Upload
ericleiva66
View
226
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 1/46
www.autodesk.com/edcommunity
Autodesk Plant 2012Instructor WorkbookUnit 1: The Elements of Process Piping Design
ContentsContents ............................................................................................................................ 1 Preface .............................................................................................................................. 3 Unit 1 – The Elements of Process Piping Design .......................................................... 4
Lesson 1 - A Brief History of Pipe ................................................................................. 4 Pipe Composition ..................................................................................................... 4 Pipe Sizes ................................................................................................................ 5 Pipe Connections ..................................................................................................... 7
Assessment 1-1 ........................................................................................................ 8 Lesson 2 - Piping Components ..................................................................................... 9
Fittings ...................................................................................................................... 9 Flanges................................................................................................................... 14 Valves..................................................................................................................... 16
Assessment 1-2 ...................................................................................................... 25 Lesson 3 - Instrumentation ......................................................................................... 26
Process Variables .................................................................................................. 26 Instrument Functions .............................................................................................. 26 Instrument Tags ..................................................................................................... 28 Signal Types ........................................................................................................... 30
Assessment 1-3 ...................................................................................................... 30 Lesson 4 – Piping Specifications ................................................................................ 32
Exercise 1.1 – Creating a New Piping Specification ............................................... 34 Exercise 1.2 – Adding Components to a Spec ....................................................... 34 Student Exercise 1.3 .............................................................................................. 35 Exercise 1.4 – Setting Part Use Priority ................................................................. 35 Student Exercise 1.5 .............................................................................................. 35 Student Exercise 1.6 .............................................................................................. 36 Student Exercise 1.7 .............................................................................................. 36 Exercise 1.8 – Editing a Piping Spec ...................................................................... 37
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 2/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
2
Assessment 1-4 ...................................................................................................... 37 Appendix A – Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................ 39 Appendix B - Fitting Dimensions ................................................................................. 41
Elbows and Caps ................................................................................................... 41 Tees and Reducers ................................................................................................ 42 Socketweld Fittings ................................................................................................ 44 Flanges................................................................................................................... 45
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 3/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
3
PrefaceThis curriculum is intended to cover the introductory knowledge needed to begin a
successful career in process piping design using the AutoCAD 2012 Plant software. Upon
finishing this course, the student will have been exposed to the fundamental concepts
which are the basis for piping design including:
Piping specification editing with AutoCAD Spec Editor, Intelligent P&ID drafting with AutoCAD P&ID,
3D modeling of pipe and equipment with AutoCAD Plant 3D,
Isometric and orthographic drawing generation with AutoCAD Plant 3D,
Report Generation with AutoCAD Plant Report Creator
The course is divided into six units. Each unit will introduce a series of new concepts
pertaining to process piping design. The units are divided into lessons, each building
upon previous lessons and culminating with a set of review questions. In lessons where
the AutoCAD Plant software is used, the student will be required to complete certain
exercises. The exercises will help reinforce the concepts presented in the lesson and
allow the student to develop their skills and proficiency in the AutoCAD Plant software.
Student exercises have minimal guidance; requiring the student to synthesize whatthey’ve learned in the class and through other resources (internet, help files, etc.).
This course is accompanied by a P3D_Training project dataset. Be sure to have it
installed on the student’s computer to facilitate working with exercises and tutorials.
Autodesk software commands used in this course will be indicated in bold italicized text
(example: File → Print means select the Print command from the File pull-down menu).
Disclaimer : Although this text summarizes various engineering principles for the student
designer, always refer to the applicable engineering codes, manufacturer’s technical
information, and company standards when applying the knowledge gained in this course.
The information provided herein is for educational purposes only and should not be
substituted for actual engineering practices. Any product or company names referenced
in this material are for demonstrative purposes only and do not represent or imply anendorsement or recommendation by the author or Autodesk, Inc.
About the Author: Joel C. Harris attended California Institute of Technology. He has
been teaching AutoCAD in various capacities since 1986. Having worked as an
AutoCAD third-party developer, AutoCAD reseller and instructor at Bellingham Technical
College, he has experienced the CAD business from many sides. Currently, he has over
20 years of experience in piping design and as a plant design software administrator. He
is a member of the “Krusty Krew” that participates in the plant design community at
www.DaveTyner.com. He lives in Washington State with his wife Cynthia and two
children.
Technical Editor: Charles A. Terranova started piping design in 1974 and has
designed, checked or managed oil and gas projects for most of the major oil companies.
He has designed piping for the pulp and paper and power industries as well as created
and maintained new piping design standards, procedures, and guidelines for a major
engineering firm from 1987 to present. He has developed entry level and advanced piping
design classes which he has taught since 1988. Currently, he holds the positions of
piping design group supervisor, training, and quality coordinator, and piping standards
and procedures coordinator.
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 4/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
4
Unit 1 – The Elements of ProcessPiping DesignSince early agricultural civilizations invented methods to irrigate their crops, directing and
controlling the movement of fluids has been an important field of engineering. Today,
modern technology has allowed the automation of very sophisticated processes – many of
which we encounter in our daily lives. From the gasoline in our cars to the silicone chips in
our computers; from the catsup on our hamburgers to the hydroelectric power that
energizes our homes; process piping plays a key role in the industries that bring us these
products.
A process is defined as a continuous operation or series of actions directed to produce an
end result. Manufacturing processes need piping systems to create the fluid products as
well as to perform utility functions like cooling or heating or to power hydraulic and
pneumatic operations.
Lesson 1 - A Brief History of PipePipe has evolved from the rough clay and wooden plumbing that served early man into
many different types of pipe that are available to modern designers. Depending upon the
intended application, pipe can be made from different materials with different properties.
In this unit, we will talk about the various properties of pipe, piping components and fluids
– the latter being comprised of gases, liquids, mixed phases, slurries and powders.
Anything that can “flow” can be considered as a fluid where piping design is concerned.
Pipe Composition
Cast iron pipe is probably considered to be the predecessor to all modern industrial
piping. It is easy to manufacture, had reasonable corrosive resistance and is capable of
withstanding average working pressures. However, it was brittle, inflexible and weak
under tension. With the invention of the steam engine in the late 1600’s, engineers
required stronger materials like copper and steel to contain the higher pressures and
temperatures. Eventually carbon steel piping (iron mixed with certain percentages of
other elements like carbon and manganese) was developed as a reliable standard for
many industrial piping requirements. Carbon steel is strong, ductile, weldable and usually
Figure 1-1. Boiler designs like
this one from the early 1800’s
helped develop the standards
upon which modern pipingsystems are based.
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 5/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
5
less expensive than other metals. Also very important is that it can handle temperatures
up to 500°F before its strength starts to deteriorate.
By varying the ratios of different elements in the manufacturing process, different alloys of
steel became available that had metallurgical properties that suited different
environmental conditions. They developed low-temperature carbon steel for cold fluids or
environments, chrome alloys for high temperature applications, stainless steel for
corrosion resistance. Engineers eventually developed pipe from non-metallic materials like
plastic or glass-lined pipe for fluids that may react chemically with steel pipe.
The need for standardization of material alloys in the railroad industry prompted the
formation of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) in 1898. Each
metallurgical composition - defined by the percentage of various elements in the alloy –
was assigned an alphanumeric name, The ASTM system for grading material is used to
specify the composition of piping components today. For example, to build a piping
system using a common specification and grade of carbon steel, the engineer would order
ASTM specification A106 Grade B (commonly indicated as A106-B) pipe. The table
below shows some common specifications and grades for typical piping components.
Table 1-1. Common ASTM Specifications and Grades of Piping Components
Pipe Buttweld Fittings Flanges
Carbon Steel (CS) A106-B, A53-B A234-WPB A105
Low Temp CS (LTCS) A333-6 A420-WPL6 A350-LF2
316 Stainless Steel (SS) A312-TP316 A403-WP316 A182-F316
Pipe Sizes
The importance of standardization of pipe sizes is immediately obvious, not only as it
applies to the designer but as it benefits the manufacturer and process facility as well.
Standard nominal imperial sizes (called “nominal pipe size” or NPS) are different fromstandard nominal metric sizes (called “Diametre Nominal” or DN ) but the actual outer
dimensions for imperial and metric pipe are the same. This allows for piping to be
connected regardless of what system of units it was designed under. The American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME) set the standards for imperial pipe sizes and dimensions used in the United
States, while the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) sets the standard for
metric pipe sizes. Table 1-2 below shows the correlation between standard pipe sizes in
these two systems for ½” to 24”. The remainder of this text will be based upon imperial
dimensions.
Regardless of the system of units, there are two key dimensions that are standardized in
pipe: the outer diameter (OD) and the wall thickness. The actual pipe OD always
corresponds to a nominal pipe size (NPS) – but is not always equivalent. Let’s look at 10”
NPS pipe as an example: At one time, 10” pipe referred to pipe whose inner diameter was
roughly equal to 10” and whose wall thickness was appropriate for the weaker
metallurgies of the day – roughly equivalent to STD wall thickness pipe today. As newer
and stronger materials were developed it was necessary to maintain compatibility with
older piping. To do this, the pipe OD was kept the same yet the pipe inner diameter (ID)
was allowed to vary depending upon the wall thickness. The wall thickness requirements
would then vary depending upon the material used, pressures and temperatures involved,
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 6/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
6
corrosion allowances and so forth. We will talk more about pipe wall thicknesses later in
this section.
Consequently, the result of all of this is that what we call 10” NPS pipe today actually has
an outer diameter of 10.75”. Pipe with an NPS of 14” or lar ger has an equivalent pipe OD,
while for 12” NPS and less the pipe OD is larger than the NPS.
Table 1-2. Standard Imperial and Metric Piping Sizes (per ASME 36.10M)
Imperial NPS
(in)
Actual Pipe OD
(in/mm)
Metric DN
(mm)
½” 0.840/21.34 15
¾” 1.050/26.67 20
1” 1.315/33.40 25
1 ¼” 1.660/42.16 32
1 ½” 1.900/48.26 40
2” 2.375/60.33 50
2 ½” 2.875/73.02 65
3” 3.500/88.90 80
3 ½” 4.000/101.60 90
4” 4.500/114.30 1004 ½” 5.000/127.00 115
5” 5.563/141.30 125
6” 6.625/168.27 150
8” 8.625/219.08 200
10” 10.75/273.05 250
12” 12.75/323.85 300
14” 14.00/355.60 350
16” 16.00/406.40 400
18” 18.00/457.20 450
20 20.00/508.00 500
22 22.00/558.80 550
24 24.00/609.60 600
Although the table above shows the standard sizes defined by ANSI and ISO, not all of
those sizes are commonly used in all industries. For example: in petrochemical plants the
sizes 1 ¼”,2 ½”, 3 ½”, 5” and 22” piping are rarely used.
