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A publication on Cannabis Horticulture.
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A Note from the editor:
Welcome to Plant the Land; the world’s #1 online cannabis publication.
Each month you can expect stunning photography, discover unique and traditional gardening techniques, and read interviews and contributions from key individuals among the cannabis horticultural community.
You can look forward to our publication on the 1st of each month, found on http://www.PlanttheLand.com, for free, forever.
Content:
Horticultural Techniques
Plant Science Education
Interviews with Subcool, Kyle Kushman, DJ Short, Scott of Rare Dankness, Gage Green, etc...
HD Photography
Monthly Give-A-Ways
Also Featuring: botany, breeding, & cultivation tips, & tricks.
Grow Reports
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This is a custom cannabis/botany glossary to help you understand commonly used terms among growers and breeders. This will be updated frequently. Please send any correction suggestions to
A.C. Hood / “Air cooled hood” Air is pushed or pulled through an enclosed reflector around a high intensity bulb to remove the heat generated by the bulb.
Active hydroponics systems: use a pump to supply the solution to the various cannabis plants on timed intervals. The solution is typically re-circulated throughout the system and the plants, which is the biggest difference between the management of the two systems. Flood and drain/Ebb n Flow, Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) are examples of active hydroponics systems.
Allele: is one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene or same genetic locus.
Angiosperms: are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by characteristics including flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. Angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure. (Cannabis, Hibiscus, Roses, Lavender, Tulips, etc.. are all flowering plants, and classified angiosperms.)
Annual: a plant that completes its life cycle and dies within one year.
Anther: pollen-bearing part of the stamen.
Apex: the tip; the point furthest from the point of attachment.
Asexual reproduction: reproduction that does not involve the gametes; i.e. vegetative reproduction (cloning).
Aeroponics - is the process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use of soil or an aggregate medium (known as geoponics). The word "aeroponic" is derived from the Greek meanings of Aero- (air) and ponos (labour). Aeroponic culture differs from conventional hydroponics, aquaponics, and in-vitro (plant tissue culture) growing. Unlike hydroponics, which uses a liquid nutrient solution as a growing medium and essential minerals to sustain plant growth, aeroponics is conducted without a growing medium.
Blade: the lamina or flattened part of a leaf, excluding the stalk.
BHO - Butane Honey Oil. A method of extracting the trichomes from plant matter. Butane gas strips the trichomes from the plant matter, and collects on a dish. The butane is evaporated away, leaving a very high potency oil.
BX/Backcross: a crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents or an individual genetically similar to its parent, in order to achieve offspring with a genetic identity which is closer to that of the parent. Backcrossed hybrids are sometimes described with acronym "BX", for example, an F1 hybrid crossed with one of its parents (or a genetically similar individual) can be termed a BX1 hybrid, and a further cross of the BX1 hybrid to the same parent (or a genetically similar individual) produces a BX2 hybrid. (P1 x P2 = F1) (F1 x F1= F2) (F2 x P1 = BX1) (BX1 x P1= BX2)
Calyx - The round outer portion of the plants bud.
Canopy: in cannabis gardening, the canopy is usually defined as the top portion/area of your cannabis garden.
Capitate: with knob-like head; of an inflorescence, with the flowers unstalked and aggregated into a dense cluster; of a stigma, like the head of a pin.
Carbon filter - A method of deodorizing air coming from or inside a growroom, by passing the air through a layer of activated carbon that absorbs and eliminates odors.
Carpel: is a female reproductive structure of a plant consisting of the Stigma, Style, & Ovary.
CFL/Compact Fluorescent Light - A fluorescent light about the size of a standard incandescent light bulb that can be used in any standard light socket. Used most often for starting seeds, clones, and in micro grow applications. Note that the wattage to go by is the actual wattage, not the equivalent wattage ie, a 42 watt CFL that says equivalent to 150 watt incandescent would be counted as 42 watts, not 150.
Chelates: The word chelate is derived from the Greek word for “claw”. In fertilizer technology, it refers to inorganic nutrients that are enclosed by an organic molecule.
