Plant Tissues (2)

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    AQUISIO, DESIREE KAYE C. DEC.3,2013

    NATSCI2 TTH 11:00 12:30

    PLANT TISSUES

    Planttiss!s a"! #at!$%"i&!' ("%a'l) int% t*"!! tiss! s)st!+s: t*! !i'!"+is,t*! $"%n', an' t*!-as#la" tiss!.

    Epidermis C!lls /%"+in$ t*! %t!" s"/a#! %/ t*! l!a-!san' %/ t*! )%n$ lant (%').

    Vascular tissue T*! "i+a") #%+%n!nts %/ -as#la" tiss! a"! t*! )l!+an'*l%!+.T*!s! t"ans%"t /li' an'nt"i!nts int!"nall).

    Ground tissue "%n' tiss! is l!ss 'i//!"!ntiat!'t*an %t*!" tiss!s. "%n' tiss! +an/a#t"!s nt"i!nts

    ()*%t%s)nt*!sisan' st%"!s "!s!"-! nt"i!nts.

    Plant tiss!s #an als% (! 'i-i'!' 'i//!"!ntl) int% t% t)!s:

    1. !"ist!+ati# tiss!s

    2. P!"+an!nt tiss!s.

    Meristematic tissues

    !"ist!+ati# tiss! #%nsists %/ a#ti-!l) 'i-i'in$ #!lls, an' l!a's t% in#"!as! in l!n$t* an' t*i#4n!ss %/ t*! lant. T*!

    "i+a") $"%t* %/ a lant %##"s %nl) in #!"tain, s!#i/i# "!$i%ns, s#* as in t*! tis %/ st!+s %" "%%ts. It is in t*!s! "!$i%ns

    t*at +!"ist!+ati# tiss! is "!s!nt. C!lls in t*!s! tiss!s a"! "%$*l) s*!"i#al %" %l)*!'"al, t% "!#tan$la" in s*a!, an'

    *a-! t*in #!ll alls. N! #!lls "%'#!' () +!"ist!+a"! initiall) t*%s! %/ +!"ist!+ its!l/, (t as t*! n! #!lls $"% an'

    +at"!, t*!i" #*a"a#t!"isti#s sl%l) #*an$! an' t*!) (!#%+! 'i//!"!ntiat!' as #%+%n!nts %/ t*! "!$i%n %/ %##""!n#! %/

    +!"isti+ati# tiss!s, t*!) a"! #lassi/i!' as:

    a5 ApicalMeristem It is "!s!nt at t*! $"%in$ tis %/ st!+s an' "%%ts an' in#"!as!s t*! l!n$t* %/ t*! st!+ an'

    "%%t. T*!) /%"+ $"%in$ a"ts at t*! ai#!s %/ "%%ts an' st!+s an' a"! "!s%nsi(l! /%" in#"!as! in l!n$t*, als%

    #all!' "i+a") $"%t*. T*is+!"ist!+is "!s%nsi(l! /%" t*! lin!a" $"%t* %/ an %"$an.

    (5 Lateral Meristem T*is +!"ist!+ #%nsist %/ #!lls *i#* +ainl) 'i-i'! in %n! lan! an' #as! t*! %"$an t%

    in#"!as! in 'ia+!t!" an' $"%t*. 6at!"al !"ist!+sall) %##"s (!n!at* t*! (a"4 %/ t*! t"!! in t*! /%"+ %/ C%"4

    Ca+(i+ an' in -as#la" (n'l!s %/ 'i#%ts in t*! /%"+ %/-as#la" #a+(i+.T*! a#ti-it) %/ t*is #a+(i+ "!slts

    in t*! /%"+ati%n %/ s!#%n'a") $"%t*.

    #5 IntercalaryMeristem T*is +!"ist!+is l%#at!' in (!t!!n !"+an!nt tiss!s. It is sall) "!s!nt at t*! (as!

    %/ n%'!, int!" n%'! an' %n l!a/ (as!. T*!) a"! "!s%nsi(l! /%" $"%t* in l!n$t* %/ t*! lant.

    T*! #!lls %/ +!"ist!+ati# tiss!s a"! si+ila" in st"#t"! an' *a-! t*in an' !lasti# "i+a") #!ll all +a'!

    %/ #!lll%s!. T*!) a"! #%+a#tl) a""an$!' it*%t int!"#!llla" sa#!s (!t!!n t*!+. Ea#* #!ll #%ntains a

    '!ns! #)t%las+an' a "%+in!ntn#l!s. D!ns! "%t%las+%/ +!"ist!+ati# #!lls #%ntains -!") /!-a#%l!s. N%"+all) t*! +!"ist!+ati# #!lls a"! %-al, %l)$%nal%" "!#tan$la" in s*a!.