Pipe wall thicknesses were first standardized for cast iron pipe as the following (in order of
increasing thickness): Standard Wall (STD), Extra Strong (XS) and Double Extra Strong
(XXS). Later, a system of pipe schedules was developed that added more wall thickness
options but also overlapped the existing system. This numeric system included the
following designations (in order of increasing thickness): SCH 5, SCH 10, SCH 20, SCH
30, SCH 40, SCH 60, SCH 80, SCH 100, SCH 120, SCH 140 and SCH 160. An example
of the “overlap” of the two systems is that STD and SCH 40 wall thicknesses are the samefor 1/8” through 10” pipe. The table below shows the wall thicknesses for ½” through 24”
pipe (uncommon sizes and wall thicknesses omitted). In the adjacent shaded columns the
numbers are duplicated due to the two overlapping systems of wall thickness standards.
Note: A dash (-) indicates that there is no wall thickness for that size/standard
combination.
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 7/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
7
Table 1-3. Standard Piping Wall Thicknesses in inches (per ASME 36.10M)
SCH
10
SCH
20
SCH
40
STD SCH
80
SCH
XS
SCH
120
SCH
160
XXS
½” 0.083 - 0.109 0.109 0.147 0.147 - - 0.294
¾” 0.083 - 0.113 0.113 0.154 0.154 - - 0.308
1” 0.109 - 0.133 0.133 0.179 0.179 - - 0.3581 ¼” 0.109 - 0.140 0.140 0.191 0.191 - - 0.382
1 ½” 0.109 - 0.145 0.145 0.200 0.200 - - 0.400
2” 0.109 - 0.154 0.154 0.218 0.218 - 0.343 0.436
3” 0.120 - 0.216 0.216 0.300 0.300 - 0.438 0.600
4” 0.120 - 0.237 0.237 0.337 0.337 0.437 0.531 0.674
6” 0.134 - 0.280 0.280 0.432 0.432 0.562 0.718 0.864
8” 0.148 0.25 0.322 0.322 0.500 0.500 0.718 0.906 0.875
10” 0.165 0.25 0.365 0.365 0.593 0.500 0.843 1.125 1.000
12” 0.180 0.25 0.406 0.375 0.687 0.500 1.000 1.312 1.000
14” 0.250 0.312 0.437 0.375 0.750 0.500 1.093 1.406 -
16” 0.250 0.312 0.500 0.375 0.843 0.500 1.218 1.593 -
18” 0.250 0.312 0.562 0.375 0.937 0.500 1.375 1.781 -
20” 0.250 0.375 0.593 0.375 1.031 0.500 1.500 1.968 -
24” 0.250 0.375 0.687 0.375 1.218 0.500 1.812 2.343 -
To calculate a pipe ID, simply subtract twice the wall thickness from the pipe OD. Here
are the steps to find the ID of 4” STD pipe:
Use Table 1-2 to find the OD of 4” NPS pipe (answer=4.500”)
Use Table 1-3 to find the wall thickness for 4” STD pipe (answer=0.237”)
The ID is 4.5” – 2 x (0.237”) = 4.026”
Pipe Connections
Beside the pipe itself, other components – or fittings – are required to create a piping
system. Connecting pipe to other pipe or fittings is done in a number of different manners.
Each type of connection has strengths and weaknesses and is intended to be used under
certain design conditions.
The first type of pipe connection is the buttweld . Buttwelded components are simply
“butted up” end to end and joined with a bevel weld. The pipe ends that are to be welded
must be prepared by beveling the ends of the pipe. Buttweld fittings come from the
manufacturer with beveled ends. For economic and strength reasons, 2” (NPS) and
larger pipe (referred to as “large bore” piping) and fittings are usually connected using a
buttwelded joint. The common abbreviation for buttweld is BW.
Socketweld (SW) connections are just that: pipe is inserted into the socket of a fitting and
welded with a fillet weld at the outside end of the socket. Threaded (THD) fittings have aninternal thread in the socket and the pipe is externally threaded to match. To make the
connection, the pipe is threaded into the fitting. This is a common joint used in residential
plumbing. Both socketweld and threaded connections are typically used with 1 ½” NPS
and smaller piping (i.e. “small bore” piping), although there are exceptions to this: e.g.
some water systems use galvanized threaded pipe and fittings up to 12” NPS. SW and
THD connections require the pairing of male and female components to make the joint –
pipe is always the male component. Most (but not all) SW and THD fittings are female so
that they can connect to pipe.
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 8/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
8
Figure 1-2. Three Basic Piping Connections
Assessment 1-1
1. A process is defined as a cont inuo us operat ion or ser ies of act ions directed to
produce an end result.
2. Name one possible metal alloy used for pipe in a high temperature service.
Chrome Al loys
3. Name one material that could be used for piping a chemical that reacts with steel
pipe. Either Plast ic Pipe or Glass Lined Pipe
4. Name one material specification and grade for carbon steel pipe. Either ASTM A106 Grade B or ASTM A53 Grade B
5. Name two organizations responsible for specifying standard pipe sizes and
dimensions. Two o f these: ANSI, ASME and ISO
6. What is the actual OD of 3” NPS pipe? 3.5” What is the equivalent metric DN?
80mm
7. Which 12” NPS pipe has a thicker pipe wall: SCH 40 or STD? SCH 40 is 0.406”
while STD is only 0.375”
8. What is the ID (in inches) of a 2” SCH XS pipe? 1.939” = 2.375” – (2 x 0 .218”)
9. Name three types of pipe connections (include their full name and abbreviation).
Buttw eld (BW), Sock etweld (SW) and Threaded (THD)
10. Is socketweld piping typically large bore or small bore? Small bore
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 9/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
9
Lesson 2 - Piping ComponentsPipe - which usually comes in straight lengths of 20 feet – is not enough to build a piping
system by itself. Over the years, fittings and valves have been created to satisfy the
needs of most design configurations, and those that are not available “off the shelf” are
fabricated as needed. Fittings can be as simple as those that allow the piping system to
change direction or size and as complex as those connecting to instrumentation for
measuring flow rates through the pipe.
Dimensions for pipe, fittings, flanges and valves have been standardized in the United
States by ASME. ASME standards mandate pressure/temperature ratings, tolerances,
dimensions, markings and material requirements for various piping components.
Table 1-4. A Few Important ASME Piping Standards
ASME Standard Number ASME Standard Description
B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
B16.9 Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings
B16.10 Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Valves
B16.11 Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-welding and Threaded
B36.10M Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
Fittings
Buttweld fittings typically have their wall thicknesses specified to match the pipe they are
welded to, i.e. a 2” SCH XS pipe will almost always be buttwelded to a 2” SCH XS fitting.
This avoids any internal ledges that may disrupt fluid flow or cause increased corrosion at
the weld joint. Socketweld and threaded fittings are not designated with a wall thickness
but rather a pressure rating. The most common pressure ratings for small-bore steel
fittings are 2000#, 3000#, 6000# and 9000#. Table 1-5 shows the correlation of these
fitting classes to the equivalent pipe wall thickness.
Table 1-5. Small-Bore Fittings to Pipe Wall Thickness
Fitting Rating Socketweld Pipe Threaded Pipe
2000# - SCH XS
3000# SCH XS SCH 160
6000# SCH 160 SCH XXS
9000# SCH XXS -
As the table indicates, the higher the pressure rating of the fitting the thicker the
compatible pipe needs to be to maintain the integrity of the piping system. Also, notice
that threaded pipe requires an even thicker wall thickness than socketweld pipe due to the
removal of material from the pipe during the threading process.
Although there are many more types of fittings than are listed here, the following are the
basic fitting types used in industrial process piping. Each fitting description is followed by
a picture of that fitting as it is modeled in the AutoCAD Plant 3D software.
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 10/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
10
Elbows - Elbows are the most common of fittings and are used to change direction,
typically 90° or 45°. Elbows are named by their angle of direction change and, in the case
of buttweld elbows, their radius. For example, a 90° Long Radius Elbow , or 90 LR Ell,
r efers to a fitting that changes the centerline direction by 90 degrees and has a “long
radius”, i.e. the centerline radius is equal to 1.5 times the nominal pipe diameter. For
example, a 4” long radius 90° elbow has a centerline radius of 6”.
Figure 1-3. 90° LR BW Elbow and 45° BW Elbow
A 90° SR Ell is a fitting which changes the centerline direction by 90 degrees and has a
“short radius” – a centerline radius which is equal to the nominal pipe size. A short radius
elbow is used where a long radius elbow will not fit. The downside to short radius elbows
is their increased flow resistance compared to 90 LR degree ells. This resistance can
cause pressure drops in the fluid flow that might be detrimental to the process.
The 45° Ell is an elbow that changes direction by 45 degrees and has the radius of a long
radius elbow. There are no standard short radius elbows unless someone cuts one from
a 90° SR Ell. When a change of direction other than 90° or 45° is required then a trimmed
ell is cut from 90° LR Ell to the required angle.
If a larger radius bend is required (to reduce flow restrictions, turbulence or pipe stresses)
a pipe bend can be used in place of an elbow. These are fabricated from straight pieces
of pipe placed in a pipe bender. The radius is specified in number of diameters “D”,
referring to the nominal pipe diameter. A 10” 5D pipe bend has a radius of 50” (5x10”).
Socketweld and threaded elbows do not have a long or short radius designation; however
they do come in 90 and 45 degree types. Another type of SW or THD ell is the street ell; it
is a 90 degree elbow with one male and one female end.
Less common but very useful in a tight situation is the reducing elbow. It changes
direction by 90 degrees and also reduces in pipe size. This single fitting does the job of two fittings in much less space.
Tees – Tees allow piping to branch at right angles to the piping centerline. A straight tee
creates a branch that is the same size as the main piping run, while a reducing tee
creates a smaller diameter branch.
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 11/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
11
Figure 1-4. Straight BW Tee and Reducing BW Tee
Reducers - The function of reducers is to change the pipe size for buttwelded piping.
There are two types: concentric and eccentric . Concentric reducers change the pipe size
while maintaining a straight centerline. Eccentric reducers offset the centerline so that the
designer can maintain the same bottom (or top) of pipe. If an eccentric reducer has its flat
side down (referred to as “bottom flat”) it allows the pipe to rest on steel supports at a
same height even after the change in size. Reducers are described by their two sizes
(larger size first) and then the type: e.g. a 6”x4” concentric reducer.
To calculate the difference in pipe centerline offset that an eccentric reducer creates, you
need to find half the difference between the two pipe sizes’ outer diameters. For example,
a 10”x6” eccentric reducer has a centerline offset of (10.75” – 6.625”)/2 = 2.0625”.
Figure 1-5. Concentric and Eccentric Reducers
Swages - A swage, or swage nipple, is a reducing fitting like a reducer but it can have
different end connections and is limited to sizes 6” and under. Possible end types for a
swage are: beveled (for BW connections), plain (for SW) and THD. The SW and THD
ends of a swage are male, so they cannot connect directly to pipe. Instead a coupling or
other female fitting, flange or valve is connected to it.
Figure 1-6. Concentric and Eccentric Swages
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 12/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
12
Caps - A cap is used to seal off the end of the pipe in a manner that is both strong and
functionally permanent. It is often used to terminate a main pipe line (also known as a
header ) that serves multiple branches.
