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PLANT UNIT Chapters 22-25. Plant Diversity Roots Stems and Leaves Reproduction Plant Response and Adaptations. Identify methods of seed dispersal. Plant leaf size and sunlight amounts – effects of. Concepts of diversity in plants. Plant alternation of generation. Plant requirements - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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PLANT UNITChapters 22-25
Plant Diversity
Roots Stems and Leaves
Reproduction
Plant Response and Adaptations
Objectives
• Identify methods of seed dispersal.
• Plant leaf size and sunlight amounts – effects of.
• Concepts of diversity in plants.
• Plant alternation of generation.
• Plant requirements• Evolution of plants
•
• • This seed is best dispersed
by —• • A water • B birds • C wind • D animals
Seed Dispersal
Seeds can be dispersed in a number of different ways. They may be carried by wind, water or animals. Some plants even shoot the seeds out explosively. Seed size is an important factor
• Which of these characteristics might help a plant species survive in an area with limited sunlight?
• • FBright flowers• GLarge leaves• HShort stems• JThick cuticles
Plant Diversity Chapter 22 pg 550
• What is a plant
• # of cells
• type of cells
• shape of cells
• auto or hetero – trophs
Plants have ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS… ?
• Plants have a two phase reproductive cycle:• Known as Alternation of Generations• gametes and spores – reproductive cells• The diploid phase is know as sporophyte 2N stage
the haploid phase is known as gametophyte 1N• When two gametes cometogether – sexual
repoduction has occurred. Example egg +sperm
Early plants required water…
• Mosses and ferns
What they need to survive..
• What do you think ?
Plants over time
• Mosses to ferns to cone-bearing(produced seeds) to eventually flower plants(which produced fruit)
Overview of Plant Kingdom pg 555
• Earth's oldest living inhabitant of Gia – Earth "Methuselah" at 4,767 years, has lived more than a millennium longer than any other tree
• Discovered by Dr. Edmund Schulman
• White Mountains of California
• Dating through tree-ring growth
22-5 pg 569 AngiospermsLesson Goals
• What are characteristics of angiosperms ?
• What are monocots and dicots
• What are three categories of plant life spans ?
Let’s talk flowers – reproductive structures
• ANGIOSPERMS : Cretaceous Period – have fossils from 120 million years ago.
Why do you think angiosperms(means enclosed
seeds) took over species numbers : advantages ?
• Color• Smell
• Fruit/ protection and possible dispersal
• Seed protected by outside coat• Spreading of seeds
Chapter 24 Flowering Parts
Flower part Part function
Petal Petals are used to attract insects into the flower, they may have guidelines on them and be scented.
Pistil Female parts F : stigma
Sticky part of flower where pollen is deposited by wind, insect or humming bird
F:Style
Tube which pollen passes thru.
F: Ovary /Ovule
The Ovary is like the egg in animals and once fertilisation has taken place will become the seed. Fruit will protect.
Stamen: Male parts
M: Anther Covered with pollenM: Filament Holds the anther in position for pollen removal from anther
Sepal Sepals protect the flower whilst the flower is developing from a bud.
receptacle
Holds all flower parts
NAME MY PARTS…A IS…
•
• •
PETAL
• •
PETAL
ANTHER
• •
PETAL
ANTHER
FILAMENT
• •
PETAL
ANTHER
FILAMENT
SEPAL/CALYX/RECEPTCLE
• •
PETAL
ANTHER
FILAMENT
SEPAL/CALYX/RECEPTCLE
OVARY
• •
PETAL
ANTHER
FILAMENT
SEPAL/CALYX/RECEPTCLE
OVARY
• •
PETAL
ANTHER
FILAMENT
SEPAL/CALYX/RECEPTCLE
OVARY
STYLE
• •
PETAL
ANTHER
FILAMENT
SEPAL/CALYX/RECEPTCLE
OVARY
STYLE
STIGMA
PETAL
flower
Diversity of AngiospermsBased on cotlyedon: first leaf or pair of
leaves.
Compare seeds :cotlyedons, roots, leaves and stems
Compare leaves, stems, roots.
Compare vascular bundles and support tissue organization.
