Plant Growth and Development II

"It is at the edge of a petal that love awaits.”

...William Carlos Williams

Patterns of Development

ZygoteZygote EmbryoEmbryoCotyledonsHypocotyl

Root

CotyledonsHypocotyl

Root

SAMSAM

RAMRAM

apical/basal, axial

embryogenesis

primarygrowth

SAMSAM Cell Differentiation

Cell Differentiation

Leaf Primordia

Leaf Primordia

Stem Tissues

Stem Tissues

1o Growth1o Growth

primarygrowth

RAMRAM RootTissues

RootTissues

? ? ?

Structure/Function

?

?

1o Growth1o Growth

2o Growth2o Growth

2o Growth2o Growth

Today

• How do plant organs, tissues and cells develop?

– Examine Plant Growth,

primary growth,• secondary growth,• cell elongation• molecular development.

Lateral Meristems...

…provide for secondary growth by producing secondary vascular tissue and periderm (secondary dermal tissue).

Stem Tissues

Vascular Bundles

Buttercup (dicot) Corn (monocot)

Secondary Growth of Stems

• Two Lateral Meristems,

– Vascular cambium; produces secondary vascular tissue,

– Cork cambium; produces tissue (periderm) that replaces the epidermis,

• secondary phloem and periderm comprise bark.

Vascular Meristems

Procambium (1o) Vascular Cambium (2o)

Vascular Cambium

Secondary Growth Year 1

Lateral Meristem Cells

Fusiform initials: meristematic cells that give rise to xylem and phloem.

Ray initials: meristematic cells that give rise to (primarily) parenchyma cells that serve as radial connections.

Tangential Section

Secondary Growth Year 2

See Fig. 36.28

Secondary Growth

Secondary Growth

Assignment

Be able to construct a tree from a seedling using these meristems,

- at the tissue level.

…same w/ root, w/o periderm.

Growth / Differentiation

• Growth,

• the irreversible increase in size that (in plants) almost always results from both cell division and cell enlargement,

• Differentiation,

• the process by which a cell acquires metabolic, structural and functional properties distinct from those of its progenitor.

Cell Division / Cell Walls / Cell Growth

Plane(s) of Division

Plant Cell Walls

Cell Morphology

Mechanical and Structural

Water Relations

Plant Morphology Pathogen Defense

Bulk Flow

Biochemistry

Cellulose / Cell Walls

Polysaccharide and Protein Links

Cell Wall Synthesis

MicrotubulesMovie

Cell Expansion

Primary Walls:

Less ordered, allows general enlargement. Secondary Walls:More ordered, restricts general enlargement, often lignified

(wood).

Biased Microfibril Distribution allows for directional growth.

Turgor: water potential is lowered in the cell, allowing water uptake. The force of the water pressure drives cell expansion.

Acid-GrowthHypothesis

ATP hydrolases (ATPases)

1. Plasma Membrane H+-ATPases acidify the apoplast (cell wall).

2. Cell wall loosening enzymes are activated.

3. Electrochemical gradient drives solutes into the cell,

- lowers osmotic potential, H2O?

4. Vacuolar ATPase provides membrane potential for transport of solutes into the vacuole, etc. etc.

know this

Developmental Biology

Modern approach is driven primarily by the study of genetics,

– primarily through the study of mutants, organisms blocked in specific developmental pathways,

– Model Organisms.

• Ease of cultivation,

• Rapid Reproduction,

• Small size,

• Fecund (large brood size),

• Mutants are available and easy to identify,

• Scientifically relevant (ecologically, organ system, etc.)

• Extant Literature, co-ordinated research emphasis.

Model Organisms

60 - 70 % similarity in all eukaryotes.flowering

plants

Arabisopsis thalianaThale cress/Mouse Ear Cress

• Arabidopsis is a plant belonging to the Mustard family, Cruciferae. Arabidopsis' agronomic value is as a Model Organism,

• weedy: world-wide distribution and easily grown in the lab.

• self-fertilizing: it is easy to generate and maintain genetic stocks.

• lifecycle: about 42 days at 200 C and continuous light.

• fecundity: up to 50,000 seeds per plant.

• mutable: yes, lots of ways.

• literature: 9718 journal articles (PubMed)

– - ~ 1000 devoted labs.

• Arabidopsis is THE plant model organism with over 7000 full-time scientists devoted to understanding the growth and development of this organism, and the extension of this knowledge to other plants and organisms.

Arabisopsis thaliana+ 26,000 Genes

Genetics: analysis of mutant phenotypes,

Reverse Genetics: analysis of mutant genotypes,

Genomics: use of DNA sequence for all aspects of plant growth, development, evolution, ecology...

Cell Growth

fass Mutant: cortical microtubules do not organize.

Pattern Formation

GNOM: signal transduction gene

lacks apical-basal axisHomeotic Gene

KNOTTED gene expression results in the differentiation of

cells into vasculature.

wt glabra-2 mutant

Wednesday

• Transport I– Ch 37: 813 – 819,

• Quiz includes Wednesday’s reading assignment!– Last 20 minutes