=35730
• Workshop Mars III, Les Houches, 2010
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=46845
2. Mercury and BepiColombo
• Background Science
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=47055
• BepiColombo-Comprehensive exploration of Mercury: Mission overview and science goals
Benkhoff, J., et al. (2010) - Planetary and Space Science Vol. 58
3. Venus and Venus Express
• Background Science
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=64
4. Giant Planets
• see other dedicated Lectures
28
2. WHY => Scientific objectives Geology
29
Nicolas MANGOLD - Workshop Mars III, Les Houches, 2010 http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=46845
2. WHY => Scientific objectives Mars and Earth
• Mars is geologically inactive, but meteorologically very active because of winds and dust.
• Mars surface is characterized by impact craters, extinct volcanoes, valleys, deserts and two polar caps made of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water ice (H2O) and dust, whose extension depends on seasonal condensation/sublimation processes.
• The Martian seasonal and daily climatic conditions depend on the planet orbit and rotation.
• Because of the orbital eccentricity, summer lasts more in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere.
MARS EARTH
Mean Day 24.66 h = 1 sol 24.00 h
Orbit Semimajor Axis 228106 km 150106 km
Orbit Eccentricity 0.0934 0.0167
Inclination to Ecliptic 1.85° 0°
Longitude of the Ascending
Node 49.6° 348.7°
Argument of the Perihelion 286.5° 114.2°
Orbital Period 687 days 365.2 days
Distance Mars-Earth 55.7106-401.3106 km
Average Gravity 3.73 m/s2 9.81 m/s2
30
2 WHY => Scientific objectives Geology and water
31
Nicolas MANGOLD - Workshop Mars III, Les Houches, 2010 http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=46845
2 WHY => Scientific objectives Geology, water and chronology
32
Nicolas MANGOLD - Workshop Mars III, Les Houches, 2010 http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=46845
2 WHY => Scientific objectives Geology, water and chronology
33
Nicolas MANGOLD - Workshop Mars III, Les Houches, 2010 http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=46845
2 WHY => Scientific objectives Cratering
34
Stephanie C. Werner - Workshop Mars III, Les Houches, 2010 http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=46845
Neukum et al. 1975
2. WHY => Scientific objectives Martian Atmosphere
• Thin, dry, cold, dominated by carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Dependence on season, time location and altitude
• Dust influence on planetary climate
• Environmental conditions close to the water triple point (T = 273 K, p = 610 Pa)
Atmospheric Parameters
Composition (volume fraction)
95.32% CO2, 2.70% N2, 1.60% Ar40,
0.13% O2, 0.07% CO, 0.03% H2O, 0.013%
NO, 5.3 ppm Ar36+38, 2.5 ppm Ne, 0.3 ppm
Kr, 0.13 ppm CH2O, 0.08 ppm Xe, 0.04-
0.02 ppm O3, 10.5 ppb CH4
Mean Molecular Mass 43.49 g/mole
Gas Constant 192 J/kg/K
Ratio between Heat Capacities 1.33
Specific heat capacity at constant pressure 860 J/kg/K
Mean Free Molecular Path 4.74·10-6 m
Pressure 6.1 mbar (average) - 0.2-12 mbar (range)
Temperature 215 K (average) - 140-310 K (range)
Density 0.010-0.020 kg/m3
Viscosity (T = 293.15 K) 1.4673·10-5 Pa·s
Wind Speed 0-30 m/s
Atmospheric visible optical depth 0.1-10
Atmospheric dust mass density 1-100·103 kg/m3
Atmospheric dust particle number density 1-100 cm-3
Atmospheric dust grain size 0.010-10 μm
35
2. WHY => Scientific objectives Martian Atmosphere
36
Michael A. Mischna - Workshop Mars III, Les Houches, 2010 http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=46845
2. WHY => Scientific objectives Martian Climate
37
François Forget - Workshop Mars III, Les Houches, 2010 http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=46845
2. WHY => Scientific objectives Martian Climate
38
François Forget - Workshop Mars III, Les Houches, 2010 http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=46845
2. WHY => Scientific objectives Climate
39
2. WHY => Scientific objectives Venus atmosphere
40
• Venus is totally covered by thick clouds, which are practically featureless in visible spectral range. • The main cloud deck is in the range 48-70 km altitude. • Three layers with different properties: upper (roughly 60-70 km), middle (50-60 km) and low (48-50 km). • The total optical depth of the clouds changes in the range 20 – 40. • The main compounds of the clouds is sulfuric acid with concentration 75 - 85 % at all latitudes • The abundance of the H2SO4 vapor is in saturation at 50 km at low and high latitudes indicating to sulfuric
acid condensation in low clouds. • Other compounds: S, Cl, P and Fe • The sulfuric acid is produced by photochemical way from H2O and SO2 near the cloud top. • Particle sizes: submicron, 1-2 μm, 3.5 μm. • One of the mysteries of Venus is ‘unknown’ UV absorber in the upper clouds (in the 0.32 – 0.45 μm
spectral range, at λ< 0.32 μm the UV absorption are explained by SO2 and SO).