Figure 1-7. BW Cap
Crosses - These fittings provide two concentric branches perpendicular to the pipe
centerline, like the shape of an “X”. Due to their higher cost to manufacture, they are not
commonly used in piping systems.
Figure 1-8. SW Cross
Returns - 180° returns create a reversal of direction and are shaped like a “U”. The long
radius returns are similar dimensionally to two 90° long radius elbows welded end to end,
and as such are not commonly used.
Figure 1-9. 180° LR Return
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 13/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
13
Laterals - Laterals are a type of branch fitting much like a tee except that the branch
comes off of the main pipe centerline at a 45° angle. Also like tees, there are both straight
laterals and reducing laterals available for the designer to use. A lateral allows the
designer to create a branch that has less flow resistance than a tee, which is important in
process plant safety or emergency relief piping systems.
Figure 1-10. 45° BW Lateral
Reinforced Branch Fittings –
Often referred to by the Bonney Forge trade name “Olet”,this is a family of weld-on branch outlet fittings. A hole is typically tapped into the side of
the pipe and then a reinforced branch fitting is welded onto this location. This fitting
provides a structurally reinforced branch connection with various end configurations for
connecting the branch pipe: buttweld, socketweld, threaded or flanged. The corresponding
trade names for these types are weldolet , sockolet , thredolet and flanget .
Figure 1-11. Sockolet, Weldolet and Nipolet (on pipe)
Couplings - A coupling is a sleeve that connects two pipes. It can be internally threaded
to accept threaded pipe or have two smooth sockets for plain pipe. It is typically used for
SW or THD piping only.
Figure 1-12. Socketweld Coupling
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 14/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
14
Unions - A union is a special type of connection typically used in small-bore piping thatprovides a threaded connection between two pipes, neither of which can be turned. Itconsists of three pieces: two threaded hubs, each welded to one of the pipes, and athreaded centerpiece that draws the two hubs together.
Figure 1-13. Socketweld Union
Plug –
These fittings are either SW or THD and so exactly as their name implies: theyplug or terminate the end of an open female fitting on small-bore piping.
Figure 1-14. Socketweld Plug
Flanges
Flanges provide a bolted connection in situations where:
Components require removal for service,
Components cannot be welded,
Sections of piping need to be quickly installed, removed or replaced.
Flanges are usually welded or threaded to adjacent pipe and connected with a series of
bolts. Circular gaskets provide a leak-proof seal between the flange “faces”, or sealing
surfaces.
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 15/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
15
Figure 1-15. Some Flange Types
Weldneck Flanges – Weldneck (WN) flanges are the most commonly used flanges in
many industrial applications. They are distinguished by the tapered hub or “neck” that
extends from the flange down to where the pipe is to be attached. This taper makes the
flange an integral part of the piping, allowing it to withstand repeated bending.
Slip-On Flanges – Slip-On (SO) flanges are also very popular due to their lower initial
cost (but roughly equal installed cost) than weldneck flanges. The flange is slipped over
the pipe and two welds are made: one inside the flange and one outside the pipe. Slip-on
flanges are sometimes used to connect to equipment nozzles because of the ability to
make slight adjustments for proper fit-up.
Lap-Joint Flanges – Lap-joint (LJ) flanges are economical in situations where the pipe
material is costly since only the stub end needs to be the same metallurgy as the pipe.
The flange itself can be less expensive carbon steel. The flared, machined edge of the
stub end slides through the lap-joint flange and provides the raised face for gasket
sealing. These are also known as “Van Stone” flanges.
Socketweld Flanges – Socketweld (SW) flanges have a socket to receive the connecting
pipe and are fillet welded to the pipe around the end of the socket. They are typically
used in small-bore piping and are capable of withstanding high pressures.
Threaded Flanges – These flanges are threaded (THD) onto the end of the connecting
pipe. They are usually used on small bore piping in lower pressure services along with
threaded fittings and pipe.
Blind Flanges –
Blind flanges are a solid disc with bolt holes that are used to seal off aflanged connection. They provide a bolted connection in situations where a future
connection or access to the piping for inspection (or otherwise) is required.
Flange Facings – Flanges typically have one of three common facing types: Raised Face
(RF), Ring-Type Joint (RTJ), Flat Face (FF). RTJ flanges are typically used in higher
pressure services and FF used for lower pressure services. Raised face flanges have a
circular, machined raised face: 1/16” high for 150# and 300# classes and ¼” for higher
pressure classes. The gasket seals against this face which is completely within the flange
bolt circle. Flat face flanges do not have a raised face and the gasket covers the entire
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 16/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
16
flange diameter beyond the bolt circle. Ring-type joint flanges are much like raised face
flanges except that they have a groove machined into the raised face. A soft metal ring
gasket will sit in the grooves of mating flanges to provide a high pressure seal. The
groove helps keep the gasket in place against the force of high pressure fluids and gases.
Figure 1-16. Flange Facings
Flanges are specified by the designer providing the following information:
type of flange (weldneck, socketweld, etc.)
flange facing (FF, RF or RTJ)
pressure class (typically 150#, 300#, 600#, 900#, 1500# or 2500#) standard (e.g. ASME B16.5)
material specification and grade (e.g. ASTM A105)
Wall thickness (in the case of weldneck and lap-joint flanges only since they
connect to the pipe with a buttweld joint)
Figure 1-17. Gasket Seal between Flanges
Valves
The purpose of valves in a piping system is to control the flow of fluid. Whether this
means starting/stopping flow, reducing/ increasing flow, or redirecting flow, valves areimportant components in process piping.
Because of the many possible piping applications, there are literally thousands of different
types of valves available. Luckily, most valve designs fall into just a few major categories:
Block (On/Off) Valves – Gate, Ball, Plug
Regulating/Throttling Valves –Globe, Butterfly and Needle
Check Valves
Pressure Relief and Safety Valves
Control Valves
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 17/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
17
The primary internal parts (called valve trim) that can be found in most valves are:
The disc , ball , plug or gate that moves to control the flow;
The seat which it seals against;
The stem that connects the moving part to the operator .
These parts are contained in the valve body and bonnet . The body is either flanged, BW,
SW or THD to connect to the piping system.
The end-to-end dimensions of most valves are standardized by various specifications (i.e.
ASME B16.10) - but this does not apply to all valves. Moreover, there are other valve
features whose dimensions are not standardized and are of equal if not more importance
to the designer. Specifically, these are the height and diameter (or length) of the operator
(handwheel, lever or gear) that turns the valve. Since the piping designer is concerned
with incorporating operability and safety into the piping design, the location and orientation
of valve operators should be determined early in the layout. A good designer also
remembers to model valves and their operators with correct dimensions. Ultimately, the
only reliable source for valve dimensions is the manufacturer’s catalog.
Various manufacturers specialize in different types of valves for different services. Since
the fluids in a process can vary greatly in pressure, temperature, acidity and other
chemical qualities, selecting the appropriate valve is important. This task is usually left to
the mechanical or piping engineer, who works with the client and the manufacturer to
select the proper valve for the designer to use. Often, a client may already have
determined which valves are acceptable for certain services in their facility. These
approved valves will be completely listed in their piping specifications – something you will
learn more about later in this unit.
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 18/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
18
Figure 1-18. Valve Types
Since valve layout in the piping system is a key concern of the designer, here are some
things to consider:
How often is the valve operated? If the answer is “frequently” than it should be
easily accessible from grade or a platform. If putting the valve in such a location
is not possible, then propose the use of a chain operator (for locations 8’-0” or
more above grade or platform) or a remote motor operator.
Is the valve easy to turn? If a valve wrench (or “cheater”) is necessary to turn it
then the designer needs to leave room around the handwheel for the use of such
a tool. Otherwise a gear operator may be specified to supply to additional torque
required to turn the valve.
Does the valve have frequent or special maintenance requirements? Make sure
you have taken into account the space needed for bringing in small lifts to
remove large valves or their operators.
Always locate control valves near grade or platform (typically with their centerline
1’-6” to 2’-0” above the floor).
Remember ergonomics! Try to place handwheels at a height that they can be
turned without exertion or stretching. Use handwheel extensions if necessary.
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 19/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
19
As mentioned at the beginning of this section, valves can have different end types but
they can also have different pressure ratings. If the valve is flanged, the ratings and
facings will match those of flanges (i.e. 150# RF). If SW or THD, the valves will have
ratings depending upon their body strength. For forged carbon steel valves ratings like
800#, 1500#, 2500#, and up are used. For cast bronze valves, ratings of 200# and 400#
are common.
Gate Valve –
This is the most commonly used valve in the petrochemical processindustry. The valve operates by turning a handwheel multiple times, which lifts a gate to
allow fluids to pass. Turning the handwheel the opposite direction pushes the gate down
until it seals against the seats and closes the valve. It is considered a block valve since it
works best in the fully opened or closed position. Some smaller bore gate valves can be
used as throttling valves by virtue of internal guides or split-wedge gates.
Figure 1-19. Gate Valves
Ball Valve – A ball valve has a rotating ball with a hole in the center of it which allows the
fluid to pass through when turned inline with the direction of flow. When the operator isturned 90° to the flow, the ball blocks the fluid. These are called quarter-turn valves since
that is how much the operator must rotate to go from fully closed to fully open. They are
typically used as block valves due to the limited control available with only a quarter-turn.
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 20/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
20
Figure 1-20. Ball Valve in the Closed Position
Plug Valve –
Much like a ball valve except the part which controls flow is shaped like acylinder (sometimes tapered). Because of a tendency to bind, some plug valve designs
incorporate a lubrication system. Other plug valves have multiple ports so that flow can be
directed to more than one outlet in addition to being blocked. Single-port plug valves are
quarter-turn block valves.
Figure 1-21. Lubricated Plug Valve
Globe Valve – Globe valves are the most common regulating valve types, especially up
to about 6”; above that gate or butterfly valves may be used to regulate instead. They are
also the most common type of valve used for control valve bypasses. They operate by
turning the handwheel multiple turns, which lowers a rounded disc against the seat. They
are called globe valves since the body tends to be round, due to the direction of the
internal ports which direct the fluid flow against the disc.
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 21/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
21
Figure 1-22. Globe Valve
Butterfly Valve – This quarter-turn valve is the simplest in concept: the stem is attached
to a disc which rotates to either block flow or allow fluid to pass it. Wafer butterfly valves
are thin in profile and are bolted directly between two flanges, with the valve cradled within
the bolt circle. Lug butterfly valves are also thin, but have threaded lugs for the flange
bolts to thread into. The disc will actually extend into the connected flanges when these
types of valves are in the open position.
Figure 1-23. Butterfly Valve
Needle Valve – These small-bore valves are used for precise control due to the fine
threading of the stem and the relatively large seat area. They operate like a globe valve
but utilize a pointed conical “needle” sealing against a seat to control flow.
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 22/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
22
Figure 1-24. Needle Valve
Check Valve – The purpose of the check valve is to keep fluids flowing in one direction.