CHELATION in soil increases nutrient availability to plants. Organic substances in the soil either applied or produced by plants or microorganisms are the natural chelating agents. The most important substances having this nature are Hydroxamate Siderophores, Organic Acids and Amino Acids.
Chlorophyll: a green pigment in chloroplasts, essential for photosynthesis.
CO2/Carbon Dioxide: is a naturally occurring chemical compound composed of 2 oxygen atoms each covalently double bonded to a single carbon atom. Plants take in CO through pores, called stomata, in their leaves during daylight hours. They give off oxygen at the same time, the results of a process called photosynthesis. When supplemented with CO2, photosynthesis is increased and therefore, the plants growth rate increases as long as all other limiting factors have been met.
Coco/coir: similar to soilless, utilizing the inside layer and hairy bark of coconuts as the growing medium.
Cool tube - Air is drawn through a glass tube that surrounds a high intensity bulb to remove the heat generated by the bulb.
Cotyledons: primary leaf or leaves of an embryo, also known as seed leaves.
Curing- preparing the buds for long term storage by allowing them to “age” in an area that equalizes the moisture in the bud.
Cutting/Clone: a branch or shoot of a plant that has been removed and rooted independently, producing a new plant with the exact physical characteristics of the original plant (aka the mother).
Dicots/Dicotyledons: a flowering plant whose embryo has two (or rarely more) cotyledons or “seed leaves.”
Dioecious: species that have the male and female reproductive structures on separate plants. Cannabis is primarily dioecious, meaning unless the plant is hermaphroditic; the plant will be either entirely male or female.
Diploid: with two full sets of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell; having two complements of haploid chromosomes, that are the two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each of the parental gamete. This is expressed symbolically as 2n, where n = the gamete number of chromosomes.
Dominance: in genetics is a relationship between alleles of one gene, in which one allele is expressed over a second allele at the same locus. The first allele is dominant and the second allele is recessive. In genetics, when one allele is dominant to another, the oldest convention is to symbolize the dominant allele with a capital letter. The recessive allele is assigned the same letter in lower case. (Rr)
In complete dominance, the effect of one allele in a heterozygous genotype completely masks the effect of the other. The allele that masks the other is said to be dominant to the latter, and the allele that is masked is said to be recessive to the former.
Deep Water Culture: A style of hydroponic growing that utilizes a deep reservoir of nutrient aerated by an airstone. Generally the reservoir is a five gallon bucket. The plant rests in a netted pot, filled with hydroton or another inert media. The roots grow through the netted pot into the nutrients below, allowing for very large root systems. RDWC connects the buckets in a continuous system with a pump and an additional reservoir, known as a recirculating DWC.
Ebb and Flow. A hydroponic style of gardening that utilizes tables a shallow pan or table for the plants and medium, and a separate reservoir of nutrient solution. Using a pump connected to a timer, the nutrient solution is pumped into the table until it fills, and then allowed to drain. The "flood" of nutrients soaks the roots and wicks in to the medium, then 'ebbs' back into the reservoir, allowing the roots a chance to dry out and breathe.
E.C./Electrical Conductivity : the measurement of the amount of nutrients in a solution. (May be expressed in multiple values (PPM, TDS, EC - consult your meters manual)
Embryo: a young plant contained by a seed.
Endosperm: a nutritive tissue in a seed.
F1, F2, F3 Generations: the “F” in this term refers to which filial generation the offspring resulted from crossing two different parents.
P1 x P2 = F1
F1 x F1 = F2
F2 x F2 = F3
F3 x F3 = F4
F4 x P1 = BX1
Family: a formal group of one or more genera with features and/or ancestry in common; the term for the principal rank between order and genus.
Feminized Seeds: are seeds that have been created through various methods (usually STS or over-flowering) without the use of (actual) male pollen. A female is sprayed with the STS, shortly afterwards, the female will usually put out pollen which is collected and re-applied to another female to create the first generation of feminized seeds. This results in seeds without male DNA. (XXxXX vs XXxXY) When these seeds are flowered, they should be all female plants. However, feminized seeds are generally seen as more prone to become hermaphrodites because the process used to feminize the line surfaces a hermaphroditic gene.
Fertilizer: is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soils or to plant tissues (usually leaves) to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.
