PLANNING URBAN DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT FOR CRIME PREVENTION · Servizio Politiche per la sicurezza e la polizia locale Servizio Riqualificazione Urbana PLANNING URBAN DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT

Servizio Politiche per la sicurezza e la polizia localeServizio Riqualificazione Urbana

PLANNINGURBAN DESIGN AND MANAGEMENTFOR CRIME PREVENTIONHANDBOOK

DiAPLaboratorio Qualità Urbana e Sicurezza

EUROPEAN COMMISSIONDIRECTORATE-GENERAL JUSTICE, FREEDOM AND SECURITY

with

AGIS – Action SAFEPOLIS 2006 – 2007

PARTNERS:

POLITECNICO DI MILANODiAPLaboratorio Qualità Urbana e SicurezzaVia Bonardi 320133 Milano, ItalyTel. +39 02 23995481 Fax +39 02 [email protected]/lab/laqus

IAU île-de-FranceInstitut d'aménagement et d'urbanisme de la région Île-de-FranceMission Etudes Sécurité15, rue Falguière75740 Paris cedex 15, FranceTel. + 33 (0) 1 77 49 75 60 [email protected]

REGIONE EMILIA ROMAGNAServizio Politiche per la sicurezza e la polizia localeServizio Riqualificazione UrbanaViale Aldo Moro 6440127 Bologna, ItalyTel. +39 051 283067 Fax +39 051 283087cittasicure@regione.emilia-romagna.itwww.regione.emilia-romagna.it

This HANDBOOK on Crime Prevention Guidelines for urban planning and design is one of the outputs of the Action SAFEPOLISwith funding from the European Commission - Directorate-General Justice, Freedom and Security (Contract JLS/2006/AGIS/208)

PLANNINGURBAN DESIGNAND MANAGEMENTFORCRIMEPREVENTIONHANDBOOK

PREFACE

FOREWORD

THE LINK BETWEEN URBAN PLANNING AND SAFETYThe concept of urban safetyHistorical development of environmental crime preventionEnvironmental crime prevention theoriesCEN Technical Report: Prevention of crime by Urban planningHow to use this Handbook

URBAN PLANNING STRATEGIESConsidering existing social and physical structuresGuaranteeing accessibility and avoiding enclavesCreating vitalityProviding mixed statusCreating adequate urban densityAvoiding physical barriers and waste land

URBAN DESIGN STRATEGIESContinuity of urban fabricLocation of activitiesTime and calendar of activitiesVisibilityAccessibilityTerritorialityAttractivenessQuality of materials to prevent decay

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIESMainteinanceSurveillanceRules governing conduct in public spacesReceiving particular groupsCommunication with the publicTarget-hardening

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A social call for safer cities and urban spaces is nowadays clearly voiced. Such ademand concerns directly all those who are responsible for urban developmentprojects.

Now, a close look reveals that the principles governing the layout, functionalityand management of the spaces that determine a project's urban quality are closeto those that contribute to the safety of such spaces, as well as to their users' feeling of safety.

That is why security may become an accepted goal of urban development projects.Concern about urban safety converges with the preoccupation for sustainabledevelopment as a condition for the permanence of built spaces and as an elementin the quality of urban projects.

The Action Safepolis seeks to guide the work of urban planners and project managers so as to help them take users’ security into consideration. Neverthe-less, its goal is not to recommend normatively particular urban forms, but, rather,to foster an understanding of how the forms to be chosen will have a positive ornegative impact on safety. The goal of this handbook is therefore to elaborate criteria of city planning, urban design and management likely to promote security.

Design, implementation and management are the three stages at which safetymust be taken into account. The project manager should create multidisciplinaryteams, and bring together designers, future managers, those responsible for safety, inhabitants and users.

Such multidisciplinary work requires a certain organization. Two of the chief measu-res that might help in the process also represent two of the most pressing concerns.

First, since multidisciplinary work is neither natural nor to be taken for granted,incentives for it should be put in place. That is a major concern of those responsiblefor urban projects. As examples we may mention institutional processes, such asthe French obligation to carry out safety studies at the outset of major urban projects; professional measures, such as the security charts drawn up for a specific project; methodological approaches, such as the work of the EuropeanCommittee for Standardization, which proposes, rather than prescribes, elementsof method and thought to which the Action Safepolis hopes to provide a technicalcontribution with this handbook.

Finally, and above all, it is necessary to promote the acculturation between securityprofessionals and those responsible for urban development projects. Therein liesthe merit of the European approach, which, beyond national cultural references,aims at improving our understanding of the relationship between security andurban planning.

François WellhoffConseil général des Ponts et Chaussées,Ministère de l’Écologie, de l’Énergie, du Développement durable et del’Aménagement du territoire (France)

PREFACE

The aim of this Handbook on guidelines of crime prevention by urban planningand design is to provide a technical support to practitioners (architects, planners, engineers etc.) and to decision makers in their commitment to make our cities safer.

The Handbook is meant as an explanatory document to Annex D of the TechnicalReport “Prevention of Crime by Urban Planning” produced by CEN (EuropeanCommittee of Standardization) in 2007.

Several manuals dealing with environmental safety, published in different langua-ges in Europe and America, provide criteria and design guidelines for crime prevention at the scale of buildings and public spaces; however the documentsconcerning urban design and especially urban planning are very few.This Handbook tries to fill this gap, extending crime prevention criteria and guide-lines also to the city scale. It therefore deals with both urban design and planning.The other innovation is a section on management. The guidelines provided by the Handbook refer directly to the items listed inAnnex D of the mentioned CEN Technical Report.

Practitioners and decision makers, in applying the guidelines included in thisHandbook, should be aware that they have to be adapted to the specific contextof the area or project they are dealing with.

This Handbook is the output of a joint work of experts in urban safety from threeleading institutions in the field: Laboratorio Qualità urbana e Sicurezza of the Politecnico di Milano, the Mission Etudes Sécurité de l'Institut d'aménagement etd'urbanisme de la région d'Ile-de-France and Servizio Politiche per la sicurezza ela Polizia Locale e Servizio Riqualificazione Urbana of Regione Emilia Romagna.They have carried out together the Action “SAFEPOLIS”, of AGIS, co-financed byEuropean Commission funds, as per Contract JLS/2006/AGIS/208.

The content of this Handbook reflects the criteria and working methods of theauthors which bear the sole responsibility of the guidelines set forth. The Euro-pean Commission (Directorate-General Justice, Freedom and Security) is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained herein.

FOREWORD

1

THE CONCEPT OF URBAN SAFETY

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME PREVENTION

THEORIES

CEN TECHNICAL REPORT: PREVENTION OF CRIME

BY URBAN PLANNING

HOW TO USE THIS HANDBOOK

As it is the case with many urban problems, prevention of crime through urbanplanning and design in our cities may seem a complex issue because:• it asks for different know-hows;• it affects at the same time different services (planning offices, social services,police, maintenance services etc.) • it implies the coordination of several decision makers (public authorities, privateinvestors etc.).

The Technical Report on Prevention of crime by Urban planning issued by CEN,has structured the various aspects of this apparently-complex issue into threetypes of strategies - planning, design, management – which are the three basiclevels at which environmental crime prevention actions can be tackled. This hasproduced a schematic tool, useful to approach the problem correctly, simplifyingthe task of practitioners and decision makers.

Therefore, in this Handbook, three chapters deal with issues of planning, urbandesign and management, whereas this first chapter deals, instead, with crimeprevention in urban areas in more general terms. It considers the link betweenurban safety and the environment and the basic theoretical concepts which underlie environmental crime prevention. It further provides a minimal background for understanding the cultural and insti-tutional steps that have led to the issuing of the Technical Report by CEN. It inclu-des a brief summary of this Report, a list of the “basic principles” on safety sharedby practitioners, and specifies the recommended procedure for carrying out safetyimprovement projects in our cities.

THE LINK BETWEENURBAN PLANNINGAND SAFETY

Safety as an element of quality of lifeCities are the places where the effects of globalization – also those related to unsafety, fear ofcrime and changes in crime occurrence – appear in the clearest way. This fact represents agreat challenge for cities, that are now increasingly in search of new ways to tackle these kindof problems.

Cities are places where people meet, where social life is more intense and complex, whereculture is produced, where economic development together with technical and scientificchanges are more evident. Some cities are well managed and “working well”: they provide agood quality of life and a good way of living. Others have all kinds of difficulties: decline ofinner cities, pollution of different kinds, social and health problems, high rate of unemploymentand also lack of safety.

People are increasingly sensitive to the perception of social risks, including risks related tocrime and victimization; in many countries, in the past twenty years, fear of crime seems tohave been growing. Local governments have to face these new challenges and policy makersat local level have to tackle unsafety and vandalism and fear of crime with great determination.

Crime and fear of crime can affect the way a city works as well the attractiveness and function -ing of some urban areas. When people feel threatened, they alter their life-style and conse-quently the ways they use the city on a daily basis. Many do not go out in the evening, donot use public transport in the slack hours, avoid underground car parks, do not use publicspaces (parks, squares etc.) and shut themselves in armoured flats or gated communities.The more vulnerable sections of the population i.e. older people and women, feel particu-larly affected. The consequent lack of freedom is for them a heavy burden to bear. Quality ofliving is highly curtailed.

Local crime problems also make business activities and life in public spaces decline. Therefore, safety affects economic development.

A complex range of factors contribute to insecurity in the city. Economic conditions and socialproblems are generally considered as the main causes, but safety is also affected by the physicalenvironment. It depends also on the way in which cities are planned, designed and built; theway in which people identify themselves with the environment which they live in, and the wayin which urban spaces are looked after and managed. The layout and organisation of urbanspaces influence their level of security: they can contribute to making them safer, but they canalso contribute to making them more dangerous. A good or bad layout can contribute to making a city more or less safe.

The concept of urban safety

2

What is meant by “urban safety”?Research and experience in the field has shown that, when citizens ask for increased safety,they are referring not only to criminal behaviour, but to a number of factors that make theurban environment unsafe; these range from the real risk, to fear and uneasiness. Five main components can be identified:

1. The real risk of becoming the victim of intimidation, aggression or other acts of violence(whether it is with intent to rob or gratuitous violence);2. Anti-social behaviour due to the breaking of the traditional codes of civil conduct (spitting,urinating in public, aggressive begging etc);3. The lack of up-keeping of the area: maintenance of parks and public spaces, cleanliness,presence of police on the streets, doormen, repair of street furniture;4. The feeling of not being safe, as opposed to the real danger, which is often connected tofactors such as squalor, lack of easy routes, lack of vitality, poor street lighting etc.;5. Fear and all factors along with it: fear considered as a subjective feeling, not necessarily linkedto risk, but related to wider factors often far away from the specific site which one is afraid of.

Three approaches to urban safetyThe policies, which are used today to guarantee environmental safety, stem from three mainapproaches.

The first approach deals with security, mainly in terms of law enforcement through the use ofrules and police (“law and order”). Laws regulate people’s actions and police forces watch thatlaws are respected.

The second approach concentrates its efforts on the prevention of crime in social terms. It acts to reduce the conditions of disadvantage and poverty which are often factors generating criminal/antisocial behaviour: unemployment, lack of family, mental problems, isolation.

A third approach concerns environmental prevention and is aimed at “preventing crime fromhappening”. It deals with all those factors in the environment which can somehow affect a criminal act to take place.

In the past, these three approaches were considered as conflicting. Today the opposed posi-tions finally seem to have been overcome. Recent experience shows that the integration of thethree approaches is necessary to produce a cumulative effect and to obtain long-term results.

URBAN PLANNING AND SAFETY

3

CPTED: crime prevention through environmental designThe first study on the relationship between urban environment and safety was written by theanthropologist Jane Jacobs in her famous book “The Death and Life of great American Cities”published in 1961.

Jacobs’s theories may be summarised in two key concepts: 1) The eye on the street (the pre-sence of activity, of movement, of buildings opening onto the street, of windows overlookingit) is the primary safety factor; 2) Urban safety depends upon territorial identity: a person de-fends and respects a place which belongs to him.

“The first thing to understand is that the public peace – the sidewalk and the street peace - ofcities is not kept primarily by the police, necessary as police are. It is kept primarily by an intri-cate, almost unconscious , network of voluntary controls and standards among the peoplethemselves, and enforced by the people themselves.”

According to Jacobs, spontaneous surveillance of the urban environment by its inhabitantsonly occurs in a lively city where the streets are used both day and night, in which public spa-ces are well maintained and inspire confidence and a sense of belonging: a city made up ofplaces that citizens like, that they identify as theirs and that are therefore ready to defend.