    !"ist!+!ti# tiss! #!lls *a-! a la"$! n#l!s it* s+all %" n% -a#%l!s, t*!) *a-! n% int!" #!llla" sa#!s.

    Permanent tissues

    T*! +!"ist!+ati# tiss!s t*at ta4! a s!#i/i# "%l! l%s! t*! a(ilit) t% 'i-i'!. T*is "%#!ss %/ ta4in$ a

    !"+an!nt s*a!, si&! an' a /n#ti%n is #all!' #!llla" 'i//!"!ntiati%n.C!lls %/ +!"ist!+ati# tiss!

    'i//!"!ntiat! t% /%"+ 'i//!"!nt t)!s %/ !"+an!nt tiss!. T*!"! a"! 3 t)!s %/ !"+an!nt tiss!s:

    1. si+l! !"+an!nt tiss!s

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_cambiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_cambiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_cambiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_cambiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation
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    2. #%+l! !"+an!nt tiss!s

    3. s!#ial %" s!#"!t%") tiss!s 7$lan'la"5.

    Simple permanent tissues

    T*!s! tiss!s a"! #all!' si+l! (!#as! t*!) a"! #%+%s!' %/ si+ila" t)!s %/ #!lls *i#* *a-!

    #%++%n %"i$in an' /n#ti%n. T*!) a"! /"t*!" #lassi/i!' int%:

    1. Pa"!n#*)+a

    2. C%ll!n#*)+a

    3. S#l!"!n#*)+a

    8. Ei'!"+is.

    Parenchyma

    Pa"!n#*)+a 7para 9(!si'!9 chyma 9in /illin$95 is t*! (l4 %/ a s(stan#!. In lants, it #%nsists

    %/ "!lati-!l) ns!#ialis!' #!lls it* t*in #!ll alls t*at a"! sall) l%%s!l) a#4!' s% t*at la"$!

    sa#!s (!t!!n #!lls 7int!"#!llla" sa#!s5 a"! /%n' in t*is tiss!. T*is tiss! "%-i'!s s%"t

    t% lants an' als% st%"!s /%%'. In s%+! sitati%ns, a a"!n#*)+a #%ntains #*l%"%*)ll an'

    !"/%"+s *%t%s)nt*!sis, in *i#* #as! it is #all!' a #*l%"!n#*)+a. In a;ati# lants, la"$! ai"

    #a-iti!s a"! "!s!nt in a"!n#*)+a t% $i-! s%"t t% t*!+ t% /l%at %n at!". S#* a

    a"!n#*)+a t)! is #all!' a!"!n#*)+a.

    Collenchyma

    C"%ss s!#ti%n %/ #%ll!n#*)+a #!lls

    C%ll!n#*)+ais "!!4 %"' *!"!

    C%ll!n#*)+at%s tiss! a#ts as a s%"tin$ tiss! in st!+s %/ )%n$ lants. It "%-i'!s

    +!#*ani#al s%"t, !lasti#it), an' t!nsil! st"!n$t* t% t*! lant (%'). It *!ls in +an/a#t"in$

    s$a" an' st%"in$ it as sta"#*. It is "!s!nt in t*! +a"$in %/ l!a-!s an' "!sist t!a"in$ !//!#t %/ t*!

    in'.

    Sclerenchyma

    S#l!"!n#*)+ais "!!4 %"' *!"! T*is tiss! #%nsists %/ t*i#4all!', '!a' #!lls. T*!s! #!lls *a-! *a"' an' !t"!+!l) t*i#4

    s!#%n'a") alls '! t% ni/%"+ 'ist"i(ti%n %/ li$nin. 6i$nin'!%siti%n is s% t*i#4 t*at t*! #!l

    alls (!#%+! st"%n$, "i$i' an' i+!"+!a(l! t% at!". S#l!"!n#*)+at%s #!lls a"! #l%s!l)

    a#4!' it*%t int!"#!llla" sa#!s (!t!!n t*!+. T*s, t*!) a!a" as *!a$%nal n!

    in t"ans-!"s! s!#ti%n. T*! #!lls a"! #!+!nt!' it* t*! *!l %/ la+!lla.T*! +i''l! la+!llais a

    all t*at li!s (!t!!n a'=a#!nt #!lls. S#l!"!n#*)+at%s #!lls +ainl) %##

    in *)%'!"+is,!"i#)#l!, s!#%n'a") )l!+ an' *l%!+. T*!) als% %##" in !n'%#%" %/ al+%n'

    an' #%#%nt. It is +a'! %/ !#tin, li$nin, "%t!in. T*! #!lls %/ s#l!"!n#*)+at%s #!lls #an (!