2. WHY => Scientific objectives Mercury interior… and exosphere
41
2. WHY => Scientific objectives Small bodies and Solar system formation
1. Mars and Mars Express
2. Mercury and BepiColombo
3. Venus and Venus Express
4. Small bodies
• Comets and Rosetta
ROSETTA - ESA's Mission to the Origin of the Solar System
Schulz, R.; Alexander, C.; Boehnhardt, H.; Glaßmeier, K.H. (Eds.) 1st Edition., 2009, - ISBN 978-0-387-77517-3 – Springer
• Asteroids and MarcoPolo-R
MarcoPolo-R: proposal to ESA in response to call for medium-size missions
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=49380#
• Asteroids and Rosetta
Rosetta Fly-by at Asteroid (2867) Steins
PSS – Volume 58, Issue 9 (2010)
Rosetta Fly-by at Asteroid (21) Lutetia
Edited by Rita Schulz and Claudia Alexander
PSS - Volume 66, Issue 1, Pages 1-212 (June 2012)
42
2. WHY => Scientific objectives Small bodies and Solar system formation
43
HOW
44
3. HOW => Methodologies
• Imaging (examples)
HRSC-MEX / VMC-VEX / OSIRIS-ROS
• Spectroscopy (examples)
OMEGA-MEX / VIRTIS-VEX / PFS-VEX / MERTIS-BC / SIMBIO-SYS-BC / VIRTIS-ROS
• Radar sounding
MARSIS-MEX / CONSERT-ROS / RSI-ROS
• Others...
SPICAM-ASPERA-MEX / SPICAV-VEX / BELA-BC (Laser Altimeter) / MIXS-BC (X-ray) / PHEBUS-BC (UV) /
ALICE-ROS (UV)
Ref.s:
MEX
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=34826
ESA SP-1291: Mars Express - The Scientific Investigations
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=47218
ESA SP-1240: Mars Express - The Scientific Payload
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=34885
VEX
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=33964&fbodylongid=1441
BC
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=38831
BepiColombo-Comprehensive exploration of Mercury: Mission overview and science goals
Benkhoff, J., et al. (2010) - Planetary and Space Science Vol. 58
Rosetta
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=35061
ROSETTA - ESA's Mission to the Origin of the Solar System
Schulz, R.; Alexander, C.; Boehnhardt, H.; Glaßmeier, K.H. (Eds.) - 2009, - ISBN 978-0-387-77517-3 – Springer
45
3. HOW => Methodologies Imaging – HRSC MEX
HRSC-MEX / VMC-VEX / OSIRIS-ROS
46
G. Neukum et al. ESA SP-1240 (2004) ESA SP-1291 (2009)
3. HOW => Methodologies Imaging – HRSC MEX
47
G. Neukum et al. ESA SP-1240 (2004) ESA SP-1291 (2009)
3. HOW => Methodologies Imaging – HRSC MEX
HRSC-MEX / VMC-VEX / OSIRIS-ROS
48
G. Neukum et al. ESA SP-1240 (2004) ESA SP-1291 (2009)
3. HOW => Methodologies Imaging – OSIRIS Rosetta
49
H.U. Keller et al. In “ROSETTA” p. 315 (2009)
3. HOW => Methodologies Mapping Spectrometer – Omega - MEX
50
J.-P. Bibring et al. ESA SP-1240 (2004)
OMEGA is a mapping spectrometer, with coaligned channels working in the 0.38-1.05 μm visible and near-IR range (VNIR channel) and in the 0.93-5.1 μm short wavelength IR range (SWIR channel).
