Upload
others
View
2
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Crop Removal of Nutrients
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
Source: Reference Sufficiency Ranges for Plant Analysis
in the Southern US
Crop Nutrient Utilization
Soil & Tissue Sampling
Crop Nutrient Uptake
Deficiency Symptoms
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
3
Crop Nutrient Utilization
Soil & Tissue Sampling
Crop Nutrient Uptake
Deficiency Symptoms
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
4
Methods-Soil Sampling
2-3 samples per acre up to 10 acres
Sample in a zig-zag pattern
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
5
extension.umn.edu
Methods-Soil Sampling Can sample anytime of year, but be
consistent—most are done in the fall
Use a probe and clean plastic bucket
Mix samples before submitting
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
6
extension.iastate.edu
Soil Sampling Timing
pH varies throughout the year
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
7
From:
Managing Seasonal Fluctuations
of Soil Tests,
University of Kentucky
Cooperative Extension
Soil Sampling Timing
P varies throughout the year
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
8
From:
Managing Seasonal Fluctuations
of Soil Tests,
University of Kentucky
Cooperative Extension
Soil Sampling Timing
K varies throughout the year
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
9
From:
Managing Seasonal Fluctuations
of Soil Tests,
University of Kentucky
Cooperative Extension
Methods-Soil Sampling
No-till fields sample at 0-1 inch and 0-6
inches
pH stratification on the surface and lower
layers affects herbicides and nutrient
availability
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
10
Methods-Soil Sampling
Avoid sampling in…
Manure/lime piles
Old fence & tree lines
Dead & back furrows
Head lands
Low, wet spots
Fertilizer bands
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
11
hawkhillfarm.blogspot.com
farmprogrsess.com
Tissue Sampling Timing
More samples taken than soil samples to account for variability, usually 30+ plants/field
Sample from “good” and “bad” areas separately
Samples need to be air-dried in a paper bag prior to shipping
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
12
Tissue Sampling Timing
Needs to be at proper plant growth stage
May be too late to correct if sampled at a
later growth stage.
Soil sampling is often done at the same
time for comparison
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
13
Methods-Tissue Sampling
In-season
Small grains
Alfalfa/Grasses
Corn
Soybean
Post-Season
Corn stalk nitrogen test
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
14
Methods-Tissue Sampling Small Grains
Sample 25-35 areas of field
Prior to Stem Elongation All the above ground tissue 50‐75 plants
Prior to Heading Top 4 leaf blades with leaf collar visible 30‐40 plants
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
15
Methods-Tissue Sampling
Small Grains
Response common for N, S, Mg, Cu, & Zn
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
17
Methods-Tissue Sampling
Alfalfa
Sample top 6 inches just prior to first harvest
Grasses
Sampling the same as alfalfa
Sample at least 30 plants per field
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
18
Methods-Tissue Sampling
Alfalfa
Responses to K, S,
& B common
Tissue S 0.25% DM
Tissue K ~2.00% DM
Tissue B 20-80 ppm
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
19
From: Cornell Sulfur Tests For Alfalfa, Cornell Fact Sheet 66
Crop Removal of Nutrients
Sufficiency ranges in grasses N & S often needed
Grasses
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension Source: Reference Sufficiency Ranges for Plant Analysis
in the Southern US
Methods-Tissue Sampling
Corn
In-season responses to N, S, & Zn
documented
Often applied as AMS, ZnSO4, or ZnO
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
21
Methods-Tissue Sampling
Soybean
If < 12 inches, sample whole plant 1 inch above soil
If > 12 inches, sample top trifoliate leaves, separate from petiole (picture)
Sample at least 25 plants
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
23
From: Sampling Plant Tissue and Soil
for Analysis, extension.missouri.edu
Methods-Tissue Sampling
Soybean
Some responses to K, S & Mn documented
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
24
Methods-Tissue Sampling
Corn stalk nitrate
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
25
From: Cornstalk testing to evaluate nitrogen
management
Methods-Tissue Sampling
Corn stalk nitrate
Collect 1 week
prior to 4 days after
harvest
Ship samples within
a day of sampling
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
26
From: Corn Stalk Nitrate Test , Cornell Fact Sheet 31
Corn Stalk Nitrate
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
27
From:
Cornstalk testing to evaluate
nitrogen management
Crop Nutrient Utilization
Soil & Tissue Sampling
Crop Nutrient Uptake
Deficiency Symptoms
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
28
Crop Nutrient Uptake
Mechanisms
Nutrient Forms & Fertilizers
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
29
Crop Uptake happens by…
Root Inception
Mass Flow
Diffusion
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
30
Root Inception
Roots “run into” nutrients
Direct ion exchange at
soil surface
A little bit of most nutrients are taken up
this way
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
31
NO3- NO3-
HPO4-2 H2PO4-
K+ K+
SO4-2
Ca2+ Mg2+ Fe2+
Zn2+
Cu2+ Mn2+ H3BO3
Cl-
MoO4-2
Mass Flow
Nutrients move with water into the plant
Most nutrient uptake happens this way
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
32
NO3- NO3-
HPO4-2 H2PO4-
K+ K+
SO4-2
Ca2+ Mg2+ Fe2+
Zn2+
Cu2+ Mn2+ H3BO3
Cl-
MoO4-2
H20
Diffusion
Nutrient moves from high to low
concentration
