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Extreme Plants!
• Deepest Root: – fig tree in South Africa – roots that extend 120 m (393.7 ft)
into the ground
• Tallest Tree: – Sequoia tree in the Humboldt
Redlands State Park (CA)– 370 ft (in 2004)
Images taken without permission from http://www.gagfactory.com/photos/usa1999/part06/moreton_bay_fig_tree.jpg and http://www.nps.gov/archive/seki/shrm_pic.htm
Extreme Plants!
• Largest leaf: – raffia palm and Amazonian
bamboo – can have leaves up to 65 ft in
length.– Alocasia Macrorrhiza has the
longest undivided leaf– 9 feet long, 6 feet wide
Images taken without permission from http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com/images3/leaf.JPG&imgrefurl=http://thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com/long330.html&h=259&w=195&sz=12&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=1oWtKUiri7q7nM:&tbnh=112&tbnw=84&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522Amazonian%2Bbamboo%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D and http://www.raffiaonline.com/imgs/about-page/raffia-palm.jpg
Extreme Plants!
• Slowest growing tree: – A white cedar in Canada – has only grown to a height
of 4 inches and 0.6 oz over the course of 155 years.
• Fastest Growing Plant: – Some species of bamboo – grow up to 3 ft in a day
Images taken without permission from http://www.ponnitai.com/database/thuja/occidentalis/europe_gold2.jpg andhttp://www.landoftheanxiousdog.com/images/bamboo.jpg
Roots
• The function of roots in a plant is to – Anchor plant – Absorb water and minerals – Store organic nutrients (starch)
Taproot
• One main root
• Lateral roots (smaller side roots) come off of main root
• Good for storage of organic nutrients (starch)
• Ex. carrots, turnips
Img Src: http://collections.ic.gc.ca/gardens/New%20Bio%20Web%20Pix/OPTIMIZED%20BIO%20PLANT%20PARTS/3%20root%20systems.jpg
Fibrous Roots
• Lots of smaller roots (no main root)
• Large surface area (good for absorbing water and nutrients)
• Clings to soil well– prevents erosion
• Ex. grass
Img Src: http://collections.ic.gc.ca/gardens/New%20Bio%20Web%20Pix/OPTIMIZED%20BIO%20PLANT%20PARTS/3%20root%20systems.jpg
Adventitious Root
• Roots that grow out of plant parts above ground (like the stem or the leaves)
• Allows plants to re-establish selves even after stem has been cut off, lends support
• Ex. Corn, banyan trees, some palms use them for additional support
Img Src: http://collections.ic.gc.ca/gardens/New%20Bio%20Web%20Pix/OPTIMIZED%20BIO%20PLANT%20PARTS/3%20root%20systems.jpg
Root hairs
• Located just after the root tips
• Tiny projections that increase the surface area on the root for water and mineral absorption
Question…
• What kind of roots would a landscape architect want to have in plants (s)he puts on a steep hillside to prevent a landslide from occurring
• Fibrous roots– holds the soil better, so there won’t be erosion.
Parts of a Leaf
• A leaf consists of – Blade– Petiole
This whole thing is a leaf!
Img Src: http://www.yourdictionary.com/images/ahd/jpg/A4leaf.jpg
Parts of a Leaf
• The leaf is also where most photosynthesis takes place
• Leaves can also be modified for support, reproduction, protection and storage. – Ex. Spines on a cactus, flower petals
Parts of a leaf
Palisade Mesophyll Cells
Bundle Sheath CellsXylem
Phloem
Epidermis
EpidermisSpongy Mesophyll Cells
Guard CellsStoma
Cuticle
Cuticle
Vein
Question…
• In which cells would the most photosynthesis take place– palisade or spongy mesophyll?
• Palisade mesophyll– because they are at the top, they have the most access to sunlight.
Plant Tissues• 3 types• Dermal Tissue
– Outer covering of the plant– Includes epidermis, cuticle,
guard cells
• Vascular Tissue– All transport systems (xylem and
phloem)
• Ground Tissue– Everything else in the plant– Storage, support, photosynthesis
Plant Cell Organelles
• Chloroplast– Site of photosynthesis
• Mitochondria– Site of cellular respiration
• Tonoplast– For water storage
• Leucoplast– For starch storage
Plant Cells- Parenchyma
• Thin walls• Most abundant cells in
young plants• Usually photosynthetic
cells• Other
nonphotosynthetic cells are for starch or lipid storage
Plant Cells- Collenchyma• Supporting cells– when
living• Thicker walls than
parenchyma• Flexible and elongated• Ex. Collenchyma cells in the
petioles allow them to sway in the wind without breaking
• Ex. “Strings” in celery are also made up of collenchyma
Plant Cells- Sclerenchyma
• Supporting cells– when dead
• Have thickened walls
• Ex. Cells in bark of trees, cells that make up the xylem