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What to observe. Methods used to locate objects. Using a planisphere. Angular distance. Using binoculars. Using a telescope and a telrad. Star hopping with a finderscope. Useful resources – star charts. So>ware that simulates the nightsky.

planisphere. - WSAAG · The%planisphere%(nextslide)%shows%the%northern%sky%for%the%1 st%of%Sep%at8pm.% Look%for%the%brighteststars%in%the%sky%and%iden^fy%them%from%the% planisphere

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Page 1: planisphere. - WSAAG · The%planisphere%(nextslide)%shows%the%northern%sky%for%the%1 st%of%Sep%at8pm.% Look%for%the%brighteststars%in%the%sky%and%iden^fy%them%from%the% planisphere

• What  to  observe.  

• Methods  used  to  locate  objects.  

• Using  a  planisphere.  • Angular  distance.  • Using  binoculars.  • Using  a  telescope  and  a  telrad.  • Star  hopping  with  a  finderscope.  • Useful  resources  –  star  charts.  • So>ware  that  simulates  the  night-­‐sky.  

Page 2: planisphere. - WSAAG · The%planisphere%(nextslide)%shows%the%northern%sky%for%the%1 st%of%Sep%at8pm.% Look%for%the%brighteststars%in%the%sky%and%iden^fy%them%from%the% planisphere

What  to  Observe  The  Moon.  Diameter  about  3474  kms,  distance  about  384,000  kms.  

Stars,  variable  stars  and  binary  stars.  Example:  the  Sun,  diameter  about  1.4  million  kms,  distance  150  million  kms.  You  need  solar  filters  or  a  specialised  solar  scope  to  observe  the  Sun.  Example:  the  binary  star  alpha  Centauri  AB,  4.3  light  years  away.    

Open  clusters.  Example:  Jewel  Box  (NGC  4755),  size  about  19  light  years,  distance  6400  light  years.  Contains  around  100  stars.  Jewel  Box  image  at  right  by  Rodney  Moulder.  

Comets,  asteriods  and  planets.  Example:   Jupiter,   diameter   140,000   kms,   780   million   kms  (about  43  light  minutes  or  0.00008  light  years)  from  the  Sun.  Jupiter  image  at  right  by  Chris  Turton.  

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Globular   clusters.   Example:  M22   (NGC   6656),  diameter   97   light   years,   distance  10,400   light  years.  Contains  approximately  500,000  stars.  M22  image  at  right  by  Claudio  S^llo.  

Nebulae  (clouds  of  dust  and  gas).  Example:  Tarantula  Nebula   (  NGC  2070)   in  the   LMC,   dimensions   about   1800  by   1200  light   years,   distance   160,000   light   years.  Largest  known  star-­‐forming  region.  Tarantula  image  at  le>  by  Rob  Keskull.  

Galaxies.   Example:   the   barred   spiral   galaxy  M83   (NGC   5236),   diameter   about   100,000  light   years,   distance   17   million   light   years.  Contains  over  35  billion  stars.  M83  image  at  right  by  Gerry  Aarts.  

Page 4: planisphere. - WSAAG · The%planisphere%(nextslide)%shows%the%northern%sky%for%the%1 st%of%Sep%at8pm.% Look%for%the%brighteststars%in%the%sky%and%iden^fy%them%from%the% planisphere

Methods  Used  to  Locate  Objects  The   method   you   use   to   locate   astronomical   objects   will   depend   on   the   type   of  equipment  you  are  using  …  

GoTo  with  motorised  mount.   Scopes   can   be   set   up   by   doing   a   two-­‐star   alignment.  Once  aligned,  catalogue  numbers  (e.g.  HIP,  Messier,  NGC)  are  entered  into  an  afached  hand-­‐held   keypad.   The   RA   and   Dec   is   retrieved   by   the   mount’s   processor   and   the  mount   then  moves   the   scope   automa^cally   to   the  object.  A  GoTo  motorised  mount  can  also  be  controlled  from  an  afached  laptop.  