Fertilization: a term representing the union of male and female gametes.
FIM Technique: stands for 'fuck I missed'. FIM refers to the attempt to cut the growth shoot of a plant so that it grows into multiple branches instead of one. The phrase comes from how easy it is to miss the tiny growth shoot.
Filament: the stalk of a stamen
Flushing - the process of removing nutrients from your plants. In soil this is achieved by running plain water through the soil (usually double your soil volume). In hydro, it is achieved by removing the nutrient solution and replacing it with plain water.
Foliar Feeding: an application of a nutrient solution to the leaves and above ground portions of the plant, as opposed to the roots. Foliar feeding should not be done while the plant is exposed to high intensity light, as the drops can act as magnifying glasses and burn the leaves.
Genus: a group of one or more species with features or ancestry (or both) in common. Genus is the principal category of taxa intermediate in rank between family and species in the nomenclatural hierarchy.
Gamete: a cell or nucleus that fuses with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction.
Gene pool: the range of genetic variation found in a population.
Genotype: the genotype of a cannabis plant (any organism) is the inherited map it carries within its genetic code. Not all cannabis plants with the same genotype look or act the same way because appearance and behavior are modified by environmental and developmental conditions. Likewise, not all cannabis plants that look alike necessarily have the same genotype.
Germination: of seeds, describes the complex sequence of physiological and structural changes that occur from resting to growth stage. Germination occurs when the “sleeping” seed encounters moisture, which consequently starts the growth process.
GPH/Gallons per hour: the rating of a pumps capacity to move water. Check the pump information carefully, as the GPH falls as your distance from the pump increases.
Gymnosperm: a seed-bearing plant with ovules born on the surface of a sporophyll; includes, among others, conifers, Ginkgo, Gnetum and cycads. Gymnosperm translates to “naked seed.” (Conifers, Ferns, etc.. do not produce flowers, produce naked seeds, and are classified as gymnosperms.)
Hand pollination: the controlled act of pollination. I.e. -Using a Q-tip or a paint brush to apply male pollen to a female’s flowers instead of Open-Air-Pollination.
Herbaceous: not woody; usually green, and soft in texture.
Hermaphrodite: the word is used in botany to describe a flower that has both staminate (male, pollen-producing) and carpellate (female, ovule-producing) parts. Cannabis is primarily a dioecious plant, bearing either male or female reproductive organs only, unless the plant hermaphrodites, which consequently produces both male and female organs on the same plant.
Heterozygous: if the two alleles are different, the organism is a heterozygote and is heterozygous
Homozygous: if two alleles of a given gene are identical, the organism is called a homozygote and is said to be homozygous with respect to that gene.
Host: in botany, a host plant is one that supplies food resources and substrate for certain insects.
HPS/High Pressure Sodium. A type of high intensity lamp used for growing plants indoors. The lamps give off an orange light, often thought to simulate late summer and fall sun. Generally used for flowering plants, but can be used during vegetative growth as well.
Hybrid: a plant produced by the crossing of parents belonging to two different named groups, e.g. genera, species, varieties, subspecies, forma and so on; i.e. the progeny resulting within and between two different plants. An F1 hybrid is the primary product of such a cross. An F2 hybrid is a plant arising from a cross between two F1 hybrids (or from the self-pollination of an F1 hybrid).
Hybrid Vigor/Heterosis: is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring.
An offspring exhibits heterosis if its traits are enhanced as a result of mixing the genetic contributions of its parents. These effects can be due to Mendelian or non-Mendelian inheritance.
Hydroponics: a method of growing that does not rely on a nutritional substrate such as soil. All the nutrition that a plant would normally obtain from the soil is mixed into water in certain concentrations to allow for maximum growth. The plant gets all of the nutrients it needs to grow from the water solution.
Inbreeding: the production of offspring between closely related parents leading to a high degree of similarity; self-fertilization is the most intense form of inbreeding.
IBL/Inbred Line : a genetic line that has been stabilized through inbreeding to consistently produce plants with uniform traits. (Parents -Female x Male) P1 x P2 = (Progeny) F1…..F1 (female) x F1 (male) = F2….F2 x F2 = F3. F4 x F4 = F5 etc..