Ten years after the publication of Jacobs’ book, Oscar Newman, Professor of Architecture atColumbia University, set out to transform her vision of safety in the city into practical tools fordesign and planning. In 1972 he publishes “Defensible Space, crime prevention throughurban design". The guidelines for planning and design established by Newman are centredaround two main assumptions:• people defend the territory which they feel belongs to them (concept of territoriality)• planning and design of urban spaces can reduce crime in space.

Therefore planning and design must conceive urban spaces so that they create and encouragea sense of territory, and be aware of which physical characteristics (such as being open or clo-sed, visible or hidden, light or dark, accessible or inaccessible, public or private) allow or pre-vent the opportunity for a criminal act.

This new crime prevention approach, which takes the name of CPTED (Crime PreventionThrough Environmental Design) is supported in the United States by prestigious institutionssuch as the Ministry of Justice and the Department for Housing and Urban Development andhas produced in the eighties and nineties a series of interesting experiments all over the country.

Beyond CPTED: the “Safe Cities” approachAt the end of the 1980s the traditional CPTED approach is largely revised: new concepts areintroduced in the CPTED crime prevention policies; it is the beginning of the so-called “SafeCity” approach. The innovation comes from the City of Toronto in Canada, where an importantexperiment is carried out . The new way of tackling the problem of safety in the urban envi-ronment combines the founding principles of CPTED with a broader thinking about the waythe city functions and the way citizens use its spaces and facilities.

Attention is not anymore focused on specific areas, but rather on the city as a whole: new spaces become the object of research and intervention, such as public spaces and publictransport, that are essential elements for the vitality of the city. More importance is paid tothe perception of safety and fear of crime is considered as important as crime itself. Particularcare is given to the more vulnerable sections of the population (women, children, older peopleand minority groups). Crime prevention policies are tailored on them.

Historical development of environmental crime prevention

4

Environmental crime prevention in EuropeEurope, with the exception of the British Isles, does not take part in the conception and con-solidation of CPTED. Interest in an environmental approach to safety starts only in the 1990s,when the phenomenon of insecurity begins to be felt in the cities of continental Europe.

An early warning that the situation in Europe is changing comes from the Council of Europe,which promotes in 1989 the first European Conference on this subject, “Strategies localespour la reduction de l'insécurité en Europe”. Almost ten years later, in 1997, the Congress ofLocal and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe states in another large European con-ference “that crime, fear of crime and urban insecurity in Europe are major problems affectingthe public (…) and that finding satisfactory solutions for them is one of the main keys to civicpeace and stability”.1

The recognition that safety has become a major problem in European cities is followed by a series of official declarations from the European Institutions which reaffirm that safety is one ofthe basic rights of every citizen (as healthcare, work, housing etc.). The threat to this right re-quires strategies which would give it back again to the whole community. Since then the rightto safety has been enshrined in many national and local crime reduction programs in Europe.

Among possible strategies “Crime prevention through environmental design” receives officialrecognition to be an useful and necessary approach. In 2001 the Justice and Home AffairsCouncil of the European Union agrees on the conclusion of a conference of EU experts sta-ting that “Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED), or Designing out Crime(DOC), has proven to be a useful, effective, very concrete and feasible strategy to preventcrime and feelings of insecurity, integrated in a multidisciplinary approach. Best practices regarding CPTED/DOC should be collected, evaluated and made accessible for stakeholders.This process should utilise a common framework of concepts and processes, and transferableprinciples should be identified.”2

Following this recommendation, the European Committee for Normalisation (CEN) has set upan international working group to establish criteria on “Crime prevention through Urban Plan-ning and Building Design”, to give all countries the opportunity to compare experiences, toorient their action and to harmonise procedures. The result of this effort is the production of Norms and Technical Reports on “Urban Planning”,”Dwellings”, “Offices and Shops”, approved by CEN and accepted by the different nationalstandardisation committees (AFNOR; DIN; British Standard, UNI, etc.).

1 Congress of Local and Regional Authorities in Europe (CLRAE), Erfurt 26-28 February 19972 Towards a knowledge based strategy to crime prevention, Sundsvall, Sweden, 21-23 February 2001


5

CPTED is supported by specific criminological theories; it falls within the Situational Preven-tion approach which is the practical translation of the Opportunity Theories.

Situational Crime PreventionSituational prevention (Clarke, 1980) is a criminological approach, originally developed in theUK and nowadays widespread all over the world, which seeks to reduce opportunities forcommitting crimes and is directed at very specific forms of crime. Like CPTED, situational prevention is finalised to reduce crime and incivilities by improvingdesign and management of the environment in order to decrease opportunity for offending:however it extends beyond environmental design using specific procedures, technologiesand products to reach its goal.

Situational prevention aims at preventing the occurrence of crimes by reducing opportunities,increasing risks of being apprehended and minimizing benefits, making crime less excusableand providing assistance and information to potential and actual victims.For example, "target hardening", could reduce the opportunities for the occurrence of crimes,making it more difficult to break into houses thanks to armoured doors or deterring shopliftingthanks to electronic tag surveillance systems affixed to merchandise.A co-ordinated situational strategy would prevent additional crime and therefore be morecost-effective than imprisoning the few offenders that are currently apprehended by thepenal system.The criticism that has been raised is related to the fact that the improved protection of a speci-fic area will merely displace crime into a less protected area; however the evidence of such adisplacement has not been proved by research.

The opportunity theoriesThe theoretical base of situational prevention is composed of three crime opportunity theories:the “Rational Choice Perspective”, the “Routine Activity Theory” and the “Crime Pattern Theory”.The main features of these three different approaches are presented here below.

A. THE RATIONAL CHOICE PERSPECTIVEThe main assumption of the rational choice perspective is that offending is purposfull beha-viour, designed to benefit the offender in some way. Indeed it focuses upon the offender’s decision making.Before committing a crime, the offender assesses the different consequences: how many chan-ces they have of getting caught, how severe the expected penalty will be, which is the value tobe gained by committing the act, and his or her necessity to realize immediately that value. According to the rational choice theory, the offender is represented by someone who thinksbefore they act, even if only for a moment, taking into account some benefits and costs incommitting a crime. The rational process is however limited: the offender’s valuation is basedabove all on what is most evident and immediate, while underestimating the indirect costs andbenefits of crime or its avoidance. Thus the common offender pays rather more attention tothe immediate pleasures reached by the offence than to eventual punishment.The rational choice theory pays great attention to the ways of committing crimes. This analysisis evidently useful to situational prevention strategies addressed to reduce crime opportunities.

Environmental crime prevention theories

6

B. THE ROUTINE ACTIVITY APPROACHThe routine activity approach (Cohen and Felson, 1979) aims to explain predatory crimes. It presumes that, for such crimes to occur, there must be a convergence in time and space ofthree minimal elements:1. a likely offender, 2. a suitable target,3. the absence of a capable guardian against crime.

This approach does not focus its attention to the offender’s motivation, but rather to other elements. The guardian is represented by someone whose presence or proximity should discourage acrime from happening. Surveillance could be formal or informal, it has anyway a strong impactin reducing crime. Targets of crime can be either a person or an object, the position of whichin space or time could make him or it vulnerable to criminal attack, when guardians are absent.In conformity with the routine activity perspective crime is an everyday activity and dependson the opportunities available. If a target is not protected enough, and if the reward is worth it,some form of crime is bound to ensue.The more a likely offender finds a suitable target in the absence of a capable guardian, themore predatory crime is likely to occur. Accordingly, even without more offenders, crime canrise if the number of targets increases or if offenders can get more targets with no guardianspresent. As a result, even without any increase in criminal motivation, community life changescan produce more crime opportunities.

C. CRIME PATTERN THEORYCrime pattern theory (Brantingham and Brantingham, 1991) is a central component of envi-ronmental criminology. It focuses on how people and things (involved in some criminal event)move about in space and time. Local crime patterns show us how people interact with theirphysical environment, affecting the opportunities of committing crime in specific locations andat specific times. This approach concentrates on how crime happens, on the offender and on the target set inplace and time, highlighting the place of the criminal event. Such event can be understoodanalysing the context of people’s normal movements in the course of the day, week and year.Everyday activities strongly outline crime patterns of both the offender and the victim (or target).This theory looks at pattern of crime at different scales from the city to the building level. It fo-cuses on the analyses of crime statistics or the geographical distribution of crime and the dailyrhythm of human activities, and neglects the offender’s perspective. Crime pattern theorists and other environmental criminologists have shown that the designand management of cities, public spaces and commercial areas can modify crime rates. In thisperspective, crime can be reduced - for example - by monitoring traffic or orienting windowsso that people can easily supervise their own streets.


7

The Chemistry for Crime

Capable Guardian

Suitable TargetLikely Offender

!

8

In the last ten years the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) has decided to extendits documents and standards, originally intended only for products and tools, also to servicesand recently to crime prevention in buildings and public spaces as well.

A specific committee was established to study crime prevention; it has produced Standards orTechnical Reports on prevention of crime by building design (dwellings, offices and shops)and by urban planning. Work on transportation, schools, gas stations, road blocks, is stillunder way.

The activity of the working group on “Prevention of Crime by urban planning” was completedin 2006 with the output of Technical Report CEN TR 14383-2, which was finally adopted byCEN in 2007 .The Report is meant as a support for good practices and not as a standard withbinding effect.

The Technical Report is based on two main concepts:1. urban planning has an impact on crime and fear of crime,2. crime prevention criteria are to be applied at different stages and scales of planning: overallcity, infrastructures, urban design, public spaces, management.

It is addressed to architects, planners, urban designers, decision makers and stakeholders ingeneral.

The Technical Report provides a useful framework for dealing with the aspects of crime preven-tion in urban projects. It defines a working method as a support to:- introducing safety criteria in the rehabilitation of existing areas or in new projects;- introducing safety criteria in evaluating projects in terms of safety.

Structured in different sections and four annexes, the Technical Report:• recommends the consideration of:

- the physical characteristic of the area and its relation to the city (where)- the problems of crime and incivilities in the area and in the surroundings (what) - the identification of the stakeholders to contribute to the process (who)

• outlines possible strategies for the different stages and scales of intervention in terms ofurban planning, design and management• suggests how to organize the decision and implementation process with the involvement ofstakeholders (see chart on following page concerning the process)•indicates a list of “basic principles” and provides a series of questions for a safety audit(Annex D).

THE IMPORTANCE OF ANNEX DThe Technical Report has 4 annexes: Annex A and B provide a framework to carry out crimereviews (for existing areas) and crime assessment (for new projects). Annex C deals with fearof crime.Annex D provides a “Safety audit framework of an urban project” which is particularly valua-ble, as it contains the practical support for actions.This is presented as a list of “basic principles” and a check-list of questions aimed at guidingthe work of practitioners and decision makers, which helps to translate into practical actionsthe crime prevention strategies listed in the Technical Report.

CEN Technical Report: Preventionof crime by Urban planning

9

The “basic principles” of CEN Technical Report(Annex D)• Strengthening the user’s identification with the place and the user’s sense of belonging tothe place enhances perception of safety and prevention of crime because people develop asense of respect and protection for the places they belong to.

• Vitality of streets and public areas is a major factor for crime prevention, because the use ofpublic spaces produces spontaneous surveillance. Mixed uses (commercial, residential, re-creation etc.) and diversified activities imply different users at different times, thus providingconstant spontaneous surveillance.

• Every measure concerning safety should take into account the most vulnerable population.

• Urban developments based on creating safer areas opposed to the outer world (perceivedas a source of insecurity) are to be avoided because they will lead to exclusion and residentialenclosure or inward oriented spaces.

• Places mainly used by temporary users (stations, interchange points, etc.) are generallymore vulnerable to crime than other areas, due to the scarce sense of belonging to the placeof the users. These places should be carefully considered.

• To improve crime prevention, planning and design should avoid creating deserted spaces(without vitality), as well as undefined or hidden places, because vandalism and other criminalacts tend to concentrate in these places. If un-avoidable, these places should be managed interm of safety.

• A continuous urban grid and a clear layout of public places improve users’ self-orientationand their feeling safe. Visibility of pedestrian spaces and routes from surrounding buildingsand streets improves crime prevention and the perception of safety.

• A clear delimitation between public and private space facilitate the management of the spaces.

• Planning and design of circulation routes to services and housing should carefully considersafety and accessibility for all kinds of population. If a circulation route cannot provide the suf-ficient safety or feeling of safety an alternative route should be offered.

• Decayed or abandoned buildings and areas, as well as dreary places communicate fear ofcrime and attract antisocial behaviours and crimes. Maintenance and other actions should beundertaken to prevent decay; once decay has started, these areas should be carefully monito-red and treated.