Computer-­‐guided   Push   To.   An   Argo   Navis   computer   can   be   used   on   a   Dobsonian.  Afached  op^cal  encoders  measure  the  up/down  and  circular  movement  of  telescope.  Once  aligned,  the  computer  will  use  the  RA  and  Dec  for  a  selected  object  to  guide  you  in  pushing  the  scope  to  the  correct  spot  (RA    0,  Dec    0).  

Regardless  of  the  method  used,  you  s^ll  need  to  be  able  to  iden^fy  some  major  stars  to  properly  set  up  your  GoTo  or  Argo  Navis.    

Star  hopping  (no  processor  guidance).  This  is  the  tradi^onal  method  using  maps  and  star  hopping.  Most  people  with  Dobsonians  do  it  this  way.  

Page 5: planisphere. - WSAAG · The%planisphere%(nextslide)%shows%the%northern%sky%for%the%1 st%of%Sep%at8pm.% Look%for%the%brighteststars%in%the%sky%and%iden^fy%them%from%the% planisphere

A  simple  “hands  on”  tool  is  a  planisphere  or  star  disk.  It   is  designed  so  that  it  can  be  used  outside  at  night  with  a  red  light  torch.  Dialing  the  date  and  ^me  of  night  allows  you  to  get  a  picture  of  the  current  night-­‐sky  facing  north  or  south.  

Using  a  Planisphere  (Star  Disk)  

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The  planisphere  (next  slide)  shows  the  northern  sky  for  the  1st  of  Sep  at  8pm.  

Look  for  the  brightest  stars  in  the  sky  and  iden^fy  them  from  the  planisphere.  

The  brightest  stars  (with  the  biggest  dots)  are  Spica  and  Arcturus  to  the  west,  Vega  and  Altair  to  the  North.  

From  the  brightest  stars   try   to   locate   the  stars   that   form  the  s:ck  figures   for  par^cular  constella^ons  such  as  Lyra,  Aquila,  Hercules  and  Cygnus.  

If  you  have  a  pair  of  binoculars  you  could  try  to  find  the  bright  globular  cluster  M13  in  Hercules.  

Many  of  the  bright  objects  on  the  planisphere  can  be  seen  with  binoculars.  

Page 7: planisphere. - WSAAG · The%planisphere%(nextslide)%shows%the%northern%sky%for%the%1 st%of%Sep%at8pm.% Look%for%the%brighteststars%in%the%sky%and%iden^fy%them%from%the% planisphere
Page 8: planisphere. - WSAAG · The%planisphere%(nextslide)%shows%the%northern%sky%for%the%1 st%of%Sep%at8pm.% Look%for%the%brighteststars%in%the%sky%and%iden^fy%them%from%the% planisphere

Angular  Distance  Astronomers   measure   apparent   distances   around   the   sky   are   in   degrees   and  frac^ons  of  a  degree.  1  cm  at    a  distance  of  57  cm  marks  out  about  1  degree.  

The  long  axis  of  the  Southern  Cross  from  Acrux  to  Gacrux  is  about  6  degrees.  From  Altair  to  Vega  is  about  34  degrees.  You  could  use  hand  configura^ons  of  15+20  degrees  to  roughly  locate  Altair  from  Vega.  

With  your  arm  held  out  straight,  the  distance  of  your  eye  to  hand  is  roughly  57cm.  The  width  of   your   index  finger  blocks  out   about  2  degrees  of   sky.   Three  fingers  block  out  about  6  degrees.  

Page 9: planisphere. - WSAAG · The%planisphere%(nextslide)%shows%the%northern%sky%for%the%1 st%of%Sep%at8pm.% Look%for%the%brighteststars%in%the%sky%and%iden^fy%them%from%the% planisphere

Using  Binoculars  

Binoculars  are  a  great  way   to  view   the  Milky  Way  and  brighter  objects   in   the  sky.  Using  both  eyes  will  give  a  richer  stereoscopic  effect.  As  with  telescopes,  aperture  is  important.  Larger  binoculars  will  gather  more  light  and  let  you  see  fainter  objects.  