Indica - A type of cannabis that is usually associated with shorter, squatter plants with shorter flowering periods. Indicas are usually associated with a narcotic body stone.
Indigenous: native to the area, not introduced.
Inert: to be inert is to be in a state of doing little or nothing.
Inflorescence: several flowers closely grouped together to form an efficient structured unit; the grouping or arrangement of flowers on a plant.
Internode: the portion of a stem between two nodes.
ISO - Isopropyl alcohol. Used to extract trichomes from plant matter. The Isopopyl alcohol strips the trichomes from the plant matter, and is then evaporated away, leaving a high potency oil.
Kingdom: the highest generally employed category of the taxonomic hierarchy, above that of division (phylum).
Leaf: an outgrowth of a stem, usually flat and green; its main function is food manufacture by photosynthesis
Landrace - A genetic line of plants that occurs naturally within a given region, without human influence on their characteristics.
L.E.D./Light emitting diode: is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a basic pn-junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.
LST/Low Stress Training - A method of growing that slowly trains the plant to a specific height or shape. The training usually starts young by tying down the branches and growth shoots.
Lumens: is the SI derived unit of luminous flux, a measure of the total "amount" of visible light emitted by a source.
Lux: is the SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, measuring luminous flux per unit area. It is equal to one lumen per square meter.
Mendelian genetics: is inheritance of biological features that follows the laws proposed by Gregor Johann Mendel in 1865 and 1866 and re-discovered in 1900.
Mendel's Laws of Inheritance
Law of Segregation: During gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.
Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.
Law of Dominance: Some alleles are dominant while others are recessive; an organism with at least one dominant allele will display the effect of the dominant allele.
Limiting Factors: In no particular order, Lights, Water and O2, Nutrients, Temperature, Humidity, & CO2 are considered to be the limiting factors that determine a plants growth rate. If one or more of these limiting factors are imperfect, it will ultimately diminish the plants full potential.
Meristem: an actively dividing tissue. (Apital meristem: growth tip)
MH/Metal Halide: a type of high intensity lamp used for growing indoors. The lamps give off a whitish blue light, assumed to simulate the spring and early summer sun. Generally used for vegetating plants, but can be used during flowering as well.
Medium/Media: a collection of organic/inorganic materials which provides a suitable home for a seedling or cutting to grow in. (hydroton, coco, pro-mix, peat, etc… are examples of media.)
Monocots/Monocotyledon: a flowering plant whose embryo has one cotyledon or seed leaf.
Monoecious: where the male and female reproductive structures are in separate flowers but on the same plant.
Mutation: an abrupt and inexplicable variation from the norm, such as the “doubling up” in flowers, changes in color, or habit of growth.
Mycorrhizae: are beneficial fungi that penetrate the roots of most plants in nature. This symbiotic relationship is beneficial in that the plant provides sugars to the fungi, and the fungi enhance nutrient uptake for the plant. There are two major groups of mycorrhizae: ectomycorrhyzae and endomychorrhizae. The 'ectos' do not actually penetrate the cells of the roots, but are found between the intercellular spaces. Ectos have been found to be able to utilize a range of organic compounds such as proteins, peptides and amino acids. However, these fungi are restricted to coniferous tree species (gymnosperms) and Ericacious (heath/ bog) species where soil breakdown of amino acids is minimal.
Neem oil: a broad spectrum botanical insecticide, miticide, and fungicide treatment derived from the seeds of the neem tree.
NFT /Nutrient Film Technique: a hydroponic method growing that allows a thin trickle or 'film' of nutrient solution to constantly pass of the roots to provide nourishment, but not so much that the roots cannot breathe.
Node: the location on a plant where branches and new growth are produced.
NPK: expresses the amounts of (N)nitrogen, (P)phosphorus, and (K) potassium in the fertilizer/soil.
Nutrient overdose/deficiency: plants can be prone to nutrient toxicities/deficiencies if you’re measurements aren’t ideal based on the plants age. Assumingly so, young cannabis plants, depending on the variety, desire a lighter feed than middle-aged to older plants. All plants require a specific range of macro nutrients, secondary nutrients, and trace-elements to sustain optimal growth.