Only matters for P, K, Zn, & Fe
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
33
HPO4-2 H2PO4-
K+
K+
Fe2+ Zn2+
Zn2+ Zn2+
Zn2+ Zn2+
K+ K+
K+
K+ K+
K+ K+
Fe2+
Fe2+ Fe2+
Fe2+
HPO4-2
HPO4-2
HPO4-2
HPO4-2
Crop Nutrient Uptake
Mechanisms
Nutrient Forms & Fertilizers
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
34
Nutrient Uptake Forms-N
Crops take up
Mostly Nitrate, NO3 -
Some Ammonium NH4 +
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
35
Nitrogen Fertilizers NH4+
Anhydrous NH3
Urea Ammonium Nitrate (UAN)
Ammonium Sulfate (AMS)
Urea
Monoammonium phopshate (MAP)
Diammonium phosphate (DAP)
NO3-
Calcium nitrate
Potassium nitrate
Sodium nitrate
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
37
Nitrogen Fertilizers
NH4+ fertilizers can be…
Lost through NH3 volatilization
Converted to NO3 (nitrification)
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
38
Nitrogen Fertilizers Urea fertilizers
Also lost through NH3 volatilization
And converted to NO3
Same chemical composition as urea from urine
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
40
Nitrogen Fertilizers
Stabilizers
Different products prevent different losses
Some don’t work (Nutri-Sphere)
Nothing “stabilizes” manure
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
41
Nitrogen Fertilizers
Nitrification Inhibitors
N-Serve (Dow AgroSciences) nitrapyrin
Guardian (Conklin) dicyandiamide, DCD
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
42
Nitrogen Fertilizers
Urease Inhibitors
Agrotain
(Agrotain International
LLC)
N-butyl thiophosphoric
triamide, NBPT
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
43
Nitrogen Fertilizers Slow release
Microbes break down
protective layer
Sulfur coated urea, ESN,
(Agrium)
Osmocote
(Scotts)
Isobutylidene diurea, IBDU,
(Nu-Gro)
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
44
Nitrogen
Nutrient Forms-P Crops take up
H2PO4- & HPO4-2
Most applied as MAP, DAP, or manure
P from rock phosphate is Only partially available, more in acidic soils
Often contaminated with F and Cd
Treated with strong acids to make fertilizers
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
46
Nutrient Forms-K Crops take up
K+
Potash (KCl) and manure are major sources
Organic farms use KSO4 or sul-po-mag (K2SO4MgSO4)-tend to be expensive $$$$$
Cl- doesn’t harm soil biology, universally present and leaches
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
47
Nutrient Forms-Ca
Crops take up
Ca2+
Supplied by lime, not “fertilized”
No optimal “balance” ratio of Ca in CEC
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
48
Nutrient Forms-Mg Crops take up
Mg2+
Supplied by dolomitic lime, not “fertilized”
No optimal “balance” ratio of Mg in CEC
Grass tetany when low soil/tissue Mg test & high K tests feed MgO or MgSO4
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
49
Nutrient Forms-S Crops take up
SO4 -2
It’s no longer free
Many crops use about 20 lbs/acre/year
AMS (NH4SO4), elemental S, manure, & KSO4 are sources
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
50
Nutrient Forms-B
Crops take up
H3BO3
Small amounts benefit legumes
1 lb/acre/ year on sands
2 lb/acre every 3 years loams and clays
Borate (Na2BO4) and Solubor (Na2BO4)
available as sources
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
51
Nutrient Forms-Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn
Crops take up
Zn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Mn2+
Oxides (i.e. ZnO) of these metals are
fertilizer sources
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
52
Crop Nutrient Utilization
Soil & Tissue Sampling
Crop Nutrient Uptake
Deficiency Symptoms
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
53
Deficiency Symptoms
Lower yield
Forage and grain
Stunted growth
Discoloration (pictures)
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
54
Deficiency Symptoms
Micro-nutrient (S, B, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe,
etc.) deficiencies are most likely…
On sandy or low OM soils
On fields without a history of manure
In drought years (lack of Mass Flow)
Extreme pH soils
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
55
Deficiency Symptoms
Soil Condition B Mn Zn S
Sand X X X
Low OM (<2%) X X X
Dry X
High pH (>6.8) X X
Clay X
High OM
(>6%) X X
Cold X X X
Wet X X
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
56
From: fyi.uwex.edu
Different Visual Symptoms
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
57
From:
www.omafra.gov
For different
nutrient
deficiencies
Nitrogen
Yellowing
Mid-vein & older leaves in corn
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
58
Corn photo from sdstate.edu
Wheat photo from extension.uidaho.com
Grass photo from harrells.com
Phosphorus
Purple edging
Stunted plants
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
59
Barley Corn
Photos from landresources.montana.edu
Photo from extension.purdue.edu
Alfalfa
Potassium
Speckles along leaf margins
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
60
Alfalfa
Photo from extension.purdue.edu
Soybean
Photo from extension.umn.edu
Corn
Wheat
Photo from landresources.montana.edu
Photo from landresources.montana.edu
Sulfur
General plant yellowing
Stunting
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
61
Photos from landresources.montana.edu
Alfalfa
Wheat
Corn
Boron
Reddening, yellowing, & whitening of
leaves
Usually only deficient in legumes
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
62
Alfalfa
Photos from extension.uidaho.edu
White Clover
Photos from www.aragriculture.org
Zinc
Yellow striping of upper leaves
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
63
Photo from sdstate.edu
Corn
Wheat
Photo from landresources.montana.edu
Manganese
Yellowing of entire leaf except veins
Bill Verbeten Cornell Cooperative Extension
64
Photo from fyi.uwex.edu
Soybean