Different types of check valves use different internal mechanisms - whether it is a hinged
flapper (called a swing check) or a piston or ball held against a seat by spring tension
(called a lift check) - the function is the same: to prevent backflow. Because gravity plays
a role in the function of many types of check valves, the designer must pay attention to the
valve installation orientation. For example, lift checks should be installed in the horizontal
while swing checks may be installed in the vertical direction only when flow is going
upward. Also, pulsating flow can damage swing check valves and can create a high
volume rattle that will draw unwanted attention to your piping design.
Figure 1-25. Swing Check Valve
Pressure Relief and Safety Valves – The importance of having safety factors in your
piping design can never be overstated. The pressures, temperatures and chemicals
involved in some industrial processes can pose dangerous hazards. To avert unexpected
piping and equipment failures due to process upsets, designers and engineers implement
reliable and often redundant safety devices. Two such devices are the pressure relief
valve and safety valve. These valves open when a pre-determined pressure is reached
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 23/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
23
within the piping system, allowing the fluid to be “released” to another system for
containment or disposal. Although protecting the piping and equipment is critical, these
valves also protect the most important component of your process facility – the human
operator. Safety valves are designed for gases and vapors which can expand quickly
when higher temperatures are present. Pressure relief valves are designed for liquid use,
while a third type, the safety-relief valve, can protect systems containing both gases and
liquids. There is also another class of relief valves which protect piping and equipment
from high pressures: the thermal relief valve. It opens if a certain pressure is reached dueto temperature increases in the fluid.
Since process facilities must regularly perform maintenance on these valves, they usually
have a number of design elements that need to be remembered:
Safety or relief valves should be installed in parallel pairs, called “sparing”, to
give the system redundant protection should one of the valves fail;
The designer should locate a block valve on the inlet and outlet and install a
bypass line. This allows the safety or relief valve to be removed for maintenance
or repair;
If the outlet block valve is a gate valve it should have its valve stem rotated
horizontally so that - in the rare event that it should corrode - the gate will not
drop into the seat and close the valve. This would prevent the safety or relief
valve from functioning properly;
The inlet and outlet block valves should be installed in the open position and
have a metal lock or tie strap (called a car-seal ) installed on the handwheel. This
is intended to prevent anyone from accidentally closing the valves, thus
compromising the safety of the piping system.
Pressure relief and safety valves are not selected by the piping designer but by
either the process, mechanical or instrumentation engineers. The valves typically
get assigned a unigue tag or number and have a clearly marked set pressure.
Safety and relief valves are always part of a facility’s safety management
program, continuously being tested and maintained.
Figure 1-26. Safety Valve and Pressure Relief Valve
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 24/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
24
Control Valves – Since industrial piping requires constant monitoring and adjustment of
the process conditions to achieve the best resulting product, a special type of valve called
a control valve is used. In reality, control valves are just a regular valve with the
handwheel or lever replaced with a pneumatic, hydraulic or electrically-controlled valve
actuator . The function of the control valve (i.e. to block or throttle flow) will determine
which type of valve is used. For better control, most control valves are at least one sizesmaller than the piping they are connected to.
Figure 1-27. Globe Control Valve (Courtesy Metso)
One of the most important design considerations for control valve layout is the orientation
of the actuator. Since the size and configuration of the actuator can vary greatly, the
control valve piping may require a well thought-out design. Control valves almost always
have block valves up and downstream as well as a valved bypass line. If the control valve
needs servicing, the bypass valve can be manually operated while the control valve is
removed and repaired or replaced.
The control valve is one part of what is called an instrument control loop. A control loop
starts with some sort of automated instrument monitoring a particular process condition.
Then some other type of instrument or computer program will evaluate the valuesreturned and then make a decision whether to open or close a valve with the intention of
changing the value. Finally, a signal is sent to the control valve actuator which changes
the valve position. This cycle continues constantly making minor adjustments to flow as
required. An example loop would be where a temperature element detects that a process
fluid is too hot so it tells the cooling water control valve to open wider. This provides more
cooling water to the heat exchanger which is cooling the process fluid upstream of the
temperature element. We will discuss control loops more in-depth in the next lesson.
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 25/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
25
Since the control valve is part of an instrument control loop, it is usually selected and
ordered by the instrumentation engineer. The piping designer will receive a specification
sheet with the critical end-to-end and actuator dimensions from the instrument engineer.
Assessment 1-2
1. Which ASME standard could you reference to find dimensions for a buttwelded
long radius 90 degree elbow? ASME B16.9 Factory -Made Wro ugh t Steel
But twelding Fit t ings
2. What is the centerline radius of a 10” LR 90 Ell? 15” For a 6” SR 90 Ell? 6”
3. Which fitting would you use to reduce the pipe size while maintaining the same
centerline for large bore piping? Concentr ic Reducer For small bore piping?
Concentr ic Swage
4. Name two fittings used to create a branch connection. Any two of these: Tee,
Reducing Tee, Cross, Lateral , Reinforced B ranch Fit t ing, Weldolet ,
Sockolet , Thredolet , Flanget or Nipolet
5. Name two fittings to terminate or close off the end of a piping system. Two of
these: Cap, Plug or Bl in d Flange
6. What is the name of the component which maintains the seal between two
flanges?Gasket
7. Describe a situation where you might use a lap joint flange instead of a weldneck
or slip-on flange. When the pipe mater ia l is cost ly you c an use the lap joint
f lange and only the stub end has to match the pipe metal ; the f lange can be
less expensive carbon s teel.
8. Name two types of small bore flanges. Any two of these: Socketweld,
Threaded, Weldneck or B l ind
9. Which flange type is used to seal off or terminate a flanged connection? Bl ind
Flange
10 . Name the primary three flange facing types. Flat Face (FF), Rais ed Face (RF)
and Ring-Type Joint (RTJ)
11. Which flange facing type uses a soft metal ring to maintain the seal between
flanges? Ring-Type Joint (RTJ)
12. Approved valves for use at a client’s facility will be completely listed in the Piping
Specif icat ions.
13. Name four parts of a gate valve. Any four of these: Gate, Seat Rings, Body ,
Stem, Handw heel, Yoke, Gland, Gland Bolt , Bon net , Bonnet B olt , Disc
14. What type of valve is commonly used in a control valve bypass? Globe Valve
15. What type of butterfly valve has a body that fits inside the bolt circle between two
flanges? Wafer Butterf ly
16. What type of valve is used to prevent backflow? Check Valve
17. Name two types of valves that protect a piping system from overpressure. Any
two o f these: Pressu re Relief Valve, Safety Valve, or Therm al Relief Valve
18. True or False: A control valve is basically a regular valve with a remotelycontrolled actuator. True
19. What is one of the most important design considerations when laying out a
control valve? The or ientat ion of the actuator
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 26/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
26
Lesson 3 - InstrumentationThere is a separate discipline of engineering and design specifically dedicated to
instrumentation and control systems. Nevertheless, the piping designer must have a
working knowledge of the basic instrument types, their functions and design
considerations for installation, operation and maintenance.
Process Variables
Properties of fluids vary throughout a process, and only some are important with regards
to the process itself. With modern instrumentation there are sensors available to measure
virtually any industrial process variable. Monitoring the process fluid and making control
decisions based upon these readings are just one role of instrumentation. In this lesson,
we will introduce the main classes of instruments involved in process piping.
The first part of instrument classification deals with process variables. The most common
process variables are:
Pressure
Temperature
Flow rate
Level, as in a tank
As in any process, the quantities and values of certain variables are critical to controlling
the quality of the final product. For example, without maintaining specified temperatures
or pressures certain chemical reactions will not occur while others that you are trying to
prevent will. Table 1-6 (later in this lesson) lists some of the important process variables
that define the major classes of instruments. As a piping designer, you will learn to
recognize different types of control loops as they are presented to you on schematic
diagrams and then be able to turn them into 3D designs.
Instrument Functions
Instruments can perform a various number of tasks (refer to table 1-6). Some are
considered passive due to the fact that the control loop does not go “full circle” by directly
affecting the process. For example, a high pressure alarm would detect a pressure abovea preset level and make a loud siren or buzzing sound. It is expected that a human
operator will then perform some task to complete the loop, since the instrument did not
automatically open or close a valve. If this instrument were an active one it might control
a valve depending upon pressures it detected.
One of the roles that the piping designer plays with regards to instrumentation is locating
the process piping connection for the instrument. A few instruments strap onto the
outside of the pipe but most use a branch connection (tee, olet, etc.) that is usually
threaded or flanged to allow contact with the process fluid and removal of the instrument
for maintenance. Also, for the instrument to function properly there are a few important
design considerations at the piping interface for each of the major types of instruments.
Pressure – A pressure tap is usually a ½” THD connection to piping. There is usually a
shutoff, or instrument root valve before the pressure instrument connection. This allows
isolation of the instrument for removal. Pressure taps should be in straight runs of pipe if
possible to give better readings.
Temperature – Temperature instrument connections, often called thermowells, are
typically threaded or flanged. Most temperature element probes are inserted into the
thermowell, which extends into pipe or vessel to ensure accurate readings. For pipe, the
probe typically is inserted about 1/3 to 1/2 the pipe diameter into the pipe. If the pipe
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 27/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
27
diameter is too small (typically under 6”) the thermowell may have to be located on an
elbow or in a short section of larger pipe diameter with reducers on either side.
Figure 1-28. Thermowells
Flow – There are many types of flow measuring instruments; some have probes that
extend into the pipe to measure flow. Others, like orifice meters, operate by placing a
restriction (usually a plate with a drilled center hole) between two orifice flanges in the line
and measuring the pressure difference up and downstream of the restriction . The
relationship between pressure and flow, as well as the low cost and high-reliability of this
type of flow instrument makes it the most common. Orifice flange dimensions are defined
by ANSI B16.36 and come in rating classes 300# and higher. The orifice flange
dimensions are generally the same as regular weldneck flanges except in the smaller
sizes where the orifice flange thickness is greater to allow for the orifice taps.
Figure 1-29. Orifice Flange Set
To avoid turbulence, the piping designer must provide a certain amount straight piping
before and after an orifice meter for it to read accurately. This “meter run” length depends
upon the ratio of the restriction hole size to the pipe ID and the number of piping
directional changes before and after the run. Typically the straight run requirements can
range from 5 to 30 times the NPS upstream of the meter and about 3 to 5 times the NPS
length downstream.
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 28/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
28
As an example, let’s calculate the amount of straight 6” pipe required on either side of a
meter that needs 30 pipe diameters upstream and 5 downstream.
Upstream straight run = 30 x 6” = 15’-0”
Downstream straight run = 5 x 6” = 2’-6”
Figure 1-30. Meter Run Lengths for Single-Plane Piping
Because orifice meter runs can be quite long, the piping designer typically locates them in
an elevated pipe rack to minimize obstructions at grade. The designer needs to ensure
there is sufficient space to the side and above the orifice meter for instrument tubing
connections and transmitter.