Order: a group of one or more families sharing common features, ancestry, or both.
Organic Nutrients: are developed from naturally occurring substances.
Ovary: the basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels, enclosing the ovule(s).
Ovule: a structure in a seed plant within which one or more megaspores are formed, after fertilization it develops into a seed.
P1: the “P1” term describes the parents, usually of two different varieties used in breeding programs to create a new hybrid, the
offspring will now be labeled as F1’s.
pH – Acidic/Alkaloid level of a nutrient solution or soil. 0-6 (Acidic) 7 (Neutral) 8-14 (Basic).
Parasite: an organism living on or in a different organism, from which it derives nourishment.
Parasitism: is a non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of
the other, the host.
Passive hydroponics systems: is a method of growing plants without soil, peat moss, or bark. Instead an inert porous medium
transports water and fertilizer to the roots by capillary action. Water and fertilizer are held in a reservoir and conducted to the
roots as necessary, reducing labor and providing a constant supply of water to the roots. In the simplest method, the pot sits in a
shallow solution of fertilizer and water or on a capillary mat saturated with nutrient solution. “Pot culture” is passive
hydroponics at its simplest.
Pheno/phenotype - Certain unique characteristics of a plant that set it aside from other plants of the same genes. Plants grown
from the same seed stock often show unique characteristics like smell, coloring, and flavor.
Perennial: a plant whose life span extends over several years.
Perlite: an amendment often added to peat, coco, & other various soil mixes to add aeration and water retention to the medium
without affecting the pH or E.C.
Petal: in a flower, one of the segments or divisions of the inner whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs, usually
soft and conspicuously colored.
Petiole: the stalk of a leaf.
Photosynthesis: the process by which sugars are made from carbon dioxide and water in cells containing chloroplasts; the chemical energy required from solar energy in the presence of the pigment chlorophyll.
Pistil: -a single carpel when the carpels are free.
-a group of carpels when the carpels are united by the fusion of their walls.
Pollen: a powdery mass shed from anthers (of angiosperms) or microsporangia (of gymnosperms); the microspores of seed plants.
Pollination: the transfer of pollen from the male organ (anther) to the receptive region of a female organ (stigma).
P.M./Powdery Mildew: a fungus that attacks plants identifiable as a powdery film on the surface.
PPM Parts Per Million - Measurement of the amount of nutrients in a solution. (May be expressed in multiple values (PPM, TDS, EC - consult your meters manual)
Radicle: the part of an embryo giving rise to the root system of a plant.
Rhizome: a perennial underground stem usually growing horizontally.
Rhizosphere: is the narrow region of soil that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms
Root: a unit of a plant's axial system which is usually underground, does not bear leaves, tends to grow downwards, and is typically derived from the radicle of the embryo.
Root hairs: outgrowths of the outermost layer of cells just behind the root tips, functioning as water-absorbing organs.
Revegging: returning a plant to a vegetative state after it has begun flowering. Normally used in reference to a plant that has completed its flowering cycle and been harvested, but can also refer to a clone that was taken from a flowering mother. Generally, revegging is used to preserve genetics after harvest.
R/O or RO water - Water that has been filtered of impurities by the Reverse Osmosis method.
RW rockwool - A growing medium that comes in cubes or slabs, easily identifiable by its green color.
Sativa - A type of cannabis that is usually associated with taller plants and longer flowering periods. Sativas are usually associated with an up, energetic head high.
Scale: a reduced or rudimentary leaf, for example a leaf or group of reduced/rudimentary leaves around a bud.
ScrOG - Screen of green. A method that utilizes fewer plants trained to grow along a screen to insure all budsites get equal light. Normally grown plants will generally develop one or two main colas at the top of the plant, smaller buds on the sides, and 'popcorn*', or very small buds on the bottom.
Scrubber aka carbon scrubber Used to control odor, carbon is packed in a porous layer between around a central core. Air is either drawn or pushed through the carbon. The micron sized pores in the carbon, combined with a slight charge, trap odor molecules, bacteria, and other particles inside the carbon. the air is literally scrubbed clean by being forced through the carbon.