    #lassi/i!' as :

    1. >i("!s >i("!s a"! l%n$, !l%n$at!' s#l!"!n#*)+at%s #!lls it* %int!' !n's.

    2. S#l!"i'!s S#l!"!n#*)+at%s #!lls *i#* a"! s*%"t an' %ss!ss !t"!+!l) t*i#4

    la+!llat!', li$ni/i!'alls it* l%n$ sin$la"it*s. T*!) a"! #all!' s#l!"i'!s.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenchymahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collenchymahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerenchymahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collenchymahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenchymahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenchymahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerenchymahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_sectionhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lamellahttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lamellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_lamellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignifiedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenchymahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collenchymahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerenchymahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collenchymahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenchymahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerenchymahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_sectionhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lamellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_lamellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignifiedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piths
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    T*! +ain /n#ti%n %/ S#l!"!n#*)+at%s tiss!s is t% $i-! s%"t t% t*! lant.

    Epidermis

    T*! !nti"! s"/a#! %/ t*! lant #%nsists %/ a sin$l! la)!" %/ #!lls #all!' !i'!"+is %" s"/a#!

    tiss!. T*! !nti"! s"/a#! %/ t*! lant *as t*is %t!" la)!" %/ !i'!"+is. H!n#! it is als% #all!'

    s"/a#! tiss!. %st %/ t*! !i'!"+al #!lls a"! "!lati-!l) /lat. t*! %t!" an' lat!"al alls %/ t*!

    #!ll a"! %/t!n t*i#4!" t*an t*! inn!" alls. T*! #!lls /%"+s a #%ntin%s s*!!t it*%t int!"

    #!llla" sa#!s. It "%t!#ts all a"ts %/ t*! lant.

    Complex permanent tissue

    T*! #%+l! tiss! #%nsists %/ +%"! t*an %n! t)! %/ #!lls *i#* %"4 t%$!t*!" as a nit.

    C%+l! tiss!s *!l in t*! t"ans%"tati%n %/ %"$ani# +at!"ial, at!" an' +in!"al an' '%n

    t*! lants. T*at is *) it is als% 4n%n as #%n'#tin$ an' -as#la" tiss!. T*! #%++%n t)!s %/

    #%+l! !"+an!nt tiss! a"!:

    ?)l!+ %" %%'

    P*l%!+ %" (ast.

    ?)l!+ an' *l%!+ t%$!t*!" /%"+ -as#la" (n'l!s.

    Xylem

    ?)l!+ #%nsists %/:

    T"a#*!i'

    T"a#*!a

    ?)l!+ /i(!"s

    ?)l!+ a"!n#*)+a.

    ?)l!+is a #*i!/, #%n'#tin$ tiss! %/ -as#la" lants.It is "!s%nsi(l! /%" #%n'#ti%n %/ at!"

    an' +in!"al i%ns.

    ?)l!+ is a -!") i+%"tant lant tiss! as it is a"t %/ t*! @l+(in$ %/ a lant. T*in4 %/ (n'l!s

    %/ i!s "nnin$ al%n$ t*! +ain ais %/ st!+s an' "%%ts. It #a""i!s at!" an' 'iss%l-!'

    s(stan#!s t*"%$*%t an' #%nsists %/ a #%+(inati%n %/ a"!n#*)+a #!lls, /i(!"s, -!ss!ls

    t"a#*!i's an' "a) #!lls. 6%n$ t(!s +a'! %/ in'i-i'al #!lls a"! t*! -!ss!ls, *il! -!ss!l

    +!+(!"s a"! %!n at !a#* !n'. Int!"nall), t*!"! +a) (! (a"s %/ all +at!"ial !t!n'in$ a#"%ss

    t*! %!n sa#!. T*!s! #!lls a"! =%in!' !n' t% !n' t% /%"+ l%n$ t(!s. B!ss!l +!+(!"s an'

    t"a#*!i's a"! '!a' at +at"it). T"a#*!i's *a-! t*i#4 s!#%n'a") #!ll alls an' a"! ta!"!' at t*!

    !n's. T*!) '% n%t *a-! !n' %!nin$s s#* as t*! -!ss!ls. T*! t"a#*!i's !n's %-!"la it*

    !a#* %t*!", it* ai"s %/ its "!s!nt. T*! it ai"s all% at!" t% ass /"%+ #!ll t% #!ll. *il!