Level – Liquid level measurement can be done via differential pressure taps or, more
commonly, with a level float. The level instrument could be mechanically connected to the
float or it might detect the float location magnetically. A sight glass is a clear vertical
column (usually glass in a steel case) that allows the operator to see the level of the liquid.
Figure 1-31. Magnetic Float Sight Glass
Often this type of instrument is part of a level bridle; a piping configuration that connects to
vessel or tank nozzles at different elevations (see Figure 1-31). The bridle usually has a
vent on top (a valve, blind flange or THD plug) as well as a drain. In a magnetic float sight
glass the process fluid remains safely in the bridle piping along with a magnetic float that
causes an adjacent level indicator to rise and fall.
It is the piping designer’s responsibility to design the level bridles from the equipment
nozzle to where the level instrument connects. In the cases where the level bridle is part
of the level instrument, piping designers may still have to provide vent or drain piping
connections. Although this varies among companies, it is usually true that the piping
design department is responsible for providing all piping up to the instrument including any
auxiliary piping required for its installation and safe operation.
Instrument Tags
Since there are a myriad of possible instrument types, the Instrument Society of America
(ISA) and ANSI have developed a standard for naming instruments that includes
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 29/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
29
categorizing all of the possible permutations of process variables and instrument
functions. This standard is called the ANSI/ISA S5.1-1984 (R 1992) "Instrumentation
symbols and identification" standard. Other standards, for example the Process Industry
Practices (PIP) standard PIC001, “Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Documentation
Criteria”, use basically the same system of instrument tagging with a couple of additions.
Table 1-6. ANSI/ISA S5.1 Standard Instrumentation Identification
Process Variable
(First Letter)
Optional
ProcessVariable
Modifier (NextLetter)
Instrument Function (At least one of the letters below)
Passive or ReadoutFunction
(Next Letter)
Output Function (Next
Letter)
OptionalModifier Function
(Next
A - Analysis D - Differential A - Alarm B - User's choice B - User'sB - Burner,combustion
F - Ratio
(fraction)
B - User's choice C - Control H - High
C - User's choice J - Scan E - Sensor
(primary element)
K - Control Station L - Low
D - User's choice K - Time rate of
change
G- Glass, viewing
device
N- User's choice M - Middle,
intermediateE - Voltage M - Momentary I - Indication S - Switch N- User's
F - Flow rate Q - Integrate,
totalizer
L - Light T - Transmit U -
Multifunction
G- User's choice S - Safety N- User's choice U - Multifunction X -H - Hand X - X-axis O- Orifice,
restriction
V - Valve, damper,
louver
I - Current(electrical)
Y - Y-axis P - Point (test
connection)
X - Unclassified
J - Power Z - Z-axis R - Record Y - Relay, compute,
convert
K - Time, timeschedule
U - Multifunction Z - Driver, actuator
L - Level W - WellM- User's choice X - UnclassifiedN- User's choice
O- User's choice
P - Pressure,vacuum
Q - Quantity
R - Radiation
S - Speed,frequency
T - Temperature
U - Multivariable
V - Vibration,
mechanicalanalyses
W - Weight, force
X - Unclassified
Y - Event, state or presence
Z - Position,dimension
For example, a pressure differential instrument would have an identification tag that would
begin with the letters “PD”.
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 30/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
30
A process facility will have many distinct piping systems, each with its own series of
instrument control loops. To keep the instrument tags unique, it is common practice for a
complete instrument tag to have a numeric prefix or suffix. The prefix is usually for
different parts of the facility of process. For example, in process unit numbered “10” in a
facility, the instrument tags will begin with the number 10 (e.g. 10-TI for a temperature
indicator in unit 10). This helps to help distinguish them from the instruments in other
units.
Finally, each control loop will get its own numeric suffix based upon a system usually
determined by the client or facility. In the simplest case, the first control loop would begin
with the number “001”. If this was a temperature control loop in unit 10 the entire loop
would be tagged as 10-T-001. This temperature control loop might be comprised of the
following instruments: an indicator (gauge), a transmitter, a controller and a valve. The
complete identification tags for the instruments in this loop would be:
Temperature Indicator: 10-TI-001
Temperature Transmitter: 10-TT-001
Temperature Controller: 10-TC-001
Temperature Control Valve: 10-TV-001
The instrument tags will appear on any document or location where the instrument is
referenced. This includes all drawings, maintenance files, reports, etc. The tag also
appears on wiring panels, operator control panels and on the instruments themselves.
Signal Types
In order to communicate between each other, instruments use different types of signals:
Pneumatic (compressed air)
Electric
Hydraulic
Mechanical
Software (binary data)
For a control loop to function properly, instruments that are compatible in their signal typesare typically used. However, there are also signal converters for those cases where
instruments send/receive different signal types. All of this will be determined by the
instrumentation and control systems engineers and shown on the Piping and
Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) which we will learn more about in a later unit.
If an instrument send or receives a pneumatic signal, there will need to be an instrument
air supply nearby to provide dry, compressed air. Making sure such a header is nearby
with valved branch connections for the pneumatic instruments is the piping designer’s
responsibility.
Assessment 1-3
1. Name the four most common process variables that can be measured by
instrumentation. Pressure, Temperature, Flow and Level
2. What size and end type is a typical pressure instrument connection? ½”
Threaded
3. Where would you typically find a longer length of straight pipe: upstream or
downstream of an orifice meter? Upstream – as many as 30 pipe diameters
4. What process variable does a sight glass measure? Level A thermowell?
Temperature
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 31/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
31
5. What is the national standard that defines instrument classification? Either the
ANSI/ISA S5.1-1984 (R 1992) " Instrum entat ion sy mb ols and id entif icat io n"
standard or the Process Industry Practices (PIP) standard PIC001, “Piping
and Inst rumentat ion Diagram Documentat ion Cr iteria”
6. What are the instrument tag letters for the following instrument types:
a. Pressure Differential Transmitter PDT
b. Hand Valve HV
c. Temperature Alarm (High) TAH d. Pressure Safety Valve PSV
7. Name 5 types of instrument signals. Pneum atic, Electric, Hydrau lic,
Mechanical and Sof tware
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 32/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
32
Lesson 4 – Piping SpecificationsEarlier in this unit we talked about ASTM material specifications for pipe and fittings. We
also talked about ASME specifications for valve dimensions. There is another type of
specification that is used by facilities and engineering firms to design process piping
systems: the piping specification, or pipe spec for short. The piping specification is
essentially a list of acceptable piping components for a particular process fluid. The
piping specification will define:
Operating pressure and temperature ranges that the specification covers,
Pipe and fitting wall thickness and schedules,
The types of fittings allowed,
The end connections allowed (i.e. SW, THD, BW, etc.) by size range,
Valve metallurgy, types and ratings allowed,
Flange types and ratings allowed
Insulation and coating requirements
Additionally, the piping specification will define any special fabrication, welding,
examination, testing, inspection and installation requirements. The piping specification
may refer to other facility specifications or details, but it is remains the definitive document
for selecting the components for piping system.
Here’s a typical scenario for the piping designer: a process facility requires a new design
for a proposed utility air system in a plant that is being modified. The designer will
reference the facility service index : a list of the process fluids (services) with respective
operating conditions and the name of the corresponding piping specification. An example
service index for a fictitious company is shown below:
Table 1-7. Process Service Index for Aperture Chemicals
Commodity Pressure (psig) Temperature (°F) Piping Specification
WATER 100 Ambient UW1
STEAM 275 410 US3
AIR 100 Ambient UA1
AIR 250 Ambient UA2
WHITE GOO 300 90 GW
BLUE GOO 250 70 GB
ORANGE GOO 300 -100 GO
The service index table shows that for 100 psig air service the piping specification UA1
should be used. Next, the piping designer looks through the company’s piping
specification documents to find the UA1 piping spec. The UA1 spec may look something
like this:
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 33/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
33
Piping Specification: UA1Service: Utility Air Pressure: 100 psigTemperature: 100° MaxCorrosion Allowance: 0.00”
COMPONENT RATING DESCRIPTIONPipe
½” to 1 ½” SCH XS PIPE, SEAMLESS, XS, PE, ASTM A106 Gr B GALV2” to 24” STD PIPE, SEAMLESS, STD, BE, ASTM A106 Gr BFittings½” to 1 ½” 300# ELBOW 90, 300 LB, FPT, ASTM A197 GALV ASME B16.3“ “ ELBOW 45, 300 LB, FPT, ASTM A197 GALV ASME B16.3“ “ CAP, 300 LB, FPT, ASTM A197 GALV ASME B16.3“ “ COUPLING, STRAIGHT, 300 LB, FPT, ASTM A197 GALV ASME
B16.3“ SOLID PLUG, ROUND HEAD, MPT, ASTM A105 ASME B16.11“ 300# TEE , 300 LB, FPT, ASTM A197 GALV ASME B16.3¾”x½” to 1 ½”x1 ¼” TEE (RED), 300 LB, FPT, ASTM A197 GALV ASME B16.3¾”x½” to 1 ½”x1 ¼” “ SWAGE (CONC), TBE, ASTM A197 GALV ASME B16.3¾”x½” to 1 ½”x1 ¼” “ SWAGE (ECC), TBE, ASTM A197 GALV ASME B16.3
2” to 24” STD ELL 90 LR, BW, STD ASTM A234 Gr WPB ASME B16.9“ “ ELL 45 LR, BW, STD ASTM A234 Gr WPB ASME B16.9“ “ CAP, BW ASTM A234-WPB ASME B16.9“ “ TEE, BW ASTM A234-WPB ASME B16.93”x2” to 24”x22” “ TEE, REDUCING BW ASTM A234-WPB ASME B16.93”x2” to 24”x22” “ REDUCER, CONC ASTM A234-WPB ASME B16.93”x2” to 24”x22” “ REDUCER, ECC ASTM A234-WPB ASME B16.9
Valves½” to 1 ½” 400# Ball Valve, Reduced Bore, 400 LB, FPT, API 607½” to 1 ½” 200# Check Valve, Swing, 200 LB, FPT, API 603
2” to 24” 150# Gate Valve, Double Disc, 150 LB, RF, ASME B16.102” to 24” 150# Check Valve, Swing, 150 LB, RF, ASME B16.10
Flanges½” to 1 ½” 150# FLANGE THD, 150 LB, RF, ASTM A105 ASME B16.52” to 24” “ FLANGE WN, 150 LB, RF, STD BORE ASTM A105 ASME B16.5½” to 24” “ FLANGE BLIND, 150 LB, RF, ASTM A105 ASME B16.5
Gaskets½” to 24” 150# GASKET, SWG, 1/8" THK, RF, 150 LB, ASME B16.20
Bolts½” to 2/4” 150# BOLT SET, RF, 150 LB, STUD BOLT ASTM A193 Gr B7 W/2 HVY
HEX NUTS ASTM A194 Gr 2H
Notice how the piping specification’s components are grouped by part categories (i.e.
pipe is listed together, small bore fittings are listed together, etc.). This is a common
practice and makes the pipe spec easier to read. Also, it makes sense for the fittings
within a certain size range to have similar material and wall thickness. Finally, all of the
components necessary to make a complete connection are included in the piping
specification; if flanges are specified then it follows that gaskets and bolts would also be
included.