Seed: a ripened ovule, consisting of a protective coat enclosing an embryo and food reserves; a propagating organ formed in the sexual reproductive cycle of gymnosperms and angiosperms
Selective (plant) breeding: or artificial selection is the process by which humans begin to breed plants for particular traits.
Self-pollination: also called selfing, is the acceptance by stigmas of pollen from the same flower or from flowers on the same plant, which means they are self-compatible. (S1)
Shoot: is usually the aerial part of a plant; a stem including its dependent parts, leaves, & flowers etc.
Slab - one meter of grow medium, usually referencing rock-wool or coco coir.
SoG - Sea of Green. A method of growing that uses several small plants as compared to fewer large ones. The plants are kept small, and encouraged to grow only one main cola. This allows more plants to be grown in the same area. The phrase comes from the impression you get from looking at a garden grown this way, ie just a sea of green buds. Also known as the plantlet method.
Soilless - A Hydroponic method that utilizes pots like a standard soil garden, which can be handwatered or utilize a standard soil
irrigation system. The pots are filled with inert medium, usually a mixture of perlite and vermiculite that retains water much like
soil. However, all nutrients come in the hydroponic solution, there are none stored in the medium, as in soil.
Species: a group, or populations of individuals, sharing common features and/or ancestry, generally the smallest group that can be readily and consistently recognized; often, a group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. The species category is the basic unit of classification, the category of taxa of the lowest principal rank in the nomenclatural hierarchy.
Spider mites - Spider mites are members of the Acari (mite) family Tetranychidae, which includes about 1,200 species. They generally live on the undersides of leaves of plants, where they may spin protective silk webs, and they can cause damage by puncturing the plant cells to feed. Spider mites are known to feed on several hundred species of plants, and cannabis is no exception. They’re one of the most feared infestations among cannabis gardeners.
Stabilization: is a type of natural/artificial selection in which genetic diversity decreases and the population average stabilizes on a particular, uniform trait value.
Stamen: the male organ of a flower, consisting (usually) of a stalk (filament) and a pollen-bearing portion (anther).
Stoma/stomata: a pore; a small hole in the surface of a leaf (or other aerial organ) allowing the exchange of gases between tissues and the atmosphere. A significant role of the stomata is for respiration and transpiration. The collection of CO2, the release of excess water vapor, and other gases.
Style: an elongated part of a carpel, or group of fused carpels, between the ovary and the stigma.
Super-cropping A method of growing where the stem hurd is lightly crushed, forcing the plant to make new pathways that can result in a higher yield.
Taproot: the main, descending root of a plant with a single dominant root axis.
Terpenes: are a large and diverse class of organic compounds, produced by a variety of plants, though also by some insects.They are often strong-smelling. They may protect the plants that produce them by deterring herbivores and by attracting predators and parasites of herbivores. Many terpenes are aromatic hydrocarbons and thus may have had a protective function. The difference between terpenes and terpenoids is that terpenes are hydrocarbons, whereas terpenoids contain additional functional groups. They are the major components of resin, and of turpentine produced from resin. The name "terpene" is derived from the word "turpentine".
True breeding: in cannais horticulture, is a line of cannabis genetics that always passes down a certain phenotypic trait to its offspring. A variety is referred to as true breeding for each trait to which this applies, and the term "true breeding" is also used to describe individual genetic traits. In Mendelian genetics, this means that an organism must be homozygous for every trait for which it is considered true breeding.
TDS Total Dissolved Solids - Measurement of the amount of nutrients in a solution. (May be expressed in multiple values (PPM, TDS, EC - consult your meters manual)
Topping: Pruning the plant by cutting off the top to encourage lateral branching.
Trichome - a structure on the skin of plant that contains the THC and other desirable cannabinoids found in cannabis, like
terpenoids and flavonoids.
Vermiculite: an organic amendment that creates air channels and allows the soil mix to breathe. Mixing vermiculite in flower
and vegetable gardens or in potted plants will provide the necessary air to maintain vigorous plant growth. Where soils are
sandy, mixing of vermiculite into the soil will allow the soil to hold water and air needed for growth.
Zygote: a fertilized cell.