A pair of hand-held porro-prism 7x50mm or 9x63mm binoculars will give a large field of view (about 5 to 6 degrees) and are a good combination of magnification and aperture size.

If you are looking for something in the telescope, binoculars can be used to sweep across the area first and get your bearings.

With  binoculars,  you  should  be  able  to  spot  at  least  30  globular  clusters,  120  open  clusters  and  nebulae  and  6  galaxies.  You  may  not  resolve  the  stars  but  you  should  see  some  structure.  You  can  also  observe  the  Moon  and  some^mes  a  nice  comet.  

Page 10: planisphere. - WSAAG · The%planisphere%(nextslide)%shows%the%northern%sky%for%the%1 st%of%Sep%at8pm.% Look%for%the%brighteststars%in%the%sky%and%iden^fy%them%from%the% planisphere

Using  a  Telescope  and  a  Telrad  

A  Telrad  is  a  x1  magnifica^on  finder  used  to  point  telescopes  to  the  right  place.  It   shows   the   sky   the   same  way  as   seen   in   star   charts.  A   Telrad  projects   three   red  rings  (diameters  0.5°,  2°  and  4°)  into  the  air  behind  the  glass  window.  Before  using  a  Telrad,  it  should  be  aligned  with  your  scope  using  a  bright  star.  Centre  the   star   in   your   eyepiece   then,   using   the   alignment   screws   at   rear,   centre   the  bullseye  on  the  star.  Looking  at  the  sky,  objects  can  then  be  found  by  shi>ing  your  scope  so  the  bullseye  is  in  the  same  target  area  as  seen  on  a  map.  Whatever  is   in  the  bullseye  will  be  in  the  field  of  view  of  your  telescope  eyepiece.  

Page 11: planisphere. - WSAAG · The%planisphere%(nextslide)%shows%the%northern%sky%for%the%1 st%of%Sep%at8pm.% Look%for%the%brighteststars%in%the%sky%and%iden^fy%them%from%the% planisphere

Example:  on  the  map  M13  is  about  1/3  of  the  way  from  eta  (η)  to  zeta  (ζ)  Herculis.  Put  the  bullseye  of  the  Telrad  about  1/3  of  the  way  between  the  two  stars.  M13   is  about  2.5  degrees   from  eta   (η).  The  outer   ring  of  a  Telrad  has  a   radius  of  2  degrees,  so  eta  (η)  should  be  about  0.5  degrees  outside  this  ring.  

Page 12: planisphere. - WSAAG · The%planisphere%(nextslide)%shows%the%northern%sky%for%the%1 st%of%Sep%at8pm.% Look%for%the%brighteststars%in%the%sky%and%iden^fy%them%from%the% planisphere

Using  a  Finderscope  Some  objects  require  a  more  detailed  map  and  the  use  of  a  decent  finderscope.  An  8x50mm  finderscope  has  a  field  of  view  around  5.5  to  6  degrees.  

A   straight-­‐through   finderscope   will   show   an   inverted   image.   To   centre   the  crosshairs  on  an  object  in  the  finderscope’s  field,  you  have  to  move  the  telescope  in  the  opposite  direc^on.  

A   right-­‐angle   correct   image   finderscope  will  show  the  sky  in  the  same  orienta^on  i.e.  the  right  way  up.  An  object  can  be  centred  in  the  field   of   view   by   moving   the   scope   in   the  same  direc^on  as  seen  in  the  finderscope.  Ergonomically,   right-­‐angle  finders  tend  to  be  more  comfortable  to  use.  Shown  is  an  8x50  right-­‐angle  finderscope  on  a  Skywatcher  100mm  refractor  like  my  own.  

3o

6o

Cross hairsFinderscope

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Example:  to  find  the  red  carbon  star  V  Aquilae  with  a  finderscope.  Lambda  (λ)  and  12  (or  i)  Aquilae  are  naked  eye  and  less  than  1.5  degrees  apart.    Move  your  scope  and  centre  the  finder  on  lambda.  

