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Planning for Flood Resilient and Fish Friendly Planning for Flood Resilient and Fish Friendly RoadRoad--Stream Crossings Stream Crossings in CT’s in CT’s Northwest Northwest Hills Hills
Mike Jastremski, CFM
Watershed Conservation Director
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
•• Project area Project area
•• Climate threatsClimate threats
•• Field assessmentField assessment
•• Modelling flood vulnerability Modelling flood vulnerability
•• Setting prioritiesSetting priorities
•• Designing replacement projectsDesigning replacement projects
•• Integrating with local planningIntegrating with local planning
CT
NY
MA
HVA covers the entire Housatonic watershed:
• 149 main-stem miles • Roughly 4,200 tributary miles
Riverside in Kent
CT
NY
MA
HVA covers the entire Housatonic watershed:
• The Housatonic River: 149 miles long
• Vertical drop of 1,430 feet • 83 towns in 3 states
…and emptying into Long Island Sound at Stratford and Milford Point, CT
CT
NY
MA
HVA covers the entire Housatonic watershed:
• The Housatonic River: 149 miles long
• Vertical drop of 1,430 feet • 3 states and 83 towns • 1,948 square miles (1.2 million acres)
Housatonic River Valley, Sharon/Cornwall
From Appalachian Trail in Falls Village, looking toward Berkshires Photo: Bill Wakely
Morning mist Kent, CT
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
•• Project area Project area
•• Climate threatsClimate threats
•• Field assessmentField assessment-- identify barriersidentify barriers
•• Model flood vulnerability Model flood vulnerability \\
•• Set prioritiesSet priorities
•• Design replacement projectsDesign replacement projects
•• Integrate with local planningIntegrate with local planning
Climate Threats: More RainClimate Threats: More Rain
July 2013 - Sharon, CT Source: Litchfield
County Times
Climate Threats: More RainClimate Threats: More Rain
Increase in polluted runoff o Problems with stormwater runoff we’re used
to…
Climate Threats: Water QualityClimate Threats: Water Quality
… and pollution inputs from major floods that we’re not as familiar with…
Climate Threats: Water QualityClimate Threats: Water Quality
Bigger floods = stream instability o Increased erosion
Climate Threats: Water QualityClimate Threats: Water Quality
Climate Threats: Rising TemperaturesClimate Threats: Rising Temperatures
Increasing water temperatures, contracting cold-water habitat
Climate Threats: HabitatClimate Threats: Habitat
Importance of MovementImportance of Movement
ReproductionReproduction
Daily and seasonal Daily and seasonal
Changes in habitatChanges in habitat
Genetic diversityGenetic diversity
ColonizationColonization
Movement is Key to Movement is Key to
AdaptationAdaptation
Roads and StreamsRoads and Streams
Fragmentation Fragmentation
Prevents AdaptationPrevents Adaptation
Undersized Culverts = Undersized Culverts =
More Flood Damage More Flood Damage
Dams Dams
Sub-standard
Culverts
Sub-standard
Culverts
Housatonic
streams in CT
Dams
(not comprehensive!)
Roads and railroads
Road-stream
crossings
Dams and
crossings
Respond to climate threats and scale of barrier Respond to climate threats and scale of barrier
problem:problem:
•• Identify replacement projects that both reduce Identify replacement projects that both reduce
flood risk and reconnect important habitatflood risk and reconnect important habitat
•• BBuild local capacity to take advantage of uild local capacity to take advantage of
every opportunity to replace problem culvertsevery opportunity to replace problem culverts
Project GoalsProject Goals
TownTown--Scale Scale Management PlansManagement Plans
• 7 towns
• Evaluate flood risk and
conservation value
TownTown--Scale Scale Management PlansManagement Plans
• Create town-specific
Road-Stream Crossing
Inventory docs
• Use Inventory to set
priorities
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
•• Project area Project area
•• Climate threatsClimate threats
•• Field assessmentField assessment
•• Modelling flood vulnerabilityModelling flood vulnerability
•• Town prioritization workshopsTown prioritization workshops
•• Designing replacement projectsDesigning replacement projects
•• Integrating with local planningIntegrating with local planning
Field AssessmentField Assessment
Field AssessmentField Assessment
Stream Shape: CrossStream Shape: Cross--sectionsection
Stream Shape: PatternStream Shape: Pattern
•• Pattern is a stream’s shape from abovePattern is a stream’s shape from above
•• Placement of features like meander bends, pools and rifflesPlacement of features like meander bends, pools and riffles
Adapted from North Carolina Cooperative
Extension Service, 1999
Stream Shape: SlopeStream Shape: Slope
Excessive Velocities Excessive Velocities
Field AssessmentField Assessment
Inlet Drop Inlet Drop
Scour Hole Scour Hole
Outlet Drop
(Perching)
Outlet Drop
(Perching)
Tail Water
Armoring
Tail Water
Armoring
Insufficient Water
Depth
Insufficient Water
Depth
ResultsResults
• Since 2013 900 +
crossings assessed in project area
• Barriers common and
widespread
• Many barrier crossings managed by towns with limited resources
Barrier Evaluation Number Percentage
Severe barrier 151 25%
Significant barrier 61 10%
Moderate barrier 144 24%
Minor Barrier 206 34%
Insignificant Barrier 42 7%
No barrier (full passage)
0 0%
Of 604 assessed
culverts, 356 are
moderate to
severe barriers
Stream Habitat FragmentationStream Habitat Fragmentation
59%!
