PLANNING MALAYSIA: Journal of the Malaysian Institute of ... · PDF fileJournal of the Malaysian Institute of Planners SPECIAL ISSUE V (2016), ... Construction & Tropical ... with

1 Senior Lecturer at University of Malaysa. Email: [email protected] 145

PLANNING MALAYSIA:

Journal of the Malaysian Institute of Planners

SPECIAL ISSUE V (2016), Page 145 - 156

PREFERENCES OF STUDENT RESIDENTS TOWARDS

SUSTAINABILITY WITH THE CONCEPT OF BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin1, Hazreena Hussein2, Nila Keumala3 & Ati Rosemary

Mohd Ariffin4

1Institute of Biological Sciences

Faculty of Science

UNIVERSITI OF MALAYA

2Centre for Sustainable Urban Planning & Real Estate

3,4Centre for Building, Construction & Tropical Architecture

Faculty of Built Environment

UNIVERSITI OF MALAYA

Abstract

A satisfaction and perception survey was carried out at a residential college

building in Kuala Lumpur. It was acknowledged as an energy efficient building

due to the most considerate implementation of bioclimatic design concept.

Currently, there is no specific preference studies were done in this type of

building in the equatorial climate region. 266 respondents were received, relying

on 95% confidence level and ±5% margin of error from the overall population.

The satisfaction and perception levels of residents are found to be positive with

the concept of bioclimatic design. A majority of them are at a comfort level in all

performance indicators including the internal courtyard, thermal comfort and

indoor air quality, day lighting and landscape features, which contributed to the

increased work productivity. Indirectly, it shows that the bioclimatic design

concept at an old residential building is still appropriate to meet the needs of

contemporary life while increasing the efficiency of electricity usage.

Nevertheless, the positions of the rooms should be highly considered in

implementing the improvement measures for increasing the comfort level of the

room when this aspect, rather than the gender aspect, considerably influences the

satisfaction and perception levels of respondents.

Keyword: Bioclimatic design, internal courtyard, post occupancy evaluation,

residential, sustainable.

Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Hazreena Hussein, Nila Keumala, Ati Rosemary Mohd Ariffin

Preference of Student Residents Towards Sustainable – Energy Efficient Building with Bioclimatic Design Strategies

© 2016 by MIP 146

INTRODUCTION

Sustainable development has led to a number of concept and approaches to

designing buildings that assist in reducing pollution and resource consumption

(Hyde, 2008). In 1960s, a new concept of bioclimatic design was introduced as a

process of design to ensure favourable microclimatic conditions for human

comfort by considering the disciplines of human physiology, climatology and

building physics (Olgyay, 1963; Bondars, 2013). This concept is using natural

energy sources and sinks; without the use of any electromechanical devices or

systems (Yeang, 2008; Hyde, 2000). Thus, it able to reduce the operating costs,

enhance building marketability, reduce potential liability from indoor air quality

problems and increase occupants’ performance and productivity (Tiyok, 2009).

In the long term, encourage sustainable development in the built environment by

helping alleviate the problems concerning the depletion of energy resources and

the deterioration of the environment (Li et al., 2013).

The effectiveness of bioclimatic design concept in providing comfortable

living space can be evaluated by using the Post-Occupancy Evaluation (PoE)

(Jamaludin et al., 2014a; Amole, 2009). PoE is defined as the process of

evaluating buildings in a systematic and rigorous manner after they have been

built and occupied for some time to understand the mutual interactions between

the building and users’ needs (Preiser, 1995). The PoE integrates the occupants’

behaviours, perceptions and opinions, and outlines the issues which will then be

monitored (Khalil et al., 2008).

The PoE is widely acknowledged but rarely practiced as there is a lack of

agreed-upon protocol, measures and procedures which make comparison difficult

(Meir et al., 2009). The implementation of PoE is frustrated by ownership,

liability, lack of knowledge and lack of progress (Hadjri & Crozier, 2009).

Additionally, the culture was also highlighted as a barrier to the PoE process

when the occupants may feel that moving into a new working environment is

disruptive enough (Riley et al., 2010). In Malaysia, the term PoE is still new while

the aspects of evaluating building performance are not widely emphasised

(Zakaria & Hamzah, 2007). There are no systematically collected data for various

types of building in Malaysia and most of the studies done previously tend to

focus on office buildings (Khalil & Nawawi, 2008; Khalil & Husin, 2009). In

other words, there are no specific studies were done on the residential building

with the bioclimatic design concept in the equatorial climate region.