Page 14: planisphere. - WSAAG · The%planisphere%(nextslide)%shows%the%northern%sky%for%the%1 st%of%Sep%at8pm.% Look%for%the%brighteststars%in%the%sky%and%iden^fy%them%from%the% planisphere

V  Aquilae  can  be  seen  in  the  finder  as  a  magnitude  7  red  star,  less  than  one  degree  from  lambda  (λ)  or  about  1/3  of  the  way  out  from  the  finder’s  centre.  

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Star  Charts  ASTRONOMY  20-­‐-­‐  AUSTRALIA    A  PRACTICAL  GUIDE  TO  THE  NIGHT  SKY  by  Glenn  Dawes,  Peter  Northfield  and  Ken  Wallace.  An  aussie  produc^on.  Atlas  of  the  Southern  Night  Sky  by  Steve  Massey  and  Steve  Quirk.  Another  aussie  produc^on.  Has  maps  of  the  81  constella^ons  seen  from  southern  la^tudes  and  details  of  interes^ng  objects  for  each  constella^on.  Collins  Stars  and  Planets  Guide  (Fourth  Edi^on)  by  Ian  Ridpath  and  Wil  Tirion.  Uses  s^ck  figures  for  constella^ons.  This  is  an  excellent  guide  for  the  beginner.  It   has  maps  of   all   88   constella^ons  and  details  of   stars   and  deep-­‐sky  objects   for  each  constella^on.    Sky  and  Telescope’s  POCKET  SKY  ATLAS  by  Roger  W.Sinnof.  This  is  a  great  resource  for  amateurs  at  any  level.  It   has  80   colour  maps  of   the  whole   sky,   30000   stars   to  magnitude  7.6   and  1500  deep-­‐sky  objects.    THE  CAMBRIDGE  DOUBLE  STAR  ATLAS  James  Mullaney  and  Wil  Tirion  Not   just   for   the   mul^ple   star   enthusiast.   It   has   the   same   s^ck   figures   for  constella^ons  as   the  Collins  Stars  and  Planets  Guide  above.  Has  30  colour-­‐coded  double-­‐page  maps  of  the  whole  sky  with  25000  stars  to  magnitude  7.5  and  2400  mul^ple  stars.  In  addi^on,  it  has  about  900  deep-­‐sky  objects.  Night-­‐Sky  Objects  for  Southern  Observers  Rob  Horvat  Download  for  free  off  the  web.  

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So>ware  that  Simulates  the  Night  Sky  

You  can  get  so>ware  that  acts  like  a  planisphere  but  does  much  more.  Stellarium  is  free.  There  are  versions  for  Mac  and  Windows.  You  can  use   it  on  a   laptop  outside  but  you  might  need  a  box  around   it   (open  to   the  front)  to  prevent  damage  from  dew.  A>er  downloading  the  program,  you  must  enter  your  loca^on  in  the  Loca^on  window.  The  Date/^me  window  can  be  used  to  get  a  view  of  the  sky  for  any  date  and  ^me.  The  sky  view  can  be  dragged  up  or  down,  le>  or  right,  to  centre  a  constella^on.  One  can  also  zoom  in  or  out  on  any  object  in  a  region.  

You  can  also  purchase  other  great  programs  like  SkySafari  Pro  for  Macs,  iPads,  iPhones  or  Android.  Hardware  with  a  built  in  compass  (e.g.  iPhone,  iPad)  will  actually  show  the  constella^on  that  the  unit  is  held  up  to.  As  with  Stellarium,  the  sky  can  be  dragged  or  zoomed  into.  Also,  comprehensive  informa^on  is  given  for  any  object  selected.  

The   above   so>ware   can   also  be  used   to   control   your  GoTo   telescope.   SkySafari   Plus  and  Pro  on  an  iPad  can  also  control  GoTo  telescopes  remotely  using  a  SkyFi  device  (a  wireless  serial  and  USB  adapter)  afached  to  your  scope.  

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Below  is  a  Stellarium  screen  shot  facing  north  (1st  September  at  8pm).    

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Below  is  a  SkySafari  Pro  screen  shot  facing  north  (1st  September  8pm).