• In some cases, to improve crime prevention it is necessary to support spontaneous surveil-lance (mixed uses, vitality etc.) also with organized surveillance, implementable in many diffe-rent ways The organization of spaces should be conceived in order to facilitate this type ofsurveillance and emergency intervention.

• Electronic surveillance (CCTV etc.) is not an answer to bad planning or urban design. It isuseful only when it is a part of a general security plan.

• Temporary arrangements and situations (construction yards, detours, temporary barriersand fences) produce not only discomfort but also create potentially dangerous places. Therefore, during construction works next to used spaces, temporary situations and fencingshall be carefully studied and designed also in terms of crime prevention.


10

LOCAL AUTHORITY (RESPONSIBLE BODY)• officially declares commitment to urban safety• formulates the mission objectives• establishes a technical structure to support the Action (optional)• appoints the Action manager (responsible person)• creates the Working Group

Process for integrating crime prevention in urban projectsFor guiding the process to carry out a project or an action aimed at improving urban safety, CEN Technical Report 14383-2 provides a framework by which to operate with an integrated multi-agency approach.

WORKING GROUP• establishes the Action program• responds to the Local Authority• defines consultation mechanism with other stakeholders• carries out crime review/assessment• defines which elements of the urban environment affect safety

PLANNING DOCUMENTof the Working Group• illustrates the scenario• identifies the strategies and defines the actions• estimates costs involved• envisages effects and risks

DECISION OF THE LOCAL AUTHORITY• strategies and actions to be implemented• aspects to be studied further• programme of implementation

AGREEMENT AMONG STAKEHOLDERS• responsibilities of each party involved (who does what)• detailed programme of implementation• intermediate controls

EVALUATION OF RESULTS• definition of criteria and methods

ACTIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF WORKS• each party carries out the actions he is responsible for• controls of each phase of implementation

POSSIBLE CORRECTIVE ACTIONS

This Handbook provides guidelines in urban planning, design and management that reflectthe questions listed in Annex D of CEN/TR 14383-2.The set of questions of the above mentioned Annex D, cover the issues of crime preventionthrough urban planning and design that most experts of the field agree upon.

The general use in practical work of the guidelines of this Handbook requires some attention:• guidelines refer to the “urban” environment, typical of large, medium and small towns, andare not applicable to rural and industrials areas;• most guidelines are suited to the compact city fabric, common of central and southern Euro-pean countries; however, with some caution, they can be applied also to other urban situa-tions;• physical features, climate and social networks vary case by case and interact differently de-pending from the situation; they must be thoroughly analysed in order to adapt guidelinesproperly;• some peculiar conditions may invalidate a standard guideline: e.g. in normal conditions abar is an “eye on the street”, however in certain areas a bar may become a place of illegal acti-vities, therefore a source of problems;• some parameters used in urban planning, such as density and amount of green spaces, varysignificantly from place to place according to geographical areas, traditions and culture: thishas to be considered when applying them to safety criteria.

It is strongly recommended that when approaching the integration of crime prevention intourban planning and design, systematic crime reviews or assessments be carried out beforeconsidering and selecting the appropriate guidelines. These should be carried out with refe-rence to the content of annexes A and B of CEN Technical Report.

11

How to use this Handbook

12

13

CONSIDERINGEXISTING SOCIAL AND

PHYSICAL STRUCTURES

GUARANTEEING ACCESSIBILITY

AND AVOIDING ENCLAVES

CREATING VITALITY

PROVIDING MIXED STATUS

CREATING ADEQUATE URBAN DENSITY

AVOIDING PHYSICAL BARRIERS

AND WASTE LAND

Urban planning deals with the distribution and physical organisation of activitiesand population in urban spaces; it can contribute to prevent phenomena of inse-curity in our cities because there is a link between crime and the structure ofurban spaces.

In fact, accessibility, density, mix of uses, integration, and vitality are key issues forcrime prevention through urban planning. Planning documents can consequentlyhandle safety through working on the distribution of functions and activities, thelayout of infrastructures, the location and character of commercial districts.

Crime prevention criteria should therefore be considered from the early stagesof decision making, at the scale of planning; strategic plans, master plans, localplans and urban regeneration programs as well as infrastructure projects all affectin their specific way urban safety.

In urban planning decisions are made on functions, density and activities whichaffect the vitality of public spaces and consequently the level of social cohesionand natural surveillance. Experiences show also that specific urban patterns contribute to safety, because they generate urban quality and an environmentable to resist to the development of crime. On the contrary, some features suchas mono-functional zoning, urban fragmentation, isolation and dereliction createnegative conditions for a safe environment.

In many cities, offices are concentrated in business districts which – being unpo-pulated at night – may become dangerous places that have no natural surveillanceand are difficult to control even employing private police. Natural surveillance islacking also in residential areas where housing density is too low to generate vita-lity and flows.

Planning also implies decisions on the layout of infrastructure; in many cases roadand transport routes fragment the urban structure, creating isolated areas or derelict lands, which become difficult to control.

Locations of commercial structures are likewise decided at the planning stage:this affects the balance between commercial activities spread throughout theurban fabric and large suburban shopping centres.

The following guidelines aim to respond item by item to the checklist of questionspresented in Annex D of CEN Technical Report. In some cases they may seem repetitive: Annex D does in fact make some overlapping of issues, which are necessary to cope with the complexity of the urban environment and its multipleinterconnections.

URBAN PLANNING STRATEGIES

The issueThe city is a living organism, whereinter-relationships are the essenceof urban life. It has been shapedover time by a self-regulating pro-cess. Any intervention affects theexisting equilibrium and thereforethe insertion of a new part requirescareful evaluation in order to avoidrejection. New projects (regenera-ting an existing urban district or de-veloping a new area) should becomepart of the whole urban structure.

To achieve integration a plannershould consider both physical featu-res and social ties.

Social inclusion and social cohesionare goals to be strongly pursued forpreventing isolation and social ex-clusion, that lead to insecurity or atleast are favourable grounds forcrime.

Social integration and social ties arealso important for reducing potentialconflicts between inhabitants orusers, for instance regarding coha-bitation between former and newinhabitants. They can also help peo-ple to be concerned neighbours andthus generate sociability, involve-ment of the inhabitants with locallife and solidarity. People in badsocio-economic situations can thusbe support by others and be deter-red from falling into crime and anti-social behaviour.

Consider social networksAny proposal for a new project or for rehabi-litating a neighbourhood should take into account the existing social networks createdby schools, associations, sports activities andinformal meeting places (cafes, small squa-res, playground etc). The proposal shouldencourage local sociability, which in a neigh -bourhood is essential to induce spontaneoussurveillance. In addition, considering and sustaining exi-sting social ties helps to prevent exclusion ofincoming groups, which could become a rea-son of conflicts.

The design of this space and location of activities con-sciously support sociability and encourage informalcontacts between all different age groups

Affecting social balanceWhere a well-integrated social mix exists,the project should be careful not to alter it.When developing a new project within anexisting neighbourhood, care should betaken to achieve an appropriate mix of diffe-rent people, income levels, services, etc.

This playground has become an opportunity for peopleof different ethnic backgrounds to meet

Considering existing socialand physical structures

The severe safety problems in this small town in Italywere tackle with the participation of the local popula-tion, the local police and the municipal services

Demands of the local populationThe project should respond to the identifiedneeds and the expressed demands of the localpopulation. To obtain this, the decision processshould involve the participation of residentsand users. Besides, participation enhances thesense of belonging to the neighbourhoodwhich helps to prevent antisocial behaviour(vandalism, car racing, night rowdiness etc.)and leads to the reporting of crime.In fact people respect and tend to defend thespaces they feel belong to them.

Impact of changesEvery intervention in the urban environmenthas a physical and social impact on the im-mediate surroundings. It is therefore neces-sary to undertake specific actions to softenthe impact of change. These actions may in-clude specific information to identifiedgroups, such as targeted information, gra-dual and reversible interventions on the phy-sical environment, social mediation,organisation of events, interim economic in-centives, etc.

Street parties are an excellent device to strengthen social ties and integrate newcomers

14

Fitting in the organisationof the existing neighbourhoods The pattern of existing activities and move-ments in an urban area is a valuable asset forits cohesion and vitality and, therefore, for itssafety. Any planned development should bechecked in terms of its compatibility (ties)with the existing organisation of the nei-ghbourhood. This helps to avoid fragmenta-tion thus permitting the management of thecity as a whole.

Integrating new builtform in its surroundingsThe new built form should be well integratedinto the surrounding urban texture so that itis not perceived as extraneous and becomesacceptable to the inhabitants. Only buildingsand spaces felt as belonging to one are re-spected.Wherever new densities or new buildingtypes are introduced, planners should checkif they are compatible with the surroundingbuilt form.

This public housing project built in the 50’s is admirablywell integrated in the surrounding urban pattern

This survey of crime and anti-social behaviour was car-ried out to study location of bus stops

Crime problems of thesurroundingsProposed projects should take into accountthe crime problems (existing or envisaged)not only in the area of the project but also inits surroundings.e.g.: A new multi-screen cinema and shop-ping centre in the proximity of a railway station may attract the marginal fringes of population and amplify the typical safety pro-blems associated with railway stations.

Edges of projectsThe borders of a project play a key-role inthe connection with the surrounding urbanfabric. Therefore borders should be plannedpaying particular attention to the character ofthe adjacent areas, to new and existingflows, and to compatibility of functions, inorder to avoid fractures in the urban system.

Edges of projects are critical areas becausethey can create discontinuities and contributethe development of zones of dereliction.

These two large housing projects break the continuity ofthe existing street pattern and interrupt flows

Continuity with the existing city structure A project should not break the existing urbanpattern: it should provide continuity of urbantexture and flows (avoiding fractures) in orderto enhance movements, which influence vita-lity and therefore natural surveillance.Continuity helps to prevent spatial fragmen-tation allowing the city to function as an inte-grated system.


15

The issueGood accessibility and a capillaryroad network are essential to fosterflows of movement which producevitality, natural surveillance and the-refore increase safety. To guaranteecontinuity of movements it is thusimportant to avoid fractures in theroad and pedestrian networks.

Discontinuity can occur where anew development is not well con-nected to the city structure as awhole, also where a neighbourhoodin the city is isolated by infrastructu-res or other barriers from the sur-rounding urban fabric. “Gatedcommunities” which are voluntarilysegregated from the city belong tothis latter category.

Lack of accessibility can also contri-bute to social segregation, and cancreate enclaves or isolated areasconcentrating social problems. Theaccessibility of an area should consi-der its links with the existing citystructure and functions: connec-tions to jobs, services (schools, ho-spitals, post-offices etc.),commercial and recreation facilities.Difficulties for public services to in-tervene (including services forcrime and social prevention) shouldalso be considered.

The sketch indicates how the street pattern of this newresidential development should be shaped, so as tocreate continuity with the surrounding urban texture

Continuity of the streetpatternThe street network of a new developmentshould continue the street pattern of sur-rounding areas in order to avoid interruptingurban flows, which are so important for vita-lity and natural surveillance.

Outward-facing layoutsand through routesThe concept and layout of a project shouldavoid “inward-oriented” developments:these are building complexes focused inter-nally that turn their back on the surroundingurban texture. New developments should beoutward facing and linked to their surroun-dings with a network of local through-routes.Both these elements allow permeability ofurban flows which add vitality to public spaces.

The new residential development on this formerly egregated industrial site tries to open up toward the surroundings and connect to the network of localthrough routes

Guaranteeing accessibilityand avoiding enclaves

16


This isolated sector of the Milan urban fringe has become an area plagued by problems of crime and it is difficult for social services and police to operate there

Avoid creating enclavesThe structure and the street pattern of a newdevelopment or of an area being regenera-ted, should be planned to avoid creatingurban enclaves.

These are detrimental because they cuturban flows through them, thus creating pro-blems for the surrounding areas; they alsogenerate weak internal movements. Bothfactors negatively affect natural surveillanceand favour the development of marginal or il-legal activities (where people have nothingto do, incivilities are more common).Where enclaves lack transportation and ser-vices, they may also become places of socialsegregation and deprivation, where it is diffi-cult to intervene with social and crime pre-vention services, and where people areisolated and very vulnerable.

Provide good accessibilityto the public transportsystem To connect a project with the whole urbanarea, it is important to ensure good accessibi-lity by public transport. Location of stopsmust be studied in detail: they must be rea-chable through clear and safe routes whichshould not cross areas without natural sur-veillance. The stops themselves must beclose to housing or areas with activities.

