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Major Learning Objectives
Contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Describe the functions of 10 parts of a plant cell
Summarize the similarities and differences between plant cells and animal cells
Explain the basic structure of the fluid mosaic model of a membrane
Define the processes that are important to the cell: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport
KEY TERMS
CELL THEORY
Theory that the cell is the basic unit of
life, of which all living things are
composed, and that all cells are derived
from preexisting cells
KEY TERMS
EUKARYOTIC CELL
A cell that posses a nucleus and other
membrane-bound organelles
PROKARYOTIC CELL
A cell that lacks nuclei and other
membrane-bound organelles (archaea
and bacteria)
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2
Describe the functions of the following
10 parts of a plant cell: plasma
membrane, nucleus, chloroplasts,
mitochondria, ribosomes,
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, vacuole, cytoskeleton, and
cell wall
KEY TERMS
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Living surface membrane of a cell
Acts as a selective barrier to passage of
materials into and out of the cell
NUCLEUS
A cellular organelle that contains DNA
and serves as control center of the cell
KEY TERMS
PLASTID
A group of membrane-bound organelles
occurring in photosynthetic eukaryotic
cells
Chloroplasts, leucoplasts, and
chromoplasts
Chloroplasts
Sites of photosynthesis
KEY TERMS
MITOCHONDRION
An intracellular organelle associated with
cellular respiration (in which chemical
energy in fuel molecules is transferred to
ATP)
RIBOSOME
A cellular organelle; site of protein
synthesis
ORIGINAL
PROKARYOTIC
HOST CELL
EUKARYOTIC CELLS:
ANIMALS, FUNGI,
SOME PROTISTS
Endoplasmic reticulum
and nuclear envelope
form from the plasma
membrane invaginations
(This idea is not part of
the hypothesis of serial
endosymbiosis)
EUKARYOTIC
CELLS: PLANTS,
SOME PROTISTS
…become
chloroplasts
Photosynthetic
bacteria...
Aerobic bacteria
become mitochondria
DNA
Aerobic bacteria Multiple invaginations
of the plasma membrane
p. 52
KEY TERMS
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
An organelle composed of an
interconnected network of internal
membranes within eukaryotic cells
Site of enzymatic activity
Synthesizes membranes such as
nuclear envelope
Rough ER is associated with ribosomes;
smooth ER lacks ribosomes
KEY TERMS
GOLGI BODY
An organelle composed of a stack of
flattened membranous sacs
Modifies, packages, and sorts proteins
that will be secreted or sent to the
plasma membrane or other organelles
KEY TERMS
VACUOLE
A large, fluid-filled, membrane-bound
sac within the cytoplasm that contains a
solution of salts, ions, pigments, and
waste materials
KEY TERMS
CYTOSKELETON
Composed of microtubules and
microfilaments
Maintains the cell’s shape
Involved in cellular movement
KEY TERMS
CELL WALL
Comparatively rigid supporting wall
exterior to the plasma membrane in
plants, fungi, prokaryotes, certain
protists
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3
Summarize the similarities and
differences between plant cells and
animal cells
Comparing Plant and Animal
Cells 1
Structures in common
Plasma membrane
Nucleus mitochondria
Ribosomes
ER
Golgi apparatus
Cytoskeleton
Comparing Plant and Animal
Cells 2
Found in plant cells only
Plastids
Cell walls
Large vacuoles
Found in animal cells only
Centrioles
Lysosomes
KEY TERMS
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
Current model for the structure of the
plasma membrane and other cell
membranes in which protein molecules
“float” in a fluid phospholipid bilayer
Fluid Mosaic Model
Explains membrane structure
Each membrane is composed of a
phospholipid bilayer in which varying
proteins are embedded
Phospholipid Bilayer
Nonpolar, hydrophobic fatty acid
chains of phospholipids project into
interior of the double-layered
membrane
Polar, hydrophobic heads located on
two surfaces of the double-layered
membrane
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5
Define the following processes that
are important to the cell: diffusion,
osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and
active transport
KEY TERMS
DIFFUSION
Net movement of particles (atoms,
molecules, or ions) along a
concentration gradient from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration
KEY TERMS
OSMOSIS
Net movement of water (principle solvent
in biological systems) by diffusion
through a selectively permeable
membrane
Facilitated Diffusion
A carrier protein helps move a
material across a membrane in the
direction of the concentration
gradient, from high to low
concentration
Active Transport
Energy is expended to move a
material against the concentration
gradient, from low to high
concentration