    +%st #%n'#ti%n in t*! )l!+ is an' '%n, t*!"! is s%+! si'!t%si'! %" lat!"al #%n'#ti%n

    -ia "a)s. Ra)s a"! *%"i&%ntal "%s %/ l%n$li-in$ a"!n#*)+a #!lls t*at a"is! %t %/ t*! -as#la"

    #a+(i+. In t"!!s, an' %t*!" %%') lants, "a) ill "a'iat! %t /"%+ t*! #!nt!" %/ st!+s an'

    "%%ts an' in #"%sss!#ti%n ill l%%4 li4! t*! s%4!s %/ a *!!l.

    Phloem

    P*l%!+ #%nsists %/:

    Si!-! t(!

    Si!-! #!ll

    C%+ani%n #!ll

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_cell
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    P*l%!+ /i(!"

    P*l%!+ a"!n#*)+a.

    P*l%!+ is an !;all) i+%"tant lant tiss! as it als% is a"t %/ t*! @l+(in$ %/ a lant.

    P"i+a"il), *l%!+ #a""i!s 'iss%l-!' /%%' s(stan#!s t*"%$*%t t*! lant. T*is #%n'#ti%n

    s)st!+ is #%+%s!' %/ si!-!t(! +!+(!" an' #%+ani%n #!lls, t*at a"! it*%t s!#%n'a")

    alls. T*! a"!nt #!lls %/ t*! -as#la" #a+(i+ "%'#! (%t* )l!+ an' *l%!+. T*is sall)

    als% in#l'!s /i(!"s, a"!n#*)+a an' "a) #!lls. Si!-! t(!s a"! /%"+!' /"%+ si!-!t(!

    +!+(!"s lai' !n' t% !n'. T*! !n' alls, nli4! -!ss!l +!+(!"s in )l!+, '% n%t *a-!

    %!nin$s. T*! !n' alls, *%!-!", a"! /ll %/ s+all %"!s *!"! #)t%las+ !t!n's /"%+ #!ll t%

    #!ll. T*!s! %"%s #%nn!#ti%ns a"! #all!' si!-! lat!s. In sit! %/ t*! /a#t t*at t*!i" #)t%las+ is

    a#ti-!l) in-%l-!' in t*! #%n'#ti%n %/ /%%' +at!"ials, si!-!t(! +!+(!"s '% n%t *a-! n#l!i at

    +at"it). It is t*! #%+ani%n #!lls t*at a"! n!stl!' (!t!!n si!-!t(! +!+(!"s t*at /n#ti%n in

    s%+! +ann!" ("in$in$ a(%t t*! #%n'#ti%n %/ /%%'. Si!-!t(! +!+(!"s t*at a"! ali-! #%ntain

    a %l)+!" #all!' #all%s!. Call%s! sta)s in s%lti%n as l%n$ at t*! #!ll #%nt!nts a"! n'!"

    "!ss"!. As a "!ai" +!#*anis+, i/ an ins!#t in="!s a #!ll an' t*! "!ss"! '"%s, t*! #all%s!

    ill "!#iitat!. H%!-!", t*! #all%s! an' a *l%!+ "%t!in ill (! +%-!' t*"%$* t*! n!a"!st

    si!-! lat! *!"! t*!) ill /%"+ a l$. T*is "!-!nts /"t*!" l!a4a$! %/ si!-! t(! #%nt!nts an'

    t*! in=") is n%t n!#!ssa"il) /atal t% %-!"all lant t"$%" "!ss"!. P*l%!+ t"ans%"ts /%%' an'+at!"ials in lants in a"'s an' '%na"'s as "!;i"!'.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)

    Types of Plant Tissues) ene !ester "rat#

    Plant tiss!s #%+! in s!-!"al /%"+s: -as#la", !i'!"+al, $"%n', an' +!"ist!+ati#. Ea#* t)! %/ tiss! #%nsists %/

    'i//!"!nt t)!s %/ #!lls, *as 'i//!"!nt /n#ti%ns, an' is l%#at!' in 'i//!"!nt la#!s.

    Tissue Cell Types !unction Locations

    Bas#la" tiss! ?)l!+ is +a'! %/ -!ss!ls an' t"a#*!i's

    P*l%!+ is +a'! %/ si!-! #!lls an'

    #%+ani%n #!lls

    ?)l!+ t"ans%"ts at!"

    P*l%!+ t"ans%"ts s$a"s

    In st!+s, l!a-!s, an' "%%ts

    Ei'!"+al tiss! Pa"!n#*)+a P"%t!#t lant tiss!s an' "!-!nt

    at!" l%ss

    Ot!" la)!" %/ st!+s, "%%ts, an'

    l!a-!s

    "%n' tiss! Pa"!n#*)+a

    C%ll!n#*)+a

    S#l!"!n#*)+a

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