Three metro stations and several bus lines provide agood accessibility to this high density residential district

Pedestrian malls in residential areas are lively during theday but can become threatening at night

Allow for some trafficflow on local streets Slow and moderate traffic flows provide a va-luable “eye on the street” which being dyna-mic is a powerful deterrent against crime.Therefore, pedestrian-only streets shouldgenerally be avoided except in very busyareas.In residential areas the road network isusually designed to drastically reduce trafficflows. However when flows are too weak,there is a lack of natural surveillance.

17

The issueTraditional zoning practice tends toseparate land-uses (residential, bu-siness, commercial, industrial, insti-tutional). This creates districts withstreets and public spaces which arenot used some times of the day ordays of the week, curtailing naturalsurveillance.

Areas with “mixed use” avoid thisdrawback and therefore should bepreferred to single function zoning,wherever possible. Blending fun-ctions cannot however be appliedeverywhere: it requires careful eva-luation as to whether the envisagedactivities are compatible with eachother.

Public facilities and services (scho-ols, churches, sport-grounds, com-merce etc.) are particularly efficientin creating vitality. Their locationshould be accurately planned inorder to exploit their potential fornatural surveillance. They shouldalso be organised so as to enhanceproximity and sociability, thus con-tributing to the avoidance of isola-tion and segregation both factorsleading to insecurity.Vitality is also important for social inclusion and cohesion, and thus forthe potential reduction of crime.

Mixed use generates vitality and natural surveillanceMixed-use zoning allows an area to have dif-ferent functions. Each has different workinghours, requires specific services and supportfacilities and generates flows of people andgoods. All-together this creates an extendedperiod of activity, a complex system of move-ments and an intensive use of services thatgenerate vitality and consequently strongspontaneous surveillance.

The residential buildings combine with offices, shops,supermarket and the church to create a lively square allthrough the week

Creating vitality

The decision to locate the university in this old working-class neighbourhood has created a vital environment

Proper functions enhance vitality Some functions are more efficient at provi-ding vitality in public spaces than others: e.g.commercial and leisure activities create morelively places than office blocks. Functions that are strong vitality generatorssuch as schools, universities, public buil-dings, hotels and shopping areas should belocated also with the aim of providing vitality..

18

Separating flows decreases vitalityOn local roads, cars, bicycles and pedestriansall together create flows which are usuallysufficient to provide natural surveillance. Ifthese flows are separated on different routes,each of these has a lower level of surveil-lance. Therefore, in terms of crime preven-tion, local streets with mixed traffic arepreferable. Where only primary roads connect nei-ghbourhoods, pedestrian movements are di-scouraged, and vitality is reduced. Acontinuous network of streets allows the di-stribution of flows, and avoids separating carsfrom bicycles and pedestrians. However, pe-destrian safety should be studied carefully.

Combining busses, cars, bicycles and pedestrians crea-tes a good level of natural surveillance


The intense night-life along the canal creates conflictswith the residents

Risk of conflicts amongactivities Allowing different activities in the same areaincreases vitality, but may generate conflicts.Therefore foreseeable activities should beanalysed in terms of their compatibility. Properregulations should be devised and enforced.Night-life in a residential area creates vitalitybut also conflicts with the inhabitants be-cause of noise and traffic.Mixed-use requires planners to analyse acti-vities in detail, and requires them to workwith the different groups involved.

All-day-long activities for vulnerable areasSpecific nodes of the urban network whichare strategic for the functioning of the city,need to be supervised continuously to gua-rantee safe movements.Natural surveillance of these places may beimproved by locating specific activity genera-tors e.g. recreation, commercial, hotels, he-alth centres in selected key locations.

These activities provide vitality and natural surveillancein this isolated area located between two over-passes

h 9.00

h 12.00

h 15.00

h 18.00Dynamic crono-maps (time-maps) allow to study thetemporal pattern of activities

Time and calendar ofplanned activitiesFixing land-use implicitly determines therhythm of vitality because land-use definesactivities, each having its calendar and time-table. Therefore in selecting land-uses, plan-ners should check whether the anticipatedactivities taken together provide a reasonabletemporal continuity of natural surveillance.

19

The issueDeep socio-economic problems ofresidents, lack of services and facili-ties, physical isolation due to infra-structures barriers and lack ofaccessibility and transportation,poor quality of buildings are factorsthat combined together create con-ditions for urban decay and gene-rate a favourable ground for crimeand antisocial behaviour.

On the other hand, urban complexeswith concentration of higher incomegroups, which exclude other groups,create isolated privilege areas andtherefore social segregation. It is atthe planning stage that these condi-tions can be avoided.

As stated in CEN/TR 14383-2, “Solutions based on the developmentof safer areas within and opposed tothe outer world (perceived as sourceof insecurity) will lead to exclusionand enclosure.” Therefore these solutions should be avoided.

Indeed, the city, to be safe and liveable, should not be made of separate isolated entities, butshould rather encourage freedomof movements and social encounters.A safe city is a mixed and open city,with districts where different socialgroups live together.

Balance social economicgroups with the surrounding In order to contribute to sustainable urbansafety, a project should consider the socialcomposition of the surrounding neighbour-hoods and try to achieve a balanced situationat a larger scale.

Avoid creating conditions which maylead to segregated lowincome areasTo avoid creating segregated low incomeareas, the location of social housing is impor-tant. Dispersing small units of social housingthroughout the city is preferable to concen-tration in a large and confined site. Providinglow-rent flats (social housing) mixed withmedium-income housing units, is anotherway to achieve mixity and avoid low-incomesegregated areas. Poor quality of buildings and urban decay area favourable ground for antisocial behaviourand crime.It is therefore important to avoid these condi-tions and to intervene promptly on the main-tenance of the housing stock and of theenvironment, to prevent these phenomenafrom happening.

High density, low quality of buildings and urban decayhave created a favourable ground for illegal activities inthis housing complex

Providing mixed status

This neighbourhood combines private residential buil-dings, public housing and single-family units

Encourage a careful mixof social economicgroupsProviding diversified housing units on thesame site attracts different economic groupsand persons of different ages, with differenthabits, schedules and patterns of move-ments. This helps to create neighbourhoodswith good vitality which improve safety.

20

The linear parks are well located to serve the needs ofthe inhabitants in this high density district

Public spaces in high-density areasIn high-density areas planning schemesshould foresee an adequate provision of public spaces in terms of amount, location,quality and possible use, as the concentra-tion of people without sufficient spaces canincrease potential conflicts.

Planners should be careful not to createopen spaces which could turn into no-man’slands. Public spaces should be planned avoiding:• empty or out-of-scale places;• large areas with a single use (driving, parking, walking etc.)• completely confined spaces with limitedaccess and visibility from the streets .


The issueThere is a correlation between urbandensity and natural surveillance. Anadequate density is necessary to pro-vide a sufficient number of people tosupport activities which generate vitality. Furthermore, higher densitygenerates more flows and move-ments, which provide natural surveil-lance on the streets.

In low-density areas, where activitiesare lacking and flows are weak, safetyon the streets and in public spacescannot rely on natural surveillance,but needs to be provided by othertools such as organised surveillance,semi-organised surveillance (nei-ghbourhood watch etc. ) or technolo-gical means .

However, if density is too high, otherproblems may arise such as lack ofpublic spaces and higher risk of con-flicts among the inhabitants.

Creating adequate urban density

Sense of neighbourhood Planning schemes should provide opportuni-ties for enhancing, among residents andusers, the sense of neighbourhood and ofbelonging to the place (squares, shops, lan-dmarks, play grounds, historical symbols, so-cial events etc.). In fact, people take care anddevelop a sense of respect and protectionfor places that they feel belong to them.

For a good sense of neighbourhood it is im-portant however to prevent one group frommonopolising public spaces and excludingother groups.

A good sense of neighbourhood makes life in this districts quiet pleasant

Intensity of land use Density of activities together with diversitygenerate vitality for many hours of the daythereby providing natural surveillance. Inorder to prevent problems, land use shouldbe intensive enough - wherever possible - tocreate opportunities for extended humanpresence and liveliness.

Private dwellings, shops, cafés and a hotel create a vitalstreet in this residential sector

21

The issuePhysical barriers may be due to natu-ral features but also to landscaping,infrastructures, or to confined largeestates. Barriers reduce connectionsbetween different parts of the cityand interfere with movements. Inmany cases, infrastructure routesclash with the surrounding urbanpattern, creating discontinuities andvisual chaos which affect safety andthe perception of safety.

Physical barriers require underpassesand overpasses or long diversions; itis generally acknowledged thatthese types of passages create sa-fety problems .

Most physical barriers are defined atthe planning stage when infrastruc-ture routes and large facilities aredecided. Therefore, before takingthe final decision on a route, it is ne-cessary to ensure that any barriersthat are created in the urban fabriccan be overcome in safe conditions.If well designed and integrated withthe surrounding, infrastructures canbecome an opportunity for regene-rating an urban district or for deve-loping a new area. .

Waste lands are unattractive areaswhich people tend to avoid. Therefore they lack natural surveil-lance and usually become places at-tracting illegal activities and antisocialbehaviour.

Existing waste landsRedevelopment plans should include strate-gies to recover existing waste lands. To reuse these lands, it is necessary to un-derstand what caused them and which arethe problems involved. Physical upgradingshould go with the development of adequateactivities to prevent future decay.

Waste lands at the edge of this residential district createdrab and unsafe environment

Avoiding physical barriersand waste land

The subway line combined with a fast traffic road createa strong physical barrier that divides the district

Proposed Infrastructures The infrastructures linked to a project shouldavoid creating physical barriers, enclaves andwaste lands in order to avoid places wheresafety is difficult to attain.Infrastructure routes should be well integra-ted into the urban structure: they should bedesigned in a way that allows connectionsbetween the different parts of the existingurban fabric and that avoids breaks in thestreets pattern or empty and deserted spaces.

22

Existing infrastructuresWhere existing infrastructures create discon-tinuities, new projects should aim at overco-ming infrastructure barriers with new safeconnections.

This wide and comfortable underpass allows move-ments and flows beneath the metro line

23


24

25

CONTINUITY OF URBAN FABRIC

LOCATION OF ACTIVITIES

TIME AND CALENDAR

OF ACTIVITIES

VISIBILITY

ACCESSIBILITY

TERRITORIALITY

ATTRACTIVENESS

QUALITY OF MATERIALS

TO PREVENT DECAY

Safety and the perception of safety are strongly influenced by the structure andorganisation of spaces. Some places are pleasant and lively and transmit a senseof well being, some we walk through with indifference, whereas others transmitanxiety and even fear. We experience this type of feelings everyday and we modify our behaviour accordingly. Often, danger and fear limit our freedom ofmovements in the city, thus reducing our quality of life.

Urban design deals with the structure of spaces, the location of buildings, the useof ground and upper floors, the layout of green areas and public spaces, the pattern of streets, the location of transit stops and parking lots. It is consequentlyat the urban design level that concepts of safety are to be applied in concreteterms. Good urban design can improve citizen’s confidence and make public spa-ces more liveable; instead, poor urban design can produce empty spaces, drearyenvironments, generate fear, attract incivilities and crime.

Where safety criteria are applied to urban design, many problems of safety canbe prevented or controlled:• spontaneous surveillance is increased;• sense of responsibility is enhanced;• police officers and security guards can better patrol spaces;• management and maintenance can be organised in a better way.

To reinforce the effect of urban design criteria for safety, it is important that similar criteria be applied also to building design. Many manuals deal with thisspecific subject.

The following guidelines aim to respond item by item to the checklist of questionspresented in Annex D of CEN Technical Report. In some cases they may seem repetitive: Annex D does in fact make some overlapping of issues, which are necessary to cope with the complexity of the urban environment and its multipleinterconnections.

URBAN DESIGN STRATEGIES

The issueUrban design defines the pattern ofstreets and the layout of buildings,which together create the urban fabric. For the sake of safety in thecity, it is important to achieve conti-nuity of urban fabric and streets, because this facilitates flows. Wherever movements occur, thereis vitality: eyes are kept on the streetproducing spontaneous surveillance.

If flows are interrupted, daily move-ments are curtailed: the city is lessused and less known, and this cancontribute to a general feeling of insecurity.

The traditional layout of the historicalcity offered continuous streets, aligned building fronts and clear sightlines that sustained spontaneoussurveillance . The contemporary cityis largely made of self-containedcells relying mainly on vehicularconnections. This creates disconti-nuities in the overall city texture androutes.

Discontinuities curtail movementsand flows and affect the daily ac-quaintance of people with the urbanenvironment and their feeling of belonging to the whole city; this hasan impact on the feeling of insecu-rity and on the use of public spaces,and consequently on the degree ofspontaneous surveillance.

In addition, physical discontinuitiesoften create spaces lacking specificuse: no man’s lands which easily become attractors for marginal andillegal activities.