The aim of this study is to analyse the residents’ satisfactions and

perceptions of an old residential college focusing on four performance indicators.

There are elements of internal courtyard, thermal comfort and indoor air quality,

day lighting and landscape, with regard to gender, race and ethnicity, as well as

the location of the room according to the floor levels. This residential building is

acknowledged as a residential college building with the efficient use of electricity

due to the best implementation of bioclimatic design concept, particularly day

PLANNING MALAYSIA

Sustainable Urban Development

147 © 2016 by MIP

lighting and natural ventilation (Jamaludin et al., 2013). Unfortunately, the

efficient use of electricity is not the ultimate victory of the building design when

the occupants are suffering with uncomfortable indoor surroundings, especially

in terms of thermal comfort and visual comfort (Jamaludin, 2014). Therefore, the

effects of the recent adoption of bioclimatic design concept in influencing the

residents’ comfort levels and the appropriateness of an old building to meet the

needs of contemporary life will be revealed subjectively through this PoE.

Indirectly, this will contribute to the establishment of PoE standard methods and

pragmatic models for multi-residential buildings in Malaysia. Additionally, it will

produce a set of results which is easy to compare with other studies in the future

in order to provide indications of improvement towards sustainable

transformation.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND APPROACHES

Building Description The residential college building is a multi-residential building, which provides

accommodation for university students. This building is also referred as a hostel

that contains leisure areas, lounges, meeting rooms and laundry facilities.

Dayasari Residential College (Dayasari RC) established in 1966 with

18,212.51m2 of total floor area. This residential college is low-rise, naturally

ventilated building and able to accommodate 847 residents at one time. The

location of this residential college is 3°07’39.0”N, 101°39’30.1”E and showed in

Figure 1.



© 2016 by MIP 148

Figure 1: The location of Dayasari RC in UM campus (University of Malaya, 2015).

The building arrangement is based on the internal courtyard arrangement

that encourages various implementations of bioclimatic design concept,

especially under the day lighting and natural ventilation conditions (Jamaludin et

al., 2011). The typical room’s floor area and volume are 16.35m2 and 45.78m3,

respectively. A typical elevation and floor plan of Dayasari RC is presented in

Figure 2.

PLANNING MALAYSIA


149 © 2016 by MIP

Front isometric elevation Rear isometric elevation

Up

Down

Up

Down

CO

RR

IDO

R

STORE

BATHROOM

TOILET

WASH

ROOM

WARDEN UNIT

Kitchen

Bedroom 2

Master

Bedroom

Toilet

Reading

room

Living

room

BALCONY

ROOM

301

ROOM

304

ROOM

305

ROOM

306

ROOM

307

ROOM

308

ROOM

309

ROOM

310

ROOM

311

ROOM

312

ROOM

313

ROOM

314

ROOM

315

ROOM

316

ROOM

317

ROOM

318

ROOM

319

ROOM

302

ROOM

303

CORRIDOR

CORRIDOR

INTERNAL COURTYARD5

00

01

87

03

05

03

05

03

05

03

05

03

05

01

87

05

00

0

99

20

91

50

99

20

68

70

15

25

06

87

0

28

99

0

18802266226622661270340034003400340034003400

30600

1270860

Floor plan

Figure 2: Typical elevation and floor plan of the Dayasari RC building.

The building’s orientation to the sun path is north-south that reduces the

glare and the thermal effects inside the rooms. At the East-west orientation, there

are only service areas, such as toilets, bathrooms, stores, staircases and balconies.

The internal courtyard provides daylight and natural air in the corridor and

staircase area whereas inside the room daylight and natural air can be obtained

through the transom on top of the entrance door and the wall. Thus, lessening the



© 2016 by MIP 150

usage of the corridor lamp during daytime is difficult to achieve at other

residential college buildings with a linear arrangement of building layout

(Jamaludin et al., 2012). Consequently, Dayasari RC has among the lowest

Energy Efficiency Index (34.52 kWh/m2/year) compared to the other residential

colleges; which are in the range of 40 to 125 kWh/m2/year (Jamaludin et al.,

2013).