3. HOW => Methodologies Mapping Spectrometer – Omega - MEX
51
J.-P. Bibring et al. ESA SP-1240 (2004)
Telescope and its fore-optics, a beam splitter and two spectrometers, each with its detector array actively cooled. The telescope is a Cassegrain of 200 mm focal length, an f/4 aperture, leading to a 1.2 mrad (4.1 arcmin) IFOV and a 15 arcmin free FOV (including the positioning tolerances). The distance between the primary and secondary mirrors is 51 mm; between the secondary mirror and the image plane is 82 mm. In front of the telescope, a fore-optics system has the primary goal of providing a cross-track scanning of the IFOV. It includes two mirrors, moving and fixed. The total scanning angle is ±4.4° (FOV = 128
IFOV), and is adjusted to the OMEGA viewing direction. The control of the scanning mechanism is performed by a dedicated FPGA-based electronic sub-system. Focused by the telescope on an entrance slit, through a shutter, the beam is first collimated, then separated, by a dichroic filter with its cut-off wavelength at 2.7 μm towards two spectrometers, operating at 0.93-2.73 μm and 2.55-5.1 μm.
3. HOW => Methodologies Imaging + Spectrometry SIMBIO-SYS BepiC
52
E. Flamini et al. PSS 58, 125 (2010)
3. HOW => Methodologies Imaging + Spectrometry SIMBIO-SYS BepiC
53
E. Flamini et al. PSS 58, 125 (2010)
3. HOW => Methodologies Imaging + Spectrometry SIMBIO-SYS BepiC
54
E. Flamini et al. PSS 58, 125 (2010)
3. HOW => Methodologies Spectroscopy – PFS - MEX
55
V. Formisano et al. ESA SP-1240 (2004)
3. HOW => Methodologies Spectroscopy – MERTIS - BepiC
56
H. Hiesinger et al. PSS 58, 144 (2010)
3. HOW => Methodologies Spectroscopy – SPICAM - MEX
57
J—L. Bertaux et al. ESA SP-1240 (2004) ESA SP-1291 (2009)
3. HOW => Methodologies Spectroscopy – SPICAM - MEX
58
J—L. Bertaux et al. ESA SP-1240 (2004) ESA SP-1291 (2009)
3. HOW => Methodologies Spectroscopy – ALICE - Rosetta
59
J. Parker et al. In “ROSETTA” p. 167 (2009)
3. HOW => Methodologies Spectroscopy – PHEBUS - BepiC
60
E. Chassefière et al. PSS 58, 201 (2010)
3. HOW => Methodologies Spectroscopy – MIRO - Rosetta
61
S. Gulkis et al. In “ROSETTA” p. 291 (2009)
3. HOW => Methodologies Spectroscopy – MIXS – BepiC
62
G.W. Fraser et al. PSS 58, 79 (2010)
3. HOW => Methodologies Laser Altimetry – BELA – BepiColombo
63
A laser altimeter is an instrument that measures the distance from an orbiting spacecraft to the surface of the planet/asteroid that the spacecraft is orbiting. The distance is determined by measuring the complete round trip time of a laser pulse from the instrument to the planet's/asteroid's surface and back to the instrument. The distance to the object can be determined by multiplying the round-trip pulse time by the speed of light and dividing by two. With a well-known attitude and position of the instrument/spacecraft the location on the surface illuminated by the laser pulse can be determined. The series of the laser spot, or footprint, locations provides a profile of the surface.
K. Gunderson et al. PSS 58, 309 (2010)
64
3. HOW => Methodologies
Laser Altimetry MGS - MOLA
When this voltage exceeds a noise threshold, counts are latched by the time interval unit (TIU). Four separate channels filter the voltage output in parallel to detect pulses spread out by the roughness of terrain or clouds, increasing the likelihood of detection, and providing some information about surface or cloud characteristics. The noise threshold is set by software and, based on statistics from the past 14 seconds worth of returns, minimizes the probability of false hits while maximizing the probability of detection. While the MOLA-2 instrument is functionally the same as that carried on Mars Observer, we updated the electronics to improve reliability and in the course of doing so improved overall instrument performance. Time-delay lines enable the measurement of return pulses with two extra bits of precision, that will allow measurement of changes in surface elevation due to polar ice over the course of a Martian year. The received pulse energy will measure the infrared reflectivity of the surface. In addition, measurements of the returned laser pulse width are providing fascinating information about the 100-meter-scale roughness of the Martian surface.
By firing short (~8-ns) pulses of infrared light at the surface and measuring the time for the reflected laser energy to return, dT=Tr-To, MOLA measures the range from the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft to the tops of Mars' mountains and the depths of its valleys. A telescope focuses the light scattered by terrain or clouds onto a silicon avalanche photodiode detector. A portion of the output laser energy that is diverted to the detector, starts a precision clock counter. The detector outputs a voltage proportional to the rate of returning photons that have been backscattered from Mars' surface or atmosphere.