The new housing development site (top right) breaksthe continuity of the existing urban fabric

Continuity with the existing streets and pedestrian routesThe design of a new development shouldnot interrupt the existing pattern of streetsand movements, but rather assure connec-tions and continuous flows, to enhance vitality, and consequently spontaneous surveillance. e.g. In redeveloping a former industrial area,the proposed street pattern should be consi-stent with the surrounding urban texture andcreate continuity with the adjoining streets.The design should blend with the urban fabric in order to improve the flow of move-ments in the area.

Continuity of urban fabric

26

5

The clear layout of this mall allows pedestrians to crossthe area in safety © IAU île-de-France

Easy and safe walkingthrough a siteThe layout of a new development shouldallow it to be walked through safely day andnight, by creating clear routes provided withnatural surveillance. Unfortunately, design of residential or com-mercial developments often create obstaclesto walking through safely (in respect to mug-ging, assaults, threats etc.), which end up re-quiring an extensive use of CCTV. Instead,electronic devices should be used onlywhere natural surveillance cannot take place(underpasses, footbridges etc.).


Clear orientation of pedestriansThe ability to grasp immediately the organi-sation of a site and to see what is aheadalong a route is important to feel safe and tobe safe. In fact, not being able to find theway creates anxiety and increases vulnerabi-lity to assaults, because persons focusing attention on finding their way reduce theirawareness of danger. In addition, a confusedlayout makes escaping more difficult.

The layout of a new development shouldhave a clear organisation and provide easyorientation for all users. In existing areas, if clarity and continuity arelacking, some design elements should be in-troduced to improve the sense of orientation.

The organization of this square allows people arrivingfrom the Ferry Building to find their way clearly © ROMA Design Group

This modern building fits in well in the historical center of Milan © Studio Architetti BBPR

Built form compatiblewith the surroundingIf one or more buildings do not fit in the surroundings, people will have a tendency to“reject” and avoid the place, and they will notconsider it as part of “their” territory. Jane Jacobs observed that pedestrians tend toavoid sidewalks with discontinuous buildingfrontage, contributing to make them unsafe.

Architects should ask themselves how theusers will accept the new spaces they design.Will people develop a sense of belonging?In terms of safety this is important, becausepeople respect and protect places they feelas theirs.

27

Attractiveness

The issueActivities include shops, cafés, re-staurants, services, recreational, cul-tural and social facilities as well aswhat happens spontaneously instreets, parks, pedestrian and bicy-cle paths (gathering, resting, events,vendors etc.).

Activities add vitality to streets andpublic spaces, and provide an effi-cient “eye on the street”. They aretherefore one of the most powerfultools for creating spontaneous sur-veillance.

As activities are so important for thegeneral safety of public spaces,urban designers should considerthem as key elements in their pro-jects, because activities determinewho is going to use a place andhow. They should study in detailtheir location and create the condi-tions for activities to take place.

Besides urban designers, it is impor-tant that owners, developers andother decision makers as well as public bodies responsible for civilservices, culture and recreation con-sider activities as a powerful tool forurban safety, and act accordingly.

Sufficient activities toprovide spontaneoussurveillanceA project for regenerating an existing area ora new development should envisage enoughactivities to generate spontaneous surveil-lance on as many streets and public spacesas possible. To provide safety one should avoid concen-trating activities in a single place because thiswould produce a small vital precinct butwould reduce vitality to the remaining urbanfabric. Instead, in order to provide an exten-ded control of urban spaces, activities shouldbe spread along main routes or located atstreet corners.Locating specific activity generators at keypoints allows to cross problematic areas inbetter safety conditions. To encourage people to use public spaces,recreational activities and events should alsobe promoted.

Ground floor activities along the main streets provide an“eye on the street” and therefore safe routes for residents

Location of activities

The church, located at the end of a boulevard, becomesa reference point in the neighborhood

Location of public facilities to enhance vitalityPublic buildings and facilities such as post of-fices, municipal offices, schools, universities,etc. should be located in squares or on theaxes of the urban structure where the flowsthat they generate contribute to vitality andnatural surveillance.Entrances to public buildings should be wellmarked in order to emphasize the sense ofpublic presence in the urban scene.

28

Ground floor shops at street corners substantially in-crease natural surveillance

Commercial fronts along streetsIt is preferable that commercial facilities belocated facing public spaces rather than en-closed in private malls: in fact a shop facing asidewalk adds an eye on the street, whereas,shops organised around an internal courtturn their back to the street, reducing naturalsurveillance on the public space.

Rules and regulationsPlanning and building regulations shouldallow and encourage cultural and recreatio-nal facilities such as clubs, non-profit associa-tions, vocational schools etc. to be locatedon the ground floor, with openings facing thestreet.Most public housing complexes do not haveany activity on the ground floor; regulationsshould be modified in order to allow facilitiesto be introduced on the ground floor.

In residential buildings, the height of theground floor should be such as to allow toswitch from residential to commercial use orviceversa. This allows to replace activitieswhich close down with dwellings, and avoidthe sense of abandonment and the lack of sur-veillance generated by empty ground floors.

The ground-floor height allows for a change from com-mercial to residential use by simply raising the floor

Contribution of pedestrian and bicycleroutes to vitalityPedestrian and bicycle routes bring flowsthat enhance vitality. Their location shouldbe studied in relation to activity generatorsso that they reinforce each other in produ-cing vitality.

Mixed routes (30 Km/h) which combine car,bicycle and pedestrian movements create adensity of use which generates vitality andtherefore spontaneous surveillance.

Mixed pedestrian - bicycle routes create vitality and na-tural surveillance


COMM.

RES.

+ 0.00

+ 1.00 m

RES.

RES.

The transparent openings provide good surveillance ofpublic spaces © IAU île-de-France

Surveillance from services linked to housingIn residential buildings, meeting rooms, day-care centres, laundries, children playrooms,clubs for the elderly, bicycle deposits shouldbe on the ground floor, located so as to con-tribute to natural surveillance. They shouldhave transparent openings on public andsemi-public spaces.

29

The issueUrban spaces are used differently atdifferent times of the day and of theweek. This causes spontaneous surveillance to increase, decrease ordisappear in accordance to time andcalendar.

Commercial activities have differentopening hours; offices are closedduring the evening and the week-end; residential units are inhabitedmost of the day; cafes, cinemas andleisure facilities may be open atnight. Altogether they can provide acontinuous surveillance and conveya feeling of security. However,where some of them are absent,gaps of surveillance may occur.

As urban design deals with the detailed location of functions andactivities (all with different workinghours), it implicitly sets time sche-dules that affects the level of spon-taneous surveillance.

To evaluate the continuity of sponta-neous surveillance, one should ana-lyse schedules and calendar of localactivities in order to verify whetherthey complement each other in keeping an eye on the public spaces. To reduce time gaps in natural sur-veillance, it is advisable to mix usesand encourage the development ofactivities with specific openinghours at key locations.

Time and calendar of activities

How to improve the time span of natural surveillanceThe development of specific activity genera-tors with the desired working hours can beencouraged by different means:• regulations (by laws);• facilitating the start-up of specific activities;• providing municipal services at reducedcharge etc.

The time span of natural surveillance can beextended also by:• re-scheduling of traditional activities andservices;• locating new complementary facilities andservices;• promoting events and cultural activities;• allowing licensed street vendors

In this area where vitality is lacking, the vendor provi-des a watchful eye on the street

The lighting of this alley communicates a feeling of secu-rity and discourages antisocial and criminal acts

Night time Lack of activities during night hours can becompensated by good lighting, which redu-ces anxiety and fear. Besides, experienceshows that good lighting can favour the de-velopment of activities at night.At vulnerable places, strategic activities(kiosks, taxi stands, etc.) should be encoura-ged to improve surveillance.

30


Activities in buildings facing public spacesTo contribute to urban safety, functions andactivities of buildings facing public spacesshould be selected taking into considerationthe time they are in use. Altogether theyshould provide a continuous “eye on thestreet” or minimize time gaps of surveillance.Specific time-use diagrams of the functionsin the area (residential, office, shops etc.),mapping daily and weekly schedules, are auseful tool to detect gaps of spontaneoussurveillance.

Time-use diagrams of site activities enables the detec-tion of gaps of spontaneous surveillance

31

Attractiveness

32

The issueVisibility allows people to see theirway (and thus avoid dangerous si-tuations) as well as to be seen asthey use public spaces, thus makingspontaneous surveillance possible.Visibility also facilitates the task ofpolice or other forms of surveillance.

Everybody has experienced feelinguncomfortable or scared by havingto walk along a blind wall, or for having to wait for a bus where onecannot be seen. Moreover, offen-ders know where they can be seenand recognised, and therefore avoidvisible places.

For the purpose of safety, publicspaces should be designed with visibility in mind: be visible from adjoining buildings (windows andstorefronts), have clear sightlines,not have visual obstacles and closedviews (solid parapets, sharp corners, screens, bushes etc.). Although total permeability is not always possible or desirable, its rele-vance in terms of personal safetyshould always be considered.

Visibility

Landscaping, vegetationand sightlinesLandscaping should not reduce visibility inorder to allow surveillance. Although articula-ted landscaping and grade differences (slopesand retaining walls) are often proposed for ae-sthetic reasons, they should be checked in re-spect of drawbacks on personal safety. Vegetation should have high permeability.Trees and planting should be selected andmaintained so that they allow visibility fromstreets, do not block sightlines, do not hindernatural surveillance, do not provide cover foroffenders and do not create entrapment spots.

Tall trees allow wide visibility and do not offer placesto hide

Windows and transparent parapets foster spontane-ous surveillance of public space

Views from buildings onpublic spacesPublic spaces and sidewalks should be visi-ble from upper floors of buildings (wide win-dows, balconies with transparent parapets),from shop windows, from building entrancesand doorman lodges (where existing).Blind walls and buildings with empty groundfloors should be systematically avoided.Where direct visibility is not possible, speci-fic hardware (security mirrors, reflecting panels, etc.) can provide indirect visibility.

33

Bus stops, entrances toparking facilities andmetro stationsEntrances to parking structures and metrostations as well as bus stops should be loca-ted in places well visible from the surroun-dings. This because access points to publictransport and parking facilities are places thateverybody needs to use; therefore theyshould not be unsafe places. Stops of public transport in each directionshould be facing, so that persons waiting cansee each others; shelters should be transpa-rent and located far from entrapment spots.CCTV of metro stations and parking structu-res should cover also their entrances andsurrounding spaces.

Bus stops located in front of shops and entrances pro-vide a safer environment for people waiting


Transparency of shopfronts and visibility ofbuilding entrances Shops are a valuable eye on the street. Theirfronts must be transparent, without obsta-cles, to allow surveillance on public spacesand to enable persons to call for help. Windows of shops and supermarkets shouldnot be obstructed by shelves, opaque filmsor other visual barriers. Building entrances should be well-lit and hi-ghly visible from the surroundings, becausemany persons are attacked just when theyare opening the house door. Even slight re-cessions of the building fronts can createdangerous situations.

This entrance positioned between shops and clearly visi-ble from the street is a fairly safe place

Uniformly good lighting of walkways makes pedestriansfeel safer

LightingGood lighting reduces fear of crime. Indivi-duals feel safer if they can easily see and eva-luate other people in the street. Lighting isconsidered adequate if a face can be easilyrecognised at a distance of 15 m.

To obtain good visibility, a high level of li-ghting is not enough. The distribution, theposition and design of fixtures are also veryimportant. Lighting should be homogeneousalong sidewalks; these should be lit morethan carriageways, thus avoiding the use offew high-intensity lamps that may createblinding effect and dark/shadow zones. Lights from shop windows, commercialsigns, private buildings, can also provide agood contribution to public lighting.

Accessibility

Transport stops The location and arrangement of transporta-tion stops should be studied in detail be-cause persons are particularly vulnerable inthese places.

Bus stops and entrances to underground sta-tions and parking structures should not belocated in areas where natural surveillance islacking.

Attention must be paid to dangerous spotspeople have to go through such as narrowpassages, underpasses, overpasses, parkinglots etc.

To improve safety at bus stops, good infor-mation on time schedules is useful to reducewaiting time and thus decreasing vulnerabi-lity. Stop identification numbers, vicinitymaps, and emergency phones also helpusers to feel safer.

The small fruit market open 24 hours improves safety forthe users of the metro station

Transport routesTransiting trams and buses provide a dyna-mic “eye on the street” which is a powerfuldeterrent to potential offenders. Thereforetransport routes should be located in streetswhere surveillance needs to be improved.

The bus route provides a valuable “eye on the street” inthis area where level of activity is low

Access to public facilitiesPublic facilities must be accessible to every-body in safe conditions: access routes shouldbe safe (eye on the street, well-lit, no entrap-ments, no decay) and entrances should notbe from back streets or areas where naturalsurveillance is lacking.

