Plant Physiology

Water and Plant Cells

Water and plant cells

I. Background on water in plants

II. The properties of water

III. Understanding the direction of water movement: Water potential

I. Water

• Plant cells are mostly water; 80 - 95% of the mass of growing cells, Wood (Sapwood 35-75%)Seeds 5-15%

• Living cells must maintain a positive water pressure, or “turgor” to growand function properly. Cell walls build Internal Hydrostatic Pressure Turgor Pressure Cell enlargement Gas Exchange in Leaves Transport in Phloem Transport across membrane Rigidity and Mechanical stability to nonlignified plant tissues

I. Water• Plants lose large quantities of water in transpiration, the

evaporation from the interior of leaves through the stomata is referred to as Transpiration.

• CO2 H2O• 100% water exchange in one hour• Water loss through leaf surface• Heat dissipation by leaves through transpiration• Half of the heat by sunlight is dissipated by

transpiration• Latent Heat of Vaporization

Corn yield as a function of water availability

Plant - Water Relations

Productivity of various ecosystems as a function of annual precipitation

Plant - Water Relations

Water passes easily through biological membranes, particularly through Aquaporins - low resistance pores.

Aquaporins:are proteins embedded in cell membrane that regulate flow of water.

Prof Peter Agre and discovery of Aquaporins?

Formed by Aquaporins

II. The properties of water Polar molecule that forms hydrogen bonds. Polar molecule that forms hydrogen bonds.

1) good solvent1) good solvent2) cohesive properties - attraction to like molecules2) cohesive properties - attraction to like molecules3) adhesive properties - attraction to unlike molecules3) adhesive properties - attraction to unlike molecules

Covalent bond

The polarity of water molecules results in hydrogen bonding

Properties of water, continued•Cohesion is the attraction of like molecules (H2O here) that gives water its tensile strength.

•Adhesion is the attraction of unlike molecules. Water adheres to cell walls, soil particles, glass tubes, etc. Adhesion explains capillarity & surface tension.• Surface Tension is caused by cohesive forces within liquid molecules. All of above forces give rise to a phenomenon called Capillarity (the movement of water along a capillary tube)

III. What factors determine the direction of water movement (through the soil, between cells, from roots to leaves, from leaves into air)?

1. Gravity

2. Pressure

3. Concentration

Height, meters

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water flows upwardin trees.

How does this work?

Gravity causes water to move downward unless it is opposed by an equal and opposite force.

PressureWater moves from regions of higher to lower pressure

garden hosestrawthrough xylem of plants

Water moves from higher to lower pressure

Water pressures in plant cells can be positive (turgor), or negative, (tension).

Living cells ≥ 0 MPa to ≈ +3 MPa)Dead xylem cells ≤ 0 MPa, to as low as -12 MPa.

3) ConcentrationWater moves by diffusion from regions of higher to lower water concentration.

Solutes added to pure water dilute the water concentration.

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectivelypermeable membrane from a region of higher to lower water concentration.

How does reverse osmosis purify water?

A process by which a solvent passes through a porous membrane in the direction opposite to that for natural osmosis.

The concept of water potential, , brings together the influences of gravity, pressure, and concentration (solutes) in describing the energy state of water and the direction of water movement.

The water potential equation:

WWSSPPgg

WW = total water potential = total water potentialSS = solute potential = solute potential

P P = pressure potential = pressure potentialgg = gravitational potential = gravitational potential

All units will be pressure, pascals, Pa.MPa is megapascal, 106 Pa

Change in water status causes physiological changes

Measure of the rate of passage of CO2 entering or water vapors exiting through stomata

Further readings

• Water and Plant Cells, Chapter 3, Plant Physiology by Taiz and Zeiger