Although the descriptions may seem a little cryptic at first, there is a logical sequence to
the string of abbreviations. The syntax, or grammatical rules, for piping specification
descriptions varies among industries and companies but with practice and familiarity
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 34/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
34
become much easier to understand. The key is to have just enough information in the
part description to be able to order it and nothing more.
Figure 1-32. Piping Specification Description Syntax Example
In the UA1 piping specification example on the previous page, some abbreviations you
are already familiar with (BW, RF, THD, etc.), however some may be new to you.
Appendix A is a short list of common abbreviations and acronyms used in process piping
design documents. Note that some terms are interchangeable (e.g. MPTXMPT and TBE
mean “male pipe thread x male pipe thread” and “threaded both ends”, respectively). To
make efficient use of space on engineering drawings and documents, it is conventional touse abbreviations and acronyms that are understood to the reader.
Exercise 1.1 – Creating a New Piping Specification
AutoCAD Plant 3D is spec-driven design software; the designer can select only those
components allowed by the current piping specification. The software ships with dozens
of pre-defined piping specifications, with many more available for download in Plant 3D
Content Packs on Autodesk’s Plant Exchange site.
(Website address: http://autocad.autodesk.com/?nd=plant_home)
To create new piping specifications for AutoCAD Plant 3D, you can use the existing
catalogs that come installed with the software. Catalogs are databases of piping
components that include descriptions, dimensions and other defining data used by thePlant 3D software. Usually these catalogs are named after the source of the part
information (e.g. the ASME Pipes and Fittings catalog installed with AutoCAD Plant 3D
contains just what it says). While building a particular piping specification, you will likely
open multiple catalogs to select from them the items that you need for your spec. If an
item that you need is not in an existing catalog you can either add it or even create an
entire new catalog. The AutoCAD Plant 3D Spec Editor is the software that you would
use for all of the above tasks.
In this exercise you will learn how to:
Open AutoCAD Plant 3D Spec Editor 2012
Create a new piping specification CS150_Train in your P3D_Training project
Video Tutorial 1.1 – Creating a New Piping Specification (click to view)
Tutorial 1.1.mp4
The spec CS150_Train is now ready to be populated with piping components from the
catalogs.
Exercise 1.2 – Adding Components to a Spec
In this exercise you will learn how to:
Learn where the installed AutoCAD Plant 3D catalogs reside
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 35/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
35
Open the training project catalog: ASME Pipes and Fittings Catalog-Training
Filter the catalog view to help in searching for components
Select pipe components from the catalog and insert them into your spec
Save the updated spec to your project
Video Tutorial 1.2 - Adding Components to a Spec (click to view)
Tutorial 1.2.mp4
Student Exercise 1.3
Add the following 2” to 12” fittings to the CS150_Train spec:
ELL 90 LR, BW, STD ASTM A234 Gr WPB ASME B16.9
ELL 45 LR, BW, STD ASTM A234 Gr WPB ASME B16.9
TEE, BW, STD ASTM A234 Gr WPB ASME B16.9
Tips:
Set the size range in the Common filters to select only the 2” through 12”
components from the catalog. Also use the Fittings Part category .
Exercise 1.4 –
Setting Part Use Priority After you added the two sets of elbows to the spec in the previous exercise, you may have
noticed that a yellow warning icon appeared in the Part Use Priority column next to these
parts. This indicates that similar part families are assigned for the same sizes in the spec.
The part-use priority designates which parts to use by default when routing in an AutoCAD
Plant 3D model.
For example, if you have both SW and WN flanges in your spec, you can assign the WN
flanges priority. When you route pipe in the 3D model, the WN flange is used by default.
To use an SW flange instead, you can substitute the flange. You can also place the SW
flange from a tool palette or the Spec Viewer.
In this exercise you will learn how to:
Recognize size conflicts in part use priority within a piping specification
Set part use priority for similar part families in a spec
Mark these size conflicts as resolved
Video Tutorial 1.4 – Setting Part Use Priority (click to view)
Tutorial 1.4.mp4
Student Exercise 1.5
Add the following reducing fittings to the CS150_Train spec - note that the main sizes will
be from 3” to 12” and the reducing sizes will be from 2” to 10”:
REDUCER (CONC), BW, STD, ASTM A234 Gr WPB ASME B16.9
REDUCER (ECC), BW, STD, ASTM A234 Gr WPB ASME B16.9
TEE (RED), BW, STD, ASTM A234 Gr WPB ASME B16.9
Tips:
Use filters on the main and reducing sizes if necessary
Resolve part use priority conflicts so that the concentric reducer has priority over
the eccentric reducer and the straight tee has priority over the reducing tee.
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 36/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
36
Student Exercise 1.6
Continue building the piping spec CS150_Train by adding the following items in the sizes
shown from the ASME Pipes and Fittings Catalog-Training :
Main Size
Range
Reducing
Size Range
Part Description and Material Code
2” – 12” BOLT SET, RF, 150 LB, STUD BOLT ASTM A193 Gr B7
2” – 12” BOLT SET, RF, 300 LB, STUD BOLT ASTM A193 Gr B7
2” – 12” GASKET, SWG, 1/8" THK, RF, 150 LB, ASME B16.20
2” – 12” GASKET, SWG, 1/8" THK, RF, 300 LB, ASME B16.20
2” – 12” CAP, BW, STD, ASME B16.9 ASTM A234 Gr WPB
2” – 12” FLANGE WN, 150 LB, RF, STD BORE ASTM A105 ASME B16.5
2” – 12” FLANGE WN, 300 LB, RF, STD BORE ASTM A105 ASME B16.5
3” – 12” 2” – 8” WELDOLET, BW, STD, A105 MSS-SP-97
½” – 1 ½” ELL 45, 3000 LB, FPT, ASTM A105 ASME B16.11
½” – 1 ½” ELL 90, 3000 LB, FPT, ASTM A105 ASME B16.11
½” – 1 ½” TEE, 3000 LB, FPT, ASTM A105 ASME B16.11
¾” – 1 ½” ½” – 1 ¼” TEE (RED), 3000 LB, FPT, ASTM A105 ASME B16.11
½” – 1 ½” COUPLING, 3000 LB, FPT, ASTM A105 ASME B16.11
½” – 1 ½” UNION, 3000 LB, FPT, ASTM A105 MSS-SP-83
½” – 1 ½” CAP, 3000 LB, FPT, ASTM A105 ASME B16.11
½” – 1 ½” PLUG, HEX HEAD, MPT, ASTM A105 ASME B16.11
2” – 12” ½” – 1 ½” SOCKOLET, 3000 LB, BWXSW, ASTM A105 ASME B16.11
½” – 1 ½” PIPE, SEAMLESS, XS, PE, ASTM A106 Gr B GALV
Tips:
All components except the gaskets are carbon steel (CS).
Since this is a 150# piping spec, those items take priority over 300# items.
Look in the Miscellaneous Part category for caps and plugs.
Couplings take priority over unions.
Student Exercise 1.7
Finish building the piping spec CS150_Train by adding the following carbon steel valves in
the sizes shown from the \AutoCAD Plant 3D 2012 Content\CPak ASME\ASME Valves
Catalog :
Main Size
Range
Reducing
Size Range
Part Description and Material Code
½” – 1 ½” Check Valve, Lift, Regular Port, 800 LB, SW, ASME B16.10
2” – 12” Check Valve, Swing, 150 LB, RF, ASME B16.10
½” – 1 ½” Gate Valve, Reduced Port, 800 LB, SW, ASME B16.10
2” – 12” Gate Valve, Conduit, 150 LB, RF, ASME B16.10
2” – 12” Globe Valve, 150 LB, RF, ASME B16.10
2” – 12” Control Valve, Ball, 300 LB, RF, ISA 75.08.02
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 37/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
37
Tips:
All valves are carbon steel (CS) – we will not specify the material code.
Part use priority for valves: Gate, Globe, Check and then Control valves.
Exercise 1.8 – Editing a Piping Spec
Either in the process of creating a spec or during use, the designer may need to change
the content of a piping spec. Changing the descriptions of parts, their material codes or
deleting unnecessary sizes will require some knowledge of the editing features of the
AutoCAD Plant 3D Spec Editor.
In this exercise you will learn how to:
Select parts from a piping specification for editing
Change a part description
Change a material code
Delete unnecessary sizes
Video Tutorial 1.8 – Setting Part Use Priority (click to view)
Tutorial 1.8.mp4
Assessment 1-4
1. List 5 different types of information that may be listed in a piping specification.
Any f ive o f these: operat ing pressures and temperatures, pipe and f i t t ing
schedules, end types, al lowable f i t t ings, metallurgy, f lange types and
rat ings, special fabr icat ion, welding, examinat ion, test ing, inspect ion,
instal lation, insulat ion and coat ing requirements
2. True or False: You will never find valves listed in a piping specification. False
3. A facility Service Index is a list of the process fluids with respective operating
conditions and the name of the corresponding piping specification
4. AutoCAD Plant 3D is a Spec-dr iven design software; the designer can select
only those components allowed by the current piping specification.
5. Using AutoCAD Plant 3D Spec Editor to create specs, parts are found usingfilters and copied from what? A Catalog
6. Using the ASME Pipes and Fittings Catalog-Training and the ASME Valves
Catalog create the UA1 utility air piping spec at the beginning of this lesson. The
part use priority rules will be the same as the CS150_Train spec (with the
additional note that ball valves take priority over check valves). Use the File →
Print command to print your completed spec. Inst ructor : Compare the
students pr inted spec to the one below:
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 38/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
38
Autodesk [and other products] are registered trademarks or trademarks of Autodesk, Inc., and/or its subsidiariesand/or affiliates in the USA and/or other countries. All other brand names, product names, or trademarks belong totheir respective holders. Autodesk reserves the right to alter product and services offerings, and specifications andpricing at any time without notice, and is not responsible for typographical or graphical errors that may appear in thisdocument.
© 2011 Autodesk, Inc. All rights reserved.