By being located on a major street, the entrance of thishospital for elderly people is easily accessible to thelocal population

The issueA safe environment is made of safeplaces and of safe connections bet-ween them. It is therefore importantthat roads, interchange points, par-king facilities, pedestrian and bicy-cle routes be designed consideringalso the personal safety of users.

A clear layout of local roads and ac-cess routes to housing and facilitiesimproves circulation and orienta-tion, generates a feeling of safety inthe users, improves visibility, facilita-tes spontaneous and organised sur-veillance. Safety of users is furtherincreased if alternative routes areprovided.

Bus stops, entrances to under-ground stations and parking struc-tures generate flows of people thatcreate vitality. For urban designersthey are precious elements andthey should be located so as to en-hance other elements of naturalsurveillance.

34

Parking facilitiesFor the personal safety of users, linear parkingon local streets is preferable to parking lots.Location and design of parking lots must in-corporate crime prevention criteria:• create many small parking areas ratherthan large ones;• avoid locating them in marginal areas: theyshould be visible from adjacent buildings oractivities;• avoid depressed lots or surrounding solidparapets which reduce visibility.

Cars parked along sidewalks are visible from dwellings


Criminal behaviour is discouraged by proximity of housefronts and “overlookability” of space

Pedestrian routesThe layout and design of buildings shouldallow for the creation of safe pedestrian rou-tes, paths and alleys; therefore designshould:• provide a clear layout rather than relyingon signage;• allow pedestrians to be seen from adjoi-ning buildings;• allow sight views to the surroundings;• avoid tunnels and foot bridges which, inany case, should be as wide as possible;• avoid dark alleys and entrapment spots;• avoid organizing pedestrian movementson different levels separating flows;• provide good lighting;• avoid separating flows if they are weak(e.g. avoid separating public access from ser-vice access).

Access for disabled peoplePaths and ramps provided for disabled per-sons to overcome grade differences shouldbe checked also in terms of crime preven-tion. They should be visible from streets,shops and windows, have transparent para-pets, and be well-lit.

The gates of this cul-de-sac are closed at night, the-reby restricting access

Control or restriction toproblematic spacesPrivate and semi-private outdoor spacesshould be designed so that they can be ac-cess-restricted or fenced, if the need arises.In some public spaces access restriction (atnight) may also be necessary. There is no ge-neral rule to be applied, and fencing shouldbe used considering the specific local situa-tion and the peculiar problems of the area.Dangerous spaces like access to under-ground areas, narrow passages, dark alleys,etc. should be video controlled.

Security and emergencyservicesOutdoor spaces should allow good accessand easy manoeuvres to police and otheremergency services. Design should notcreate obstacles to their circulation; the needto backup must be avoided.

Police and emergency services have easy access to thispedestrian mall

35

Territoriality

Feeling of ownershipThe character (layout, shape and treatment)of outdoor spaces should induce a feeling ofbelonging in the users, in order to enhancetheir feeling of civic responsibility and re-spect of the place.

In this public space, users feel at ease and relaxed as intheir private garden

Simple decorative elements are used here to define theboundary between public and semi-public spaces© IAU île-de-France

Definition of limits between public, semi-private and privatespacesPublic, semi-public and private spacesshould be clearly defined in order to be usedproperly and legitimately, and to allow peo-ple to know who is in charge, so that theycan efficiently report possible problems.Limits do not necessarily need to be fences;clear symbolic markings are also useful forthe purpose.

The issueThe degree of safety of a place –public or private – depends consi-derably on the sense of belongingof the users and their identificationwith the place, because people respect and protect the places theyfeel as theirs.This concept is generally referred toas “territoriality”: e.g. the shopowner is likely to intervene if vanda-lism takes place in front of theirshop because they considers thisarea as their“territory”, whereas inan undefined space between largebuildings nobody would intervenebecause it is nobody’s territory.

Urban design decisions strongly affect territoriality. For instance, iso-lated high-rise residential buildingsin a large open space or repetitivebuilding-slabs create an environ-ment without identity that peopledo not feel as theirs. Therefore terri-toriality should be considered in theearly stages of urban design ratherthan at the stage of detailed designof public spaces.Public spaces that are out of scale orthat lack of identity and character, orthat have a poor definition of boun-daries, are perceived as nobody’sterritory; they tend to be avoided interms of use and neglected in termsof maintenance: this causes lack ofspontaneous surveillance and decay.

36

Scale of public spaces The sense of territoriality is affected by thescale of a space in relation to its use: e.g. pe-destrians feel more comfortable in publicspaces with human scale, whereas theywould feel uneasy in a larger area, and con-sequently not develop a sense of belonging.For this reason a public space should not beout of scale: its overall size, the dimension oflandscaping elements and facilities shouldcorrespond to the amount of expected usersand to the type of activities which will takeplace. A space with an appropriate scale is likely tobe “adopted” by residents and users, betaken care of, and protected against misuseand vandalism: all conditions that preventdecay, incivilities and crime.

This square on top of an underground car-park hasmaintained a human scale


A well-defined organisation of space can diminish conflict between different activities

Define the purpose of aspace (for different targetgroups)In designing a public space, one should notdeal only with aesthetic criteria, but bear inmind the purpose of the space, that is thetype of activities which will take place there. Some spaces are conceived for a large rangeof functions in which all citizens may partici-pate. Other spaces are conceived for speci-fic target groups (children, youngsters,families etc.) and need to be clearly identi-fied. Where necessary, separation or transi-tion areas should be provided.Regulations stating what is prohibited shouldalso be posted. All this helps to prevent conflicts and makepeople feel more comfortable and safe. Inaddition, it facilitates the task of guards andpolice.

37

The issueBeauty speaks to the soul and bearsa profound message which every-body is sensitive to (J.Hillman).

Therefore beauty indirectly has aninfluence on safety.

An attractive place, instils respect,enhances the sense of belongingand civil responsibility of the usersand inhibits mis-behaviours.

In order to generate these feelingsand attitudes, it is more important tocreate attractive and useful spacesfor people, rather than searching foran abstract sense of aesthetics.

Attractiveness

Avoid nuisances Specific features and elements of public spa-ces, such as ramps to underground parking,fire escapes, garbage collectors, electricalsubstations, ramps for disabled, if poorly de-signed, can induce nuisances that reduce theattractiveness of the area.All these elements must be studied in detailand incorporated into the project before thedesign is finalised and not be added after-wards. Besides affecting attractiveness (and indirec-tly safety), these nuisances often becomesources for other problems of safety: entrap-ment, arson, accumulation of garbage andexcrements etc., all contributing to decayand fear of crime.

The ramps of this underground car-park are well integrated into the large sidewalks

The friendly character of this public space creates apleasant place for people to meet

Friendly character of public spacesThe character – shape and treatment – of pu-blic spaces should look friendly for the usersand reflect common sense rather than thedesigner’s footmark, in order to enhancepeople’s appropriation and their feeling ofcivic responsibility.

Allow for spontaneousactivitiesPublic spaces, in order to be attractive,should allow for many activities, both plan-ned and spontaneous. These howevershould not become a nuisance for some ca-tegory of users or inhabitants (skateboards,dogs, screaming groups of youngsters etc.).Their density should be controlled in ordernot to exceed people’s tolerance.

38

This robust well-designed trash-basket is a pleasantpiece of street furniture

Robustness and attractivenessRobustness and resistance of landscapingelements and materials should not reducethe attractiveness of public spaces, in orderto avoid the sense of rejection which causespeople to desert public spaces.


The issueQuality of materials in shop fronts,pavements, walls, fences and streetfurniture etc. has indirect impact onsafety.

In fact, materials that deteriorate easily, that break, or that are difficultto maintain, trigger decay which isacknowledged to affect crime, vanda-lism, disorder and fear of crime.

Places where maintenance is poorand where landscaping and furnitureof public spaces has deteriorated,communicate that care is lacking. Forpotential offenders this is a clear signthat they can act undisturbed, as no-body supervises the place (“BrokenWindows” concept).

It is therefore important to use propermaterials that help to prevent decay.Good quality of landscaping elementsand materials communicates a posi-tive message which induces respectand care.

Quality of materials to prevent decay

Selection of materialsArchitectural concept and design of publicspaces, including ground-floor buildingfronts, should provide for durable construc-tion in order to minimize deterioration andthe need for costly repairing.The selected materials should be robust (notbreak easily), should not get dirty and shouldbe easy to clean, should not deteriorate,should be simple to replace, and should beresistant against arson and vandalism.The surface of materials and constructionelements should discourage graffiti (be cor-rugated, with climbing plants etc.) and/or beeasy to clean through the application of ap-propriate coating.

The smooth and resistant material of these benchesprovides durability and facilitates cleaning

40

41

MAINTENANCE

SURVEILLANCE

RULES GOVERNING CONDUCT IN

PUBLIC SPACES

RECEIVING PARTICULAR GROUPS

COMMUNICATIONWITH THE PUBLIC

TARGET-HARDENING

A well-managed place sends a clear message of care and safety that both dissua-des offenders and is reassuring for the users. Good management also reducesthe feeling of insecurity by acting on the consequences of crime and vandalism.

The design and treatment of spaces has an influence on their management and itcan either make management easier or make it more difficult.

In order to ensure good management of a site, it is necessary to introduce mana-gement criteria and to make the appropriate choices right from the initial plan-ning and design stage. The quality of the project can be judged on its ability tofacilitate the job of the eventual manager.

Managing a site in terms of safety, implies five main tasks: site maintenance, sitesurveillance, regulation of its use, communication with users and the provision ofappropriate measures for vulnerable groups. All these activities demand a com-plex interaction between the different stakeholders, in which the site managersplay a key role, as do the other stakeholders with different responsibilities.

The owner and contracting authority of a project should involve these stakeholdersin their decisions in order to take into account their tasks and needs previouslyidentified in the preliminary studies, the programmes and in the urban design options. In addition, the urban development project provides an interesting opportunity for the establishing of links, and the mobilisation of stakeholders whowill operate in the site once it is completed.

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Attractive space for a positive atmosphereA high level of maintenance contributes to awelcoming atmosphere, which satisfies theusers and promotes respect for the site.There is an implicit contract between theuser and the manager in which the latter pro-vides a high quality facility, and the user re-spects both his role and the service heprovides.

Quick responseThe prompt intervention by the manager incases of, say, vandalism, demonstrates theability to respond to and eliminate behaviourwhich would be detrimental to the spaceseffectiveness. Vandalising behaviour ifcaught early and dealt with, often ‘runs outof steam’ and can reduce the chance of itbeing repeated.

Maintenance well adapted to theuse of spacesManager’s resources should be adapted tothe individual characteristics of the space.For example, a space that is destined to beintensively used, requires rigorous mainte-nance in order to guarantee its continued attractiveness and to anticipate degradationresulting from its intense use.

The good level of maintenance of this space transmits a welcoming atmosphere

Uniform quality of maintenance within an areaAt the same time it is important to pursue apolicy of homogeneity and harmony in themanagement of different spaces within theoverall area.This is in order to avoid differentiated ap-proaches which might result in stigmatisationwith say two sites adjacent to each other;one being a well maintained space, and theother neglected and degraded.

Special attention to vulnerable placesCertain technical facilities are frequent, andvulnerable targets: public lighting, electricityand telephone systems, etc. They require spe-cific protective measures and reactive inter-vention in the case of malfunction or damagedue to vandalism. Particular attention shouldbe paid to spaces such as wasteland, and con-struction sites on the outskirts of cities sur-rounded by neglected sites, whose locationand situation, makes them vulnerable.

The organisation of a shared approach and partnership betweenmanagersHarmonisation or optimisation of the mana-gement of maintenance, over a group of spa-ces within an area, requires the coordinationof several different services or departments,possibly the pooling of some interventions.Partnership is thus essential but it has to beorganised through a defined process. Thiswill help firstly to clarify the different aimsand responsibilities secondly to identify thestakeholders concerned, and finally to de-fine the intervention procedures and toolssuch as framework document, terms ofagreement, financial partnership, etc.

Attractiveness

42

Continuous layout of urban fabric

The issue

The maintenance of the public spaces involves cleaning, and clean-liness programmes (viz. collectionof domestic waste, bulky scrap, selective sorting, etc.) repairs andmaintenance (viz. replacement ofdamaged furniture, roadway andsurface repairs, dealing withwrecks) to be undertaken by thesite manager supported by otherservices, both private and public.