Dayasari RC was designed with glare protection and adjustable/fixed

opening options. There are two types of windows with tinted glasses, centre pivot

and awning. The window to wall ratio (WWR) is quite big, 0.66, while the

window area is 6.41m2. Subsequently, the operable window area is only 4.20m2

with 0.43 of operable WWR. The combination of operable window and transom

on top of the entrance door and the wall forms cross-flow/two-sided ventilation,

which encourages natural ventilation inside the room. In order to produce

significant shadow effects to the rooms, there are large horizontal overhangs

along the window in each room. These features are not available in the rooms on

the ground floors. As located next to UM Rimba Ilmu Botanical Garden, this

residential college is surrounded by a highly vegetated area with high plant

diversity (Jamaludin et al., 2014b). Most of the plants are well matured with huge

canopies that are capable of covering the ground. The plant composition also

shields the building from maximum sunlight penetration especially in the mid-

afternoon (Jamaludin et al., 2012; Al-Obaidi & Woods, 2006).

Post Occupancy Evaluation The study by Jamaludin et al. (2014a) on satisfactions and perceptions of

residents towards bioclimatic design concept at residential college building has

been adapted to restructure the questionnaires. The questionnaires have been

improved with the addition of several performance indicators. A number of

questions were also added to obtain a clearer picture of their satisfaction,

perception level of the residents and also the acceptance level towards the

implemented bioclimatic design concepts.

The questionnaires use a Likert Scale format where each number generally

responds to a specific scale as listed in below,

-2: very poor/not at all/very uncomfortable/much decreased/too dark/

very dissatisfied,

-1: poor/slightly/uncomfortable/decreased/dark/dissatisfied,

0: fair/moderate/neither/no changes,

+1: good/very/comfortable/increased/bright/satisfied,

+2: very good/extremely/very comfortable/much increased/too

bright/ very satisfied.

For thermal comfort, ASHRAE 7 point of the thermal sensation scale has

been adopted in the questionnaires (Singh et al., 2011). The scale ranges from -3

PLANNING MALAYSIA


151 © 2016 by MIP

to +3 where, -3: cold, -2: cool, -1: slightly cool, 0: neutral, +1: slightly warm, +2:

warm, and +3: hot.

To understand the living behaviour of residents for sustaining the comfort

level of their room, a further survey was done by focusing on the usage pattern

of the windows and ceiling fan. The questionnaires were distributed to all

residents with the minimum number of feedbacks and with reliance on 95% of

the confident level and ±5% margin of error from the overall population at each

residential college. A simplified formula introduced by Yamane (1967) was used

to calculate the sample sizes,

n = N / 1 + N (e) 2

where, n is sample size, N is the population size and e is the level of precision. In

this study, the level of precision is 0.05.

The survey was carried out just before the academic session ended and the

long semester break was about to begin. Thus, the results obtained were more

accurate as residents have stayed for at least one semester or 14 weeks at the

residential college.

There are no changing seasons, which would have significantly affected the result

of the survey because Kuala Lumpur has a constant annual average of

temperature and humidity, 26.7°C and 83% respectively (Ahmad, 2008). Kuala

Lumpur is only affected by the northeast monsoon from October to March which

brings more rainfall (Malaysian Meteorological Department, 2015).

The statistical analyses that include the descriptive analysis were done by

using statistical computer software package. The analysis was extended by way

of comparing the percentage of respondents with regard to gender, as well as the

location of the room according to the floor levels.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the satisfaction and perception survey of residents at Dayasari RC

are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: The result of satisfaction and perception survey

The performance indicators

Likert scale /

Residents’ responses (%)

-2 -1 0 +1 +2

Internal

courtyard

1.The general room layout 1.5 7.5 27.2 50.2 13.6

2.The residential building layout 0.4 8.7 28.7 50.2 12.1

3.The adequacy of room in fulfil the needs 1.1 11.4 25.5 49.8 12.2

4.The overall quality of the residential building 1.1 6.0 28.7 52.1 12.1

5.The overall comfort level of the room 0.8 4.5 29.1 53.6 12.1

6.The influence of overall room conditions on the

degree of work productivity

0.8 4.5 26.8 49.4 18.5

7.The thermal comfort of the room 3.4 11.7 29.7 43.6 11.7



© 2016 by MIP 152

Thermal

comfort

and indoor

air quality

8.The ventilation & indoor air quality of the room 1.9 13.4 29.8 46.2 8.8

9.The ventilation control in the room 1.1 14.2 37.5 39.8 7.3

10.The provision of air movement in the room 3.1 17.6 39.3 31.7 8.4

Day

lighting

11.The adequacy of day lighting in the room 4.2 12.0 34.4 40.9 8.5

12.The day lighting control in the room 1.5 9.5 37.4 42.4 9.2

13.The overall quality of day lighting in the room 1.5 7.7 28.8 48.5 13.5

14.The view out of the room from the inside 0.4 11.1 30.3 39.8 18.4

15.The windows/opening area of the room 0.4 8.0 30.5 45.8 15.3

Landscape

features

16.The landscape quality at Dayasari RC areas 1.5 8.0 33.7 48.7 8.0

17.The landscape quality in the internal courtyard 1.5 6.1 35.9 48.9 7.6

18.The influence of landscape on the quality life 0.8 7.3 30.2 47.7 14.1

According to the percentages, the majority of respondents were

experiencing a satisfactory level of comfort in all performance indicators, except

for the provision of air movement under the thermal comfort and indoor air

quality elements. About 50.2% of respondents claimed that the general room and

residential building layout which is the internal courtyard with open corridor were

‘good’. Meanwhile, 49.8% agreed that the rooms ‘had fulfilled their needs very

much. The majority of the residents, which were represented by 52.1% felt ‘good’

about the overall quality of the residential building and 53.6% of them were

‘comfortable’ with the overall condition of the room. Consequently, 49.4%

claimed that the degree of work productivity had ‘increased’ considerably.

Under the thermal comfort and indoor air quality elements, the majority of

respondents felt ‘good’ with all indicators, which are the thermal comfort in the

room (43.6%) and the ventilation and air quality in the room (46.2%). A smaller

number of people or only around 39.8% had given good words about the control

of the ventilation in the room. For the provision of air movement in the room,

about 39.3% representing the majority voted for ‘neither’. Hence, we noted that

59.7% of respondents were highly reliant on the ceiling fan at the highest speed

of five (50.2%), rather than natural ventilation through the opening of windows

in order to promote air circulation and movement inside the room, as presented

in Table 2.

Further survey on the usage pattern of windows and ceiling fans at

Dayasari RC revealed that the ‘monkey’ (38%) became the main reason for the

residents to not open the windows, which was then followed by ‘privacy’

(20.5%), ‘safety’ (16.1%), ‘dust’ (9.8%), ‘rain’ (6.3%), ‘others’ (5.9%) and

‘insect’ (3.4%). However, some of the residents are still keeping the windows

‘frequently’ open (30.4%) especially in the ‘morning’ (27.6%). Comparatively,

the insects were the main reason why residents did not open the windows of

residential buildings in the hot-humid climate of Malaysia (Kubota et al., 2009).

Regarding the day lighting aspects, the majority of respondents (48.5%)

were ‘satisfied’ with the overall quality of day lighting in the room. They claimed

that the adequacy of day lighting in the room was ‘bright’ (40.9%) with a ‘good’

PLANNING MALAYSIA


153 © 2016 by MIP

control (42.4%). The existing windows/opening area of the room was ‘good’

(45.8%) which was indirectly able to give a ‘good’ view (39.8%) out of the room

from the inside.

Table 2: The usage pattern of windows and ceiling fan

Residents’ responses (%)

The frequency of ceiling

fan usage in a day

Never Rarely Sometimes Frequently Every

time

0.4 3.1 10.9 26.0 59.7

The fan speed is often

used

One Two Three Four Five

0.4 2.7 17.1 29.6 50.2

The frequency of the

windows is kept open in

a day

Never Rarely Sometimes Frequently Every

time

18.3 14.8 21.0 30.4 15.6

The time of windows

has been always open in

a day

Never Morning Afternoon Evening Night

25.4 27.6 16.8 19.0 11.2

The reason for not

opening the windows

Insect Safety Rain Dust Privacy Monkey Others

3.4 16.1 6.3 9.8 20.5 38.0 5.9

The quality of landscape setting at both residential college area and the

internal courtyard area was ‘good’ with 48.7% and 48.9% of total respondents,

respectively. About 47.7% of respondents claimed that the landscape setting in

both areas was ‘very’ influential to the life quality. The advantage of the internal

courtyard in promoting day lighting and natural ventilation would not be denied

as the presence of a landscape with green trees provides better environment than

the open sky (Monteiro & Alucci, 2009) and they improve the room and building

conditions even when receiving direct heat radiation and penetration from the

worst orientations for the equatorial region; east and west (Jughans, 2008). The

tree canopies have significant filtration capabilities which contribute to the

reduction of terrestrial radiation, cooling the ground surfaces by capturing more

latent heat, reducing air temperature by promoting more evapotranspiration, and

effectively improve the outdoor thermal comfort, especially in open spaces of the

tropical climate region (Shahidan et al., 2010). It also indirectly affects the indoor

temperature and the cooling load of the building through shading and insulation

effects (Yeang, 2008). Moreover, the vegetation-integrated buildings are more

liked, aesthetically pleasing, and restorative than the houses without vegetation

(White & Gatersleben, 2011).

Regarding thermal comfort elements, a detailed survey has been done by

adopting thermal sensation votes on ASHRAE 7 point sensation scale, which

ranges from -3 to +3. The majority of the respondents, 39.3% claimed to have

been feeling ‘neutral’, as presented in Table 3.



© 2016 by MIP 154

Table 3: Thermal sensation votes

ASHRAE 7 point sensation scale / Residents’ responses (%)

-3

Cold

-2

Cool

-1

Slightly cool

0

Neutral

+1

Slightly warm

+2

Warm

+3

Hot

0.4 7.0 8.7 39.3 25.2 16.5 2.9

Further statistical analysis was done by comparing the percentage of

respondents with regard to gender. There were not many different responses

between genders when comparing all elements simultaneously, except for their

responses on the landscape elements. The majority of female respondents rated

the internal courtyard as ‘very’ influential on their quality of life, while the male

rated it as ‘moderate’. This is in the line with Karjalainen (2007) and Parsons

(2002), who claimed that the differences in the responses of male and female;

especially in terms of thermal comfort, were generally small.

CONCLUSIONS

The majority of the respondents are at a comfort level in all performance

indicators of internal courtyard, thermal comfort and indoor air quality, day

lighting and landscape features, which indirectly increase the degree of work

productivity. Therefore, the bioclimatic design concept at an old residential

building is still appropriate to meet the needs of contemporary life. Furthermore,

the concept can increase the efficiency of electricity usage without suffering the

occupants with uncomfortable indoor surroundings, especially concerning

thermal comfort and visual comfort. However, there is still room for

improvement, especially on the provision of air movement in the room when the

majority of the residents rated one notch lower as compared to the other

indicators.

The location of the room, rather than the gender aspect considerably

influences the satisfaction and the perception level of respondents. Different

responses gave by the residents according to the floor levels. These aspects should

be highly considered in implementing the improvement measures to ensure the

comfort standards of the room towards sustainable transformation, especially in

urban area. The internal courtyard should be fully optimised while trees in the

landscape; either in the internal courtyard or surrounding residential buildings,

must appropriately be designed to meet sufficient daylight and ventilation

requirements.

In future research, it is necessary to combine both subjective and objective

evaluations through field measurement with specific equipment to have an

accurate result in the survey. The combination of these assessments will be able

to provide more comprehensive results for the issues investigated.

PLANNING MALAYSIA


155 © 2016 by MIP

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank Dayasari Residential Colleges at the University

of Malaya campus for their permission to carry out the Post Occupancy

Evaluation. This work was conducted as part of the fulfilment of the requirements

for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and financially supported by the Institut

Pengurusan dan Pemantauan Penyelidikan (IPPP), University of Malaya under

PPP Grant (PV063/2011A).

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PLANNING MALAYSIA: Journal of the Malaysian Institute of ... · PDF fileJournal of the Malaysian Institute of Planners SPECIAL ISSUE V (2016), ... Construction & Tropical ... with