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 39/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
39
Appendix A – Abbreviations and Acronyms
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
ATM Atmosphere
BBE Beveled both ends
BL Battery limit
BLE Beveled large end
BOE Beveled one end
BOM Bill of materialsBOP Bottom of pipe
BSE Beveled small end
BV Beveled
BW Buttweld
BYP Bypass
C Centigrade
CFM Cubic feet per minute
CI Cast iron
CL Center line
CONC Concentric
CONN Connection
CR Chromium
CS Carbon steel
CSC Car-seal closed (see lock closed)
CSO Car-seal open (see lock open)
CTR Center
CU Cubic
DES Design
DIA Diameter
DWG Drawing
E East
ECC Eccentric
EFW Electric fusion welded
ELL Elbow
F Fahrenheit
FC Fail closed
FF Flat face (for flanges); full face (for gaskets)
FLG Flange
FO Fail open
FOB Flat on bottom (for eccentric reducers or swages)
FOF Face of flangeFOT Flat on top (for eccentric reducers or swages)
FP Full port (for valves)
FPS Feet per second
FPT Female pipe thread
FRP Fiberglass reinforced pipe
FS Forged steel
FSW Female socketweld
GAL Gallon
GALV Galvanized
GO Gear operator
GPH Gallons per hour
GPM Gallons per minute
H Horizontal
HC Hose connection
HDR Header
HEX HexagonalHP High pressure
IAS Instrument air supply
ID Inside diameter
ISO Isometric; International Organization for Standardization
LC Lock closed (see car-seal closed)
LO Lock open (see car-seal open); lube oil
LP Low pressure
LR Long radius
MAX Maximum
MI Malleable iron
MIN Minimum
MPT Male pipe thread
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 40/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
40
MSW Male socketweld
MTO Material take-off
MW Manway
N North
NC Normally closed
NI Nickel
NNF Normally no flow
NO Normally open
NOZ Nozzle
NPSH Net positive suction head
NPT National pipe thread
OD Outside diameter
OS&Y Outside stem and yoke
OVHD Overhead
PBE Plain both ends
PE Plain end
P&ID Process/Piping and Instrumentation diagram
PLE Plain large end
POE Plain one end
PS Pipe support
PSE Plain small end
PSI Pound per square inch (pressure)
PSIA Pound per square inch (absolute)
PSIG Pound per square inch (gauge)
RED Reducing
REQD RequiredRF Raised face
RJ Ring joint (see RTJ)
RP Reduced port
RPM Revolutions per minute
RTJ Ring-type joint (see RJ)
S South
SC Sample connection
SCH Schedule
SCRD Screwed (see THD)
SG Specific gravity
SMLS Seamless
SO Slip on (for flanges), Steam out
SR Short radius
SS Stainless steel
STM Steam
STD StandardSTR Straight
SW Socketweld
SWG Swage
T&C Threaded and coupled (for pipe)
TBE Threaded both ends
THD Threaded (see SCRD)
TL Tangent line
TLE Threaded large end
TOE threaded one end
TSE threaded small end
T/T Tangent to tangent
TYP Typical
UG Underground
V Vertical
W West
W/ WithWN Weldneck
WO Wrench operator
W/O Without
WT Weight; Wall thickness
XS Extra-strong
XXS Double extra-strong
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 41/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
41
Appendix B - Fitting Dimensions
Elbows and Caps
Imperial Units
Metric Units
NominalPipe Size
A B K D V E F (mm) G
mm mm mm mm mm mm ASA MSS mm
13 38.1 15.9 47.6 25.4 76.2 50.8 34.9
19 38.1 11.1 42.9 25.4 76.2 50.8 42.9
25 38.1 22.2 55.6 25.4 41.3 38.1 101.6 50.8 50.8
32 47.6 25.4 69.9 31.8 52.4 38.1 101.6 50.8 63.5
38 57.2 28.6 82.6 38.1 61.9 38.1 101.6 50.8 73.0
51 76.2 34.9 106.4 50.8 81.0 38.1 152.4 63.5 92.1
64 95.3 44.5 131.8 63.5 100.0 38.1 152.4 63.5 104.8
76 114.3 50.8 158.8 76.2 120.7 50.8 152.4 63.5 127.0
89 133.4 57.2 184.2 88.9 139.7 63.5 152.4 76.2 139.7
102 152.4 63.5 209.6 101.6 158.8 63.5 152.4 76.2 157.2
127 190.5 79.4 261.9 127.0 196.9 76.2 203.2 76.2 185.7
152 228.6 95.3 312.7 152.4 236.5 88.9 203.2 88.9 215.9
203 304.8 127.0 414.3 203.2 312.7 101.6 203.2 101.6 269.9
254 381.0 158.8 517.5 254.0 390.5 127.0 254.0 127.0 323.9
305 457.2 190.5 619.1 304.8 466.7 152.4 254.0 152.4 381.0
356 533.4 222.3 711.2 355.6 533.4 165.1 304.8 412.8
406 609.6 254.0 812.8 406.4 609.6 177.8 304.8 469.9
457 685.8 285.8 914.4 457.2 685.8 203.2 304.8 533.4
508 762.0 317.5 1016.0 508.0 762.0 228.6 304.8 584.2
610 914.4 381.0 1219.2 609.6 914.4 266.7 304.8 692.2
NominalPipe Size
A B K D V E F (IN) G
IN IN IN IN IN IN ASA MSS IN
1/2 1 1/2 5/8 1 7/8 1 3 2 1 3/8
3/4 1 1/2 7/16 1 11/16 1 3 2 1 11/16
1 1 1/2 7/8 2 3/16 1 1 5/8 1 1/2 4 2 2
1 1/4 1 7/8 1 2 3/4 1 1/4 2 1/16 1 1/2 4 2 2 1/2
1 1/2 2 1/4 1 1/8 3 1/4 1 1/2 2 7/16 1 1/2 4 2 2 7/8
2 3 1 3/8 4 3/16 2 3 3/16 1 1/2 6 2 1/2 3 5/8
2 1/2 3 3/4 1 3/4 5 3/16 2 1/2 3 15/16 1 1/2 6 2 1/2 4 1/83 4 1/2 2 6 1/4 3 4 3/4 2 6 2 1/2 5
3 1/2 5 1/4 2 1/4 7 1/4 3 1/2 5 1/2 2 1/2 6 3 5 1/2
4 6 2 1/2 8 1/4 4 6 1/4 2 1/2 6 3 6 3/16
5 7 1/2 3 1/8 10 5/16 5 7 3/4 3 8 3 7 5/16
6 9 3 3/4 12 5/16 6 9 5/16 3 1/2 8 3 1/2 8 1/2
8 12 5 16 5/16 8 12 5/16 4 8 4 10 5/8
10 15 6 1/4 20 3/8 10 15 3/8 5 10 5 12 3/4
12 18 7 1/2 24 3/8 12 18 3/8 6 10 6 15
14 21 8 3/4 28 14 21 6 1/2 12 16 1/4
16 24 10 32 16 24 7 12 18 1/2
18 27 11 1/4 36 18 27 8 12 21
20 30 12 1/2 40 20 30 9 12 23
24 36 15 48 24 36 10 1/2 12 27 1/4
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 42/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
42
Tees and Reducers
Imperial Units
Nom. Nom. Nom. Nom.
Pipe Outlet C M H Pipe Outlet C M H Pipe Outlet C M H Pipe Outlet C M H
Size Size Size Size
IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN
3/4 3/41
1/8 3 1/2 3 1/23
3/4 10 108
1/2 20 20 15
3/4 1/21
1/81
1/81
1/2 | 33
3/43
5/8 4 | 88
1/2 8 7 | 18 15141/2 20
1 11
1/2 | 2 1/23
3/43
1/2 4 | 68
1/27
5/8 7 | 16 15 14 20
1 3/41
1/21
1/2 2 | 23
3/43
1/4 4 | 58
1/27
1/2 7 | 14 15 14 20
1 1/21
1/21
1/2 2 3 1/2 1 1/23
3/43
1/8 4 10 48
1/27
1/4 7 | 12 15135/8 20
1 1/4 1 1/41
7/8 4 44
1/8 12 12 10 | 10 15131/8 20
| 11
7/81
7/8 2 | 3 1/24
1/8 4 4 | 10 109
1/2 8 20 8 15123/4 20
| 3/41
7/81
7/8 2 | 34
1/83
7/8 4 | 8 10 9 8 24 24 17
1 1/4 1/21
7/81
7/8 2 | 2 1/24
1/83
3/4 4 | 6 108
5/8 8 | 20 17 17 20
1 1/2 1 1/22
1/4 | 24
1/83
1/2 4 12 5 108
1/2 8 | 18 17161/2 20
| 1 1/42
1/42
1/42
1/2 4 1 1/24
1/83
3/8 4 14 14 11 | 16 17 16 20
| 12
1/42
1/42
1/2 5 54
7/8 | 12 11105/8 13 | 14 17 16 20
| 3/42
1/42
1/42
1/2 | 44
7/84
5/8 5 | 10 11101/8 13 | 12 17
155/8 20
1 1/2 1/2 21/4 21/4 21/2 | 3 1/2 47/8 41/2 5 | 8 11 93/4 13 24 10 17 151/8 20
2 22
1/2 | 34
7/84
3/8 5 14 6 119
3/8 13
| 1 1/22
1/22
3/8 3 | 2 1/24
7/84
1/4 5 16 16 12
| 1 1/42
1/22
1/4 3 5 24
7/84
1/8 5 | 14 12 12 14
| 12
1/2 2 3 6 65
5/8 | 12 12115/8 14
2 3/42
1/21
3/4 3 | 55
5/85
3/85
1/2 | 10 12111/8 14
2 1/2 2 1/2 3 | 45
5/85
1/85
1/2 | 8 12103/4 14
| 2 32
3/43
1/2 | 3 1/25
5/8 55
1/2 16 6 12103/8 14
| 1 1/2 32
5/83
1/2 | 35
5/84
7/85
1/2 18 18131/2
| 1 1/4 32
1/23
1/2 6 2 1/25
5/84
3/45
1/2 | 16131/2 13 15
2 1/2 1 32
1/43
1/2 8 8 7 | 14131/2 13 15
3 33
3/8 | 6 76
5/8 6 | 12131/2
125/8 15
| 2 1/23
3/83
1/43
1/2 | 5 76
3/8 6 | 10131/2
121/8 15
| 23
3/8 33
1/2 | 4 76
1/8 6 18 8131/2
113/4 15
| 1 1/23
3/82
7/83
1/2 8 3 1/2 7 6 6
3 1 1/43
3/82
3/43
1/2
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 43/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
43
Tees and Reducers (cont)
Metric Units
Nom. Nom. Nom. Nom.