With regard to objectives focussingon safety, good maintenance mana-gement makes it possible to reduceelements that are detrimental to thespace (malfunctioning, degradation,filth, risks that increase the likeli-hood of accidents, etc.) and that re-present a source of anxiety for usersand an encouragement to crime andvandalism.

The management policy for mainte-nance would consequently aim to:

• reassure the user by providing ahigh quality space that is clean, wellmaintained, comfortable and fun-ctions effectively,• make the users aware of the manager’s ability to react in such amanner as to encourage them to respect the place and dissuadethem from behaviour, which wouldbe detrimental to its general effecti-veness.

Maintenance

Basic maintenance strategies for safety


43

Practical instructions for project decision makers

Considering maintenance from thefirst stage of the projectWhether or not the contracting authority willprovide the future management of the site, itis important that it involves those bodies whowill have the responsibility for maintenancemanagement in the future. This is necessaryso as to take into account their tasks and theconstraints they may face, and also to pro-vide for the feasibility of their intended inter-ventions.

The involvement should start with the preliminary site analysis and the diagnosticphases for identifying needs or potential difficulties with regard to maintenance. This would allow to identify the sources offuture problems, such as faulty design ofspaces, lack of organisation of maintenancetasks, lack of necessary means.

The contracting authority can also provideconsultancy for the stakeholders responsiblefor maintenance in order to formulate choicesrelative to urban design according to theirimpact on the feasibility of maintenance tasks(cf. above)

Easy access of services allows for good maintenance.

The influence of theurban design decisionson the maintenance potentialUrban design decisions can facilitate or alter-natively diminish, the effectiveness of spacemaintenance.

The clear status of properties and their boun-daries makes it possible to determine who isresponsible in terms of maintenance, viz.who maintains what, who maintains where.

The ease of access to spaces for the servicesresponsible for their maintenance is a deci-sive factor. For example, it concerns the loca-tion of the premises destined for thecollection of domestic waste, or the width ofroads to permit the transit of service vehicles.Agreements can also be signed between theowner of the space and their services toallow their access. Particularly during the project design phase,a study of the layout and size of the pede-strian paths is vital in avoiding deteriorationresulting from incorrect anticipation of flowsand behaviour patterns.

.

A rapid intervention in case of degradation shows themanager’s capacity to fight vandalism © IAU île-de-France

Assessment of the different modes of surveillanceEach means of surveillance should be evalua-ted and compared to possible alternatives inorder to determine those best suited to meetthe issues of the site. This analysis shouldidentify the stakeholder’s responsible (po-lice, private services, security organisations,mediators, etc.).

Public facilities are of strategic importancefor a city, and their points of entrance and access need particular attention in terms ofsurveillance, night and day.

Coordination of modes of surveillanceThe juxtaposition of different modes of surveillance requires coordination and even, sometimes, the introduction of a specific linking system whose function is to facilitatethis coordination, possibly through regularmeetings, covenants, etc.

This, for example, might mean promoting adialogue between those working in socialprevention and law enforcement bodies, ororganising a joint work of those monitoringa site with those taking care of the videosurveillance system.

Accompanying natural surveillanceNatural surveillance depends on the qualityof the space as it is perceived by the users.Nevertheless, means can be sought to re - enforce it, particularly via the activation ofneighbourhood relations through specific ystems (‘residents’ delegates, neighbourhoodcharters, etc.) or activities (street parties,local area festivals, etc.). However naturalsurveillance must be handled with care. The feeling of belonging (summarised by the‘territorial principle’ cf. chapter 2) can lead tothe appropriation of the space by one groupof users to the detriment of others and of thenotion of shared space. Likewise the drivefor high intensity use to stimulate natural surveillance can also lead to increased risk ofconflict between users.

The complexity of video surveillance To date, the cost/benefit ratio of video sur-veillance remains unproven. The study ofhow appropriate this kind of system is incomparison with other possible modes ofsurveillance is still to be undertaken.When deciding to use a video-system , it hasto be considered that there are costs notonly for the equipment but also for humanresources, highly trained and prepared.

If video surveillance appears necessary, thestudy, and definition of its uses and conditionof operation, must be examined carefully.What are the objectives of the system (pro-active, real-time surveillance via direct viewing of images, or by intervention basedon a later viewing of recorded images?What are the means, organisational andhuman, that must be deployed to achievethe desired objectives?

Guards riding in a park: horses make the work of theseguards more friendly to the users © IAU île-de-France


The issue

Different modes of surveillance maybe envisaged depending on thespecific issues arising from theplace. The design of the space willinevitably have a significant impacton the feasibility, and effectivenessof the modes chosen.

Natural surveillance refers to infor-mal human surveillance or sponta-neous processes of mutualobservation between users. It also includes specific local pro-fessionals or representatives whoare in direct contact with the publicsuch as public service employees,resident’s representatives (includingcommunity organisations, resident’sintermediaries, etc.) or some grassro-ots authorities (religious figures, etc.)

Formal human surveillance is exerci-sed professionally by the police, byprivate security or by the managerof a space, such as the ‘keeper’ of asquare. Mediators, social and youthworkers participate in this humansurveillance even if this is not theirprimary objective. Sometimes otherroles, for example a building careta-ker whose primary task is quite dif-ferent, participate indirectly insurveillance. All these roles havetheir own functions viz. regulationof uses, respect for rules, compliancewith the law, and operate in diffe-rent ways such as continuous pre-sence, patrols by foot, bicycle andvehicle.

Technical surveillance concerns thematerial or technical systems usedfor monitoring, and protecting aspace. They primarily utilise videosystems; however systems related tocontrol of access or technical protec-tion such as alarms also play a part.

Surveillance

Basic surveillance strategies

44

The objective is to ensure that the projectprovides for the way in which the surveil-lance of the spaces will be made possible.

Influence of urban design choices on surveillance effectivenessThe space must be designed in such a waythat facilitates the implementation of themeasures listed above. These measures mustaddress the following:

• The clarity of the properties and theirboundaries: a clear definition of space andreal estate provides a basis for identifyingthe responsibilities and the competences ofthe stakeholders in charge of surveillance.• The visibility of the spaces: the designof the space impacts on the capacity to ‘seeand be seen’ with regard to both the humanand technical surveillance modes.• The accessibility of the space forthose in charge of surveillance: surveil-lance capacities are dependent on it. If ac-cess to an area is not physically possible,clear sightlines can improve the quality of vi-sual surveillance from outside the site.

The clear status of properties and their boundaries clarifies who is responsible in terms of maintenanceand surveillance © IAU île-de-France


Practical Instructions for project decision makers

Considering surveillancetasks since the first stages of the projectThe involvement of those stakeholders re-sponsible for surveillance at the conceptionof the project will make it possible to consi-der the feasibility of their tasks, their modesof operation and the constraints. This involve-ment can result in a preliminary draft of a par-tnership agreement actionable from the earlieststage of the project, for example an agreementenabling the police to enter the site.

With regards to the technical systems, it ispossible to plan for the conditions underwhich a technical surveillance system may beimplemented, by deciding on the routing ofthe electrical network at the initial onset ofthe project. It is also possible to plan aheadfor a future decision to install such a systemby either keeping open the possibility of alink to an existing electrical network, or ofthe installation of a completely new system.

Maintenance workers provide a valuable surveillance in parks

45

The definition of rules of usesThe management of the place should firstlydefine its expectation with regard to the wayusers may use the space. Clear expectationslead to clear rules and their equally clear ap-plication. Whereas the law defines behaviourin public spaces, specific spaces need addi-tional rules. They may be formulated in diffe-rent ways: in the form of internal rules andregulations, in the form of a contract such asa neighbourhood charter, or in the form of alease agreement. Communication with theusers, residents or not, or their involvementin the definition of these rules, is essential inobtaining their support.

The communication of rules to usersThe visibility of rules contributes to a policyof making users feel welcome to the site.These rules may therefore be communicatedalong with other types of information suchas the functioning of the site, emergency assistance, etc. There are multiple vehiclesfor this type of communication, but the experience of managers demonstrates thatposters have limited affect in comparison todirect, person-to-person communication,such as, for example, the reminder of therules by a caretaker. At the same time, ifthese rules have been written jointly withthe users, and the design and managementof the site are clear for the user, the assimila-tion of these rules occurs almost naturally.

Applying the rulesRules that are not obeyed because the mana-ger is negligent, send a message of permissi-veness to potential offenders. At the sametime, a certain flexibility in the application ofthese rules (i.e. tolerance) must be embo-died into their application together with a de-gree of adaptability to the changing needsand expectations of the users. Communica-tion with users makes dialogue possible forthe purpose of finding common ground, forexample through negotiations and agree-ments entered into within the framework ofmediation initiatives.

The involvement of the institutional stakeholdersCertain events can require means otherthan those possessed by the site manager.Contacts or contracts can be establishedwith the police or legal institutions to ensurethat each act of offence or vandalism resultsin a commitment to appropriate action andfollow-up.

In this way the site manager sends a clearmessage about the obligation of complyingwith site rules. With the police, the mainissue is the organization of the registrationof complaints and their follow-up in order toavoid situations, in which no further action istaken; for example a simplified complaintsregistration process for building caretakers,or the appointment within the manager’sstaff of a person responsible for liaison withthe police.

In some European countries, the site mana-ger can create partnerships with legal servi-ces in order that penalties and disciplinarypenalties imposed, depending on circum-stances, take the form of ‘criminal repara-tion’ to be done on the site where the actwas committed. The principal objective is to prevent second,or repeat offences from occurring. On amore general level, it forms both part of thepenalty administered, and contributes to theeducational monitoring of potential delin-quents.

Rules governing conduct in a park must be adapted tothe needs of the users to obtain their support (for in-stance walking on the lawns) © IAU île-de-France


The issue

Rules governing conduct concernthe management of the public interms of the way the space is used.From the safety perspective, theycan play a role in preventing differenttypes of nuisances that contribute tothe feeling of insecurity (minor disor-ders, vandalism, etc.), and in addi-tion contribute to minimise the riskof conflict between the differentneeds of the various users.

Several elements are essential toachieve the drafting of well-suitedrules that have a chance of beingcomplied with.

They include:• the involvement of users in theirdefinition so as to develop collectiverules that users will accept, • the flexibility of these rules in ac-cordance with the potential changesin the way the space is used, • the resources allocated in supportof their implementation.

Rules governing conduct in public spaces

Basic regulation strategies for safety

46

Clarifying the function ofthe space The rules governing use correspond to ex-pectations in terms of the users’ behaviourand conduct in a certain space. These expec-tations can only be fulfilled if conditions areright, in particular if the purpose of thespace, its function and its status are clear andimmediately legible for the user, and for themanager responsible for enforcing com-pliance with the rules.

Special events require exceptional maintenance services


Practical instructions for project decision-makers

Taking future uses intoaccount during the ‘set-up’ phase of a projectThe preliminary study phases, including thediagnosis, are crucial in the evaluation of theneeds and expectations of the future users(their activities, itineraries, use of spacesetc.) This will be useful to define the designconcept and to take adequate urban designdecisions; it is therefore important that users’surveys obtain adequate funding.

The project monitoring and post-delivery ob-servation are not always included in a con-tracting authority’s programme.Nevertheless they are necessary for the re-adjustments that affect the quality of the pro-ject. They make it possible to verify thedegree to which the project is suitable forreal uses and to identify gaps, malfunctionsor major problems that require further inter-vention.

Adaptability of the projectThe adaptability of the project, with regardto future developments and needs, contribu-tes towards making the city more sustainable.The notion of ‘interim measures’ is intere-sting in this context. Options such as theclosing, opening or partitioning space, crea-ting new itineraries, or a second access, installing new lighting, creating new greenspace, installing a new network, etc. all mightbe possible. From this point of view, the legi-bility and knowledge of the property boun-daries, including underground networks,represent a major advantage contributing tothe potential of spaces to respond positivelyto future demands.

Rules governing conduct must be clearly stated; in thispark sun-bathing is allowed © IAU île-de-France

47

Anticipating the presence of particular groupsThe identification of future users shouldcover comprehensively all those groups likely to use the space. There are particular groups of users (home-less, drug addicts, prostitutes, etc.) that haveto be specifically considered in terms of theirrelation with public spaces. On one hand,their presence can conflict with other groupsof users or activities; on the other hand, itmakes no sense to consider them as “unde sirable” as they do have their place inthe public domain like any other citizen.Other groups of users (notably seniors,women, children, disabled…) are consideredvulnerable a priori. It is therefore importantto take into account their specific needs interms of safety, as this can also be valuablefor the whole population. However, thesepopulations should not be over-stigmatised.For example, sociological studies show thatnot all women suffer from feeling insecure inpublic spaces, but that these feelings are pri-marily felt by women who are insecure intheir family lives, or who have been victimsof aggressions as well as those in criticalsocio-economic situations.In residential buildings, a major issue con-cerns occupants suffering from social exclu-sion and precarious situations. These groupscan generate nuisances to the neighbour-hood, for instance not maintaining their lod-gings, and this can result in their rejectionsby the neighbours, thus exacerbating the ex-clusion.