Diversity of angiosperms:Woody vs Herbaceous plants
• Woody: • Thick cells with thick
cells walls that support the plant body
• Trees, shrubs and vines
• Herbacious• Thinner, smooth,
smaller in need of support
Diversity of Angiosperms:Annuals, Biennials and
Perennials• Annuals – die after
seed production.
examples: dandelions
• Biennials –Take two years to make productive cycles
examples:Hollyhock, Echinacea
• Perennials – return year after year to reproduce.
examples: trees, shrubs, roses
TAKS Review
• Pg 577 1-4
Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves
• Pg 578• What are three principal
organs and tissues of seed plants
• What are the three main tissue systems of plants
• What specialized cells make up vascular tissue
• How does meristematic tissue differ from other plant tissue
Structures of seed plantsWhat are the purposes of each ?
• Roots • Stems• Leaves
What they need to survive..
• What do you think ?
Plant Tissue• Dermal Tissue Epidermal : single layer
covered with cuticle : waxy for protection from dehydration.
Trichomes : pubescent Root hairs: increase
surface area for water absorption
Guard Cells: Stomata: regulate water and gases from leaves
Vascular Tissue
• Xylem• Carries water: • Carries from
roots to leaves
• Phloem• Carries food :
sieve tubes.• Carries from
leaves to roots
• Ground Tissue
• Parenchyma in leaves : bundles
• Collenchuma : cells walls
• Sclerenchma : tissue tough
Tissue GrowthOnly occurs in meristematic
tissue• MeristematicUnspecialized cells
produced in the meristems : cluster of continual growth throughout a plants life.
Found at tips of growth areas such as buds, and roots
• Apical Meristem
Undifferentiated on stems and roots.
CELLS HERE REPRODUCE BY
MITOSIS
23-2 Roots and Root Structures
• Tap vs Fibrous benefits ?
• How do roots help prevent erosion ?
Root Structure
Stem Comparison
Dicot or Monocot? (Circle)
• Dicots have pith•
•
23-4 leaves
Leaf cross section
• Functions
• Stomata open and close in response to water vapor into and out of leaves.
• So its hot and dry, what do they do ?
• Its night time , what do they do ?
Taks Review pg 607 #1-4
Chapter 24 Reproduction of Seed Plants• We saw this in earlier
slides.
• What are other methods of reproduction in plants ?
• Vegetative Reproduction – one parent -asexual
• Plant Propagation
Grafting cuttings
Taks preparation pg 631 1-4
CELL COMPARISON
PLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL
Plant Behavior - TROPISMS
Plant Behavior - TROPISMS
Plant Behavior - TROPISMS
Plant Chemicals
• Hormones
• Auxin
• Light responses
• Cell growth
increases –
which side
do you think ?
Chapter 25 Plant Responses and Adaptations pg 632
• Objectives:
• What are plant hormones
• How do each of them affect plant growth?
• What are the plant tropisms
• How do plants prepare of seasons
• How have plants adapted to environments
• Defense against insects
Plant Hormones: Substances that control an plants patterns of growth and development and
plants responses to environmental conditions
Auxins• Promotes phototropism• Produced in the apical
meristem at the tip of the stem.
• Stimulate cell elongation.• Also influenced by gravity-
geotropism• Also stimulated by
removal of apical meristem• Herbicides are also auxin
enhanced.
Cytokinins
Stimulate cell division and the growth of lateral buds, and cause dormant seeds to sprout. Include the delay of aging leaves .
Gibberellins
• Increase sizes
Ethylene
• Fruit ripening hormone – in gas state
Tropisms
Gravitropsim
Phototropism
Thigmotropism
Rapid Response
Winter Dormancy/Photodormancy
• Due to change in light and temperature. Deciduous plants turn off photosynthetic pathways. Leaf abscission occurs and the photochrome absorbs less light and auxin production lowers and the leaf shuts off and chlorophyll production stops and the leaf’s water in extracted and the petiole seals off and the leaf falls to the ground
Adaptations of Plants• Water Plants :Aquatic Plants : many have tissues
with large air filled spaces through which oxygen can diffuse.
• Salt tolerate plants - mangrove• Desert Plants - succulents cactus, yucca• Carnivorous plants –pitcher plant, Venus fly trap• Parasites – mistletoe• Epiphytes – grow on other plants spanish moss • Chemical Defense: milkweed and monarchs
Taks Review pg 653 1-3