3. HOW => Methodologies Radar sounding – MARSIS - MEX
65
G.Picardi et al. ESA SP-1240 (2004)
3. HOW => Methodologies Radar sounding – MARSIS - MEX
66
G.Picardi et al. ESA SP-1240 (2004)
3. HOW => Methodologies Radar sounding – SHARAD - MRO
67
• The Shallow Subsurface Radar (SHARAD) seeks liquid or frozen water in the first few hundreds of feet (up to 1 kilometer) of Mars' crust.
• SHARAD probes the subsurface using radar waves using a 15-25 MHz frequency band in order to get the desired high depth resolution.
• The radar wave return, which is captured by the SHARAD antenna, is sensitive to changes in the electrical reflection characteristics of the rock, sand, and any water present in the surface and subsurface. Water, like high-density rock, is very conducting, and will have a very strong radar return. Changes in the reflection characteristics of the subsurface, such as layers deposited by geological processes in the ancient history of Mars, will also be visible
• The instrument has a horizontal resolution of between 0.3 and 3 kilometers (between 2/10 of a mile and almost 2 miles) horizontally and 15 meters (about 50 feet) vertically. Subsurface features will have to be of the order of these dimensions for them to be observable.
R. Croci, et al. Proceedings of IEEE Vol. 99, Issue 5, 794 (2011)
4. (Some) results
• Mars
• ESA SP-1291: Mars Express - The Scientific Investigations
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=47218
• Workshop Mars III, Les Houches, 2010
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=46845
• Venus
• Advances in Venus Science
Gierasch, P., et al., Icarus 217 (2012)
This issue of Icarus presents papers on the planet Venus based principally on presentations at two
international conferences during the summer of 2010
• Mercury
Messenger http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/spacecraft/index.html
Barnouin, O.S. et al.; The morphology of craters on Mercury: Results from MESSENGER flybys,
Icarus 219, 414-427 (2012)
• Asteroids
3 Papers - Science 334 (2011)
The Surface Composition and Temperature of Asteroid 21 Lutetia As Observed by Rosetta/VIRTIS - Science, Volume 334, 492- (2011).
Asteroid 21 Lutetia: Low Mass, High Density - Science, Volume 334, Issue 6055, pp. 491- (2011).
Images of Asteroid 21 Lutetia: A Remnant Planetesimal from the Early Solar System - Science, Volume 334, Issue 6055, pp. 487- (2011).
Rosetta Fly-by at Asteroid (21) Lutetia
Edited by Rita Schulz and Claudia Alexander
PSS - Volume 66, Issue 1, Pages 1-212 (June 2012)
68
4. Results – Mars Express Images
69
ESA’s Report to the 39th COSPAR Meeting ESA SP-1223 June 2012 http://sci.esa.int/cospar_report
70
Global topographic map of Mars with major surface features labeled. (Credit: MOLA Science Team) http://mola.gsfc.nasa.gov/ The Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter, or MOLA, is an instrument on the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), a spacecraft that was launched on November 7, 1996. The mission of MGS was to orbit Mars, and map it over the course of approximately 3 years, which it did sucessfully, completing 4 1/2 years of mapping. Determining the height of surface features on Mars is important to mapping it. To this end, MGS carried a laser altimeter on board. This instrument, MOLA, collected altimetry data until June 30, 2001. MOLA has been operating, and continues to operate, as a radiometer since June 2001
4. Results – MGS – MOLA Laser Altimetry
4. Results – Mars Express North Pole MARSIS investigation
• MARSIS has conducted a successful north polar night-side campaign.
• This new MARSIS campaign provided many examples of deep detections that were not possible before, and many others that are inaccessible to SHARAD.
71
200 km
4. Results – Mars Express North Pole MARSIS investigation
• Base of basal unit is visible across entire polar plateau. Allows better constraints on thickness and volume.
• Preliminary estimate of real dielectric constant of basal unit at Rupes Tenuis is ~4. Implies lithic component up to ~50%.
72
200 km
Olympia Undae Rupes Tenuis plateau
Basal unit
NP Layered Deposit
4. Results – Mars Express North Pole MARSIS investigation
• Base of basal unit is visible across entire polar plateau. Allows better constraints on thickness and volume.
• Preliminary estimate of real dielectric constant of basal unit at Rupes Tenuis is ~4. Implies lithic component up to ~50%.
73
4. Results – Mars Express Atmosphere and water cycle
ESA’s Report to the 39th COSPAR Meeting ESA SP-1223 June 2012 http://sci.esa.int/cospar_report
74
4. Results – Venus Express A complex atmosphere
ESA’s Report to the 39th COSPAR Meeting ESA SP-1223 June 2012 http://sci.esa.int/cospar_report
75
Data from Venus Express + ground based mm-wave and IR observations Extended photochemical model of the middle atmosphere: it uses more than 150 chemical reactions and produces vertical profiles of 44 atmospheric gases. Profiles of a few key species are shown at the left. The drop in SO2 concentration at around 64 km altitude is due to the formation of H2SO4 droplets in the upper cloud layer at this level. Krasnopolsky, Icarus, doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2011.11.012., 2011
Altitude
[km
] 4. Venus Express Photochemical model of the middle atmosphere
76
VIRTIS data @5μm, sampling altitude ~65km
4. Results – Venus Express A complex atmosphere - Polar vortex dynamics
4. Results – Venus Express A planet geologically still active?
Recent Hot-Spot Volcanism on Venus from VIRTIS Emissivity Data S.E. Smrekar, et al., Science 10.1126/science.1186785 2010
78
4. Results – NASA Messenger Crater counting
The morphology of craters on Mercury: Results from MESSENGER flybys O.S. Barnouin, Icarus 219 (2012) 414–427
79
5. Expectations from future missions
• Jupiter System
The JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE)
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=129
JUICE assessment study report (Yellow Book)
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=49837
Announcement of Opportunity for the JUICE Payload (PIP)
http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=50494
• Mars
• The ExoMars Program and the Trace Gas Orbiter
http://exploration.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=46048
http://exploration.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=46475
• Mercury
• BepiColombo-Comprehensive exploration of Mercury: Mission overview and science goals
Benkhoff, J., et al. (2010) - Planetary and Space Science Vol. 58
• Comets
• ROSETTA - ESA's Mission to the Origin of the Solar System
Schulz, R.; Alexander, C.; Boehnhardt, H.; Glaßmeier, K.H. (Eds.)
2009, - ISBN 978-0-387-77517-3 – Springer
80
5. The JUICE Scientific Objectives and Model Payload
81
JUICE assessment study report (Yellow Book) http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=49837
5. The JUICE Scientific Objectives and Model Payload
82
5. The (optional) European Robotic Exploration Program
1. Focused on the robotic exploration
2. Optional program
a. Not all Member States participate
b. Individual missions are specifically
funded by Member States
a. Based on international cooperation
with Russia
3. Two missions currently approved (“ExoMars”)
a. Trace gas orbiter (TGO) and Entry,
Descent, and Landing Demonstrator
Module (EDM) (2016)
b. Exo-biology rover with Pasteur P/L
(2018)
4. Long-term goal is Mars Sample Return
83
5. ExoMars - The EDL Demonstrator Module
A technology demonstrator for landing payloads on Mars
A platform to conduct environmental measurements, particularly during the dust storm season
EDM PAYLOAD
Integrated payload mass: 5 kg;
Lifetime: 4–8 sols;
Measurements:
• Descent science;
• P, T, wind speed and
direction;
• Optical depth;
• Atmospheric charging;
• Descent camera.
84
5. ExoMars – The Trace Gas Orbiter
Instrument Science
ACS-NIR Echelle-AOTF spectrometer
(nadir + limb + occultation)
Water, photochemistry
ACS-MIR Echelle spectrometer
(occultation)
Methane and minor constituents
ACS-TIR Fourier spectrometer (nadir +
occultation)
Aerosols; Minor constituents;
Atmospheric structure
NOMAD Echelle spectrometer
(nadir + occultation)
Trace gas inventory;
Mapping of sources/sinks
FREND Collimated neutron detector Mapping of subsurface water
CASSIS High-resolution, stereo camera Mapping of sources;
Landing site selection
85
5. ExoMars – The 2018 Mission
TECHNOLOGY OBJECTIVES
Surface mobility with a rover (having several kilometres range);
Access to the subsurface to acquire samples (with a drill, down to 2-m depth);
Sample acquisition, preparation, distribution, and analysis. SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES
To search for signs of past and present life on Mars;
To characterise the water/subsurface environment as a
function of depth in the shallow subsurface.
To characterise the surface and subsurface environment.
Nominal mission: 220 sols
Nominal science: 6 Experiment
Cycles +
2 Vertical Surveys
EC length: 16–20 sols
Rover mass: 300-kg class
Mobility range: Several km
86
5. The EREP perspectives PHOOTPRINT & INSPIRE
Missions with a strong scientific and technology content:
• Phobos sample return;
• Mars network.
INSPIRE
PHOOTPRINT
87
5. The MarcoPolo-R study
88
Conclusions
89