Identifying needs and appropriate measuresThese particular groups require specific measures with regard to receiving them andsupporting them. Possible measures mightbe: dedicated reception and informationcentres, adjustment of the rules with specificgroups of users, mediators and social servi-ces, health points (e.g. for drug addicts),specific cleaning service. Initiatives can betargeted by the manager of the place andcommitted to, in partnership with the com-petent stakeholders such as social partners. However, beforehand, it is important to befamiliar with the problems they can face. Forexample, a social housing manager, mightfind the need to carry out a socio-economicmonitoring of residents in order to anticipateand prevent the empoverisation of certain tenants, possibly by sending them to, or working with, the appropriate social services.A manager of a recreational open space,might take surveys of potentially vulnerableusers so as to identify their particular needswith reference to protection. These might include community meetings, interviews anda safety walking-tour: a guided tour of thesite with the target populations, in order toidentify elements that generate insecurity.


The issue

Specific groups such as homelesspeople, drug addicts, prostitutes,people excluded from society, aswell as certain groups of users suchas seniors, children, women needparticular attention in the manage-ment of a space, with regard to theirvulnerability, their specific needs orthe potential risks of conflicts. It isthus important that the project takesinto account the whole populationfor whom the spaces are intendedso as to be ready for any further potential difficulties in dealing withthese particular groups.

Receiving particular groups

Basic strategies for safety

48

Senior citizens are regular users of parks; it is impor-tant that they can feel safe.



Urban design choices aiming at comfort of use The legibility of spaces, in terms of their ca-pacity to provide orientation and to indicatethe spatial location of places, contributes tomaking the space easier to use for groupsthat feel vulnerable and uneasy when theymove around. Effective signage and lighting are additionalfactors for the comfort in using spaces. The establishment in public open spaces of a“reception point”, where users can find infor-mation and assistance, contributes to the im-proved well being of users.

Urban development projects as opportunitiesCompetences of the project owner, depen-ding on the structure for which they are re-sponsible, are becoming increasingly open tonew aspects. There is a move from urban de-velopment projects, focused on architecturaland physical aspects, towards territorial projects, linking spatial interventions witheconomic and social projects. For example,projects with economic development and attractiveness as their objectives, deal alsowith the establishment of businesses or em-ployment subsidies, as well as partnershipswith training bodies, for the purpose of working with non-qualified residents, theunemployed etc.

The urban developmentproject as a vehicle of informationDuring the preliminary study phase, the project owner can participate in identifyingthe uses that may be vulnerable. Even if itdoes not manage directly the reception ofparticular groups, it can involve competentstakeholders for planning ways to deal withthese difficult social situations.

A “Safety walking-tour” in a park with seniors may helpto identify elements in the design that could generate in-security for this specific group © IAU île-de-France

Any urban project can have an impact onthese difficult social situations. This impactcan be both direct (through the quality of thespaces produced), and indirect (through theplanning strategies).

Planning strategies helpful in combating exclusionProvision of mixed housing of different sizesand prices makes it possible to guarantee amixed population, thus helping to combatsocial exclusion. The housing authority can provide a particu-lar offer or be adapted to the special needsof a group that experiences exclusion (handi-caps, particular social situation etc.). The buildings provided can include those necessary to host public or social servicesneeded by a group in difficulty (employmentsubsidy services, social assistance etc.) andinclude specific reception arrangements(emergency accommodation etc.).

Volonteer social workers assist old people who havebeen victims of violence© Comune di Roma Ass. Sicurezza

49

Providing information on preventive measuresRules established to govern the use, modesof surveillance, and mediation systems aremore effective when the users are aware ofthem, both in terms of reassurance for theuser himself and in terms of dissuasion of po-tential offenders. Nevertheless, the visibilityof these measures, notably the means of sur-veillance, needs to be carefully considered.Video-surveillance can suggest site vulnera-bility to some users, who perceive it as beingthe proof of a high level of insecurity.

Communication to increase users’sense of responsibilityCommunication markes it possible to esta-blish a relationship of proximity and trustbetween the site manager and the user withregard to the functioning of the site. Sense ofresponsibility and support from users are firstrequirements. Thus, the privatisation of anentrance hall, the establishment of a bicyclegarage or the implementation of selectivesorting may be prepared together with theusers concerned. Their involvement guaran-tees their support for the project, and com-munity agreement is obtained with regard tothe planned modus operandi. However, the appropriate moment for thiscommunication is a delicate matter. It is acase of involving them upstream in order toleave them with genuine room to manoeu-vre, while at the same time succeeding inguiding them towards community issues thatare more important than individual agendas.Certain required results of the project are however, not negotiable.


The issue

Communication with users aims toinvolve them in the project’s deve-lopment process. Processes forcommunication range from the pro-vision of simple information, to thefull participation of users and inhabi-tants. This can prove an effective sa-fety approach with regards to theprevention of minor disorders (van-dalism, nuisances etc.) in addition toencouraging respect for the rulesgoverning the use of public spaces.Consequently, communicationseeks to trigger mechanisms of posi-tive appropriation in users, of theirinvolvement in the proper functio-ning of the spaces once they arebuilt, and the promotion of a senseof responsibility and respect forthose spaces.

Communication with the public

Basic communication strategies for safety

Furthermore, there is also the question of towhom the communication should be addres-sed. Associations of tenants, users, or co- owners are not necessarily representative ofthe groups concerned. Moreover, whenusers prove difficult to mobilise, communi-cation with front-line agents is doubly usefulfrom the point of view of the information relayed to residents, and also from that oftheir own involvement in the defined safetystrategies such as systematically registeringa complaint in the case of vandalism, or informing the services concerned in the caseof incidents.

Participating in the functioning andthe management of the siteCommunication can also go further and aimat encouraging active participation by theusers in the functioning and the manage-ment of a site. One well-adapted strategy in-volves the employment of the localpopulation, in particular young people, in theconstruction phases of a project and in theoperation of a site. The site manager canthen work with the local bodies involved insubsidising employment.

In these districts problems of anti-social behaviour andrules are discussed with the inhabitants© Comune di Roma Ass. Sicurezza

50

Making provision for information necessaryfor the use of a placeReadily and easily-accessible information,help, and assistance, should be committedto, right from the design stage of the spaces,by making provision for the facilities required(information terminals, signboards, maps, signposting etc.) and adequate human resources and services (human presence, security post etc.)

A workshop with users of a park to identify the best so-lutions in term of renewal; their involvement guaranteestheir support for the project © IAU île-de-France



Spreading the communication throughout the differentphases of the projectIn particular with regard to safety objectives,the value of communication lies in the user’sgenuine support for the project. As supportis developed through participation, the invol-vement of users should consequently be de-veloped at different periods in the project:during the study phase (in the diagnoses),the programming phase, or the urban designphases (in the form of workshops, for exam-ple). It cannot be reduced, however, to asimple consultation once the decisions havebeen taken.

The renewal of this social housing created premises atthe ground floor to provide information and assistanceto the tenants © IAU île-de-France

Generating a positiveurban atmosphereUrban atmosphere is produced by the qua-lity of a project and it contributes to commu-nicating a positive image of the place. Itrefers back to various aspects of the physicaland functional urban context: the design ofthe site and its appropriateness to the expec-tations of users and the way they use it, theconvenience of use of the place, (access toinformation, signing, lighting, etc.) the qua-lity of maintenance, the offer of services, andcommunity dynamics etc. The urban atmo-sphere also results from a wider policy ofmeasures aimed at communicating with theresidents, for example through receptionmeetings in town halls for newcomers, suffi-ciently extended consultation times withelected representatives, or the means for dis-seminating local news etc.

51

Identification of high-risk spacesand potential targets of crimeA safety audit, part of the whole process ofthe project, can highlight which spaces arehigh-risk or specific targets of crime.

Providing for specific measures ofprotection and surveillanceA safety plan of action aimed to protect thesecritical spaces and services, can include bothhuman and technical measures, i.e. formalsurveillance as well as access control for in-stance.

Physical target-hardeningThere are different ways of achieving targethardening, including different systems ofphysical security reinforcement such as: peri-meter fencing, walls, strong exterior doors,deadbolt locks, secure basement windows,bars, adequate lighting and alarm systems(one of the most diffused method of protec-tion). It has to be considered that target har-dening is costly and that it is impossible toharden everything. In the light of this consi-deration, target hardening should be used asa selective measure primarily to deter, ordelay a criminal attack.

Adequate lighting can be an efficient way of target hardening


The issue

The aim of target hardening is toprevent a potential offender fromacting in spaces that have beenidentified as critical spaces or asspecific targets of crime. As a crimi-nological concept, target hardeningrefers to the strengthening of possi-ble targets of crime, with the aim ofpreventing an offence by reducing,or minimising the risk of attack. It,therefore produces the need for thepotential criminal to make a greatereffort to commit crime.

However, not all the spaces can beconsidered as targets of crime. A sa-fety audit will highlight spaces witha high risk-factor as evidenced byprevious repetitive offences, or be-cause they generate problems interms of uses (conflicts amongusers, misuses, accidents…). Otherspaces can be considered as criticalbecause their strategic functionmade them important for the waythe city works. Technical placeswhere facilities such as electricity,gas, water and telephone systemsare located are particularly worrying.All these spaces need specific pro-tection or management with regardto their security and their designmust also be planned with this criti-cal character in mind (see section ondesign strategies).

Target-hardening

Basic strategies for target hardening

52

Location of potential targets and vulnerablesystemsA careful choice of the location (for technicalservices in particular, such as trash cans) canminimize the risks of potential offences.They can be located in such a way as to fa-vour natural and formal surveillance and tofacilitate maintenance interventions.

The entrance to this social housing has been redesignedwith access control, in order to prevent small disordersand vandalism and to encourage appropriation by theresidents of this semi-private area © IAU île-de-France



Design of vulnerable placesAt the outset, and most importantly, the de-sign work of the project must take into ac-count the potential “vulnerability” ofspaces. Accessibility, protection and com-partmentalization of these places can beplanned accordingly.

The specific issue of“access control”Control of access to high-risk places must bestudied in detail. Different questions refer-ring to the uses of the space must be dealtwith: why do we want to control access?Who is allowed to come into the place? Howwill it be achieved? For instance, a residentialarea can be designed with an access controlto allow only residents to come in. But, mailboxes and trash cans must be reachable bythe appropriate services. This accessibilitymust be agreed with the manager. It also canbe planned into the design (through the de-sign of the entrances of buildings, see sec-tion on design strategies). A project can alsobe planned so as to keep open all public spa-ces, however it should be planned for thepossibility of closing some of them in the fu-ture, if the need should arise, so as to dealwith new situations (for instance providingthe possibility to raise a physical barrier(fence, wall) between two type of spaces forthe purpose of making the boundaries cleanand clear).

The limited access to the station reduces risk of aggres-sions on passengers

53

POLITECNICO DI MILANO - DiAP

Alessandro Balducci Direttore del DiAPClara Cardia Responsabile del Laboratorio Qualità urbana e sicurezza, project scientific coordinatorCarlo Bottigelli ingegnere, project managerChiara Simonetti architetto, assistente alla ricerca Umberto Nicolini architetto, assistente alla ricerca Antonio Esposito assistente tecnico Caterina Gfeller grafica Massimo Depau amministrazione Paola Di Carlo segreteria

IAU île-de-FranceInstitut d'aménagement et d'urbanisme de la région Île-de-France

François Dugény Directeur généralMarianne Anache Directrice de la Mission Études SécuritéCéline Loudier-Malgouyres Urbaniste, Mission Études SécuritéFrançoise Milesy assistante, Mission Études Sécurité

REGIONE EMILIA ROMAGNA

Rossella Selmini Responsabile del Servizio Politiche per la sicurezza e la polizia localeMichele Zanelli Responsabile del Servizio Riqualificazione urbana e promozione della qualità architettonicaGian Guido Nobili Responsabile area criminologica, Servizio Politiche per la sicurezza e la polizia localeSamanta Arsani ricercatrice area criminologica, Servizio Politiche per la sicurezza e la polizia locale Cristina Bacchini ricercatrice, Servizio Riqualificazione urbana e promozione della qualità architettonica

Documents

PLANNING URBAN DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT FOR CRIME PREVENTION · Servizio Politiche per la sicurezza e la polizia locale Servizio Riqualificazione Urbana PLANNING URBAN DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT