Plant Diversity

Five Kingdom System

Kingdom MoneraKingdom ProtistaKingdom PlantaKingdom FungiKingdom Animalia

Protista

Monera

Planta

Animalia

Fungi

Kingdom Monera

Contains the bacteria and cyanobacteria

The only kingdom in which the cells are prokaryotic

Recent trend to split into two kingdoms Eubacteria Archebacteria

Kingdom Protista

Unicellular and simple multicellular organisms

Plant-like protists - all the algaeFungal-like protists - slime molds and

water moldsAnimal-like protists - protozoa

Kingdom Planta

Land plantsAutotrophic manufacturing food

through photosynthesisMosses, Ferns and Fern-allies,

Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms

Kingdom Fungi

Heterotrophic - cannot make their own food and rely on external sources of nutrition

The fungi, from molds to mushrooms, are absorptive heterotrophs, secreting enzymes into their surroundings that break down food which is then absorbed

Kingdom Animalia

Heterotrophic - cannot make their own food and rely on external sources of nutrition

Animals, from primitive sponges to highly evolved mammals, are ingestive heterotrophs, engulfing their food and digesting it internally

Organisms traditionally studied by botanists

Found in four of the five kingdoms Monera - blue-green algae Protista - all the other algae Plantae - all the land plants Fungi - all the fungi

Kingdom Monera

Cyanobacteria - blue green algaePhotosynthetic, prokaryotic organismsFound in oceans, fresh water, and terrestrial

environmentsUsed as a food source: Nostoc, Spirulina (since

ancient times - today high protein additive)Microscopic unicells, filaments, and colonies First appeared in fossil record 3.5 billion yrs agoToxins can cause problems during blooms

Oscillatoria

Nostoc

Kingdom Protista

Six divisions of algae: Division Pyrrophyta - dinoflagellates Division Chrysophyta - diatoms Division Euglenophyta - euglenoids Division Chlorophyta - green algae Division Rhodophyta - red algae Division Phaeophyta - brown algae

Two divisions of fungi

Dinoflagellates

Unicellular algae covered with cellulose plates giving an armored appearance

Important to the food chain in marine and fresh water

Some marine species cause Red Tides Population explosion Color the water red Produce a powerful toxin Pfiesteria newly recognized problem

Dinoflagellates

Diatoms & Golden Brown Algae

Diatoms abundant and important economically

Important to the food chain in marine and fresh water

Unicells with silicon-based wall with pits, grooves

Diatomaceous earth

Walls of the dead diatoms used commercially

Deposits from past geological ages are known as diatomaceous earth

Uses of diatomaceous earth polishing agent in silver polish filter in wine and petroleum industries soil additive to discourage some garden

pests

Green Algae

Contains many morphological typesAbundant and diverse in fresh waterPlay a significant role in aquatic food

chains Seasonal blooms of green algae are

often noticeable in ponds and lakesGave rise to the land plants over 400

million yrs ago

Red Alage

Seaweeds - large multicellular marine algae occurring in coastal waters often attached to rocks

Highly branched filaments with a feathery appearance or sheet-like

Many used as a food sourceCarrageenan and agar: cell wall

carbohydrates used as stabilizing agents

Products from red algae

Carrageenan used in ice cream, pudding, cottage cheese, toothpaste, lotions, and paints - imparts a creamy texture

Agar used in a variety of commercial products - most important use is as a solidifying agent in culture media used in to grow bacteria, fungi, and for plant tissue culture

Brown Algae

Seaweeds - large multicellular marine algae occurring in coastal waters often attached to rocks

Huge kelps form extensive underwater "forests" off the California coast - among the largest plants on Earth

Rockweeds commonly found in the intertidal zone in coastal areas - east coast and west

Complex form: holdfast, stipe, and blade

KELP - common name for several brown seaweeds

Products from brown algae

Some used directly as a food sourceAlginic acids (alginates)

Used in the treatment of latex during tire manufacturing

binding agent for charcoal briquettes confections, ice cream and other

products where it acts similarly to carrageenan

Seaweed in our diet

Red and brown seaweeds have long history a source of food, especially in the Orient

Over 100 species of marine algae are eaten in one form or another

Some favorite red seaweeds are dulse (Rhodymenia) and nori (Porphyra)

Porphyra used by more cultures than any other seaweed, has a long history of food use dating back to the year 533 - cultivation since 1600s

Algal Bloom

Kingdom Planta

10 divisions of plants can group these into 4 groups

mosses and liverworts ( one division) ferns and fern-allies (four divisions) gymnosperms (four divisions) angiosperms (one division)

Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts

Small plants, no vascular tissueReproduce by spores formed in a

sporangiumDominant generation is the gametophyte

with the sporophyte short-livedRestricted to moist environmentsSphagnum (peat moss) grows in acid

water and used as a soil additive and fuel

Moss

Liverwort

Lower Vascular Plants: Ferns and fern-allies

Reproduce by spores formed in a sporangium

Long fossil historyFour divisions

whisk ferns club mosses horsetails ferns

Psilotum or whisk ferns - very primitive plant that resembles first land plants that existed 400 million years ago

No leaves or roots - only a branched stem

Club Moss

Horsetails (Equisetum)

Ferns - About 10,000 species exist from tropics to arctic. Typically ferns have compound leaves.

Gymnosperms

Vascular plants, many are large - include largest organisms on Earth

Reproduce by seedsDominant sporophyte, gametophytes

are microscopicLong fossil historyFour divisions of living gymnosperms

Gymnosperms

Division Coniferophyta - ConifersDivision Ginkgophyta - GinkgoDivision Cycadophyta - CycadsDivision Gnetophyta - Ephedra and

allies

Leaves of a Ginkgo tree

Conifers

Includes the biggest, tallest, and oldest living organisms

Separate male and female conesSeed produces in female conesPollen produced in male conesEconomically important for lumber and

paperPine (Pinaceae) and cedar (Cupressaceae)

are the two largest families

Redwood trees are the largest organisms on Earth

Angiosperms

Flowering plants Most widespread

vegetation on Earth today

Greatest economic use

Fungi

Generally have a thread-like body Hypha - single filament or thread Mycelium - all the hyphae of a colony

Reproduce by spores - usually airborne

Fungal-like organisms in Kingdom Protista

True fungi in the Kingdom Fungi

Fungal-like organisms in Kingdom Protista

Slime molds Slimy (animal-like) feeding stage Reproduce by spores

Water molds Many in fresh water others on land Important plant pathogens in this group

Kingdom Fungi

Includes yeasts, molds, mildews and other microfungi

Also includes mushrooms, bracket fungi, puffballs, and other macrofungi

Fungi Include many plant pathogens Majority are saprobic and recycle

organic material

Fungi include molds and mushrooms

Summary

Living organisms are classified into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Animalia, Planta, and Fungi

Organisms traditionally known as plants are found in four of the five kingdoms