Pipe Outlet C M H Pipe Outlet C M H Pipe Outlet C M H Pipe Outlet C M H
Size Size Size Size
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
19 19 29 89 89 95 254 254 216 508 508 381
19 13 29 29 38 | 76 95 92 102 | 203 216 203 178 | 457 381 368 508
25 25 38 | 64 95 89 102 | 152 216 194 178 | 406 381 356 508
25 19 38 38 51 | 51 95 83 102 | 127 216 191 178 | 356 381 356 508
25 13 38 38 51 89 38 95 79 102 254 102 216 184 178 | 305 381 346 508
32 32 48 102 102 105 305 305 254 | 254 381 333 508
| 25 48 48 51 | 89 105 102 102 | 254 254 241 203 508 203 381 324 508
| 19 48 48 51 | 76 105 98 102 | 203 254 229 203 610 610 432
32 13 48 48 51 | 64 105 95 102 | 152 254 219 203 | 508 432 432 508
38 38 57 | 51 105 89 102 305 127 254 216 203 | 457 432 419 508
| 32 57 57 64 102 38 105 86 102 356 356 279 | 406 432 406 508
| 25 57 57 64 127 127 124 | 305 279 270 330 | 356 432 406 508
| 19 57 57 64 | 102 124 117 127 | 254 279 257 330 | 305 432 397 508
38 13 57 57 64 | 89 124 114 127 | 203 279 248 330 610 254 432 384 508
51 51 64 | 76 124 111 127 356 152 279 238 330
| 38 64 60 76 | 64 124 108 127 406 406 305
| 32 64 57 76 127 51 124 105 127 | 356 305 305 356
| 25 64 51 76 152 152 143 | 305 305 295 356
51 19 64 44 76 | 127 143 137 140 | 254 305 283 356
64 64 76 | 102 143 130 140 | 203 305 273 356
| 51 76 70 89 | 89 143 127 140 406 152 305 264 356
| 38 76 67 89 | 76 143 124 140 457 457 343
| 32 76 64 89 152 64 143 121 140 | 406 343 330 381
64 25 76 57 89 203 203 178 | 356 343 330 381
76 76 86 | 152 178 168 152 | 305 343 321 381
| 64 86 83 89 | 127 178 162 152 | 254 343 308 381
| 51 86 76 89 | 102 178 156 152 457 203 343 298 381
| 38 86 73 89 203 89 178 152 152
76 32 86 70 89
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 44/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
44
Socketweld Fittings
Imperial Units
Metric Units
3000#
SIZE A B C D E F G H J K
1/2 1 1/8 1 5/16 7/8 2 1/8 2 3/16 1 3/8 1 1/4 1/2 7/16 1/2
3/4 1 5/16 1 1/2 1 2 5/16 2 9/16 1 1/2 1 1/2 9/16 1/2 9/16
1 1 1/2 1 13/16 1 1/8 2 1/2 2 15/16 1 3/4 1 3/4 5/8 9/16 5/8
1 1/2 2 2 9/16 1 3/8 3 1/8 3 11/16 2 2 1/2 3/4 5/8 3/4
2 2 3/8 3 1 11/16 3 1/2 4 9/16 2 1/2 3 7/8 11/16 7/8
2 1/2 3 1/4 3 5/8 2 1/16 4 5/8 5 1/4 2 1/2 3 5/8 1 3/8 15/16 7/8
6000#
SIZE A B C D E F G H J K
1/2 1 5/16 1 1/2 1 2 7/8 2 13/16 1 3/8 1 1/2 11/16 5/8 1/2
3/4 1 1/2 1 13/16 1 1/8 3 3/8 3 1/8 1 1/2 1 3/4 3/4 11/16 9/16
1 1 3/4 2 3/16 1 5/16 3 5/8 3 13/16 1 3/4 2 1/4 7/8 13/16 5/8
1 1/2 2 3/8 3 1 11/16 4 1/5 4 3/4 2 3 1 1/8 1 1/8 3/4
2 2 1/2 3 5/16 1 3/4 4 5/8 5 1/4 2 1/2 3 5/8 1 7/8 7/8
2 1/2 3 1/4 4 2 1/16 - - 2 1/2 4 1/4 1 1/2 1 1/16 7/8
3000#
SIZE A B C D E F G H J K
13 28.6 33.3 22.2 54 55.6 34.9 31.8 12.7 11.1 12.7
19 33.3 38.1 25.4 58.7 65.1 38.1 38.1 14.3 12.7 14.3
25 38.1 46 28.6 63.5 74.6 44.5 44.5 15.9 14.3 15.9
38 50.8 65.1 34.9 79.4 93.7 50.8 63.5 19.1 15.9 19.1
51 60.3 76.2 42.9 88.9 115.9 63.5 76.2 22.2 17.5 22.2
64 82.6 92.1 52.4 117.5 133.4 63.5 92.1 34.9 23.8 22.2
6000#
SIZE A B C D E F G H J K
13 33.3 38.1 25.4 73 71.4 34.9 38.1 17.5 15.9 12.7
19 38.1 46 28.6 85.7 79.4 38.1 44.5 19.1 17.5 14.325 44.5 55.6 33.3 92.1 96.8 44.5 57.2 22.2 20.6 15.9
38 60.3 76.2 42.9 106.7 120.7 50.8 76.2 28.6 28.6 19.1
51 63.5 84.1 44.5 117.5 133.4 63.5 92.1 25.4 22.2 22.2
64 82.6 101.6 52.4 - - 63.5 108 38.1 27 22.2
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 45/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
45
Flanges
Imperial Units
150 LB. FLANGES - INCHES
Nom. Y No. &
Pipe O C Weld Slip on Lap Bolt Size of
Size INCHES INCHES Neck Thrd. Joint Circle Holes
1/2 3 1/2 7/16 1 7/8 5/8 5/8 2 3/8 4 - 5/8
3/4 3 7/8 1/2 2 1/16 5/8 5/8 2 3/4 4 - 5/8
1 4 1/4 9/16 2 3/16 11/16 11/16 3 1/8 4 - 5/8
1 1/4 4 5/8 5/8 2 1/4 13/16 13/16 3 1/2 4 - 5/8
1 1/2 5 11/16 2 7/16 7/8 7/8 3 7/8 4 - 5/8
2 6 3/4 2 1/2 1 1 4 3/4 4-3/4
2 1/2 7 7/8 2 3/4 1 1/8 1 1/8 5 1/2 4-3/4
3 7 1/2 15/16 2 3/4 1 3/16 1 3/16 6 4-3/4
3 1/2 8 1/2 15/16 2 13/16 1 1/4 1 1/4 7 8-3/4
4 9 15/16 3 1 5/16 1 5/16 7 1/2 8-3/4
5 10 15/16 3 1/2 1 7/16 1 7/16 8 1/2 8-7/8
6 11 1 3 1/2 1 9/16 1 9/16 9 1/2 8-7/8
8 13 1/2 1 1/8 4 1 3/4 1 3/4 11 3/4 8-7/8
10 16 1 3/16 4 1 15/16 1 15/16 14 1/4 12-1
12 19 1 1/4 4 1/2 2 3/16 2 3/16 17 12-1
14 21 1 3/8 5 2 1/4 3 1/8 18 3/4 12-1 1/8
16 23 1/2 1 7/16 5 2 1/2 3 7/16 21 1/4 16-1 1/8
18 25 1 9/16 5 1/2 2 11/16 3 13/16 22 3/4 16-1 1/4
20 27 1/2 1 11/16 5 11/16 2 7/8 4 1/16 25 20-1 1/4
24 32 1 7/8 6 3 1/4 4 3/8 29 1/2 20-1 3/8
Metric Units
150 LB. FLANGES - MILLIMETERS
Nom. Y No. &
Pipe O C Weld Slip on Lap Bolt Size of
Size mm mm Neck Thrd. Joint Circle Holes
12.70 89 11 48 16 16 60 4 - 16
19.05 98 13 52 16 16 70 4 - 16
25.40 108 14 56 17 17 79 4 - 16
31.75 117 16 57 21 21 89 4 - 16
38.10 127 17 62 22 22 98 4 - 16
50.80 152 19 64 25 25 121 4-19
63.50 178 22 70 29 29 140 4-19
76.20 191 24 70 30 30 152 4-19
88.90 216 24 71 32 32 178 8-19
101.60 229 24 76 33 33 191 8-19127.00 254 24 89 37 37 216 8-22
152.40 279 25 89 40 40 241 8-22
203.20 343 29 102 44 44 298 8-22
254.00 406 30 102 49 49 362 12-25
304.80 483 32 114 56 56 432 12-25
355.60 533 35 127 57 79 476 12-29
406.40 597 37 127 64 87 540 16-29
457.20 635 40 140 68 97 578 16-32
508.00 699 43 144 73 103 635 20-32
609.60 813 48 152 83 111 749 20-35
7/30/2019 Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plant-curriculum-instructor-unit-1 46/46
AUTODESK CURRICULUM
Flanges (cont)
Imperial Units
300 LB. FLANGES - INCHES
Nom. Y No. &
Pipe O C Weld Slip on Lap Bolt Size of
Size INCHES INCHES Neck Thrd. Joint Circle Holes
1/2 3 3/4 9/16 2 1/16 7/8 7/8 2 5/8 4 - 5/8
3/4 4 5/8 5/8 2 1/4 1 1 3 1/4 4 - 3/4
1 4 7/8 11/16 2 7/16 1 1/16 1 1/16 3 1/2 4 - 3/4
1 1/4 5 1/4 3/4 2 9/16 1 1/16 1 1/16 3 7/8 4 - 3/4
1 1/2 6 1/8 13/16 2 11/16 1 3/16 1 3/16 4 1/2 4 -7/8
2 6 1/2 7/8 2 3/4 1 5/16 1 5/16 5 8-3/4
2 1/2 7 1/2 1 3 1 1/2 1 1/2 5 7/8 8-7/8
3 8 1/4 1 1/8 3 1/8 1 11/16 1 11/16 6 5/8 8-7/8
3 1/2 9 1 3/16 3 3/16 1 3/4 1 3/4 7 1/4 8-7/84 10 1 1/4 3 3/8 1 7/8 1 7/8 7 7/8 8-7/8
5 11 1 3/8 3 7/8 2 2 9 1/4 8-7/8
6 12 1/2 1 7/16 3 7/8 2 1/16 2 1/16 10 5/8 12-7/8
8 15 1 5/8 4 3/8 2 7/16 2 7/16 13 12-1
10 17 1/2 1 7/8 4 5/8 2 5/8 3 3/4 15 1/4 16-1 1/8
12 20 1/2 2 5 1/8 2 7/8 4 17 3/4 16-1 1/4
14 23 2 1/8 5 5/8 3 4 3/8 20 1/4 20-1 1/4
16 25 1/2 2 1/4 5 3/4 3 1/4 4 3/4 22 1/2 20-1 3/8
18 28 2 3/8 6 1/4 3 1/2 5 1/8 24 3/4 24-1 3/8
20 30 1/2 2 1/2 6 3/8 3 3/4 5 1/2 27 24-1 3/8
24 36 2 3/4 6 5/8 4 3/16 6 32 24-1 5/8
Metric Units
300 LB. FLANGES - MILLIMETERS
Nom. Y No. &
Pipe O C Weld Slip on Lap Bolt Size of
Size mm mm Neck Thrd. Joint Circle Holes
12.70 95 14 52 22 22 67 4 - 16
19.05 117 16 57 25 25 83 4 - 19
25.40 124 17 62 27 27 89 4 - 19
31.75 133 19 65 27 27 98 4 - 19
38.10 156 21 68 30 30 114 4 -22
50.80 165 22 70 33 33 127 8-19
63.50 191 25 76 38 38 149 8-22
76.20 210 29 79 43 43 168 8-22
88.90 229 30 81 44 44 184 8-22
101.60 254 32 86 48 48 200 8-22
127.00 279 35 98 51 51 235 8-22
152.40 318 37 98 52 52 270 12-22
203.20 381 41 111 62 62 330 12-25
254.00 445 48 117 67 95 387 16-29
304.80 521 51 130 73 102 451 16-32
355.60 584 54 143 76 111 514 20-32
406 40 648 57 146 83 121 572 20 35