Dams and
crossings
Fragmentation Fragmentation
Prevents AdaptationPrevents Adaptation
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
•• Project area Project area
•• Climate threatsClimate threats
•• Field assessmentField assessment
•• Modelling flood vulnerabilityModelling flood vulnerability
•• Town prioritization workshopsTown prioritization workshops
•• Designing replacement projectsDesigning replacement projects
•• Integrating with local planningIntegrating with local planning
Simulating Flood RiskSimulating Flood Risk
•• How do we predict How do we predict
whether or not this whether or not this
culvert…culvert…
…will flood the road?…will flood the road?
Culvert InletCulvert Inlet
CREST ModelCREST Model
•• HVA is partnering HVA is partnering with UCONNwith UCONN
•• CREST ModelCREST Model
•• Combining the Combining the model with field model with field data, UCONN data, UCONN can simulate can simulate which crossings which crossings will flood the will flood the roadroad
Distributed Variables
Soil Properties
Vegetation Library
Land Cover
Impervious Area
Water Balance Energy Balance
Atmospheric Layer
Canopy Layer
Snow Pack Layer
Surface Soil Layer
Deep Soil Layer
River
discharge (Q)
Interception
Evaportranspiration
Snow Process
Infiltration
Fully Distributed Routing
RunoffET
Hourly MeteorologIc
Variables
climatology
Precipitation
Forc
e
T
W
CalibrationUSGS (Q)
Routing parameters
Remotely Sensed Products
Leaf Area Index
GIS-Terrain
elevation
flow direction
Stream network
Undersized Culverts = Undersized Culverts =
More Flood Damage More Flood Damage
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
•• Project area Project area
•• Climate threatsClimate threats
•• Field assessmentField assessment
•• Modelling flood vulnerabilityModelling flood vulnerability
•• Town prioritization workshopsTown prioritization workshops
•• Designing replacement projectsDesigning replacement projects
•• Integrating with local planningIntegrating with local planning
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
•• Project area Project area
•• Climate threatsClimate threats
•• Field assessmentField assessment
•• Modelling flood vulnerabilityModelling flood vulnerability
•• Town prioritization workshopsTown prioritization workshops
•• Designing replacement projectsDesigning replacement projects
•• Integrating with local planningIntegrating with local planning
Design PhaseDesign Phase
•• Leverage limited Leverage limited
fundingfunding
•• Enormous scale of Enormous scale of
problemproblem
•• Build capacity at Build capacity at
municipal levelmunicipal level
Stream Simulation DesignStream Simulation Design
RoadRoad--stream crossing design that mimics the natural stream stream crossing design that mimics the natural stream
channel through a structure, as if the crossing didn’t exist.channel through a structure, as if the crossing didn’t exist.
Stream Shape: CrossStream Shape: Cross--sectionsection
Stream Shape: PatternStream Shape: Pattern
•• Pattern is a stream’s shape from abovePattern is a stream’s shape from above
•• Placement of features like meander bends, pools and rifflesPlacement of features like meander bends, pools and riffles
Adapted from North Carolina Cooperative
Extension Service, 1999
Stream Shape: SlopeStream Shape: Slope
Width of a Stream
Simulation Design
structure is spans
the natural bed
and banks.
Stream Simulation DesignStream Simulation Design
Stream Simulation DesignStream Simulation Design
Minimizes stream skew
Stream Simulation DesignStream Simulation Design
Substrate designed to replicate natural streambed – allowing for mobility and dynamic response to the need for additional capacity.
Stream Simulation DesignStream Simulation Design
Flood ResiliencyFlood Resiliency
Provides sufficient
hydraulic capacity
and passage of
debris
Flood ResiliencyFlood Resiliency
Reduces the
likelihood of
clogging, upstream
ponding, and road
overtopping.
Economic BenefitsEconomic Benefits
Lower longLower long--term cost over the lifespan of the structure as term cost over the lifespan of the structure as
compared to an “in kind” replacement:compared to an “in kind” replacement:
••Less maintenanceLess maintenance
••Less repairLess repair
••Reduced flood damageReduced flood damage
Economic BenefitsEconomic Benefits
These cost saving These cost saving
factors will become factors will become
more and more more and more
relevant as storms relevant as storms
increase in both increase in both
intensity and intensity and
frequency due to frequency due to
climate change.climate change.
Economic BenefitsEconomic Benefits
Stream Sim = New Stream Sim = New
Funding OpportunitiesFunding Opportunities
Stream Simulation DesignStream Simulation Design
Stream Simulation Design is good for everyone:Stream Simulation Design is good for everyone:
•• Economic benefits for local communitiesEconomic benefits for local communities
•• HHabitat improvement for native speciesabitat improvement for native species
•• Resilient infrastructureResilient infrastructure
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
•• Project area Project area
•• Climate threatsClimate threats
•• Field assessmentField assessment
•• Modelling flood vulnerabilityModelling flood vulnerability
•• Town prioritization workshopsTown prioritization workshops
•• Designing replacement projectsDesigning replacement projects
•• Integrating with local planningIntegrating with local planning
TownTown--Scale Scale Management PlansManagement Plans
Combine:
• Inventory
• Ranking
• Conceptual designs
• Supporting
information
• Adopt as part of
Hazard Mitigation
Plan
Partners, Funders and AdvisorsPartners, Funders and Advisors
Town of Cornwall, CT
Housatonic River NRD Trustees